研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文06及其翻译

World English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141) Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently (at the present/ at the moment) works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably (especially) the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism[a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly (very) safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably (perhaps) too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately (objectively), as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment. [warn sb. of sth.][5] It certainly isn't hard(difficult) to look for situations (examples) where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently (Obviously/ Apparently) no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition(besides), in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless (from then on)—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced (substituted) by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat (a little) different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely (negatively) affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense (meaning) that any large language is likely (possible) to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see (consider/ regard) English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex (network), and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus (organization). Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue (problem) of politics, justice, and equality. My object (target) lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased (stopped) to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose (occurred) because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous (native) people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime (rule), and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained (obtained/ got) strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular (especially/ specifically) they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times (often) a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities (society), for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve (illustrate) well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance (case) within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests (shows) that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985—). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are c ommonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the issue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtua lly a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however”(paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time, however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably(especially)C. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty (property).A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusive(<->exclusive)D. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewarding [a gifted / talented person]A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign (kind)4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticated (tamed)C. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (=i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because that "the facts" are notof the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life. [worn-out]7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us factors such as education, career structure, pay and9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants. (habitat)10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [(criterion) criteria: (1)semantic/(2)grammatical]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

1.For English is killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. Thereare still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh… that their long-term future must be considered… very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。

这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。

2.He also associatedsuch policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a conditionparallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly “white ” English-speaking world, have ( by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。

Whupping (whipping/Beating) Fat AlbertBy Rudolph Giuliani[1] My father was an excellent (perfect, wonderful) boxer. His poor eyesight prevented him from becoming the prizefighter (warrior/ knight) he wanted to be, but at 6 feet and a lean 150 pounds, he was fast and tough. He understood the sport and would describe fights to me in great detail, explaining the strategies and techniques of the great fighters, men like (such as) Sugar Ray Robinson, Joe Louis, Willie Pep, Rocky Marciano, and Jersey Joe Walcott.[2] In boxing, he said, the most important skill was to stay (be) calm. This was the best lesson my father ever taught me—stay calm, especially when those (people) around you are uneasy or troubled (upset). The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool (calmness) the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas. If he remains calm, even while he's being hit, he can look for opportunities to hit back. (knock down->out knock out)[3] The lesson came in handy (turned out/ proved to be useful). My Uncle Willie was a New Y ork City police officer. Long after he retired, he always wore a jacket and, usually, a tie. He was a shy (silent/ timid) man who kept to himself (silent), and he'd spend his off hours reading the paper under the tree in front of our house. Next door lived another family, and the father was also a cop. For some reason, my uncle disliked him—perhaps he'd been nasty or unfair to Uncle Willie. Anyway, this guy (man/ fellow) had a son named Albert, a big fat kid, two years older than me—I was about 5 and he was 7. Albert took advantage of his size to intimidate (frighten) the other kids. He'd knock them down and roll (sit) on them.[4] My uncle used to read Spring 3100, the in-house police magazine. I loved looking at it—still do, in fact. I would pore over (study sth. carefully) Uncle Willie's copy, but only for so long—my uncle would always take the magazine back. One day he was sitting alone under the tree and my mother was nowhere in sight. He called me over. A copy of Spring 3100 was by his side.[5] "Y ou want this magazine, right?"[6] "Y es," I replied.[7] "Y ou want it to keep?"[8] "Sure!'[9] "Beat up Albert, and I'll give you the magazine."[10] "What do you mean?"[11] Uncle Willie said, "Look, your father's been teaching you to box. Throw a couple of jabs like your old man showed you and Albert will start crying—he's a fat slob and bullies are never as tough (strong/ powerful) as they seem."[12] I was reluctant, because Albert was much heavier than I was. But Uncle Willie showed me the magazine and let me hold it, before taking it back and repeating that it would be mine as soon asI got (made) Albert to cry uncle.[13] A little while (moment) later, Uncle Willie was sitting in his usual chair, when (suddenly) I saw Albert up to his usual tricks, pushing some kids around, all of them smaller than he. I don't remember exactly how it (fighting) started. All I know is that I found myself in a fight with him, just the two of us.[14] I started jabbing at his face—boom, boom, boom, exactly as I'd been taught—and they (jabs) were landing, nearly all of them. Albert never laid a hand on me—or if he did, I didn't notice.His nose started bleeding, a shiner was rising (swelling) nicely (noticeably), and finally he started to cry. Then he turned and ran home (ad.).[15] I went home, too, and told my mother. She slapped me hard (heavily) across the face. "Apologize right now, and I'm going to tell your father tonight. He's going to give you a real beating."[16] "I don't want to apologize," I mumbled. "He started it." For that I got a second slap.[17] Albert was still crying, and I begrudgingly (reluctantly) said, "I'm sorry, Albert." My mother made (forced) us (to) shake hands and ordered me to stay in for the rest of the day. I glanced at my uncle, and thought, at least he could give me the darn magazine. But I didn't give him up. I just went slowly up to my room. About 20 minutes later, his daughter, my cousin (/=nephew/ niece) Evangeline, came up. She was carrying his copy of Spring 3100. "My dad wanted you to have this," she said. "Since you have to stay in all day." I looked out the window. Uncle Willie was still there, under his tree, and he gave me a nod—as much for keeping my mouth shut, I knew, as for whipping Albert.[18] My father came home that evening, and my mother told him what had happened. I could hear them (talk) talking in the room next door. It was his fault, my mother said, for teaching me to box. He should give me a licking (beating) I'd never forget. My father came up to me, but before he could adopt (~ed child) a suitable face (expression) of disapproval, he blurted, "You whipped Albert? God almighty (mighty=powerful)! He's two years older than you, and 25 pounds heavier!" (mighty=powerful)[19] Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho (brave), but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you won't back down (withdraw/ retreat) from a fight is so (difficult) that it doesn't get to (express) that point (meaning). That's not just a theory—there were many times (cases/ often) in my administration when an early confrontation led to far less fighting (struggle) down the road (in the direction). Here's an example. At about 8:40 p. m. on Wednesday, July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean just off (away from) Long Island. All 230 on board the Paris-bound 747, which had taken off from Kennedy International Airport, were killed. My community response team and I got to the scene (site)(scenery) within an hour and set up an assistance (help) center at the Ramada Plaza Hotel near the airport to provide aid (help) and counseling (comfort) to family members. [boarding school][20] When we got (arrived) there, the first thing we tried to do was (to) obtain (get) the manifest so (that) we could be sure who had been on the plane. Airlines are required by law to compile a complete list of passengers on international flights, including full names, passport information, and emergency phone contact numbers. This information is supposed (thought to (=should) be made available within three hours of any crash. In this case, by 11:30 p. m., TWA said 229 people were aboard. By noon the next day, they were saying the number was 228. Later in the afternoon, they put the number at 230. I repeatedly demanded an accurate passenger list from TWA but was given every excuse why the airline couldn't produce one. I sensed (felt) something was up (was happening) when I received a call about 4 a. m. from the CEO of the airline, Jeffrey Erickson, from a plane heading for Kennedy. I told him that I needed the manifest. He said we would talk when he got to New Y ork, that he wanted to "liaise" (contact) with me. I don't agree to liaise with people I haven't met. But then I thought, well, maybe I shouldn't be so judgmental (subjunctive) based on the use of one word.[21] By the next day, I was exasperated. I felt we were getting the runaround. When Ericksonfinally showed up (appeared), he addressed the families and the press at Kennedy Airport, and spoke for under (less than) a minute. He refused to take a single question. He added nothing to what we already knew; there was certainly nothing to liaise about.[22] On behalf of the families of the passengers—and with an eye toward future disasters—I decided to make my anger known. On several national shows and on all the local channels, I criticized TWA for caring more about covering (hiding) itself than promptly notifying (informing) suffering family members. On Friday, I recorded my weekly WABC radio show from the Ramada and said, "The upper management of TWA incompetently handled (delt with) the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated (worse) by their not telling the truth about what happened."[23] Three months later, Erickson resigned (sign + nature->signature). But that wasn't the point (key). In a city the size of New Y ork, disasters are inevitable (=unavoidable). I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of them—clear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWA's behavior, I made sure (granter) the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood. (1, 388 words).OUT THE AUTHORRudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) served as the Mayor of New Y ork from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2001.EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. Rudolph Giuliani's father was _____.A. a successful boxing prizefighterB. able to win fights with techniquesC. very tall and strongD. well informed of boxing2. The strategies and techniques of a great fighter that Rudolph Giuliani learned from his father _____.A. were soon practicedB. were later used when he grew upC. didn't work for GiulianiD. were made into theory by Giuliani3. Uncle Willie didn't like their neighboring policeman probably because _____.A. he often abused childrenB. he was unfair while executing the lawC. he had treated Uncle Willie unfairlyD. he was a crazy and unreasonable man4. What made Giuliani decide to beat Albert?A. Albert took advantage of his size to bully other kids.B. Albert used to intimidate Giuliani.C. Giuliani didn't like him.D. Giuliani wanted to keep a police magazine.5. In the fighting between Giuliani and Albert, Albert _____.A. lost his control the first time he was hitB. missed almost all his targetsC. ended up flat on his backD. never had any chance to use his hands6. After Giuliani's father was told about the fighting he _____.A. was very excitedB. gave Giuliani a real beatingC. didn't believe itD. kissed his son as an encouragement7. The theory of standing up to bullies _____.A. took a heavy toll in Giuliani's later lifeB. became a very useful strategy in Giuliani's lifeC. led to far less fighting in Giuliani's later lifeD. helped him win in his running for the mayor8. Giuliani criticized TWA company for _____.A. being unable to provide an accurate passenger listB. planning to liaise with GiulianiC. its covering of itselfD. its CEO's be lated showing up9. The most important reason for Erickson's resignation is that _____.A. he lied to the public about the truth of his companyB. as a CEO he didn't live up to the expectations of the publicC. his company was involved in a disaster in which too many people were killedD. as a CEO he was incompetent in dealing with their business partners10. Giuliani disclosed the TWA's misconduct because he wanted to tell the companies that _____.A. they must pay price if they care about their company' interests more than human injuries and lossB. they will lose in the competition with their rivals if they put their needs ahead of human sufferingC. serious consequences will follow if they don't corporate with the city's government in a disasterD. companies will suffer a lot if they don't communicate with the public honestly and timelyII. VocabularyRead the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.A. connectionB. exchangeC. fightD. interaction2. Tom Landry is one of the most successful football coaches in National Football League history, and he was known for his unruffled manner and fierce competitiveness.A. calmB. braveC. politeD. mild (climate<->weather)3. At the auction, he offered ridiculously low bids and intimidated other would-be buyers so that he could buy back the farm at an extremely low price.A. betrayedB. frightenedC. gatheredD. cheated (deceive)4. After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing the job.A. presently (timely/ in time/ promptly)B. reasonablyC. willinglyD. reluctantly5. People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into thestreet without looking, blurt out inappropriate comments in class, and interrupt conversations.A. utter (->utterance)B. conductC. makeD. crush6. An attendant Labor press officer mumbled: "We're shameless, aren't we?" [(1)vt.: attend a meeting/ a class; (2)vi.: attend to sb.; flight attendant]A. claimedB. acknowledgedC. proposed (suggest)D. muttered7. During the congressional elections of 1866, Johnson campaigned for his Reconstruction Program (project), but his efforts hurt his cause (事业) more than they helped. This exasperated him into heated (激烈) and undignified arguments. (congress->Capitol)A. hitB. beatC. angeredD. stirred8. One primary intervention therefore was for me to liaise regularly with the ward so that Mrs. Allen was fully informed about the situation. (well-informed<->ill-informed; inform sb of sth.)A. negotiateB. contactC. imposeD. stimulate (stimuli and response)9. Difficult market conditions were exacerbated when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.A. deterioratedB. (alter<->)changedC. (go to sb’s relief/ relieve sb./ rescue sb./ relief->relievedD. solved (a problem; answer a question)10. Thus all material to be shown will have been compiled in the knowledge that it would be made available.A. verifiedB. sortedC. extractedD. (A is ~ of B and C. ) composedB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.take a toll on end up pore over slap bullylose one's cool be up come in handy strategy promptly1. Human-made structures also take a toll (bring heavy losses) on migrants. Skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of migrating birds. (migrate->migrant; emigrate<->immigrate)2. Amanda stayed calm at the moment and didn't lose her cool (n.).3. We both like driving it so much that we end up using it all the time.4. We should remember from Mayhew's account (description) that the boots also come in handy (prove to/ turn out to be useful) for kicking policemen and other traditional foes (夙敌) of the costers.5. In his lunch breaks Doisneau pored over books on photography, and at weekends he set off (start out) alone with a heavy wooden camera and tripod to capture the first of the "personal" photographs that would be the basis (base) of his life's work.6. Last night the woman, who did not wish to be named, said: "I'm really (fury->)furious, I'd just love to slap him on (the) his nasty face."7. I could tell by the look (expression) on his face that something was up (was happening).8. Essential (important) information on the progress of the project is conveyed throughout its duration and any enforced changes are notified promptly (timely/ in time).9. This use of a series of releasers, one after the other, is a strategy frequently employed (used) in communication.10. He wasn't, in fact, a very nice (good) boy, a bully and rather stupid.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage candidly and choose the hest answer from the four choices given .for each blank.New Y ork City has a highly centralized municipal (urban<->rural) government. The mayor, chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide 1 powers. The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize and reorganize administrative agencies and to 2 and remove their heads, a strong veto (否决权), and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller (审计官) , elected on a citywide basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advises the mayor and the city council in the preparation of the 3 .There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The police and fire departments are not 4 as administrations, but are also principal (major) agencies. Certain important city agencies include the board of education, the board of higher education, the health and hospitals corporation, and the housing authority. 5 two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character (nature): the Port Authority of New Y ork and New Jersey, which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Transportation Authority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and railroad service in New Y ork and Connecticut.Legislative authority is 6 by the city council, made up of 51 members, who are elected from 7 districts for four-year terms. The 8 officer is the public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The advocate can vote only to 9 . The most powerful member of the council is the speaker (spokesman), who is chosen by a 10 of the members and appoints the heads of the various council committees. The council introduces and legislates all laws and approves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members.1. A. productive B. manipulative C. speculative D. executive2. A. appoint B. fire C. arrange D. offer3. A. economy B. budget C. revenue D. expense4. A. included B. undertaken C. classified D. called5. A. At last B. As usual C. In addition (=besides) D. After all6. A. grabbed B. guarded C graded D. granted7. A. personal B. individual C. private D. single8. A. presidential B. practicing C. presiding D. present9. A. break a tie B. make a decision C. draw a conclusion D. give a summary10. A. minimum B. maximum C. minority D. majorityIV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。

第一课A 世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆·麦克阿瑟[1] 2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔·普赖斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。

在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。

但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人―或者说几乎人人―都懂英语。

英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。

（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特·菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。

在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。

他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。

在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。

英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。

[2]菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。

和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。

在过去儿十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。

第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”) ；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”) ; 第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。

20 世纪80 年代，这些词语开始流行。

从那时起，这第三圈实际上己扩展到全球范围。

[3］从来没有像英语这样的语言，这既有利也有弊。

曾经有许多“世界语言”, 例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。

总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。

研究生英语阅读教程（基础级第二版）1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonicspread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where peoplemight call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means: ... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is eithera tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become aworld language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana.But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yet。

研究生英语阅读教程（基础级2版）课文05及其翻译Science and Technology (->technique)By Judith Raughman (Editor)[1] (optimistic->)Optimism and empowerment. As the century drew to a close (end), the potential for human invention and understanding appeared (seemed) boundless (limitless). Scientific understanding expanded daily, from the fundamental (basic) building blocks of matter to the source code of all life to the origins, and perhaps the eventual (finally) demise (end), of the universe. The technological advances (progresses) of the 1990s ushered in (led to) what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival (match / compete with) the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier (information revolution), creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips. The new \Age\represented by the \Superhighway\was not all-inclusive, threatened to leave many (people) behind, including older citizens and those (people) who could not afford (pay for) the new technology. Still (Furthermore), by 1999 more than three-quarters of the U. S. population was\Americans felt that technological advances were improving their quality of life. Optimism was the reigning tone [key-note speaker/ speech] of the decade. New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual (final) solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic (poisonous) waste to grocery shopping ― genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise (design) a refrigerator that could sense (feel) when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more. The 1990s allayed (relieved/ reduced) the fear that a technologically advanced society was necessarily heavily centralized, with Big Brother watching every move (=movement). Instead (On the contrary), with the creation of the Internet and the World Wide Web, and their emphasis on decentralization, equality, and the open sharing of resources, many individuals found that greater access (right) to information increased their sense (feeling) of personal freedom and power.[2] Ethics and the Natural. With the explosion of knowledge came public concern (worry) over where all of these new discoveries and technologies might be taking society. The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested (show) thathuman cloning had become viable (feasible) as well (too), raising concerns ― no longer quite theoretical ― that humanity might be moving toward a\(adventurous) new world\in 1990 with a mission (missionary/ task) to decode the entire human genetic makeup, held (raise) promises (hope) for an end (terminate) to genetic disorders, but threatened to open the way for\babies\who could be genetically altered to suit their parents' wishes. While many (people) argued that plant and animal breeders had been fooling around with genetics for centuries in order to better (improve) the lot of humankind, others pointed out that new advances (progresses) in genetics allowed researchers to cross boundaries set by nature, implanting human genes in animals in order to turn them into medicine factories, creating plants that produced plastics and glowed in the dark, even attempting (trying) to create “terminator\own reproductive capacity (ability) in order to maintain (keep) the seed manufacturer's cash flow. The question of what was \the environment and the organisms in it seemed safe from genetic tinkering. Yet, while experiments with human cloning or customizing a child's genetic makeup seemed abhorrent (horrible/ terrible) to most Americans, there was general supportfor genetic research that could help to identify(recognize) and cure genetic diseases or make food sources healthier and more plentiful for a growing global population.[3] (private->)Privacy. Privacy was an overarching (most important) concern (worry) with many of the technological and scientific advances of the 1990s. The Internet was an amazing (surprising) new tool for sharing information, yet it was also a powerful means (tools) for finding information that was intended to be private, including government and military secrets, the source codes to proprietary (private) software, and even a neighbor's social security number. Companies and individuals alike (ad. similarly) worried that their private information would be compromised when (since) sophisticated computer technologists could \into protected computer systems and erase or steal important data. Computer viruses, self-replicating codes (program) written by malicious individuals, could steal into personal computer systems through e-mail or the Web and wreak havoc with (make a mess of) the data stored there. Protecting privacy over the Internet was not easy, and many people worried that government attempts (try) to intervene would only cripple (disable/ paralyze) the development of the Internet. Similar fears were sparked (vt. sparkled) when concerned (relevant) groups lobbied (persuade) the government to outlaw pornography and other disturbing materials on the Web in the name of \agreed that children should not be exposed to (touch/ watch) suchmaterial, attempts (efforts) to regulate (control) the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant (disgusting) ideas could receive a hearing (have some audience). Digital surveillance inthe workplace also became an issue (problem), as (when) some companies spiedon (watch) their workers' use of the Internet and e-mail. [sur-: above; from above][4] Genetics and Privacy. Advances (progresses) in genetics alsothreatened personal privacy. With the Human Genome Project scheduled (planned) to be finished early in the twenty-first century, and private companies competing to win patents on genetic discoveries, many individuals worriedabout what scientists might do with a complete understanding of the human genetic code. While genetic diseases could be discovered and perhaps cured,this information might also be used to discriminate against people predisposed (inclined to) to certain genetic malfunctions, or to group (vt./ classify) individuals based on their genetic data. The idea that scientists would own patents on the human genetic code was disturbing, as well, as (for/ since) it meant that human life could become a proprietary (private) resource (property).[5] Big Science And Little Science. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) continued to wow (surprise) the world, sending the giant Hubble Telescope into orbit to gather and transmit never-before-seen images (picture) of deep space that offered (gave) increasingly tantalizing (attractive) clues to the origins of the universe. The search forextraterrestrial life continued during the decade, as NASA scientists found possible evidence of bacterial life in a meteor from Mars, and distant planets were discovered that might contain water. NASA sent space probes (n./vt.) to land on the surface of Mars, sent national hero John Herschel Glenn Jr. back into space to study aging, and made plans to build an International Space Station with research teams from other countries. Still (Furthermore), some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not bebetter used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the (divide->)diversion of space was no longer as necessary when (since) there were so many new and interesting projects going on right here. One of the most fascinating (attractive) new realms (world/ field) of study was nanotechnology, a field of research that attempted to manipulate matter at the molecular level, building new devices (equipment) atom by atom that could be used inminiaturized manufacturing, drug-delivery system, and tiny (small) minicomputers. With the discovery of a new family of carbon molecules known asfullerenes, nanotechnology researchers had a new raw material to work with (process). The science was still very experimental at the turn (beginning) of the century, but researchers and government officials saw great potential for this science of the tiny (small). (1, 151 words)deliver milk/ a babyABOUT THE TEXTThis text is excerpted from the book American Decades 1990-1999, edited by Judith Baughman (Editor), Victor Bondi (Editor), Vincent Tompkins (Editor) and Gale Group, which is the last volume of the American Decades 1900-2000 Series. The series is the latest installment of the Gale series documenting thehistory and social trends of the United States of America during the 20th century. The current text is the overview (summary) of the book's one chapter on Science and Technology.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements. 1. This article is mainly about _____.A. how to tackle the problems in the new \B. the direction of scientific and technological developmentC. both the positive and negative effects of the technological advancesD. the great impact on our ethics and privacy brought by the technological advances2. The \ _____. A. represents the digital age B. emphasizes on humanity C. is highly civilized D. benefits everyone except older citizens3. The phrase \ A. interested in B. accustomed to C. fascinated by D. connected to4. Which of the following is NOT responsible for the increased sense of personal freedom and power?A. A technologically advanced society is centralized.B. There is much greater access to information than before.C. People can have the open sharing of resources online.D. The notion of equality is emphasized on the Internet.5. Concerned about the potential effect of the Human Genome Project, most Americans would _____.A. welcome human cloning to improve their standard of livingB. support the genetic research which could help to cure genetic diseasesC. welcome creating plants that produced plastics and glowed in the darkD. support making genetically altered babies to suit their parents' wishes6. How could the \A. They are so reproductive that they will outsell other kinds of seeds.B. The patents on the \C. The farmers have to buy seeds again as the \seeds themselves.D. Because the plants, into which the \the dark, the seeds sell extremely well.7. Many people who think government should not outlaw pornography on the Web believe that _____.A. there were still a large number of people who have need for pornographyB. everyone could voice his ideas, no matter how weird or offensive they areC. the government had no right to interfere with the development of the InternetD. the government might be encouraged to spy on each suspicious computer8. The development of genetic science might threaten personal privacy in that _____. A. the data of the people with genetic diseases will be published B. people may be treated differently based on their genetic dataC. patents on the human genetic code will bring scientists enormousprofits D. scientists will use information about human life for personal gains9. \_____. A. the study of life in outer space B. the study of the origin of life C. the study of molecules D. the study of nanotechnology10. What is the critics' attitude towards the large scale of spaceresearch as mentioned in the last paragraph?A. They believe that such a research would be a waste of resources.B. They doubt its necessity because there are new and interesting projectson Earth. C. They are concerned that space research would prove to befruitless. D. They believe that space research is not so important as nanotechnology.II. VocabularyA. Read the following sentences and decide which of the me choices beloweach sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery tothousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen. A. size B. expansion C. development D. termination2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgeryfinancially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left. A.practicable B. sufficient C. deficient D. impractical3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking. [oral presentation]A. ease [(1)n. feel at ~; (2)to relieve pain]B. expressC. preventD. dispose (get rid of)4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A. influenceB. damageC. endD. complicate (a./ vt.)5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate)productivity, not stifle it.A. retainB. repress (suppress)C. crashD. abandon (abundant: a. enough)6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word. [malice: n.->malicious: a.] [bekeen on sth.] A. disheartening (discouragingencourage) B. sympathetic [sym-: same; pathy: feeling C. harsh (severe) D. polite [be sympathetic withsb./ sympathize with sb.]7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again). A. emerged (appeared) B. continued C. dominated D. resumed (restore)8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shocking (=surprising)B. (tolerate->)tolerableC. uncontrollable [high ~low ~]D. distasteful (disgusting) 9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera. A. small B. digitalC. concealed (hidden)D. sophisticated [shoot, shot shot/ gun shot]10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth(=practical) advice on matching food with wine. A. disturbing B. tempting C. promising D. offending (=offensive/ ~ talk)B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunction at one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is ― it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the wara brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition () partners manage to (try to) reach a compromise. [win-win situation]6. This heat can cause certain circuit-board components to malfunction or fail altogether.7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers. [Negro] 9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs. [(1)charge sb with sth.=accuse sb. of sth.; (2)~a battery; (3) be in charge of sth.(4)~ sb. some money]III. Cloze感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

UNIT6What does it feel like to help dying patients through their final days? Experience it through the eyes of hospice nurse Jill Campbell, who does her job with grace, compassion, and gratitude.1.Outside, it's noisy on this busy block of row houses in Baltimore. But inside one tidy living room, all is quiet except for the sound of a woman's raspy breathing. The patient is huddled in an easy chair under a handmade pink-and-blue afghan, a knit cap on her head and booties on her feet. She has trouble staying warm these days. Her cancer has returned with a vengeance and she has only a few weeks to life. Hospice nurse Jill Campbell kneels down beside her patient, listens to her breathing, and then checks her blood pressure. Campbell has already hauled in oxygen tanks, showed family members how to work them, organized the medicine, and assessed how her patient has been eating and sleeping.2.But now is a moment to connect one-on-one. Campbell wraps her hands aro und the woman’s hands and rubs them together to warm them. She looks into her face. “are you feeling a little better?” she asks softly.3.Getting to know her patients and helping them through the toughest time of their lives is what Campbell, 43, appreciates most about being a hospice nurse. “I don’t know of another position where you can do more for people,” she says.4.Her patients have all been told that they have six months or less to live. Rather than continue with often-difficult or painful treatments that probably won’t extend their lives, they have decided to stop trying for a cure. Instead, with the help of hospice care, they’ll focus on comfort and on living whatever they have left of their lives to the fullest ---usually in their own home.5.Being able to die at home is a major part of the appeal of hospice, but patients and family members may not see it that way at first. “A lot of people still view hospice as giving up and letting the disease in,” says Campbell. That’s why the decision to c all in hospice care can be an incredibly difficult one for a family to make. Once they do, though, most patients and their families soon understand the value of having a team of dedicated professionals---including social workers, health aides, chaplains, and nurses---work together to provide not only physical but also emotional and spiritual support. 帮助即将离世的患者度过最后的时光会是怎样的感受呢？让我们借助吉尔·坎贝尔的所见经历这一切吧。

READING COMPREHENSION TEST I (45 minutes, 25 questions, 4 pointseach)Directions : In this test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and choose the best choice to answer the questionsPassage OneA study releasedlast week indicates that American students not only have no problem with cheating, but that often, teachers close their eyes to it.The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University, New Jersey, founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity. This national association (society) of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to (intended to) fostering (develop/ cultivate) scholastic (academic) honesty. According to the survey of 4, 500 students, cheating was found to be in full sway (common) , with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating, from copying homework to duplicating (copying) answers on tests.Erika Karres, an assistant education professor (associate professor) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns (rules) for more than 30 years said: "Nowadays parents may make little of (ignore) their child's mistake by thinking ' he was cheating, but it's not like he's taking drugs' or ' she's pregnant.'As for teachers,Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to "press (report) the point". Who has time to have a meeting after school with all the records, materials, and statements? And even if that meeting occurs, parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not take the time to change the order of test questions for their various classes. Still (Furthermore), she adds, many teachers are wide-awake (on alert). For example, English teachers may check word clusters 华符用)on the Internet for signs of fraud (cheating) or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers. No matter what the cheaters' motives are, educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to (lead) their wrongdoing (offense). With an Internet hook up, cheating is just a click away.Many U. S. colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and "commitment to fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility".1.The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that. A. college authorities don't take cheating very seriously B. college teachers encourage their students to cheatC.cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the studentsD.scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges2.According to Erika Karres, parents.A. don't think of cheating as their children's behavioral mistakeB. think that cheating is as bad as drug abuseC.make little of their girls' being pregnantD.think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating3.Teachers close their eyes to cheating because.A.they think it doesn't help to have a meeting discussing cheating problemsB.they don't want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidenceC.they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papersD.they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers4.Wide-awake teachers can find cheating by.paring the word groups in students' writing with the ones on the Internetparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmatesC.learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the InternetD.checking the vocabulary and grammar used in the latest published papers5.Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges?A. College policies.B. Teachers' encouragement.C. Parents' negligence.D. The wide-spread use of computer.Passage TwoThe traditional final resting place for a discarded (deserted) computer is anywhere it will not be in the way -- in a closet (cupboard), under a lamp, in the attic (loft), anywhere. But there are a growing number of computer-recycling options that do not take up space. More important, the new recycling programs (projects) do not involve pitching old computer parts into the trash bin (dustbin).Computer makers Dell, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard have recently launched or improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer. The message is that whatever you do with your old computer, "don't throw it in the trash", said Michele Glaze, a Dell spokeswoman. ' 'That's not an appropriate (proper) way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment." At the Dell Exchange Website people have four options:They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization, recycle them for proper disposal, trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them to the highest bidder.HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well. The company charges for shipping and handling -- U. S. $ 13~34 per item. Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or, if too old to be useful, broken down to its key (basic) commodities -- steel, aluminum, copper and plastic -- at shredders the company has in Tennessee.The form of recycling most folks will probably think of, however, is donating old computers to schools. Several Washington area organizations will gladly take the old computers, monitors, printers and so on, re-case them, and send them to schools. Old hardware, however, may not make it to school in one piece, especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system.When people ask Lorin Evans, who runs Washington Apple Pi's computer-recycling program, where their computers will go, he usually does not know becausehe often strips old computers down to their composite parts."The beauty of the Mac is it's easy to decide which wounded soldiers on a battlefield need to be operated on first," he said.6.The new computer-recycling programs are recommended most probably because.A.the old computers have blocked our way at home or in officeB.the new programs will save our space at home or in officeC.the useful computer components will not be thrown awayD.the old computer parts have caused serious environmental pollutionputer companies collect old computers made by _____ .A. their own companiesB. other computer companiesC. computer makers in the U. S.D. any computer makers8.One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that .A. nonprofit organizations charge them for the returned equipmentB. the company has to pay for the storage space for the old partsC. the company has to transport the returned equipment to TennesseeD. it is very difficult to separate steel, aluminum, copper and plastic9.Which of the following donation will reach the schools?A.Donations of all the second-hand computers.ed computers which can run current systems.C.Donations of old operating systems.D.New computer cases.10.By saying "The beauty of be operated on first" (in the last paragraph) Lorin Evans means “” ..A. it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be taken apartB. it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repairedC. it is easy to know where to put the very old computersD. old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose ofPassage ThreeCrowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as important as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world __ record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters (29, 028 ft) summit.More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms. Bad weather in early May led to this year's jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing.Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve "firsts", rather than simply climb the mountain. This year's crop of summiteers included the oldest man, 64-year-old Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. An American with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the terrain and ringing bells.Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $ 70, 000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Returning climbers whothought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home tothe usual triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.11.What is important to climbers on Mount Everest?A. Watching the weather.B. Making a final dash.C. Psychological adjustment.D. Group management.12.More accidents have happened in recent years due to .A. bad geographical conditionsB. carelessness of the climbersC. overcrowdingD. snowstorms13.Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to showA. their courageB. their diversityC. their great achievementsD. their common motivation14.The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere _is .A. indifferentB. welcomingC. worriedD. concerned15.An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to .A. overcrowdingB. political reasonsC. the returning of the climbersD. the lack of crowd-control measurePassage FourAmericans and Japanese are different in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors -- and will only work within a given culture.Let me try to describe three characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are interrelated.First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the "you to you" approach, as distinguished from the Western "I to you" approach. The difference is this: in "1 to you", each side presents his arguments forthrightly from his own point of view -- he states what he wants and what he expects to get. Thus, a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.The "you to you" approach practiced in Japan is based on each side -- automatically and often unconsciously -- trying to understand the other man's point of view, and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony.A second characteristic is based on "consensus M-4tit) opinion". In Japan great consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of corporate enterprises and Government agencies.To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country. In Japan there is a drive for the group -- whether it is family, company, or Government -- to act as a unit.Another characteristic is "bottom-up direction" of management. When I use the term "bottom-up" , I am referring to a style of management -- perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the pulse of the public, or the labor force, or other audiences.The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning, and it influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words,Western style decision-making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker, while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.16.What does the author think of the differences between the Japaneseand western style in decision-making?A. Both of them are very complex.B. They are greatly affected by each other.C. Neither of them is superior to the other.D. They often go into confrontations.17.In Japan, when people are trying to solve a problem they usually .A. present their ideas from their own point of viewB. listen passively during the discussionC. come into conflict with one anotherD. consider other people's ideas18.In the West, a decision in an organization can be made when .A. a consensus is reachedB. there is a lot of discussionC. the workers are consultedD. the top have their ideas19.The expression "keeping your finger on the pulse of the public" (in bold, in Paragraph8) has the closest meaning with _.A. knowing the opinion of the publicB. presenting the opinion of the publicC. judging the opinion of the publicD. imposing an opinion on the public20.This passage was most probably written by a .A. historianB. politicianC. sociologistD. businessmanPassage FiveProbably the single largest group of economists in the U. S. in one way or another can be classified as "liberal economists". Liberal in this instance refers to their willingness to intervene in the free operation of the market. These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market. However, the liberal economist does not believe that the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored. Rather, the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them: the poor, the elderly and the weak. Additionally, liberal economists maintain that the freely operating market sometimes results in economic instability and inflation, unemployment and slow growth. Thus, although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable, they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unacceptable and perhaps even "extremely objectionable".Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level. Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds. First, these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace. Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending, there are those who through no faultof their own (they may be aged, young, weak, physically or mentally handicapped) may not have the ability to participate in the economic system. Others, however, perhaps because they are extremely lucky or because they have inherited wealth, may have not only the ability to participate in the system, but they may have the ability to direct the course of that system. Second, the free market does not and cannot handle spill-over effects or what are known as " externalities" . These are the third party effects which may occur as a result of an economic act. Will a firm willingly compensateits neighbors for the pollutants it pours into the nearby lake? Will a truck driver willingly drive at 55 miles per hour and in the process reduce thehighway accident rate? Liberal economists think not.These economists are therefore willing to have the government intervene in these and other similar cases.21.Unlike free market economists, liberal economists think that free market economy should be .A. respectedB. rejectedC. encouragedD. intervened22.In regard to a freely operating market, liberal economists are mainly concerned about itsA. efficiencyB. costsC. operationD. stability23.Liberal economists think that the rich benefit more from a free market because they.A.can participate in the government systemB.have a habit of spending moneyC.can determine the direction of economyD.have the ability to influence the consumers24.According to liberal economists, free market may result in .A. povertyB. unfairnessC. government inefficiencyD. social change25.The third party effects refer to the instances of .A. caring less about external consequencesB. the intervention of a third partyC. extreme economic actsD. the failure of market control。

学术会议往往是相当沉闷的事，至少对于外行来说，美国人类学协会（AAA）的年度会议，通常也不例外。

但今年，最近在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区举行年会，是一个彻头彻尾的喧闹的聚会。

当然，也是最活跃、最激烈的，因为越南战争分裂的日子，当一些人类学家是自愿还是无意教唆暴力反叛乱袭击。

有一些严重的谩骂以及指名道姓的威胁，指责或排除某些同事。

激烈争吵的是那些少数但数量不断增加的和美国政府反恐合作的人类协会成员。

两年前，美国中央情报局悄悄开始招聘社会科学家，在学术期刊上的广告和提供高达400000美元的丰厚的薪金。

但在过去的几个月里，五角大楼已经与象牙塔合作达到一个新水平。

九月，华盛顿把一个称为“人类地域小组“的试点项目全面展开，耗资40000000美元的计划，将包括人类学家，社会学家和社会心理学家等学者的四或五人小组配备到美国在伊拉克和阿富汗的26个战斗部队。

虽然目前评估这些新领域团队的进展为时太早，但一些初步的报告是令人鼓舞的。

来自阿富汗，第四旅报道称在人类学的顾问建议将宣传从村里的老人集中在当地的毛拉后，在塔利班和盟军的巴基斯坦人和阿拉伯人占领的高峰，攻击下降60-70%。

一个毛拉据说很感动被邀请去祝福恢复在附近的美军基地的清真寺，于是他很快同意录制后反塔利班的广播广告。

“这听起来是真实的当然很好，我相信还有其他方面，但原则当然是有逻辑的，这是谁主管谁是你要面对的人。

”杰姆斯孔雀说，一个北卡罗来那大学的印度尼西亚的专家，目前主持一个研究人类学家参与国家安全事务的特设AAA委员会来。

紧跟着伊拉克占领区的巨大的处理不当，这一新的伙伴关系体现军事重新欣赏文化的重要性。

“对手越不传统，越远离西方文化规范，也更需要我们去了解社会和潜在的文化动力”蒙哥马利麦克法特说，她是海军的人类学家，她早期的观点被称为为人类学化的军事，而不是军事化的人类学。

然而，在许多业内人士认为，任何这种性质的合作损害了人类学领域的完整性。

在这样的情况下，人类学的部署”只是一个武器…而不是一个人民之间搭建桥梁的工具，罗伯托冈萨雷斯，，圣何塞州立大学人类学地副教授，人类学家组织中的主要成员。

Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。