摘要作为汽车的重要组成部分，排气系统主要起降噪减振、尾气净化的作用。
由于发动机振动通过排气系统传到车身直接影响整车乘坐舒适性与平稳性，因此排气系统的振动控制对提高整车的NVH性能有重要意义。
本文以某乘用车排气系统为研究对象，通过模态分析、动力学分析等确定排气系统振动存在的主要问题，包括与发动机产生共振和振动性能不满足企业要求；再通过多目标优化，使排气系统约束模态避开发动机激励频率，在满足疲劳耐久性的要求下，提高系统振动性能。
首先建立排气系统有限元模型并验证模型有效性。
基于吊耳的超弹性特性，建立其本构模型并计算动刚度，用弹簧阻尼单元进行模拟。
简化排气系统部分结构，建立有限元模型。
对比排气系统自由模态和约束模态的仿真结果和实验结果，频率误差均在工程限值内，且主要阶次振型趋势基本一致，验证了仿真模型的有效性。
其次评估排气系统疲劳耐久性与振动性能。
静力学分析结果表明，吊耳静变形和预载力分别小于5 mm和55 N，满足企业要求，说明吊耳疲劳耐久性较好；动力学分析结果表明，吊耳传递力超过10 N且均匀性较差，说明排气系统振动性能不满足企业标准，影响整车舒适性。
同时排气系统第6阶约束模态与发动机激励频率重叠，排气系统将与发动机发生耦合产生强烈共振，振动性能较差，因此有必要对排气系统振动性能进行优化设计。
最后采用多目标优化设计方法对排气系统振动性能进行优化设计。
灵敏度分析结果表明吊耳动刚度对排气系统模态、疲劳耐久性和隔振性能均有较大影响，因此通过改变5个吊耳的动刚度值，使排气系统约束模态避开发动机激励频率，在满足疲劳耐久性的要求下，提高排气系统的隔振性能。
优化结果显示，排气系统约束模态避开发动机激励频率1Hz以上，吊耳传递力及其标准差分别下降34.48%和45.6%，排气系统隔振性能有较大幅度的提高，验证了该优化方案的可行性。
关键词：排气系统；模态分析；振动分析；优化设计ABSTRACTAs an important part of the automobile, the exhaust system plays an important role in noise reduction and exhaust gas purification. The engine excitation is transfered to the car body through the exhaust system, directly affecting the comfort and stability of the vehicle. Therefore, the exhaust system vibration control is of great significance to improve the NVH performance of the vehicle.This paper regards a passenger car exhaust system as a study case. The main problems of the exhaust system is determined through the modal analysis and dynamic analysis, including resonance with the engine and poor vibration performance. By the multi-objective optimization, the constrained mode doesn’t overlap with the engine excitation frequency, and the vibration performance of the exhaust system is obviously improved.Firstly, the finite element model of exhaust system is established and the validity of the model is verified. In order to obtain its dynamic stiffness, the hyperelastic constitutive model of the lug is established. The finite element model is set up by simplifying part of the 3D model. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of exhaust system are identified using the experimental modal test, and are compared with the numerical modal result. The deviation between numerical modal and experiment modal analysis is within a reasonable range, thus the effectiveness of FE model is verified.Secondly, the fatigue durability and vibration performance of exhaust system is evaluated. The static analysis results show that the static deformation and preload of lugs are relatively less than 5 mm and 55 N, satisfying the requirements of the enterprise, which indicate that lugs have good fatigue durability. The dynamic analysis results show that the transmission force exceeds 10 N and its uniformity is poor, thus the vibration performance does not meet the enterprise standard, affecting the vehicle comfort. What’s worse, the exhaust system will resonate with the engine because the sixth-order constraint mode of the exhaust system overlaps with the engine excitation frequency. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the vibration performance of exhaust system.Finally, the multi-objective optimization design method is used to optimize the vibration performance of the exhaust system. The sensitivity analysis illustrates that the lugs’ dynamic stiffness have a great impact on constraint mode, fatigue durability and vibration performance of the exhaust system. Therefore by changing the lugs’ dynamic stiffness, under the premise that the constrained mode doesn’t fall within the engine excitation frequency’s interval, the lugs’fatigue durability meets the requirements of the enterprise, the vibration performance of the exhaust system is improved by the a large extent. After optimization, the difference between the exhaust system mode and the engine excitation frequency is 1 Hz above, the transmission force and its standard deviation are respectively decreased by 34.48% and 45.6%, accordingly verifying the feasibility of the optimization scheme.Keywords: Exhaust System; Modal Analysis; Vibration Analysis; Optimization Design目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)第一章绪论 (1)1.1 研究背景及意义 (1)1.2 排气系统振动控制研究现状 (1)1.2.1 排气系统振动控制国外研究现状 (1)1.2.2 排气系统振动控制国内研究现状 (4)1.3 本文研究方法和技术路线 (7)第二章排气系统振动性能研究基本理论 (9)2.1 排气系统简介 (9)2.1.1 排气系统基本组成 (9)2.1.2 排气系统振动源 (10)2.2 有限元分析方法 (11)2.3 模态分析基本理论 (12)2.3.1 数值模态分析 (12)2.3.2 试验模态分析 (13)2.4 频率响应分析理论 (16)2.5 挂钩位置优化理论 (19)2.6 本章小结 (20)第三章排气系统模态分析 (22)3.1 有限元前处理模型的建立 (22)3.1.1 排气管有限元模型 (22)3.1.2波纹管有限元模型 (23)3.1.3三元催化转化器有限元模型 (24)3.1.4 连接法兰有限元模型 (25)3.1.5 挂钩有限元模型 (25)3.1.6 消声器有限元模型 (26)3.2 橡胶吊耳有限元模型 (27)3.2.1 吊耳超弹性模型的建立 (27)3.2.2 吊耳静刚度仿真 (30)3.2.3 吊耳动刚度仿真 (31)3.3.4 吊耳有限元模型 (33)3.3 排气系统自由模态仿真与实验对比 (34)3.3.1 排气系统自由模态仿真 (34)3.3.2 排气系统自由模态试验 (34)3.3.3排气系统自由模态仿真与实验对比 (36)3.4 排气系统约束模态仿真与实验对比 (41)3.4.1 排气系统约束模态仿真 (41)3.4.2 排气系统约束模态试验 (41)3.4.3 排气系统约束模态仿真与实验对比 (42)3.5 本章小结 (47)第四章排气系统振动性能分析 (48)4.1排气系统静力学分析 (48)4.2 排气系统动力学分析 (49)4.3 排气系统隔振率分析 (50)4.3.1 排气系统挂钩动刚度分析 (50)4.3.2 排气系统吊耳隔振率分析 (52)4.4 排气系统运动干涉分析 (54)4.5本章小结 (56)第五章排气系统振动性能优化 (57)5.1 挂钩位置评估 (57)5.2 排气系统振动灵敏度分析 (58)5.2.1 灵敏度分析理论 (58)5.2.2 灵敏度分析的试验设计 (59)5.2.3 排气系统振动参数的灵敏度分析 (60)5.3 排气系统振动性能多目标优化 (64)5.3.1 多目标优化理论 (64)5.3.2 近似模型概述 (66)5.3.3 振动性能优化的试验设计 (67)5.3.4 振动性能优化的近似模型构建 (70)5.3.5 排气系统振动性能多目标优化 (73)5.3.6 多目标优化的Pareto最优解验证 (75)5.4排气系统优化方案分析验证 (77)5.4.1排气系统约束模态对比分析 (77)5.4.2 排气系统应力对比分析 (78)5.4.3 排气系统运动干涉对比分析 (79)5.4.4 吊耳隔振率对比分析 (80)5.5 本章小结 (82)全文总结与展望 (83)研究工作总结 (83)研究工作展望 (83)参考文献 (85)攻读硕士学位期间取得的研究成果 (91)致谢 (92)第一章结论第一章绪论1.1 研究背景及意义汽车是把双刃剑，在便利人们生活的同时，也带来了很多隐患。
