剑桥雅思14test2阅读解析

答案：YES关键词：1400 years定位原文: 第1段第2句：“Records show that only two have collapsed during the last 1400 years.”有记录显示;在过去1400年间;只有两座倒塌了..解题思路: 使用1400 years定位到第一段第二句;该句明确表明1400年间只有两座日本宝塔倒塌Question 2答案：NO关键词：1995; Toji temple定位原文: 第1段最后1句：“Yet it led the magnificent five-storey pagoda ...”尽管大地震将京部附近东寺周围的大量建筑夷为平地;可寺里宏伟的五层宝塔却完好无损..解题思路: 本题的考点在于要将原文中的leave...unscathed同题干中的destroy对立起来..unscathed指“没有负伤的;未受损伤的”;这样就与题干中的destroy毁坏相抵触..Question 3答案： NOT GIVEN关键词：30 years定位原文: 第2段第2句：“It was only thirty years ago that…”仅仅在 30 年前;建筑界的从业者们才有足够信心建造髙于十二层的钢筋混凝土办公大楼..解题思路: 这句话与此题的唯一联系就是这个thirty years;抛开这一点;两者简直是牛头不对马嘴..即使读完全段;也未见题干中所表达的意思;而且the other buildings near the Toji pagoda的勉强对等成分也出现在第一段a number of buildings in the neighbourhood..一道题目的主要成分零散在文中数段;这就是典型的形散神必散型的NOT GIVEN..Question 4答案： YES关键词: builders; weather定位原文: 第3段倒数第2句：“Clearly; Japanese carpenters of the day knew ...”显而易见;当时的日本木匠懂得一些窍门让建筑物可以顺风摇摆;不与自然力量对抗;而是顺应自然;从而稳稳矗立..解题思路: 题干中的absorb本指“吸收”;所谓吸收极端天气的能量;其实就是为了避免极端天气如地震等的破坏..文中提到 allow a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's force; nature's force 其实就是题干中的the power produced by severe weather conditions; absorb对应rather than fight;不抵抗自然之力;而是顺其自然;通过摇摆而稳稳站立住了..Question 5答案： B关键词：interior access to top“The Chinese built their pagodas.... When the pagoda reached Japan...the 定位原文: 第4段第3、4句：staircase was dispensed with...”中国人用砖石造塔;内设楼梯……当宝塔到达日本;日本人加以改进;楼梯被弃用了……解题思路: 很明显;只有中国的塔有楼梯;也就能方便地到达顶层;日本宝塔没有楼梯;谈何容易到达顶层呢staircase楼梯;引申一下;就是中国宝塔的特点就是人们很容易就能登上塔顶..所以答案为B..答案： A关键词：tiles on eaves定位原文: 用 tile 一词定位到第5段第2句：“For the same reason; the builders of Japanese ...”出于同样的原因;日本宝塔的建造者们通过采用较重的陶瓦来覆盖这些延伸的屋檐从而大大增加自身的重量;而不像许多中国宝塔那样采用瓷瓦..解题思路: 这句话表明不管是日本塔还是中国塔;屋檐上当然都盖着瓦;只是所用的瓦材质不同而已..所以答案是A..Question 7答案：B关键词： observation post定位原文: 第4段第3、4句：“The ed them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan; ...the staircase was dispensed...”中国人……后来这些宝塔就主要用作守望塔..然而当这些宝塔传入日本时;……日本宝塔没有什么实用性;更多是当作艺术品;所以没有楼梯..解题思路: 中国人将塔用作守望塔;watchtower就等同于observation post;而日本人仅仅将塔作为艺术品来看待;并无实际用途;当然不会当守望塔用..答案当然是BQuestion 8答案：C关键词：eave;half the width of the building定位原文:第5段第1句: “The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to…”解题思路: 联系上一段最后一句：Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan. 两句综合在一起;表明只有日本宝塔有悬空的屋檐;而且日本寺庙建筑的屋檐悬于建筑物的侧面之外部分的宽度可以达到建筑物总宽的一半或更多..因此屋檐宽度超过建筑物宽度一半的当然只有日本宝塔了..Question 9答案：A关键词： religious定位原文: 第4段第2句：“As in China; they were first introduced with Buddhism…”像在中国一样;它们最初是随着佛教而被引进的……解题思路: Buddhism佛教;对应题干的 religious as in China中的as表示“正如”;证明日本塔和中国塔都有宗教功能..所以答案是A..Question 10答案： C关键词： floors; loosely over each other定位原文: 第8段倒数第3句“More surprising is fact that …”更令人惊讶的是日本宝塔的每一个单独楼层间实际上都不相连;这一点不同于其他任何地方的同类建筑..它们就像一摞帽子一样只是被一层一层地叠加起来..明楼层之间是松散地建造在一起的;所以答案为C..Question 11答案: D关键词：shinbashira定位原文: 第7段最后1句：The shinbashira; ...constrained individual storeys from moving too far...解题思路: 第6段第4句：...the shinbashira actually carries no load at all. 这句话直接否定了答案A..第5句：In fact; ...it does not even rest on the ground...甚至不碰触地面;既然不碰触地面;也就无法连接楼层和地基了..答案C不可能..like a tall pine tree出现在第6段第2句;但是很快被作者用but the answer is not so simple给否定掉了;再说B 答案又是对这一句话的添油加醋;所以也不可能是答案..这样;即使只用排除法;也可以确定答案是D..Question 12答案： C关键词：Shuzo Ishida定位原文: 第7段第3句：“…his passion to understand the pagoda;has built a series of...”解题思路: 根据文章对shinbashira描述;知道人们一直认为其承担了宝塔的重量;也就是C所指的力学;教授做实验也是为了验证这一说法;这就对应了选项C..Question 13答案：C关键词：storey定位原文: 第8段第3、4句：“More surprising is fact that the individual storeys…”更令人惊讶的是日本宝塔的每一个单独楼层间实际上都不相连;这一点不同于其他任何地方的同类建筑..它们就像一摞帽子一样只是被一层一层地叠加起来..解题思路: 题目：日本宝塔的各个楼层是A仅用木头连接的.. C松松地彼此堆叠在一起..B仅仅固定在中柱上.. D由特殊的重物相连..答案为C..Passage 2Question 14答案：E关键词：cost/ purifying domestic water定位原文: E段第1句: “￡23m for the removal of the bug…”解题思路: 解这道题的窍门是首先在题干上发现cost一词;可以推测出这一段一定会大谈金钱..这样只要到文中寻找钱的符号集中出现的段落就可以了;很容易就找到了E段;接着找到对应语句;选出答案.. Question 15答案：B关键词：stages/farming industry定位原文: B段第一句: “First mechanisation...”发展阶段..复数表明不止一个阶段;既然是发展那么就会有时间标志词出现..当考生扫读完A段到达B段的时候;就会发现first一词;接着会发现then;第二个then;第三个then;最后找到now..尽管stage一词并没有出现;但是mechanisation; mass use of chemical fertilisers; monocultures; battery rearing of livestock和genetic engineering都是农业发展的具体体现;考生不难看出这个题对应的是B段.. Question 16答案：C关键词：term/hidden costs定位原文: C段第2句、第3句: “externalities... outside the main transaction... To many; the costs may not even...”解题思路: C段提到：the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities;由此可分析出这个术语便指的是externalities 外部经济效应;作者紧接着在后面解释了这些代价被称为外部经济效应的原因;即它们不在主要交易过程之中;如生产或是出售一块地里的小麦;同时它们也不是由生产者和消费者直接来承担的..hidden一词在文中没有出现;但是从上面的文字中不难看出来;那些代价或损不是人们所能直接看到的;是隐蔽的..所以答案是C段..Question 17答案：B关键词：effect/chemicals water sources定位原文: B段最后一句“...the growth of algae is increasing in lakes…”解题思路: 在B段第二句会发现but the damage it has caused;了解到文章开始讲工业化农业的影响了;damage与effect含义等同;接着找下去;在B段倒数第一行找到： the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off. fertiliser run-off指的是化肥的渗出化肥当中所含的各种化学元素;在流入河川之后;会造成水中藻类的大量增生;lakes对应水源;故答案是B段..Question 18答案：YES关键词：British countryside定位原文: B 段第三句：“In Britain; for example…”例如;在英国;许多深受人们喜爱的农田鸟类;比如云雀、灰山鹑、麦鸡和黍鹀;还有更多的野花和昆虫;都已经从乡村大片的土地上消失了..解题思路: 先利用Britain将此题定位到文章B段;接着找到上面这句话;考生可以了解有一些鸟类、野花和昆虫都已经消失了;不同的几个物种都在面临着消失的尴尬境地..由此可以推知;英国乡下野生物种的数量的确是在下降..vanish虽然不能够和declining直接等同;但是两者所表达的本意都是相同的;都是指物种的减少;故此题答案应该选YES..Question 19答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：taste/food定位原文: B段后半段解题思路: 没有发现哪句话提到食物味道变糟糕;甚至连food一词都没有看到;因此已经可以判断这是个完全没有被提及的NOT GIVEN题..Question 20关键词：financial costs定位原文: C段首句：“Put it all together and it looks like…”解题思路: 由以上C段中的内容可知;虽然我们的土地已经被工业化农业破坏得像个战场般满目疮痍;但消费者在吃饭的时候却很少能联想到这些;更别说将这些破坏用金钱来衡量了..由此可推知;人们还没有广泛地认识到环境破坏所带来的经济代价..文中的rarely和To many...not...与题干中的widely相互矛盾..由此可知答案是NO..Question 21答案： YES关键词：Professor Pretty; illness定位原文: E段相对应数字处：“ ...￡169m from food poisoning;...”解题思路: food poisoning指食物中毒;在用Professor Pretty的名字定位到E段之后;考生会发现这一段在列举农业的隐形开销;只要找到illness caused by food的对应成分food poisoning就可以了..Pretty 教授的确计算了因食物引起的疾病就医的花销..Question 22答案：food bills/costs关键词：Professor/Pretty/concludes/higher定位原文: E段倒数第2句: “Professor Pretty draws a simple but...”解题思路: 根据空前的our确定空中要填名词;后面的形容词是higher..higher可以对应文中的threefold 三倍;because we make three different types of payment 也可以和threefold相对应..注意不要填成单数..Question 23答案：modern intensive farming关键词：Britain/reduce its reliance on定位原文: F 段第2句: “Breaking away from industrial agriculture …”解题思路: 空前有介词on;证明空中要填名词..原文中作者说对于一些国家来说;摆脱工业化农业生产方式的同时也解决饥饿问题是件很困难的事情;但在英国;对粮食的需求并非如此紧迫;并且现代化的密集型农业所耗费的成本和造成的损失清晰可见;放弃现代化农业是可行的..言外之意就是说英国现在太依赖intensive farming了;而要放弃intensive farming是可行的..所以空中应该填写：intensive farming.. Question 24答案： organic farming关键词：farmers/Pretty/government/change/a定位原文: G 段第2、3、4句: “Professor Pretty feels that... Furthermore…He is recommending …”解题思路: 原文中的 organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers意为“对于许多农民来说;有机农业在思想上和实践上都是一个很大的跨越”;言外之意就是说许多农民都很难适应有机农业;在意思上与24空所在的半句相对应;所以24空应该填organic farming.. Question 25答案：Greener Food Standard关键词：farmers/Pretty/government/change/a234解题思路: 25空只需要向下寻找;找到教授的名字;再找到不定冠词a;很快就能找到正确答案Greener Food Standard;即他希望政府能马上制定“绿色食品标准”Question 26答案：farmers; consumers关键词： both...and...定位原文: G段最后1句: “It could go a long way...”解题思路: 教授觉得上述计划会帮助改变26...和...的态度..分析题目的结构可知;这里要填并列关系的两个名词..文中句子里的shift可以与题目中的change相对应;文中as well as连接的便是两个并列成分;符合题目的结构;由此可知答案是farmers和consumers..也可以颠倒顺序填写..Passage 3Question 27答案: ii关键词：main transport problems定位原文: Section B第2小段第1句: “ Before solutions could be proposed…”解题思路: 此篇文章每个Section由多个段落组成;因此要读过每个小段才能最终确认整个Section的大意..Section B的第一小段基本就在描述马科特地区糟糕的交通状况;纯属描述;考生应该快速略过;直奔第二小段..这一小段首句就提到：Before solutions could be proposed; the problems had to be understood. 这里problems第一次原词重现;正好与选项ii中的problems对应..再稍微向下看看;就能找到项目的第一阶段主要集中于调研;并且做了一个涉及400 多家当地住户的调査;后面就是该调査得出的数据..综合这两小段;显然;本部分讲的就是确定该地区的问题;也就是选项ii..Question 28答案： v关键词：initial improvements定位原文: Section C 第1小段最后1句：“...a number of approaches were implemented in …”第2小段第1句：“An improvement of the road network...”第3小段最后1句：“It made sense to improve the paths by...”第4小段最后1句：“After careful consideration…”解题思路: 第一小段主要讲项目第二阶段的目标;第二小段提到改善路网;提供培训;第三小段提到给当地人常走的小路修台阶、扶手和人行桥;第四小段提到使用独轮车和驴这两种交通工具..总结四段内容;不难发现;后三小段是交通改善的具体体现;也就不难得出答案为选项v..有的考生可能会被viii或xi迷惑;但是与v相比;这两个选项都太具体了;只是其中的一个方面;不够全面..作为整个Section的大意;应该是高度概括全面的..Question 29答案：x关键词：district officials定位原文: Section E最后1句: “...without the support and understanding of…”解题思路: Section E本身只有两句话;而且都集中在政府的作用上..段末提出要是没有当地政府的支持和理解;就很难满足当地村民们的需求;充分肯定了当地官员的作用;而所有的headings中只有x项在讲述方的建议;貌似可以和E段的第一句相对应;虽然本段出现了 government authorities;但重点是解释为什么在项目初期采取了政府下令民间执行的方式;而并未涉及到政府官员的instructions建议;故排除.. Question 30答案：i关键词： future model定位原文: Section F第2段最后1句：“...and Makete District will act as a …”解题思路: 对解题原则熟悉的考生;在符到选项i的future时;已经可以把它大胆地归给文章的最后一段了;因为带有future一词的选项的任务往往就是给文章收尾..但是如果考生觉得这样猜测风险太大;那么就可以通读到Section F的最后一句;找到future model的对应词reference;再在 reference后看到future work;也可以选出正确选项i..Question 31答案：NO关键词： five定位原文: 全文结构解题思路: 从Section E开始赞美当地官员、 Section F开始歌颂这个项目的重要性和对将来的影响;就应该能够推测出来整个项目只有三个阶段了..答案当然是NO..Question 32答案：YES关键词：prior to the start; rainy season定位原文: Section B第1小段第1句：“When the project began…”解题思路: 原句中的 began 对应题干中的 start; virtually totally isolated 对应 almost inaccessible..inaccessible指“无法达到的;不可进入的”;正好对应isolated与世隔绝的;此题基本做到了词语的一一对应..Question 33答案：NO关键词：Phase I定位原文: Section B的第2小段第3句: “The socio-economic survey…”解题思路: 从这句话可以看出;调查主要是关于当地家庭花在出行上的时间;并不是题目中所说的交通开销..有的考生会说;那文章中也没有明确说调查不是关于开销的呀..在雅思阅读文章中;每当提到事物的原因、做某事的目的、或者调查研究的目的时;一般这个原因和目的都是唯一的..也就是说;如果文中说这样做的目的是A;题中说这么做的目的是B; —般就选择NO..Question 34答案： YES关键词：one-fifth or 20%定位原文: 首先由题目中的one-fifth或者20%定位到Section B第二小段的80%“80% was within the locality”.解题思路: locality指“地区;区域”..该句说80%的家庭出行仅限于本地;推理一下;那么剩下的20%出行是在本地之外了..做一个简单的数学运算;就能得知答案为YES..答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：capital定位原文: 按顺序原则定位到 Section C解题思路: Section C 第1小段最后1句：“...a number of approaches were…”在这句话中;并没有提到首都..向下寻找;直到Section C的最后;capital一词也没有出现;这时已经完全可以肯定;这是一道无中生有、完全没有提及型的NOT GIVEN..Question 36答案：D关键词：footbridges; steps; handrails定位原文: Section C 第3小段：“Most goods were transported… It made sense to…”大多数物资是通过小路运输的;这些小路为上下山提供了捷径;但却需要冒着很大的生命危险;要是步行就更艰难了..所以;就有必要通过修建台阶、扶手和人行桥等来改善路况..解题思路: 找到这两句话之后;开始在选项栏中寻找对应句尾;特别要注意特殊词之间的联系;很快就能看到选项D: improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides. 改善用于上下山的小路正好和文中原句对应..因此D就是正确答案Question 37答案：I关键词：breakdown; buses and trucks breakdown; buses and trucks定位原文: Section D第4小段第1句：“The efforts to improve…”由于当地大多数机动车发生故障时没有条件修理;所以提升现有交通服务效率的努力并不是很成功..解题思路: 题目中的buses and trucks 对应文中的 motorised vehicles;breakdown很容易和动词词组broke down相对应..作者在这里再次进行了一次因果关系转变..I选项中的hinder阻碍一词是解题的关键;efficient对应文中的efficiency;该选项是原文前半句话的另一表达..答案是I..Question 38答案：G关键词：secondary roads and paths定位原文: Section D第3小段第1句: “Paths and secondary roads were …”只有愿意参与道路建设与养护的社区提出要求时;施工方才会去帮助他们改善小路和二级公路..解题思路: 利用定位词：很快就能定位到Section D第3小段第1句;再利用at the request of和 willing 定位到选项G: was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand; willing to lend a hand 等同于文中的 willing to participate in construction and maintenance;都指意在公路的建设和养护中出力..答案是G..Question 39答案：E关键词: isolation; part of the year定位原文: Section D的第2小段第1句：“The road improvements and…”解题思路: 理解这句话时;可以结合原文Section B一开始就提到的马科特地区在雨季就几乎与世隔绝这个事实来理解..那么该句可理解为以往到了雨季就几乎隔离的地区现在已经全年都可到达;言下之意隔离不生可以使用排除法;先去掉刚才三道题目已经选过的选项;然后把剩下的选项逐一对应到题干后面去;看看哪一句在语法和语义上都能够说得通..考生很快会发现;只有一个答案可选;那就是E选项..Question 40答案：B关键词：main aim定位原文: 全文结构解题思路: 首先剔除D：三个正面;一个负面;负面选项先出局;大体浏览一下文章也能看出文中并未涉及这个内容;C项过于具体;驴的使用只是计划的一部分;不够全面;然后在剩下的A、B中比较：A属于拔高型;文章只在最后提到马科特的成功可以作为以后的范例;并未直接说明其他国家需要;而且这也不是文章的主要内容;最终只有选项B概括了全文;答案为B..。

剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－虽然剑桥雅思已经出到了剑11，但是剑桥雅思4还是很有参考价值，今天雅思给大家带来了：剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析。

相应的原文及翻译，请点击：剑桥雅思4Test2阅读passage2原文+译文：澳大利亚的另类疗法。

更多解析，请点击：剑桥雅思4解析。

剑4下载，请点击：passage1部分查看，请点击：剑桥雅思4Test2阅读passage1原文+译文：语言的消失剑桥雅思4Test2passage1阅读答案解析剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析Question 14答案：C关键词：Western定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney.”解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密，属于完全未提及型答案。

B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作，与文中所说的事实恰好相反。

D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方，这也是不正确的。

只有C答案与文章叙述相符。

Question 15答案：B关键词：Americans定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.”解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多。

stun [ ✍✍✍✍✍] vt. 使晕倒, 使惊吓thrill [✍✍✍✍✍✍] v. 发抖routine [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 例行公事, 常规leap [ ✍✍✍✍✍] n. 跳跃, 飞跃imagination [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 想象,想象力initial [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 最初的image [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 图像，影像unique [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] adj. 唯一的, 独特的hypnotic [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 催眠的genius [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 天才panic [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 惊慌mere [ ✍✍✍ ] adj. 仅仅embrace [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] vt. 拥抱objective [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 客观的realism [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 现实主义，真实感overwhelming [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 压倒性的，无法抗拒的fiction [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 小说，虚构的故事dominate [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] v. 支配，主导intimate [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj.亲密的，密切的massive [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 巨大的，大规模的encyclopaedic [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] adj. 百科全书式的consequence [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 结果presence [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 出席, 到场, 存在inevitably [i✍nevit✍bli] adv. 不可避免magnify [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] vt. 夸大，放大enduring [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 持久的lease [✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 租借novelty [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 新颖, 新奇, 新鲜, 新奇的事物worn off 消失fade away 逐渐凋谢gimmick [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 小发明，小玩意documentary [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 文件的，记录的narrative [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 叙述medium [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 媒体, 方法, 媒介conceived [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 假想的reel [✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 卷convinced [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 确信的『题型』MATCHING『解析』绝对乱序题型，建议先读完所有选项并确定关键字。

1. The river builds them up, the sea wears them down; their out-lines are always changing.2. Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind /body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.3. During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.4. One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two `behaviour segments' in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.5. It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions.6. British industry, in particular, has in recent decades often been criticised for its linguistic insularity - for its assumption that foreign buyers will be happy to communicate in English, and that awareness of other lan-guages is not therefore a priorty.7. Within the established wage and salary system it was not possible to use hospital funds to sup-port this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives from local businesses, in-cluding free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants, etc.8. The non-financial incentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the program's losing momentum and finally ceasing. 9. One solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public transport.10. Good local government is already bringing this about in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and the capital - to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.11. All of these are applications of biometrics, a little-known but fast-growing technology that in-volves the use of physical or biological characteristics to identify individuals.12. Research in Britain has shown that `green consumers' continue to flourish as a signifi-cant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday's issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood. 13. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying `They can't see the wood for the trees'. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without ques-tion.。

剑桥雅思4test2reading3阅读全⽂解析-智课教育出国考试智课⽹雅思备考资料剑桥雅思4test2reading3阅读全⽂解析-智课教育出国考试本⽂⼩编为⼤家带来的是剑桥雅思4test2reading3阅读全⽂解析，希望⼤家能够关注，这⾥对⽂章疑难词⾼频词、长难句、以及⽂章结构都进⾏了详细的分析，是⾮常值得⼤家参考的雅思阅读素材，下⾯是详细内容，⼀起来看看吧！⾸先，我们⼀起来认识⼀下本⽂的⼀些⽣词和⾼频词，这⾥有⽐较详细的词汇注解，⼤家在做题的时候可以参考⼀下。

1. engrossed in埋头于，热衷于2.make-believe(假扮者，伪装，假扮)3. ceasing(停⽌，中断)4.Carefree⽆忧⽆虑的5. Exuberant繁茂的，⽣机勃勃的6.Juvenile青少年的7.playful开玩笑的，幽默的 8.Cavorting欢跃 9.Hiccups打嗝10.indulge沉溺，满⾜，使沉迷…… 11.get in shape 保持体形12.socialise参加社交活动 13.respiratory呼吸的14.endurance持久的，忍耐⼒ 15.optimum最适宜的，最佳效果16.the suckling stage 哺乳期 17.maneuver军事演习18.inspection视察，检查 19.interpretation翻译，解释20.simplistic过分简单 21.predatory掠夺的，掠夺成性的；捕⾷的22.prowess英勇，勇猛 23.stimuli刺激，刺激物24.kaleidoscope万花筒25.reciprocity相互作⽤，相互性 26.bout发作，来回了解了这些词汇相信⼤家理解起⽂章来会⽐较顺⼿。

⽽⼩编觉得长难句的分析也是不得不提的。

下⾯⼩编为⼤家带来了4个相对⽐较有难度的句⼦进⾏分析，⼀起来看看吧：2.长难句分析1. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen percent.难句类型：简单句+定语从句(that从句修饰 children)难句翻译：顽⽪的⼩动物们玩耍需要花费百分之⼆三左右的精⼒，⽽对于孩⼦们⽽⾔，这个数字能够接近50%。

剑桥雅思14test3阅读解析摘要：I.引言- 介绍剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析的背景和重要性II.阅读解析- 解析剑桥雅思14test3 阅读的题目类型和难度- 分析阅读文章的主要内容和结构- 介绍阅读考试的时间安排和策略III.答案解析- 详细解析阅读考试的各个问题的答案- 提供解题思路和技巧IV.总结- 总结剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析的关键点和注意事项- 提出建议和展望正文：I.引言剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析是备考雅思阅读考试的重要参考资料。

它提供了最新的阅读题目和解析，帮助考生了解雅思阅读考试的难度和趋势，提高备考效率和质量。

本文将详细介绍剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析的各个方面，为考生提供全面参考。

II.阅读解析剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析包含了多种题目类型，包括事实细节题、推理判断题、归纳总结题等。

这些题目类型涵盖了雅思阅读考试的主要内容，反映了考试的难度和特点。

考生需要通过练习这些题目，提高阅读速度和理解能力，掌握解题技巧和方法。

阅读文章是雅思阅读考试的重要部分，剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析提供了多篇阅读文章，涵盖了各种主题和领域，如社会、文化、科技等。

这些文章具有较高的参考价值，考生可以通过阅读这些文章，扩大知识面，提高阅读理解能力。

同时，解析中还提供了文章的结构和主题句，帮助考生更好地理解文章内容。

时间安排和策略是雅思阅读考试的关键因素。

剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析提供了阅读考试的时间安排和策略，帮助考生合理分配时间，提高阅读效率。

同时，解析中还提供了各种解题技巧和方法，如定位法、推断法等，帮助考生更好地应对考试。

III.答案解析剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析提供了阅读考试的各个问题的答案，并进行了详细解析。

通过分析这些答案，考生可以了解解题思路和技巧，提高自己的解题能力。

同时，解析中还提供了各种错误答案的分析，帮助考生避免常见的错误。

IV.总结总之，剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析是备考雅思阅读考试的重要参考资料。

Test2Question 1答案：isolation关键词：6800/variety of language/geographical定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.”解题思路：根据这句话可知,语言多样性是由于地理上(de)isolation.Question 2答案：economic globalization/globalization/socio-economic pressures关键词：government/huge decrease定位原文：第5段第4句“…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic pressures...”解题思路：本题目要看清楚问(de)是语言消失(de)原因,and表示并列,因此空中应该填与government initiatives对等(de)原因,而文中第五段前半部分提到政府政策对语言(de)影响,但是科学家们也指出,真正致命(de)原因是社会经济压力.Question 3答案：cultural identity关键词：Increasing appr eciation/language classes定位原文：第7段第2句话“But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true.”解题思路：“increasing appreciation”和文中(de)“growing interest”是同义替换,故正确答案是cultural identity.”Question 4答案：traditional skill关键词：‘apprentice’/teach/a定位原文：第7段倒数第4句“Volunteer 'apprentices' pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language.”解题思路：“apprentice”做为定位词,题干这句话(de)意思是在学徒计划中,濒危语言被用来作为载体来教授人们一种……,文中(de)“learn”与“teach”在意思上有关联,而不定冠词“a”之后要填一个专有名词.Question 5答案：E关键词：more than one...定位原文：第7段第4句“Most of these languages will not survive without a large bilingualism…”解题思路：题干这句话正好跟文中这句话表达(de)是相同(de)意思,而文中有这个观点(de)正是E选项.Question 6答案：B关键词：in itself定位原文：“But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day.”解题思路：通过这句话可以推测,保护语言本身并不是目标,如何让语言活起来才是真正目(de).故正确答案为B.Question 7答案：D关键词：think/determine定位原文：第6段倒数第2句“‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’”解题思路：这句话话当中提到了说英语(de)人(de)大脑与说法语(de)人大脑(de)不同,随后提出语言会影响我们(de)想法和观点.Question 8答案：C关键词：reject/established/way of life定位原文：第4段最后一句“People lose faith in their culture, When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.”解题思路：题干句子意思是“年轻人经常会拒绝接受社会约定俗成(de)生活方式”,正好与文中这句话“语言(de)转化意味着传统文化(de)消失”表达(de)意思一致.Question 9答案：B关键词：loss定位原文：第6段第2句“If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something…”解题思路：文中(de)shift等同于题目当中(de)change,而传统文化(de)存在正意味着人们可以采用不同(de)观点来看待这个世界.Question 10答案：NO关键词：Navajo定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are.”解题思路：这句话说有15万人在使用那瓦霍语,证明使用者并不是很少,在接下来(de)一句话当中,作者又表明使语言濒临灭绝(de)真正原因并不是说(de)人少,而是说(de)人太老.Question 11答案：YES关键词：a large number of定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.”解题思路：根据文中给出(de)证据,即有15万人说那瓦霍语,但是这门语言仍然濒临灭绝,作者推出了题中(de)结论,这个结论是正确(de).Question 12答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：government定位原文：第5段解题思路：文中第五段提到了政府,主要是指出政府(de)政策也是导致语言濒危(de)原因,但是此后就并未对政府(de)作用再多做叙述,而是转而论述社会经济压力(de)重要性.本题是典型(de)节外生枝型.Question 13答案：YES关键词：linguistic diversity定位原文：第7段第1句“So despite linguists' best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century.”解题思路：这句话表明尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力,但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失.这句话就表明语言多样性(de)消失是不可避免(de).Question 14答案：C关键词：Western定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney.”解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密,属于完全未提及型答案.B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作,与文中所说(de)事实恰好相反.D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方,这也是不正确(de).只有C答案与文章叙述相符.Question 15答案：B关键词：Americans定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.”解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师(de)次数比去看传统医生(de)次数还多.所以答案B是正确(de).而A、C和D答案中提到(de)比较关系并不存在.Question 16答案：YES关键词：20 years定位原文：第2段第1句“Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years.”解题思路：在过去20年中,由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信,另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来.这句话就证明在过去20年里,比以往更多(de)澳大利亚人开始相信另类疗法.Question 17答案：NO关键词：1983/1990/ a further 8%定位原文：第2段第2句话和第3句话“In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population.”解题思路：在1983年(de)调査中,约有1.9%(de)人说他们曾经看过另类疗法医师,到了1990年,这个数字上升到了总人口(de)2.6%.如果做减法(de)话,实际上人数上升了将近0.7个百分点,因此题目中所说(de)增加8%是错误(de).Question 18答案：YES关键词：550,000定位原文：第2段第4句话“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of…”解题思路：题干这句话刚好和定位句(de)“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists”表达(de)是同样(de)意思,因此是正确(de).Question 19答案：YES关键词：had a higher opinion of...定位原文：第2段最后一句“The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.”解题思路：这句话说(de)是包括医生在内(de)专业人士(de)崇高地位也就大打折扣.这句话(de)含义就是澳大利亚人以前对医生等专业人士有较高(de)评价,而现在这种观点已经遭受损害.Question 20答案：YES关键词：Australian doctors定位原文：第3段第1句“Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternativetherapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism.”解题思路：这句话表明澳大利亚正统医生正在接受另类疗法培训,相对于以前他们接受(de)正统医疗培训来说,这次培训无疑是一种再培训.Question 21答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：salaries定位原文：第3段解题思路：并不存在(de)比较关系是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题解题(de)一条黄金法则.尤其当作者将两者进行简单肤浅比较(de)时候,一般答案都是NOT GIVEN.文中没有任何地方提到两种医生(de)薪水,因此正确答案是NOT GIVEN.Question 22答案：YES关键词：1993/289定位原文：第4段首句和第二句“In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attendedeight alternative therapists' practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists.”解题思路：89名病患去看病(de)这8家诊所提供各种各样(de)另类疗法服务,这其中也许包括针灸疗法,但是如果说这289名病人都是去做针灸(de),就未免有些以偏概全了.Question 23答案：NO关键词：1993/long-term定位原文：第4段第3句“Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.”解题思路：chronic是“长期(de),慢性(de)”意思,complaints在此处不是“抱怨,投诉”(de)意思,而是指疾病.Question 24答案：emotional/emotional problems关键词：10%-15%定位原文：第5段第1句“12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems.”解题思路：目测该数字应该在10%和15%之间,在第五段寻找这样一个数字,结果发现12%所对应(de)是digestive一词,但是,很快我们会发现Digestive已经出现在了表格上,所以答案应该是比12%少一个百分点(de)emotional/emotional problems.Question 25答案：headache关键词：5%-10%定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”解题思路：该疾病所对应(de)数字应该在5%和10%之间,而且应该比第26空更接近10%.所以可以回第五段找两个相近并且都接近10%(de)数字,结果发现了6%和5%,故此空应该填：headache.Question 26答案：general ill health关键词：5%定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”解题思路：该疾病对应数字是5%,故应该填general ill health.Question 27答案：H关键词：unusual connection定位原文：H段最后1句“By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.”解题思路：link-up等于connection,后面(de)play may enhance creativity证明这种不寻常(de)联系是有好处(de).Question 28答案：F关键词：record/time定位原文：F段第2句“If you plot the amount of time...”解题思路：这个heading(de)意思是由记录小动物玩耍(de)时间而得到(de)见解,关键词是时间,回到文章当中寻找对应词时,只有这个段落提到了时间.plot一词是用图表记录(de)意思,在这里就等同于record.Question 29答案：A关键词：physical hazard定位原文：A段第4句之后“For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals…”解题思路：问题是问哪一段包含有对玩要带来(de)危险(de)描述.文章中只有在第一段中谈到了玩要可能带来(de)危险,而且还举出了小海狗(de)例子来说明这种危险(de)存在.Question 30答案：H关键词：mental/exercise/develop定位原文：H段前3句“Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher… and rules.”解题思路：mental activity是大脑活动(de)意思,问题问(de)是在玩耍过程当中,哪些大脑活动得到了练习和发展.Question 31答案：I关键词：effects/reduction定位原文：I段首句和2句“What might further experimentation…with their peers.”解题思路：问题问得是哪一段包含了这样(de)内容：减少玩耍机会可能对儿童造成(de)影响.在最后一段中,作者谈到了被剥夺了玩耍机会(de)小老鼠大脑就发育(de)不好,并且用一个设问句表明了他对人类儿童(de)忧虑.而且一般来讲,含有effect(de)段意都是对应文章(de)最后一段.Question 32答案：B关键词：class/animals定位原文：B段第4句“Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals...”解题思路：B段中提到了玩要在哺乳动物中很普遍,而且在有些鸟类当中也存在,即提到了各种各样(de)动物.一些同学会在E段当中看到fifteen orders of mammals一词,不过仔细读下来,E段(de)主要意思是在讲哺乳动物中大脑大小和玩耍之间(de)关系,并不是说玩耍对哪种动物重要.故答案选B.Question 33-35答案：ACF(IN EITHER ORDER)Question 33答案：A关键词：rehearsal/adult定位原文：B段倒数第2句“A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juvenile develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialize as adults.”解题思路：这段中提到了帮助青少年培养作为成年人需要(de)一些技能,所以A选项正确.Question 34答案：C关键词：build up strength定位原文：B 段最后一句“Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life...”解题思路：“使年轻(de)动物保持体形”与C选项对应.Question 35答案：F关键词：organ growth定位原文：E段首句：“...reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness…”解题思路：“在脑部大小与玩耍之间有正面(de)关联”与F选项对应.Question 36答案：B关键词：Robert Barton定位原文：E段倒数第2句和末句“Robert Barton of Durham University …I concluded it's to do with learning,and with the importance of environmental data to...”解题思路：Barton认为玩耍与学习有关,也与大脑发育过程中环境资料(de)重要性有关.Environmental data可以与physical surroundings 对应.Question 37答案：G关键词：Marc Becoff定位原文：G 段第4句“Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope...”解题思路：Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒,这句话也就是说在玩耍当中动物会做出各种各样(de)举动,正好和G选项中(de)a wide range of相对应.Question 38答案：E关键词：John Byers定位原文：C段第2句“Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so...”解题思路：Byers认为训练一结束,由增强训练所带来(de)好处就跟着迅速消失了,无论什么种群(de)动物,玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期(de)中期达到顶峰,然后则开始走了下坡路.这就与E答案观点—致.Question 39答案：D关键词：Sergio Pellis定位原文：E段第1句“...reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general.”解题思路：Pellis认为哺乳动物(de)玩耍量与他们大脑(de)大小往往成正比.所以玩耍比较少(de)动物脑子也比较小.Question 40答案：A关键词：Stephen Siviy定位原文：H段第6句“Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain's levels of a particular chemical associated with..”解题思路：Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质,这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长.答案选A.。

剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案剑桥雅思阅读5原文(test2)1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.EThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modernplastics industry.The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plassein, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewa某, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are ‘thermosetting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fi某ed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today’s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors — immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptablesubstitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘lu某ury’ materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning toit some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts(substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and he某a, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to e某treme heat and pressure, thereby ‘setting’ its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large e某tent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to e某tract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed sothat the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style pop ular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland’s invention, al though treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials e某pansion —‘the material of a thousan d uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-freeand sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been e某periencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style andoriginality of this innovative material.Questions 1-3Complete the summary.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 1-3 on your answer sheet.Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1……… in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2……… in origin, and thermosetting.There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3…………and the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.Questions 4-8Complete the flow-chart.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 4-8 on your answer sheet.The Production of Bakelite图片6Questions 9 and 10Choose TWO letters A-E.Write your answers in bo某es 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.NB Your answers may be given in either order.Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the te某t?A the function which the object would serveB the ease with which the resin could fill the mouldC the facility with which the object could be removed from the mouldD the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mouldE the fashionable styles of the periodQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In bo某es 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.What’s so funny?John McCrone reviews recent research on humorThe joke comes over the headphones: ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left.’ No, not funny. Try again. ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.’ Hah! T he punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the lu某ury refle某: ‘unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose. ’Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato e某pressed the idea that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an une某pected interpretation that is also apt.So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see thereis a cle ver semantic fit and that sudden mental ‘Aha!’ is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter ofsocial appeasement and it is important to understand this too. Playis a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a ‘play-face’ — a gaping e某pression accompanied by a panting ‘ah ah’ noise. In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same e某pressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and e某cited vocalisations. However, ifcognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more e某pansive brain activity.Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of ‘single event’ functional magnetic resona nce imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in o某ygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second‘snapshots’ of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener’s prefrontalcorte某 lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life — the orbitalprefrontal corte某. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the momentis an e某tremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital corte某, the region that becomes active in Goel’s e某periment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain’s sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to e某ternal events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery e某plains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s outlook.Humor may be a lu某ury, but the mechanism behind it is noevolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: ‘I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It’s creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humor, then we’ll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.’Questions 14-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In bo某es 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the subject.18 Graeme Ritchie’s work links jokes to artificial intelligence.19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.Questions 21-23The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.Label the diagram.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 21-23 on your answer sheet.Questions 24-27Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.Write the correct letter A-G in bo某es 24-27 on your answer sheet.24 One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to25 Because of the language they have developed, humans26 Individual responses to humour27 Peter Derks believes that humourA react to their own thoughts.B helped create language in humans.C respond instantly to whatever is happening.D may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.E cope with difficult situations.F relate to a person’s subjective views.G led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Birth of Scientific EnglishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is notjust because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given theprominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals.The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and e某tend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world e某ploration and the development of trade. Such e某pansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and — perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all — the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language — John Wallis and John Wilkins — helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of thescientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational te某tbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For e某ample, Newton published hismathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light — Opticks — in English.There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully e某ploited by their ‘author’. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period — it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial e某ploitation. There was something of a social distinction b etween ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or inprivate messages deposited in a sealed bo某 with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly t o Latin as an ‘insider language’.A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to dealwith scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between comple某 and hypothetical entities.Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English lan guage came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the fi rst was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator of e某periments, who described his e某periments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular e某periments.The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial le某ical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technicalvocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languagesQuestions 28-34Complete the summary.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo某es 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28…………… . It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted e某ploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them,particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29…………… . In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30…………… nor the 31………… to e某press their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32………… set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions ofspecific e某periments. Although English was then overtaken by 33……… , it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the 34……………….Questions 35-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In bo某es 35-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this35 There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.36 The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.37 In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to e某press ideas.Questions 38-40Complete the table.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo某es 38-40 on your answer sheet.Science written in the first half of the 17th centuryLanguage used Latin EnglishType of science Original 38…………E某amples 39………… EncyclopaediasTarget aud ience International scholars 40…………, but socially wider剑桥雅思阅读5原文参考译文(test2)E The birth of modern plastics酚醛塑料——现代塑料的诞生In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modernplastics industry.1907年，比利时科学家Leo Hendrick Baekeland在纽约工作时发现了一种全新的合成材料，并申请了专利。