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城郊设施农业节水高效工程技术模式
核心提示：设施农业栽培也称保护地栽培，是利用日光温室、塑料棚等保护设施，人为地创造适于作物生长发育的环境条件。
从而达到优质、高产、设施农业栽培也称保护地栽培，是利用日光温室、塑料棚等保护设施，人为地创造适于作物生长发育的环境条件。
从而达到优质、高产、高效。
其生产对象是高附加值的供城市居民消费的蔬菜、花卉等价格高的作物。
我国的大、中城市郊区是发展设施农业节水高效工程技术最理想的地区，在这些地区滴灌技术为最常用的节水灌溉技术。
这种工程技术模式一般包括：水源工程、日光温室( 或塑膜大棚) 、灌溉首部枢纽( 水泵、控制设备、施肥设备、过滤设备) 、输水管道、灌水器。
灌水器常用滴头、滴灌管( 带) 、涌水器，还可结合覆膜进行膜下灌溉。
设施农业节水灌溉工程技术装备应立足于国内。
尤其在现阶段我国应在吸收国外先进技术的基础上，大力发展适合我国国情的设施农业装备。
在设施农业用的节水灌溉设备方面，应重点解决适合普通温室应用的成套微灌设备的材料配方、生产工艺问题，降低销售价格、提高可靠性和耐久性。
为最大限度发挥微灌设备在设施农业应用中的优势，应花大力气解决利用微灌设备施肥的技术落后和装备不过关的问题，研究生产适合设施农业各种作物在各个生育期使用的可溶性肥料，使灌溉时能做到水肥同步，发挥最大的水肥综合效益。
果树需水规律与节水灌溉技术等关键字：果树需水规律与节水灌溉技术等本文为Word文档，感谢你的关注！水是果树生长的重要因子，水分过多或不足，都会影响当年的果实产量与品质，甚至还会影响果树的寿命，缩短结果年限。
1果树需水规律1．1 果树抗旱能力按照抗旱能力和需水量不同，可将果树分为以下2类：①抗旱力强的果树如杏、石榴、枣、无花果、核桃等。
②抗旱力中等的果树如苹果、梨等。
1．2果树在各个物候期的水分的要求通常落叶果树在春季萌芽前。
树体需要一定的水分才能发芽。
此期若水分不足，常延迟萌芽期或萌芽不整齐，影响新梢生长。
花期干旱或水分过多，常引起落花落果，降低坐果率。
新梢生长期需水量最多，对缺水反应最敏感，为需水临界期，如果水分供给不足，则削弱生长，甚至早期停止生长。
花芽分化期需水相对较少，如果水分过多则削弱分化。
此时在北方正要进入雨季，如雨季推迟，则可促使早分化，一般降雨适量时不应灌水。
果实发育期也需一定水分，但过多易引起后期落果或造成裂果，还易造成果实病害。
秋季干旱，会使果树枝条及根系提早停止生长，影响营养物质的积累和转化，削弱果树越冬能力。
冬季缺水常使枝干冻伤。
1．3需水量果树需要水分，但并不是水分越多越好，有时果树适度的缺水还能促进果树根系深扎，抑制果树的枝叶生长，减少剪枝量，并使果树尽早进入花芽分化阶段，使果树早结果，并可提高果品的含糖量及品质等。
2节水灌溉技术2．1灌水时间果树灌水，应在果树生长未受到缺水影响以前就进行，不要等到果树已从形态上显露出缺水时才进行。
如果当果实出现皱缩、叶片发生卷曲等征状时才进行灌溉，则对果树的生长和结果将造成不可弥补的损失。
确定果树适宜灌水时间，应主要根据果树在生长期内各个阶段的需水要求及当时的土壤含水量而定。
一般应抓好以下4个时期的灌水。
①花前水(又称催芽水)。
在果树发芽前后到开花前期，若土壤中有充足的水分，可促进新梢的生长，增大叶片面积，为丰产打下基础。
因此，在春旱地区，花前灌水能有效促进果树萌芽、开花、新梢叶片生长，以及提高坐果率。
毕 业 论 文 论文题目:日光温室节水灌溉技术研究
学 部 : 工程技术学部 专业班级 : 水利水电0602班 学 号 : 2006********* 学生姓名 : * * 指导教师 : * * * 教师职称 : 讲 师
二零一零年五月二十五日
日光温室节水灌溉技术研究 摘要 中国是世界人口大国，但人均淡水资源却是贫国。我国水资源可利用量、以及人均和亩均的水资源数量极为有限，降雨时空分布严重不均，地区分布差异性极大，这是我国水资源短缺的基本特点。目前水资源短缺问题己成为国家经济社会可持续发展的严重制约因素。水资源问题已经严重阻碍了农业、工业及人们的日常生活。 本文就农业方面谈谈节水的应用，包括节水灌溉的含义、发展前景、促进中国农业节水灌溉技术应用的政策建议﹑国外节水灌溉的发展以及我国同国外的差距等。日光温室节水灌溉是提高中国农业水资源利用效率、维护农业生态环境和实现农业可持续发展的重要途径。本文参阅了大量国内相关科技文献，结合我国温室生产现状和发展前景，并通过与国内外发展状况的对比，阐述了传统灌溉方式以及各自的优缺点；目前比较先进的灌溉技术及其优缺点；比较适合日光温室应用的灌溉技术及其目前应用这些技术有哪些障碍。提出了日光温室灌溉技术应用中应注意的问题和建议，以及日光温室技术的发展趋势﹑优势﹑存在的问题。
关键词:日光温室、水资源问题、节水、灌溉制度 Abstract China is the world population great nation, but the average per person fresh water resources are actually the poor country. Our country water resources availability, as well as average per person and Chinese acre even water resources quantity is extremely limited. Rainfall space and time distribution serious uneven, the local distributed difference is enormous, this is our country water resources short essential feature. At present water resources short question oneself becomes the state economy society sustainable development the serious restriction factor. The problem of water resources has already been the hinder of agricultural,the industry and people's daily life. This paper will talk about the use of saved water on agricultural,including the saving water irrigation meaning,the prospects for development,promote the Chinese agriculture saving water irrigation technology application policy suggestion,the development of efficient irrigation abroad as well as the gap between China and foreign countries and so on.The sunlight greenhouse saving water irrigation is enhances the Chinese agriculture water resources using the efficiency,the maintenance agriculture ecological environment and realizes the agricultural sustainable development important way.This article consults a great of datums around the world combined with the development of our country’s greenhouse and contrasted with the development of other countries .The article describes the traditional as well as the currently more advanced irrigation technologies and their advantages and disadvantages;more suitable for the application of irrigation,greenhouse technology and the obstacles of the application of the technologies.Illustrate the drip irrigation technology in greenhouse and propose the problems of application and recommendations as well as greenhouse technology trends,advantages, problems . Key words: solar greenhouse,problem of water ,water conservation,irrigation pattern 目录 1.前言 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1研究背景 ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1我国水资源的概况 ················································································································· 1 1.1.2我国设施农业的发展现状 ····································································································· 1 1.2研究的必要性和可行性 ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3国内外现状 ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1我国农业节水发展现状 ········································································································· 4 1.3.2国外农业节水发展现状 ········································································································· 4 2.我国目前的节水灌溉技术 ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1传统地面灌溉技术 ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2先进的灌溉技术 .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1喷灌技术 ································································································································ 7 2.2.2滴灌技术 ································································································································ 7 2.2.3微喷灌技术 ···························································································································· 7 2.2.4渗灌技术 ································································································································ 7 3.我国目前温室灌溉技术的应用现状及存在问题 ............................................................................................ 8 3.1日光温室灌溉技术的分析比较 ............................................................................................................ 9 3.1.1沟畦灌在温室大棚中的应用 ································································································· 9 3.1.2渗灌在温室大棚中的应用 ····································································································· 9 3.1.3滴灌在温室大棚中应用 ········································································································· 9 3.1.4喷灌在温室大棚中应用 ······································································································· 10 3.2我国温室灌溉技术发展存在的问题 .................................................................................................. 10 4.温室灌溉技术的发展方向及建议 .................................................................................................................. 11 4.1温室灌溉技术的发展方向 ...................................................................................................................11 4.2温室灌溉技术的发展建议 ...................................................................................................................11 5.结束语 .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 参考文献 ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
