Unit 英汉对比与翻译 (二)

➢顷刻间，“嗖”的一声，火箭飞向 太空。
➢4) Then came the day we had been looking forward to.
➢我们期盼的这一天终于到来了！
➢ only
➢ 5) Only when one is ill does he realize the value of health.
➢To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
➢It was at 9:00, September 1st, 1889 ,that the meeting was held in a secrete place.
➢ B）空间顺序
➢Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the vale of Blackmore. (Tess of the D’Urbeverills, Hardy)
➢ (尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在 冷战期间一样互相侦察对方）
➢ B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position.
➢ (问题是他能不能理解她的立场）
➢C）Hardly had he got home, it began to rain cats and dogs.
➢ 人们早就怀疑，大气层中 有一个“高温带”， 其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进 行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。
➢ A. 时间顺序
➢In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the first to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the great Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies.
➢ 上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。 ➢ 英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被
动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
➢Nothing was gained by all the over caution.
➢所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。
➢I must have been cheated again. ➢我准是又上当了。
➢ Now tourism has grown in importance to such an extent that many Third World countries cannot balance their financial budget accounts without their considerable earnings from tourism.
➢ 无论如何，他们都非常独立，不靠别人只靠自己。 他们先往西走，到达阿巴拉契亚山脉，后顺着山 谷往南走，进入中央大盆地，后又向西越过了落 矶山脉。
➢They went to see a film after they visited their old friends.
➢After they visited their old friends there, they went to see a film.
➢大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北 冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚 的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后， 把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有 的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）
➢ 翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：
➢ Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.
英汉对比与翻译 （二） 英汉句法现象的对比
2. 句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
➢ B. He that loves glass without G,
➢ Takes away L and that is he. 中文也有类似拆字游戏： 此木是柴山山出 因火生烟夕夕多（纪）
➢ ( Glass without G is lass, meaning a “young woman”. If the L is taken away from “lass”, what remains is an “ass”, referring to a donkey or a stupid person.
➢ 现在，旅游业越来越重要，如果少了这一块巨额 收入，第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。
➢ 条件句中，英语的条件可前可后，汉 语，先条件，再结果
➢ If the system is used in the proper way to train umpires, we can look at this and see if there’s some kind of flaw.
英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得 多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。
如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon. ( 我明天下午去北京)
Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now.
➢他之所以大受赞扬，并不是因为他 在前人开创的战术方面有新的建树。
4）倒装结构 (often seen in English but rare in Chinese)
➢ (here, there, now, then, out, up; be, come, go, exist, live, follow)
➢(他一回到家，天就下起了瓢泼大雨。） ➢D）Little did I then know the meaning
of war and what it was in reality. (inverted)
➢当时我确实 还不太懂战争的意义以及 战争实际上是怎么回事。
➢ E） By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years.
➢长庄稼的地块数不多，面积有限， 全副景物，除了很小的例外，是大 山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些 小山小谷上盖着一片连绵、茂盛的 草和树。布蕾谷就是这种样子。 （张谷若翻译）
➢Hardy让人先看到的是草和树，再 是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而 以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当
C) 逻辑顺序
➢ 英语——因可前可后，汉语——先因后果；
➢ 只有当一个人生病时，才会意识到健康 的价值。
➢ 6) Not only was Jack London a wellknown novelist, but (he was) also a poet.
➢ 杰克·伦敦不仅是著名的小说家，还是一 位诗人。
➢ 否定意义的副词或副词短语（never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, in no case, under no conditions, not in the least, in no way, by no means, on no account）
➢ 如果我们合理地运用该系统来培训裁 判员，就能通过该系统发现存在的缺 陷。
➢ 表目的与行动的复合句
➢ To prove their point they scaled up a chicken to the size of Tyrannosaurus rex and found the giant chicken probably would not have been able to stand.
➢ 为了证明自己的观点，他们按比例把一 只鸡放大到暴龙族恐龙大小，结果发现 这只巨鸡可能站都站不住。
➢表结果与理由
➢Theபைடு நூலகம்considerable credit that is due to him is not for having invented a method which others had pioneered.
➢人们总是在谈论 “青年人问题”。如 果真有这么一个问题——对这一点我 要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年 长者造出来的，而不是青年人自己造 成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根 本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是 人——跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人 和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是 青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老 年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许 这就是问题之所在。
(杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。）
2）句子结构
➢ A）The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
➢ 1) Here is the very passport that you have lost.
➢ 这正是你所丢失的那本护照。
➢ 2) There stands a great temple on the top of that mountain.
➢ 那座山的山顶上有一座巨大的寺庙。
➢3) Up went the rocket into the space in an instant.
➢ Thus, it means “ He who loves women is a stupid person”. (孙利民, 2005:74)
➢ 在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的 基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相 似之处，更有明显的区别。（傅晓玲等，2004： 58）
1）时态对比：