浪漫主义时期(第九章~第十章)
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:284.10 KB
- 文档页数:5
第三章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识 (Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)(1)浪漫主义,作为一种文学思潮来说,乃是一定的历史转折时期——即十八世纪末至十九世纪初——的特征。
在英国它出现于1798年,以《抒情民谣集》的出版为起点,以1832年瓦尔特•司各特爵士的逝世和第一个改革法案在议会通过为终点。
(2)美国的独立战争和法国的大革命极大地鼓舞了英国人民为自由、平等、博爱而斗争。
(3)在这时期,经过巨大的社会斗争和残酷的经济改造,资本主义的“金钱”王国逐渐在英国确立。
一个新社会出现在英国。
它比封建主义社会更高级,但同时也孕育着其固有的矛盾。
始自十九世纪的工业革命为富人大量敛财而给穷人的工作条件和生活条件带来极大地破坏,劳资矛盾由此加剧。
(4)在英国,现代化的工业社会逐渐取代了原先的农业社会。
(5)一系列的政治改革和群众游行示威动摇了不列颠王国的贵族统治。
2、文化背景(Cultural background)(1)浪漫主义学派的灵感最初是来自两位著名的思想家:法国哲学家简·雅克•卢梭和德国作家约翰·沃尔夫贡·冯•歌德。
卢梭首先提出了个人尊严的概念,首创人的精神自由;他的最著名的宣言是:“我感受而后我思”。
歌德和他的追随者们对浪漫主义精神大加赞美,这种精神具体体现在德国民谣、歌特式建筑以及英国戏剧家威廉•莎士比亚的戏剧中。
暴风雨般的社会冲突,引起了并且推动了英国浪漫主义文学的发展。
(2)浪漫主义运动对现存的社会和政治环境多多少少持有一种否定的态度,因为浪漫主义作家都经历了封建主义社会的腐朽与不公,以及资本主义社会的经济、社会和政治势力的非人性特点。
(3)浪漫主义有意将自己的注意力从外部世界的社会活动转移到人文精神的内心世界,旨在把个人看作是所有生命和一切经验的中心。
(4)理性是十八世纪作家和哲学家的占统治地位的思维方式。
《英国文学选读》教案第一章:概述1.1 课程目标让学生了解英国文学的基本概况和发展历程。
培养学生对英国文学的兴趣和阅读能力。
1.2 教学内容英国文学的起源和发展阶段。
英国文学的重要作家和作品。
1.3 教学方法采用讲座、讨论和阅读相结合的方式进行教学。
引导学生阅读经典英国文学作品,提升阅读理解能力。
1.4 教学评估课堂讨论和提问。
阅读作业和读书笔记。
第二章:文艺复兴时期2.1 课程目标让学生了解文艺复兴时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对文艺复兴时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
2.2 教学内容文艺复兴时期英国文学的形成背景。
莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)的作品选读。
2.3 教学方法分析莎士比亚的作品,探讨其文学价值和历史意义。
引导学生进行角色扮演和剧本创作,体验文艺复兴时期的戏剧魅力。
2.4 教学评估剧本表演和创作。
相关作品的阅读报告。
第三章:启蒙时期3.1 课程目标让学生了解启蒙时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对启蒙时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
3.2 教学内容启蒙时期英国文学的形成背景。
丹尼尔·笛福(Daniel Defoe)和乔纳森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift)的作品选读。
3.3 教学方法分析笛福和斯威夫特的作品,探讨其对社会和个人思想的启示。
引导学生进行写作练习,探讨启蒙时期的价值观和道德观念。
3.4 教学评估写作练习和讨论。
阅读报告和读书笔记。
第四章:浪漫主义时期4.1 课程目标让学生了解浪漫主义时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对浪漫主义时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
4.2 教学内容浪漫主义时期英国文学的形成背景。
威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)和乔治·戈登(Lord Byron)的作品选读。
4.3 教学方法分析华兹华斯和戈登的作品,探讨其对自然、人和情感的描绘。
引导学生进行诗歌创作和朗诵,体验浪漫主义时期的艺术表达。
第六编浪漫主义时期(1820---1900)一、概述西方音乐史上用“浪漫主义”这个词来概括19世纪前后这一百多年的音乐发展史。
它所涵盖的是从贝多芬的晚期作品,罗西尼的歌剧、舒伯特的艺术歌曲,到勋伯格不协和音之前的初期作品。
一般音乐史上将浪漫主义时期可以分为三个阶段:早期:1820----1848,法国资产阶级大革命之后的影响;中期:1848----19世纪70年代末,资产阶级革命最黑暗的时期;晚期:19世纪80、90年代,资本主义政权在欧洲许多国家取得胜利,出现许多唯心主义思想学潮,用资本主义理论麻痹人民,音乐中出现了许多象征主义、唯心主义的音乐流派。
二、浪漫主义时期的音乐体裁、作曲家及作品。
主要反映西欧国家。
东欧国家是先搞民族独立,然后进行革命,称“民族乐派”主要掌握德奥、法国、意大利1、德奥浪漫主义的兴起及发展德奥的浪漫主义音乐家在新的世纪里,始终没有放弃贝多芬对音乐艺术的崇高信念,而且不断的从贝多芬那里得到启示。
19世纪浪漫主义的德奥音乐是在继承维也纳古典乐派的基础上增添其独特的个性和各自的光彩的。
早期:弗朗兹·舒伯特(Franz Schubert,1797---1828)奥地利作曲家,早期浪漫主义音乐的奠基人,首创了艺术歌曲。
被称为“歌曲之王”。
创作:舒伯特在短短十几年的创作生涯里,写了各种体裁的音乐作品,包括600多首艺术歌曲、18部歌剧、配剧音乐、9部交响曲、15首弦乐四重奏、22首钢琴奏鸣曲、6首弥撒曲、4首小提琴奏鸣曲以及其它一些作品。
舒伯特艺术歌曲的创作特征:(1)音乐要高度的表现诗词的内容、意境;如《魔王》舒伯特能够用旋律准确的抓住几乎每一种情绪或细节。
(2)舒伯特擅于用色彩的表现手法去表达情感,使用调性转换、和声织体、配器,如《可爱的颜色》《泪雨》,用频繁的离调、转调等表现情感。
(3)创造了一种朗诵式旋律型的曲调,为了歌词的需要,很有表现力。
如《鳟鱼》(4)具有非常强的民族风格,来自德奥民歌。
英国文学:浪漫主义时期(romanticsm)18世纪末和19世纪出浪漫主义文学在全欧盛行。
浪漫主义作家反映了那一时期处在资产阶级革命和社会革命时期的社会情绪、意识形态及人生观。
他们注重人的本能和感情,以此表达对社会现实的不满。
浪漫主义文学与古典主义的灵感的想像,思想与情感,尤其主张以诗歌来抒发个人的情感,表达对理想的追求。
英国诗人威廉.布莱克和罗伯特.彭斯开创了浪漫主义诗歌的先河,到了19世纪上半叶,英国的浪漫主义诗歌达到顶峰。
由于诗人的社会立场和作品的思想内涵不尽相同,19世纪前期英国浪漫主义可分为消极和积极两个派别。
以威廉.华兹华斯、柯尔律治、骚塞等“湖畔诗人”为代表的消极浪漫主义诗人愤世嫉俗,忧郁失望,作品以诗吟湖光山色和田园风光为主。
以拜伦、雪莱、济慈等为代表的积极浪漫主义诗人则充满破除封建束缚的革命激情和向往新生活的崇高理想。
作品强调自由平等和个性解放,充满瑰丽的想像和奔放的激情。
威廉.布莱克的《天真之歌》展现了一个充满博爱、仁慈、怜悯和快乐的世界。
诗人用孩子般的眼光看世界,用空想欢乐主义来理解社会。
鲜明有力的诗句中处处渗透出诗人对生活与自然的孩子般率真而欣悦的感受以及对宇宙和谐的领悟。
在《经验之歌》创作与刻印期间,诗人的思想受到法国革命的巨大冲击,对革命寄予了深切的同情。
诗人清楚地理解了英国人民的苦难,不再天真,对社会有了深刻的经验。
布莱克的其他作品与以上诗集风格有所不同。
形式上,他放弃了惯用的格律而采用无韵的自由体诗,内容上,他以歌颂人性解放与精神自由、歌颂革命、反对传统的理性主义以及英国封建专制以及追求崇高而神圣的理想为主。
《耶路撒冷》一诗长四千多行,主要讲了人的堕落与重生。
布莱克诗中的人道主义与民主主义精神赋予了诗歌极大的生命力;艺术上打破了18世纪古典主义的清规戒律。
他强调本能、感情、想像力,以清新奔放的无韵体诗抒发理想。
布莱克给诗坛带来的一股清新奇特的诗风对后浪漫主义的发展有着功不可没的贡献,是浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。
Chapter III The Romantic Period ⼀、本章的学习⽬的和要求 通过本章的学习,了解浪漫主义⽂学的产⽣的历史,⽂化背景,认识该时期⽂学创作的基本特征,基本主张,及其对时代及后世英国⽂学⽤⾄⽂化的影响;了解该时期重要作家的⽂学⽣涯,创作思想,艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构,⼈物刻画,语⾔风格,思想意义等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特⾊,培养理解和欣赏⽂学作品的能⼒。
⼆、本章考核知识点及考核要求 (⼀)考核知识点 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1)浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治,经济,⽂化背景 2)浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张 3)英国浪漫主义⽂学的特⾊ 4)浪漫主义⽂学对同时代及后世英国⽂学的影响 2.浪漫主义时期主要作家的⽂学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构,⼈物塑造,语⾔风格,艺术⼿法及社会意义等。
威廉.布莱克;威廉.华兹华斯;塞.特.科勒律治;乔治.⼽登.拜伦;珀.⽐.雪莱;约翰.济兹;简.奥斯汀 (⼆)考核要求 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1)识记:a.浪漫主义时期的界定 b.历史⽂化背景 2)领会:a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。
b.浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张及对后世⽂学的影响。
、 3)应⽤:a.名词解释:浪漫主义 b.浪漫主义时期⽂学特点的分析 2.该时期的重要作家 1)识记:浪漫主义时期的重要作家,代表作品及其主要内容。
2)领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构,⼈物塑造,语⾔风格,社会意义等。
3)应⽤:a.浪漫派诗歌(所选作品)的主题,意象分析 b.⼩说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要⼈物的性格分析。
⼀、概述 1. ⼀般识记 English Romanticism English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge''''s Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott''''s death & the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2. 识记 Historical & Cultural background During this period, England had experienced profound economic & social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large masses of the population from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures & the agricultural mechanization, the peasants were driven of their land; some emigrated to the colonies; some sank to thelevel of farm laborers & many others drifted to the industrial towns where there was a growing demand for labor. But the new industrial towns were no better than jungles, where the law was "the survival of the fittest." The cruel economic exploitation caused large-scale workers'''' disturbances in England. 3. 领会 (1) Influences of the Romantic Movement Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary & philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of this or her unique feelings & particular attitudes & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual''''s experiences. (2) The Romantic views about literature a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen & Walter Scott.c. Besides poetry & prose, there are quite a number of writers who have fried their hand at poetic dramas in this period. 4.应⽤ (1) Literary Terms a. The Romantic Movement It expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual''''s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer. b. The Gothic novel It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader''''s emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance. (2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history. The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy: they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. Wordsworth is the closest to nature. To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.。
九、The Romantic Period△【浪漫主义时期Romanticism,It’s a worldwide movement about art and literature,especially in Europe.It is a golden age of poetry.】浪漫主义是诗歌的黄金时代,英国的浪漫主义只要是诗歌而非小说。
【Key word:emotion,feeling】The Romantic Movement was international in the19th century.It happened differently in different countries.1.In France it occurred after the Napoleonic wars拿破仑战争were over,with such notable figures as Hugo,雨果Lamartine拉马丁,and George Sand乔治·桑on the scene.In Germany there were Geothe歌德and Schiller席勒,In Russia Pushkin普希金and Lemontov.莱蒙托夫American Romanticism came some30years later than its European counterpart.Irving欧文Cooper库珀(小说家)Poe艾伦·波Hawthorne霍桑,Melville梅尔维尔,Emerson艾默生(大白鲸)Thoreau梭罗(瓦尔登湖)Whitman惠特曼,and Dickinson狄更生were among the most familiar American Romantic writers.“All men are created equal.”人生而平等。
①William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯a Romantic poet/was eager to experience natureIn1843he became the poet laureate.【The Lakers】:As they lived close to the lake area in Northern England,these poets have been called“the Lakers”因为他们住在英格兰北部湖区,所以这些人被称为“湖畔诗人”。
. Lyrical Ballads抒情诗谣集标志着浪漫主义的开始[William Wordsworth和Samuel Taylor Coleridge合作]The Lyrical Ballads is a monumental work in the history of English poetry.《抒情歌谣集》是英国诗歌史上具有里程碑意义的作品。
1798第一版The preface前言was revised further for the3rd edition of the book that came out in1802.(我们现在读到的“序言”的版本)In this preface,William Wordsworth explains his theory of valid language for poetry,new and revolutionary in nature,one that impacted the poetry writing of the time tremendously.在这个序言里,威廉·华兹华斯解释了他的有效诗歌语言理论了当时的诗歌创作。
本质上新颖、创新,极大地影响了当时的诗歌创作。
It was as manifesto宣言for Romantic poetry.这是一个浪漫主义诗歌的宣言。
Coleridge是Wordsworth的姐夫*Regarding language,Wordsworth emphasizes,in the preface,the fact that his language and diction is“very different”.Poetic language诗歌语言must be a selection of the language really used by the people.Such a language is free of the influence of social vanity,and is therefore more permanent and philosophical.He also insists that poetic language should not be essentially different from prose language.关于语言,华兹华斯在序言中强调了这样一个事实:他的语言和用词都是“非常不同”的。
诗歌语言必须选自人们真正使用的语言。
这样的语言不受社会名利的影响,因此更加永恒,更具有哲学意义。
他还坚持认为,诗歌语言没有必要在本质上跟散文语言区分开来。
Definition of good poetry:According to Wordsworth,poetry some from emotions,not from reason;it deals with feelings,attitudes,emotions——“the heart”,not understanding,not common sense,as Alexander Pope(古典主义)though it did.To Wordsworth poetry is“the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion”强烈情感的自发流露”recollected in tranquility”平静的回忆中得知by men of deep feeling and much thought.The key words here are“emotion”,“feeling”and“deep thought”which is another way of saying“meditation”.最典型的的例子:I wandered lonely as a cloud《我如行云独自漫步》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的刈麦女》*Definition of good poet:A real poet is one who thinks a good deal,knows and learns about humanity and his times,has very deep feelings,and is able to recollect these powerful emotions and writes.Another of Wordsworth’s basic beliefs is that the subject of poetry诗歌题材should be different from that of the previous age.The subject should come from the“incidents and situations from common life”普通生活的事件和处境;poetic diction诗歌的遣词造句and the coloring of the imagination想象的渲染should enable people to see the incidents in a new light,enable them to see the primary laws of human nature,and show them how to see,understand and enjoy their lives and judge them.A Defense of Poetry为诗歌辩护ShelleyWordsworth has been known as a famous nature poet.自然诗人Major works:Lines Composed a Few Miles Above the Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏:关于自然和自然对人类生活的重要性的看法按照柯勒律治的Frost at Midnight午夜之霜描写与冥想结合的风格写的The Preface序曲②Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治Coleridge was a rare genius罕见天才in the history of English literature.Dejection:An Ode沮丧颂The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏Kubla Khan忽必烈汗the subtitle of the poem:”Or,A Vision in a Dream,A Fragment或梦中所,一个片段”the poem is not about the Mongolian Khan at all.根本不是关于蒙古可汗的写了忽必烈汗,充满东方色彩?The Rime of the Ancient Mariner老水手谣A point to note here is that Coleridge anticipated Freud by well over half a century in drawing attention to the importance of the subconscious.(值得一提的是,柯勒律治因关注了潜意识的重要性而提前半个多世纪就预示了弗洛伊德的理论)He sees nature differently from Wordsworth and his contemporaries.他与华兹华斯和其他同代诗人对自然有不同的见解。
its textural structure is more important than its“period”background or the author’s biographical information它的文本结构比它的“时代”背景或作者的传记信息更重要③Walter Scott沃尔特·司格特Scott’s historical novels cover a wide range of subjects.历史小说题材广泛。