2015年职称英语教材卫生类 第三部分 概括大意与完成句子

Are You a Successful Leader?Almost nothing we do in this word is done in isolation.At work or at play,you’ll find yourself in groups,working with other people:your team at work,a meeting with colleagues,your family,a holiday with friends,a group of students working together,a day out walking in the mountains,a group of neighbors wanting to make changes.It is now recognized that being able to work successfully with other people is one of the major keys to success.Partly because we need to do it so often.In almost every situation where you’re in a group,you will need a skilled leader.All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders.Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down.Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatisfied and frustrated.Time is wasted and the tasks are not achieved.There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear.Some personalities dominate and other disappears.Often group members begin not to come to meetings in order to avoid more disharmony.Some people are natural leaders.The celebrity chef, Antonio Carlucci says,“True leaders a re born and you can spot them in kitchens.”They’re people who combine toughness,fairness and humour.Although a lot of people agree that there are some natural–born leaders,most people now recognize that leadership can also be taught.Our professional and experienced staff can train almost anyone how to be a successful leader. Good leaders don’t make people do things in a bossy, controlling way.You can learn how to involve everyone, encouraging the whole group to work towards a common goal.Our training courses use activities and techniques to develop a range of qualities which are necessary to be a good leader.Self-confidence is vital and being able to overcome your own fears about being a leader.Successful leaders also need to be calm and intelligent.They need to be able to work out good strategies and make sound judgments under pressure. Lastly,and probably most importantly,good leaders need to be sensitive,sociable and be able to get on with a wide range of people.Good leadership is essentially the ability to influence others and good leaders allow all members of the group to contribute.23.Paragraph1__________.24.Paragraph2__________.25.Paragraph3__________.26.Paragraph4__________.A.A good leader needs a variety of qualities.B.These techniques are used to train leaders.C.Training can make good leaders.D.Most of good leader are natural-born.E.It’s important to have a good leader.F.People are in groups.27.One of the major keys to success is____.28.Groups often break down because of____.29.Good leaders always avoid_____.30.Self-confidence is the key to____.A.the ability to work with others.B.encouraging group membersck of good leadersD.bossing people aroundE.working out good strategiesF.overcoming fears about being a leaderThe Role of Governments1Governments determine the legal framework that sets the basic meets for the ownership of property and the operation of markets.In addition governments at all levels regulate economic behavior,setting detailed rules for the operation of businesses.Such regulations apply to all businesses;examplesinclude laws against fraud and racial discrimination.2Governments buy and produce many goods and services,such as defense,education,parks,and roads,which they provide for firms and households.They typically buy computers but write programs they need to operate ernments also produce and sell goods.In many countries the phone company is government?owned,like the electric system.3Governments also make transfer payments,such as Social Security and unemployment benefits to individuals.Transfer payments are payments for which no current economic goods or service is provided in return and therefore do not represent expenditure(支出)for the purchase of final products.A firefighter’s salary is not a transfer payment,but welfare benefits are.4Governments pay for the goods they buy and for the transfer payments they make mostly by collecting taxes, including personal income taxes,property taxes,social insurance taxes,and sales taxes.Over60%of the government revenue in the U.S.is collected by the federal government. This does not include taxes collected by state and city governments.5Every market economy suffers from business cycles.Governments,through their control of taxes and government spending and through their ability to control the quantity of money,often attempt to modify fluctuations(波动)in the business cycle.For instance,the government may reduce taxes in a recession(萧条)in the hope that people will increase spending and thus raise the GNP.23Paragraph224Paragraph325Paragraph426Paragraph5A Collecting TaxesB Making Transfer PaymentsC Making Laws and RegulationsD Buying and Selling Goods and ServicesE Stabilizing the EconomyF Controlling the Market27Governments regulate economic behavior,and the regulations.28Besides buying and producing services,governments also.29The government revenue in the U.S.is collected by the federal government and.30The government may reduce taxes in a recession in order to.A apply to all businessB raise the GNPC state and city governmentD reduce spendingE modify flutuations in the business cycleF produce and sell goodsSafe Coffee Drinking of Pregnant Women1researchers found no evidence of a link between prematurity,birth weight and the amount of caffeine consumed by mothers-to-be.2previous studied suggested caffeine might harm unborn babies as is stays in the system longer in pregnant women, passing easily to a growing baby.Health officials have warned that a high caffeine intake could affect birth weight or the chance of having a miscarriage,pregnant women are advised against drinking more than four cups of coffee a day-or six cups of tea.3the study,by the university of Aarhus in Denmark,recruited more than1,000women before they were20 week’s pregnant,who drank at least three cups of coffee a day.The group was split into two,with568women drinking ordinary instant coffee and629drinking decaffeinated.The authors then monitored the birth weight of1,150newborn babies and the length of pregnancy for the babies.4the study,published by the British Medical Journal, found“no significant difference”between the two groups for birth weight or length of pregnancy.The researchers concluded that a moderate reduction in caffeine intake in the second half of pregnancy had“no effect”on the outcome.5the women were not told what type of coffee they were drinking,and the research was adjusted to take into account factors such as age,weight and whether the women smoked.When the adjustments were made,the average weight of babies born to women in the decaffeinated group was a mere16g higher than those born to women in the caffeinated group,the study said. The average difference in the length of pregnancy was less than two days.6A spokeman for the British Coffee Association said:”this new study is very interesting and supports the consistent advice given that pregnant women should stick to a safe upper limit-in line with guidance issued by the Food Standards Agency. This equates to three cups of brewed,or four cups of instantcoffee.”A debate about caffeine intakeB experiment done on the influence of caffeineCeffect of caffeine intake on babies and pregnancy.D traditional ideas and warnings about caffeineE scientific caffeine allowanceF advantages of caffeine intake23paragraph2___________________24paragraph3__________________25paragraph5___________________26paraghaph6___________________27according to the health officials,a High caffeine intake___________.28it is advised by the officials that a Pregnant woman___________.29the study conducted by university of Aarhus________________.30According the new study,a pregnant woman________________.A should drink moderate cups of coffee and tea.B showed little difference in the length of pregnancy from the two groupsC should keep away from the instant coffee and tea.D increased the possibility of abortion.E should drink no more than three cups of brewed coffee.参考答案：D B C E D A B E答案解析：23D第二段提到了以前的关于孕妇摄入咖啡因的调查结果和一些鉴于该研究基础上对于孕妇的忠告。

职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案2015年职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案不少考生开始备考2017职称英语考试啦，店铺整理了职称英语考试历年真题，下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于2015年职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。

第1部分：词汇选项(第1〜15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1.It was unfortunate that she had erased the message.A. heard ofB. rubbed outC. looked atD. spoken out2.He was obsessed with American horror movies.A. kept thinking aboutB. took advantage ofC. paid no attention toD. cared nothing about3. The firemen made a spectacular rescue yesterday.A. timelyB. wonderfulC. cleverD. cooperative4. I have earned a lot of money，but that is not the issue.A. goalB. taskC. pointD. key5 He endured unbearable agonies before he finally passed away.A. leftB. diedC. relaxedD. key6 The union called off the strike at the last minute yesterday.A. stagedB. lengthenedC. organizedD. cancelled.7. Oil leaking from a boat or ship may pose a hazard to drinking water.A. odorB. dangerC. diseaseD. smell8. There has been a lot of debate among us about the necessity to save money.A. discussionB. talkC.suggestionsD.ideas9. Your accusation is wholly without foundation.A. almostB. probablypletelyD. evidently10. The woman living next door is extremely slender.A. tallB. weakC.slimD. pale11. He came back home fatigued.A. exhaustedB. scaredC. worriedD. frightened12. She was unwilling to go, but she had no choice.A. readyB. angryC. sorryD. reluctant13. The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in October.A. markB. recordC. carryD. show14. I believe that her account of what happened is very accurate.A. simpleB. vividC. closeD. satisfied15. He based his conclusion on the evidence given by the prisoner.A. offeredB. workedC. madeD. satisfied第2部分：阅读判断(第16〜22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的.信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)考查考生把握文章段落大意及细节的能力。

本部分为1篇300-450词的短文，有2项测试任务：(1)短文后有6个段落小标题，要求考生根据文章的内容为其中指定的4个段落各选择一个正确的小标题;(2)短文后有4个不完整的句子，要求考生在所提供的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子。

概括大意与完成句子答题技巧：此部分考察对文章的理解程度，答题时可先快速浏览全文，了解全文的主旨，然后围绕主旨去分析每一段的意思，保证意思理解不会偏离主旨，这样就完成概括大意。

完成句子在于根据上下文意思，补充句子，抓住主旨，找到最贴近主旨和上下文的内容，补充即可。

How We Form First lmpression 对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" .If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ，gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I don't like this person". Or else，"I'm intrigued" . Or yourbrain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says: "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be deadwrong4When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.词汇:trait /trei，treit/n. 特点，特征，特性host n. 一大群，许多simplistic /sim'plistik/ adj. 过分单纯化的sensory adj. 感官的，感觉的categorical adj. 绝对的cortex n. 脑皮层Jock n. 骗子ethnicity n. 种族特点geek /gi:k / n. 反常的人intrigue /in'tri:g/ v. 激起兴趣stereotype v. 对……产生成见freak /fri:k/ n. 怪人humane /hju:'mein，hju-/ adj. 有人情味的，人文的注释:1. Your brain，is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes ，ears ，nose ，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. 从even 开始到as different 是个结果状语从句，相当于that even very minor ... ，而that 是与主句中的so 呼应的。

职称英语卫生类C级-4(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)第1部分：词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中，选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。

1.Annual renewal is automatic.SSS_SINGLE_SELA every weekB every monthC every yearD every day该问题分值: 1答案:Cannual=every year“每年”；every week“每星期”；every month“每月”；every day“每天”。

2.This original model was designed to interface easily with test and measurement instruments.SSS_SINGLE_SELA interactB provideC connectD work该问题分值: 1答案:Cinterface“对接、接合、联系”；interact“互相作用、互相影响”；connect“连接”；provide“提供”；work“工作”，这个原始模型被设计用来方便地与测试和测量仪器相连接。

3.Major product categories encompass electronic test and measuring instruments, solid-**ponents, electronic calculations.SSS_SINGLE_SELA roundB includeC aroundD and该问题分值: 1答案:Bencompass“包围、包含”；include“包括”；round作为介词解释为“围绕、在……周围”，作为名词可意为“一连串的(事件等)、圆”；around副词、介词“到处、周围”，主要产品分类包括电子测试、测量仪器、组件、电子计算器。

第三部分概括大意和完成句子阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后有两项测试任务（1）第1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定的四段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

第十一篇The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World1 Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever1 built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease.2 The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows — but never gets as big as the other droplet — and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke2.3 The technique exploits the fact that surface tension — the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating — becomes more important at small scales3. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.4 Although the amount of energy produced is small — 20 microwatt s — it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor4. The whole setup5 is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine6, it would be too million time s more powerful than a Toyota Camry’s 225 horsepower V6 engine.5 In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across7, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl’s group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.6 Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells.词汇: shuffle /5FQfl/v.来回运动nanometer /5neinE7mi:tE/n.纳米，毫微米molten /5mEultEn/adj.熔化的micromotor n.微电机droplet /5drCplit/n.小滴nanotube n.纳米管roycvnoconan n.纳米传送带nanotechnology n.纳米技术bump /bQmp/v.碰撞mimic / 5mimik/n.模仿sop /sCp/v.吸入stroke /strEuk/n.行程，冲积microwatt /5maikrEuwCt/n.微瓦nanomotor n.纳米发动机nanomachine n.纳米机器注释:1. ever:比以往任何时候，曾经。

职称英语卫生类B级-63(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、第1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.It is obvious that he will win the game.（分数：1.00）A.likelyB.possibleC.clear √D.strange解析：[解析] obvious意为“显而易见”。

clear意为“清楚”如：It is not clear whether the incident was an accident or deliberate. 还不清楚这一事件是意外的还是故意的。

likely、possible都有“可能”的意思。

strange意为“奇怪”。

2.There is no risk to public health.（分数：1.00）A.pointB.danger √C.chanceD.hope解析：[解析] risk意为“危险”danger也是这个意思。

chance意为“机会”，hope意为“希望”。

3.Did anyone call me when I was out?（分数：1.00）A.inviteC.answerD.phone √解析：[解析] call意为“打电话”，phone也是这个意思。

invite意为“邀请”，answer意为“回答，回电”。

4.It took us a long time to mend the house.（分数：1.00）A.buildB.destroyC.designD.repair √解析：[解析] mend和repair都有“修理”的意思。

Zhang San repaired the roof to ensure the house is windproof. 张三修理了一下房顶，使得房子不进风。

build意为“建设”，destroy意为“破坏”，design 意为“设计”。

5.I don"t quite follow what she is saying.（分数：1.00）A.believeB.understand √C.explainD.accept解析：[解析] follow此处有“理解”的意思。

第3章概括大意与完成句子◆科普科研类Passage 1Smoke Gets in Your Mind1 Lung cancer, hypertension, heart disease, and birth defects we are all too familiar with the dangers of smoking. But add to that list a frightening new concern. Mental illness. According to some controversial new findings, if smoking does not kilt you, it may, quite liter ally, drive you to despair.2 The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood and soothe anxiety. But the short-term feel-good effect may mask the truth: that smoking may worsen or even trigger anxiety disorders, panic attacks and depression, perhaps even schizophrenia.3 Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to go together. An estimated 1.25 billion people smoke worldwide. Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are smokers. A recent American survey concluded that around half of all cigarettes bum in the fingers of those with mental illness.4 But the big question is why? The usual story is that the illness comes first. Mentally ill people take up smoking, or smoke more, to alleviate some of theirdistress. Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up. But perhaps something more sinister is going on.5 A growing number of researchers claim that smoking is the cause, not the consequence of clinical depression and several forms of anxiety. “We know a lot about the effects of smoking on physical health, and now we are also starting to see the adverse effects in new re search on mental illness “Says Naomi Breslau, director of research at the Henry Ford Health Care System in Detroit.6 Breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical possibility. The hint came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. The 13 percent who began the study with major depression were around three times more likely to progress from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence that depression increased the tendency to take up smoking. But a history of daily smoking before the study commenced roughly doubled the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period. Smoking, it seems, could predate illness.7 At first Breslau concluded that whatever prompts people to smoke might also make them depressed. But as the results of other much larger studies began to back the statistical link, she became more convinced than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking, perhaps the nicotine itself, could somehow affect the brain and cause depression.8 One of these larger studies was led by Goodman, a paediatrician. She followed the health of two groups of teenagers for a year. The first group of 8, 704 adolescents was not depressed, and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6, 947 were highly depressed and had not been smokers in the past month. After a year her team found that although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself. What is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers. Goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. “Current cigarette use is, however, a powerful determinant of developing high depressive s ymptoms.”9 Breslau, too, finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated panic attack and three times more likely to develop longer-term panic disorder than non smokers. It’s a hard message to get across, because many smokers say they become anxious when they quit, not when they smoke. But Breslau says that this is a short-lived effect of withdrawal which masks the reality that, in general, smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers.1. Paragraph 3 ______.2. Paragraph 4 ______.3. Paragraph 6 ______.4. Paragraph 8 ______.5. Nowadays many doctors have become aware that smoking is not only a hazardto people ______.6. The cigarette ads which claim that smoking can help soothe anxiety ______.7. Bresla u’s study ______ than Goodman’s but lasted longer.8. T o contradict Breslau’s conclusion, many smokers say that they are less anxiouswhen they smoke ______.【答案与解析】1.D 本段的第一句话就说到，Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to gotogether.香烟和精神疾病常常联系在一起的。

Science FictionAmongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified as science fiction.Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people.Furthermore，some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature，but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago.These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society，a theme which is still often found in modern stories.Most of the classics of science fiction，however，have been written within the last hundred years.Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G.Wells，to mention just two well-known authors，have been translated into many languages.Modern science fiction writers don t write about men from Mars or space adventure stories.They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind;or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now.Because of this their writing has obvious political undertones.In an age where science fact frequently overtakes sciencefiction，the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances.Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going，however，may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology.1.Paragraph1____________2.Paragraph2____________3.Paragraph3____________4.Paragraph4____________A.Popularity of Science FictionB.A Fairly New DevelopmentC.Classics of Science FictionD.Difficulty in Keeping ahead of Scientific AdventureE.Its OriginF.Themes of Modern Science Fiction5.Some form of ideal society is__________6.Books written by J.Verne are___________7.People enjoy________________________8.Works of modern science fiction have___________A)a recurrent themeB)concerned with the problems that we have to solve in the futureC)reading books of science fictionD)political implicationsE)a current themeF)read worldwideKEY：AECFAFCDCar CrimeA million motorists leave their cars filled up with petrol and with the keys in the ignition every day.The cars are sitting in petrol stations while drivers pay for their fuel.The Automobile Association(A.A)has discovered that cars are left unattended for an average three minutes and sometimes longer as drivers buy drinks，sweets，cigarettes and other consumer items.With payment of credit cards becoming more and more common，it is not unusual for a driver to be out of his car for as long as six minutes，providing the car theft with a golden opportunity.For more than ten years there has been a big rise in car crime than in most other types of crime.An average of more than two cars a minute are broken into or stolen in the UK.Car crime accounts for almost a third of all reported offenses with no signs that the trend is slowing down.Although there are highly professional criminal involved in cartheft，almost90percent of car theft is committed by the opportunists.Amateur thieves are aided by our own carelessness. The recommends locking up whenever you leave the car and for however short a period.A partially open sunroof or window is a further come-on to thieves.There aremany other traps to avoid.The A.A.has fond little awareness among drivers about safe parking.Most motorists questioned made no efforts to avoid parking in quiet spots-just the places thieves love.The A.A.advises drives to park in places with people around-thieves don t like audiences.练习1.Paragraph2_________________.2.Paragraph3_________________.3.Paragraph4_________________.A)Safe parkingB)Increase in car theftC)Opportunities for non-professionalsD)Anti-theft organizations4.Most car thefts should be blamed on_______________概括大意与完成句子(第1-8题，每题1分，共8分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第1-4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第5-8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

职称英语卫生A概括大意真题及答案第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23——30题，每题1分，共8分) 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23——26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2——5 段每段选择1个标题;(2)第27——30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个选项。

SleepWell to Be Well1 Doyou often feel tired in the morning even though you’ve been in bed for seven oreight hours the night before? Like many people, you are not sleeping as much asyou think you are. In other words, your sleep efficiency is not that good.2 Sleepexperts define “sleep efficiency” as the percentage of time lying down that youare actually sleeping. According to explanatory journalism website , thescience of sleep efficiency is still young. There is no specific number forefficiency that’s been proven as linked to poor health. However, according to aNew York Times report about sleep quality, some experts estimate a roughballpark (范围) of 85 percent or above as a decent place to be.3 Shortwavelength blue light, emitted (放出) by the sun and by the screens of computers, iPads and smartphones,stops production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin (褪黑素) andmakes you feel more alert. Blue light tells your brain it’s daytime. Expertssuggest turning off your computers and smartphones one hour or at least 30minutes before bed.4 Goto bed and wake up at the same time, or relatively the same time, every day.Avoid binge sleeping (狂睡) on the weekend. Consistency is key to a good night’s sleep,especially when it comes to waking up. When you have a consistent wake-up time,your brain acclimates to this and moves through the sleep cycle in preparationforyou to feel rested and alert at your wake-up time.5 Oneof the biggest peaks in melatonin production happens during the 1 to 3 pm timeframe, which explains why most people feel sleepy in the afternoon. If youaren’t getting enough sleep at night, you’re likely going to feel anoverwhelming desire to sleep in the afternoon. When this happens, you’re betteroff taking a short nap (less than 30 minutes) than resorting to caffeine orstrong tea to keep you awake. A short nap will give you the rest you need toget through the rest of the afternoon, and you’ll sleep much better in theevening than if you drink caffeine or take a long afternoon nap.23. Paragraph 2 A24. Paragraph 3 F25. Paragraph 4 D26. Paragraph 5 BA. Definethe sleep related termsB. TakenapsC. Turnoff the devices emitting blue lightD. Keepa consistent sleep scheduleE. Improvesleep qualityF. Avoidblue light at night27. The tiredness in the morning even aftermany hours in bed is due to D28. Sleeping less than 85% of the timespent lying in bed might cause C29. A lower production of the hormone melatoninis due to F30. A strong desire to sleep in theafternoon is the result of BA. along afternoon napB. thepeak production of melatoninC. poorhealthD. lowsleep efficiencyE. goodsleep efficiencyF. exposureto blue light。

职称英语卫生A真题：概括大意2015年职称英语卫生A真题：概括大意1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are battling an Ebola outbreak. Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection. Scientists believe that humans contracted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals. It is now believed that bats are the primary carries of the virus.2 To date, there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. However, other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders.3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries you risk of contracting the virus is virtually zero. Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS, the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infected person. Specifically, Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids. Though, the virus is transmittable, only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable.4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them after a week of contracting the virus. Symptoms may appear as early as two days or as late as three weeks after initial infection. Symptoms include disgust, weakness and stomach pain. More uncommon symptoms include chest pain, bleeding and sore throat.5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every organ of the body. This causes an overstimulation of the body’s inflammatory response, causing the flu-lik e symptoms. The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the body’s normal clotting mechanism (凝血机制), making bleeding even more severe. Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注)ultimately lead to organfailure and death.6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years. While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable, Ebola is one of the world’s most fatal viral infections. Ebola’s fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.23. paragraph 2_______24. paragraph 3_______25. paragraph 4_______26. paragraph 5_______A. Am I at risk ofcontracting the virus?B. is the currentoutbreak the deadliest?C. How do know ifhave contracted the virus?D. What areas arecurrently affected?E. What exactlydoes Ebola do to the body?F. What caused theEbola outbreak?27.The initialEbola outbreak was found in_______.28.The differencebetween SARS and Ebola viruses lies in_______.29.The symptoms ofthe patients after being infected may first appear_______.30.The Ebola virustransmits by contact with_______.A. infected bodyfluidsB. against theoutbreak severityC. the mode oftransmissionD. the initialdays of being infectedE. three countriesin West AfricaF. within a widerange of days更多推荐：2015年职称英语成绩查询时间、查询入口。