2011考研英语模拟试题

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］on Answer Sheet 1. (10 points)Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an 1 should be made even before choice of a curriculum in high school.Actually, 2 , most people make several job choices during their working lives, 3 because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their position. The "one perfect job" does not exist. Young people should 4 enter into a broad flexible training program that will fit them for a 5 of work rather than for a single job.Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans 6 benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 7 about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss 8 . Some drift from job to job. Others 9 to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted.One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or 10 prestige. Too many high 瞫chool students or their parents for them choose the professional field, 11 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 12 . The prestige that people tend to 13 to a profession or a white-collar job is no good reason for choosing it as life's work.14 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large 15 of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the majority of young people should give serious 16 to these fields.Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 17 life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual 18 . Some want security; others are willing to take 19 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its 20 .1. ［A］identification ［B］entertainment ［C］accommodation ［D］occupation2. ［A］however ［B］therefore ［C］though ［D］thereby3. ［A］entirely ［B］mainly ［C］partly ［D］his4. ［A］since ［B］therefore ［C］furthermore ［D］forever5. ［A］place ［B］chance ［C］field ［D］opening6. ［A］to ［B］for ［C］without ［D］with7. ［A］little ［B］few ［C］much ［D］ a lot8. ［A］chance ［B］basis ［C］purpose ［D］opportunity9. ［A］apply ［B］appeal ［C］stick ［D］turn10. ［A］imagined ［B］substantial ［C］acquired ［D］demanded11. ［A］concerning ［B］following ［C］considering ［D］disregarding12. ［A］preferences ［B］requirements ［C］tendencies ［D］ambitions13. ［A］contribute ［B］attach ［C］attribute ［D］allot14. ［A］Therefore ［B］However ［C］Nevertheless ［D］Moreover15. ［A］proportion ［B］part ［C］quanitity ［D］batch16. ［A］proposal ［B］suggestion ［C］consideration ［D］appraisal17. ［A］towards ［B］against ［C］out of ［D］without18. ［A］knowledge ［B］satisfaction ［C］culture ［D］sensitivity19. ［A］turns ［B］parts ［C］choices ［D］risks20. ［A］awards ［B］requirements ［C］results ［D］needsSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1. (40 points)Text 1It is said that people buy contemporary art when they are confident about the future and old art when they are not. Conventional wisdom has it that older art holds its value, while contemporary stuff is for risk-lovers. William Goetzmann, a professor at Yale, estimates that during the last art-market depression, which set in after 1990, impressionist and contemporary works fell by most (51% and 40% respectively), while Old Masters suffered least (down by 16%). Yet despite the ups and downs, contemporary works have been rewarding for those who are prepared to hang on: according to Jianping Mei and Michael Moses, professors at New York University (NYU) since 1970 the returns on contemporary art have far exceeded those on Old Masters and 19th-century paintings.Since the late 1980s, more sophisticated analysis of the art market and a growing interest in alternative investments have spurred the creation of several new investment funds focused on art. At a recent conference organised by one of these, the Fine Art Fund, Rachel Campbell of Maastricht University pointed out the low correlation between returns on art and on those other investments. Given that it usually pays to diversify, that is a good argument for investing in art, whatever your taste. The Fine Art Fund, which began buying this April (and has 36% of its money in cash), advises that investors spread their art allocation fairly evenly between Impressionists, Old Masters, modern art and contemporary works.Contemporary art, in particular, has served rich investors well in the past few years. Prices stayed stable when stock markets fell. Nevertheless, one recent academic study has found a correlation with another asset class: during the last world art boom, in the late 1980s, prices were closely tied to property values, specifically Japanese land prices. After 1990, art and property fell together. Now property prices in several countries are once again at frightening heights.Investing in art will always be a risky business. Works of art by definition belong to different categories; holding periods vary; the market is illiquid; art yields no income, producing only capital gain or loss; transaction costs are high. As for contemporary art in particular, it is a sobering thought that, according to Mr Moses, each year an average of only two artists emerge whose work increases in value over time. All this speaks against a big commitment to speculating in art; better, maybe, simply to buy what you like, if you can: treat your money, in other words, not as invested but as consumed.21. By saying that the market is illiquid (Line 2, Para. 4), the author suggests that .［A］art works seldom lose their value in the market［B］investment in art does not have guaranteed return of profits［C］the difficulty to trade art works is obvious and evident［D］the art market tends to be responsive to the economic situation22. The Fine Art Fund advise that investors need to spread their art allocation because .［A］Old Masters always promise a high return of profits［B］different art works are valued differently in the market［C］buying art works is always a good way of investment［D］people should be aware of the risks of investment in art23. The returns on contemporary art indicate .［A］people have come to see the value of contemporary art［B］the economic prospects are positively assessed［C］there is a growing interest in alternative art investments［D］investors have learned to spread their art allocation24. We can learn from the text that .［A］the two NYU professors advise people against buying Old Masters［B］cautious investors are advised to stay away from the art market［C］the real estate market is a good indicator of the art market［D］art investors should not speculate in the art market25. What is the possible attitude of Mr Moses toward investing in contemporary art?［A］Investors in contemporary art should be more patient.［B］ A supplicated analysis of the art market is always a must.［C］Contemporary art seems to promise greater returns of profits.［D］It is dangerous to speculate in the contemporary art market.Text 2They have been writers and actors, entertainers and creators. They have won Academy Awards and received critical acclaim. They have graced the covers of magazines.In the arts and entertainment world, women have made a myriad of contributions to what we know as popular culture. Although many female celebrities may be known more for their figures than their talents, women remain more than just pretty faces. Women's History Month promises to take a look back at the influential female lives and legacies that have shaped our society.In this century alone, a number of famous females have made their artistic marks. In the literary world, women such as Sylvia Plath and Colette composed celebrated works, establishing themselves as creative writers to be reckoned with. Colette, a prolific French novelist, tackled weighty themes such as the woman's struggle for independence. Her catalog of works includes celebrated novels such as Cheri and The Pure and the Impure. Plath, renowned for her suicide as much as for her writing, wrote The Bell Jar as well as a wealth of poetry.Within the realm of fashion, influential designers such as Coco Chanel changed the face of female dressing. The Chanel name has become synonymous with high style. Coco invented the little black dress, perfected a trademark scent-Chanel No. 5-and became famous for her tweed suits and quilted handbags.Hollywood starlets such as Katharine Hepburn transformed the film world. She was known for her portrayal of strong, spirited females in her films, clearly embodying what it means to be an independent woman. As Hepburn once said, "I never realized until lately that women were supposed to be the inferior sex. "The music industry has also seen its share of barrier-breaking female stars. Women such as Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald endure as revered names within the jazz world. Similarly, Joan Baez took the folk music genre by storm. She was one of the most outspoken performers during the social turmoil of the 1960s, establishing herself not only as an acclaimed singer/songwriter but also as an activist for civil rights and nonviolence.Undeniably, women have contributed to our culture in immeasurable ways. From the silverscreen to the record-store shelves, the most talented stars exhibit a wealth of creativity, a fan瞱inning charisma and a unique dedication to their respective crafts-and many of them also happen to be female.26. Who may be considered as a feminist writer according to the passage?［A］Sylvia Plath.［B］Colettle.［C］Both Plath and Colette.［D］Neither Plath nor Colette.27. From the passage, we can learn that Chanel No. 5 is .［A］ a typical style of little black dress［B］ a perfume marketed by Chanel［C］ a high class way of life advocated by Coco［D］the chanel tweed suits and quilted handbags.28. By saying "women remain more than just pretty faces", the author means .［A］some women have nothing but pretty faces［B］beauty for many female celebrities is necessary［C］some women don't mange to be successful for beauty［D］each female celebrity has her own success story29. Joan Baez is called an outspoken performer because she .［A］stunned the world by the message her music expressed［B］was expressive for her performance on the stage［C］had to suffer the social turmoil of the 1960s［D］openly voiced her opinions on the major social issues30. Women's contributions to pop culture are NOT caused by .［A］their enthusiasm they have toward what they do［B］the physical appeal they have to the public［C］their understanding of the importance of pop culture［D］the display of their natural talents and giftsText 3Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated; they have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their sense of feeling contended. They doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear dull gray suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have theolder generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives; so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to the older for guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old-if they are prepared to admit it-could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not sinful. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. The world is full of uncertainty and tension. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that passed it down?31. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned?［A］Better educated［B］More money and freedom.［C］Greater independence. ［D］Respect for work.32. What do the young have an attitude for?［A］The differences between the old and young.［B］The assumption of the old generation.［C］The emphasis on violence as a solution to social problems.［D］The social conventions that they are expected to follow.33. Why do the young stress on the present because .［A］the past is full of sanity that should be done with［B］the present is more secure than the past［C］the present world is substantial and sustaining［D］the present is made up of a glorious heritage34. What can the old learn from the young generation?［A］Enjoyment is not despicable for what it is［B］People should have more time for leisure.［C］It is a blessing that people can learn to enjoy life［D］One should break free of the restrictions that life imposes35. How do the young think about office hours?［A］They are more painful than enforced slavery［B］They are happier than enforced slavery［C］They are almost as painful as enforced slavery［D］They are the most painful enforced slaveryText 4Researchers are finding that boys and girls really are from two different planets. Experts say boys and girls have different "crisis points", stages in their emotional and social development where things can go very wrong. Until recently, girls got all the attention. But boys are much more likely than girls to have discipline problems at school and to be diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Boys far outnumber girls in special-education classes. They're also more likely to commit violent crimes and end up in jail.Even normal boy behavior has come to be considered pathological（病态的）in the wake ofthe feminist movement. An abundance of physical energy and the urge to conquer－these are normal male characteristics, and in an earlier age they were good things, even essential to survival. "If Huck Finn or Tom Sawyer were alive today," says Michael Gurian, author of The Wonder of Boys, "we'd say they had ADD." He says one of the new insights we're gaining about boys is a very old one: boys will be boys. "They are who they are," says Gurian, "and we need to love them for who they are. Let's not try to rewire them."But what exactly is the essential nature of boys? Even as infants, boys and girls behave differently. A recent study at Children's Hospital in Boston found that boy babies are more emotionally expressive; girls are more reflective. (That means boy babies tend to cry when they're unhappy; girl babies suck their thumbs.) This could indicate that girls are innately more able to control their emotions. Boys have higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of neurotransmitter serotonin(神经传递素), which inhabits aggression(睾丸激素) and impulsivity. That may help explain why more males than females carry through with suicide or become alcoholics.There's a struggle between a desire and need for warmth on the one hand and a pull toward independence on the other. Boys are going through what psychologists long ago declared an integral part of growing up: individualization and disconnection from parents, especially mothers. But now some researchers think that process is too abrupt. When boys repress normal feelings like love because of social pressure, says William Pollack, head of the Center for Men at Boston's McLean Hospital, "they've lost contact with the genuine nature of whom they are and what they feel. Boys are in a silent crisis. The only time we notice it is when they pull the trigger."36. Which of the following is NOT true according to the first paragraph?［A］Boys and girls are different.［B］Boys need more attention than girls.［C］Girls almost need no help from society.［D］Boys are more difficult to educate than girls.37. What can be inferred about Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn (Line 4, Para. 2)?［A］They were more like today's girls than boys.［B］They suffered Attention Deficit Disorder but were not diagnosed.［C］They were energetic and conquering.［D］They had more problems than today's boys.38. The word "rewire" (Line 7, Para. 2) could best be replaced by .［A］restore to a former condition ［B］recognize the worth of［C］change the nature of ［D］address the problems of39. Which aspect of the boy瞘irl differences does Para. 3 discuss?［A］Physiological. ［B］Psychological. ［C］Cultural. ［D］Intellectual.40. It is implied in the passage that .［A］society approves of boys who have tender feelings［B］society expects boys to be independent［C］boys take more time to grow up than girls［D］boys and girls can never receive similar treatmentPart BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1.William Lanouette's biography of Leo Szilard, Genius in the Shadows, does more than reveal the life of a brilliant physicist and social activist; it sheds a perceptive light on the role of scientists in public policy. World War II is usually recognized as the coming of age of science in U.S. politics. Albert Einstein had become the world's first science celebrity and a person to whom presidents felt obliged to listen. (41) Bush laid the foundation for a postwar science policy that would put government in the dominant role in funding basic research.What is instructive about Szilard's life, however, is not the political influence of scientists as a group. (42) He believed that scientists should have more influence in policymaking in general-not because of their knowledge but because of their ability to think rationally. This faith in reason was a weakness in Szilard's political thinking, however, because it prevented him from understanding the emotional forces that must also be taken into account.(43) And although he often used the reputation of his friend Einstein to gain access to decision makers, he believed firmly that it was the power of his ideas that deserved attention. He felt the same way about science. Even as an unemployed and relatively unknown physicist, he expected the giants in the field to respect his ideas if they made sense.(44) He didn't assume that he should be listened to just because he was a brilliant physicist, and he accepted that even the most enlightened thinking had to be promoted vigorously to be influential. Of course, it didn't hurt that he was way ahead of his time in recognizing the threat posed by Hitler, the importance of nuclear weapons, and the problems with nuclear weapons that would arise after the war.(45) First, the most important policies are those that address issues bigger than science itself. Szilard studied and cared deeply about the larger issues of governance, not just the role of science. Second, he understood that his scientific training did not entitle him to influence and that the quality of his thinking did not mean that the world's leaders would come knocking at his door. He knew that to make a difference in the world it is necessary to think broadly; to win support through compelling analysis, not reputation; and to work tirelessly to promote one's ideas.［A］What Szilard did was to approach public policy with the same vigor, determination, and persistence with which good scientists approach science. What works in advancing science can also work in improving policy.［B］The key to Szilard's effectiveness and influence was his sense of responsibility for making the world a better place. Once he decided that something should be done, he devoted enormous energy, resourcefulness, and audacity to advancing his proposal.［C］But Szilard was not expecting to be influential in policy debates just because he was a scientist. An avid newspaper reader, he was extremely well informed about public affairs.［D］The Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb was an unprecedented federal investment in research, and questions about how to use the insights of nuclear physics for military and civilian purposes brought scientists into direct conversation with the nation's leaders.［E］Not everything that Szilard advocated was wise; reason sometimes overwhelmed common sense. Still, his life illustrates important lessons for scientists who want to influence public policy.［F］Indeed, it was the scientific hyper-rationality of someone like Szilard that Roald Hoffman had in mind when he questioned why scientists shouldn't run the world.［G］Szilard's efforts to convince the government to develop nuclear weapons and his subsequent campaigns to establish civilian and international control of the power of the atom are an inspiring example of how a determined individual can play a major role in public policy.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on Answer Sheet 2. (10 points)The universities are schools of education, and schools of research. (46) But the primary reason for their existence is not to be found either in the mere knowledge conveyed to the students or in the mere opportunities for research afforded to the members of the faculty.Both these functions could be performed at a cheaper rate, apart from these very expensive institutions. Books are cheap, and the system of apprenticeship is well understood. (47) So far as the mere imparting of information is concerned, no university has had any justification for existence since the popularisation of printing in the fifteenth century. Yet the chief impetus to the foundation of universities came after that date, and in more recent times has even increased.(48) The justification for a university is that it preserves the connection between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and the old in the imaginative consideration of learning. The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively. At least, this is the function which it should perform for society. A university which fails in this respect has no reason for existence.This atmosphere of excitement, arising from imaginative consideration, transforms knowledge. A fact is no longer a bare fact: it is invested with all its possibilities. It is no longer a burden on the memory: it is energising as the poet of our dreams, and as the architect of our purposes.Imagination is not to be divorced from the facts: it is a way of illuminating the facts. (49) It works by drawing the general principles which apply to the facts, as they exist, and then by an intellectual survey of alternative possibilities which are consistent with those principles. It enables men to construct an intellectual vision of a new world, and it preserves the zest of life by the suggestion of satisfying purposes.Youth is imaginative, and if the imagination be strengthened by discipline this energy of imagination can in great measure be preserved through life. The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations. Fools act on imagination without knowledge; pedants act on knowledge without imagination. The task of a university is to weld together imagination and experience.The initial discipline of imagination in its period of youthful vigour requires that there be no responsibility for immediate action. (50) The habit of unbiased thought, whereby the ideal variety of exemplification is discerned in its derivation from general principles, cannot be acquired when there is the daily task of preserving a concrete organisation. You must be free to think rightly and wrongly, and free to appreciate the variousness of the universe undisturbed by its perils.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Six months from now, you will be graduating from the university. For the time being, you are looking for a chance of internship at the Evening Post of the city.1) State your wish to work as an intern with the newspaper;2) Explain what kind of job that you're looking for;3) And State your reasons why you can do the job well.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2. (20 points)答案Section One DACBC CABCA DBCDA CCBDASection Two CBBCD BBCDC DDCAC CCCAB DGCBE答案精析Section ⅠUse of English1. ［答案］D名词辨析。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points )In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had 1 that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that 2 variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the 3 are not solely fixed by the genes.4，the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly 5 instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best 6 the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly 7 they hatch, ducklings fix 8 any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are 9 for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably 10, even ones that have a considerable base 11 by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting 12 influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely 13 instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally 14 very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or 15 fail to nurture the young. She believes that these females were the youngest or the 16 child of a mother. In such circumstances, they did not have the opportunity to observe how their own mother 17 for her young. Certainly adolescent chimps who are still with their mothers when other young are born take much interest in the rearing of their young brother or sister. They have an excellent opportunity to learn, and the social ties that are created between mother and young 18 Goodall to describe the social unit as a family. The mother offspring tie is beyond 19;there is some evidence to 20 that ties also continue between siblings of the same sex, that is "brother brother" and "sister sister".1A assumedB adoptedC believedD surmised2A considerateB consideratedC considerableD considering3A statuesB statusesC statutesD statures4A What s moreB HenceC ButD However5A notB onlyC butD solely6A clarifiesB classifiesC definesD outlines7A thanB beforeC whenD after8A onB withC inD within9A appropriatedB substitutedC assignedD distributed10A variedB deviatedC differedD altered11A fashionedB modifiedC influencedD affected12A mayB shouldC mustD can13A byB out ofC fromD through14A proveB makeC turnD create15A otherwiseB stillC yetD even16A oneB soleC singleD only17A lookedB attendedC caredD provided18A guideB causeC directD lead19A limitationB imaginationC doubtD expectation20A adviseB hintC implyD suggestSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ARead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1New figures from France,Germany and Italy-the three biggest economies in the 12 country Eurozone -suggest the continent's economic woes may have been exaggerated.In France, evidence emerged that consumer spending remained solid in July and August,rising 1.4%and 0.6%respectively.Forecasters had generally expected the July figure to show a 0.1% slippage,with August unchanged.But the figures were flattered slightly by a down grade to the June figure,to 0.7% from1.5%.With manufacturing in the doldrums across Europe and the US,consumer spending has been increasingly seen as the best hope of stopping the global economic slowdown from turning into a recession.The French government said the news proved that the economy was holding up to the strain of the slowdown.Meanwhile in Germany,new regional price figures went someway towards calming fears about inflation in Europe's largest economy-a key reason for the European Central Bank's reluctance to cut interest 15 states said consumer prices were broadly stable,with inflation falling year on year.The information backed economists' expectations that inflation for the country as a whole is set to fall back to a yearly rate of 2.1%,compared to a yearly rate of 2.6% in August,closing in on the Euro wide target of 2%.The drop is partly due to last year's spike in oil prices dropping out of the year on year calculation.The icing on the cake was news that Italy's job market has remained buoyant.The country's July unemployment rate dropped to 9.4% from 9.6% the month before,its lowest level in more than eight years.And a business confidence survey from quasi governmental research group ISAE told of a general pick up in demand in the six weeks to early September.But the news was tempered by an announcement by Alitalia,the country's biggest airline,that it will have to get rid of 2，500 staff to cope with the expected contraction as well as selling 12 aeroplanes. And industrial group Confindustria warned that the attacks on US targetsmeant growth will be about 1.9% this year,well short of the government's 2.4% target. And it said the budget deficit will probably be about 1.5%,nearly twice the 0.8% Italy's government has promised its European Union partners.21We know from the first paragraph that.A new figures from the three European countries show the prediction of forecasters is exactly rightB European economy gets on better than forecasters have predictedC all of the forecasters expect the fully figure to show a reductionD in three European countries the consumer spending continues to rise22The term"in the doldrums"in Paragraph 2 refers to .A in the process of risingB experiencing a sharp turningC in the recessionD rising rapidly23Which of the following statements is true according to the text?.A The reason for the ECB's unwilling to cut interest rates is inflation was actually expected to fall in GermanyB In Germany consumer prices were fallingC Last year's oil prices dropping out of the year on year calculation directly leads to the drop of inflationD The European Central Bank is willing to cut interest rate24ln this passage,the word"buoyant" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to the word.A depressingB gloomyC activeD calm25lndustrial group Confindustria warned that.A the attacks on US targets lead to the comparatively lower growthB the growth had been well short of the government's targetC the budget deficit must be about 1.5%D the budget deficit will probably be great different from the country's promiseText 2Survey results indicate that smoking and alcohol and marijuana use increased among residents of Manhattan duringone third of the nearly 1,000 persons interviewed reported an increased use of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes following the September 11th attacks. The largest increase was in alcohol use. About one fourth of the respondents said they were drinking more alcohol in the weeks after September 11; about 10% reported an increase in smoking, and 3.2% said they had increased their use of marijuana.The investigators found survey participants by randomly dialing New York City phone numbers and screened potential respondents for Manhattan residents living in areas close to the World Trade Center. Interviews were conducted with 988 individuals between October 16 and November 15, 2001. Participants were asked about their cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and marijuana use habits before and after September 11. During the week prior to September 11, 2001, 22.6% of the participants reported smoking cigarettes, 59.1% drinking alcohol, and 4.4% using marijuana. After September 11th, 23.4% reported smoking cigarettes, 64.4% drinking alcohol, and 5.7% smoking marijuana. Among those who smoked, almost 10% reported smoking at least an extra pack of cigarettes a week and among those who drank alcohol, more than 20% reported imbibing at least one extra drink a day.The researchers found that people who reported an increase in substance abuse were more likely to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from depression. People who reported an increase in cigarette smoking or marijuana use were also more likely to have both PTSD and depression, while those who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have depression only. Persons who were living closer to the World Trade Center were more likely to increase their cigarette smoking, but other factors such as being displaced from home, losing possessions during the attacks, or being involved in the rescue efforts were not consistently associated with increased substance use. Symptoms of panic attack were associated with an increase in the use of all substances.Increase in substance abuse did not differ significantly between men and women or among racial or ethnic groups. Demographic factors such as age, marital status, and income seemed to play a more critical role in determining if the events of September 11th led to an increase in substance use.26. The survey results suggest that the largest increase in substance use was .A alcoholB marijuanaC cigarettesD cocaine27. The survey participants were .A randomly selected United States citizensB randomly selected New York City citizensC randomly selected Manhattan residents who live close to the World Trade CenterD randomly selected American citizens who witnessed the terrorist attack28. The author is trying to show that .A use of substances may vary from time to timeB abuse of certain substances is harmful for healthC the attack of september 11th has left incurable harm to people s mental healthD terrorist attack increase anxiety and sense of insecurity among residents29. What can be said about substance abuse after September 11?A People who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have PTSD.B People who were living closer to World Trade Center were most likely to increase cigarette smoking.C Displacement from home and involvement in rescue efforts were consistently associated with increased substance use.D Symptoms of panic attach were unrelated with increased use of substances.30. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Demographic information such as gender, race and marital status was not collected.B Gender and race do not have much effect on the amount of substance abuse.C Age and marital status do not make any difference on substance abuse.D Income is a better predictor of substance abuse than age.Text 3The entrepreneur, according to French economist J.B. Say, "is a person who shifts economic resources out of an areaSome define the entrepreneur simply as one who starts his or her own new and small business. For our purposes, we will define the entrepreneur as a person who takes the necessary risks to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and nonmonetary rewards.The man who opens a small pizza restaurant is in business, but is he an entrepreneur? He took a risk and did something, but did he shift resources or start the business? If the answer is yes, then he is considered an entrepreneur. Ray Kroc is an example of an entrepreneur because he founded and established McDonald s. His hamburgers were not a new idea, but he applied new techniques, resource allocations, and organizational methods in his venture. Ray Kroc upgraded the productivity and yield from the resources applied to create his fast food chain. This is what entrepreneurs do; this is what entrepreneurship means.Many of the sharp, black and white contrasts between the entrepreneur and the professional have faced to a gray color. Formerly, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, dentists, and accountants were not supposed to be entrepreneurial, aggressive, or market oriented. They were "above" the market driven world. Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, were the mavericks of society. They were risk takers who aggressively sought to make something happen. Long hours were about all the two worlds had in common. However, increased competition, saturated markets, and a more price conscious public have changed the world of the professionals. Today they need to market their skills, talents, and competencies; Lawyers advertise their services. Doctors specialize in one form of surgery. Accounting firms join with other businesses(e.g., consulting and law) to serve clients.Entrepreneurs exhibit many different behaviors; searching for a specific personality pattern is very difficult. Some entrepreneurs are quiet, introverted, and analytical. On the other hand, some are brash, extroverted, and very emotional. many of them share some qualities. Viewing change as the norm, entrepreneurs usually search for it, respond to it, and treat it as an opportunity. An entrepreneur such as Ray Kroc of McDonald s is able to take resources and shift them to meet a need. Making the decision to shift resources works better if a person is creative, experienced, and confident.31.According to the first paragraph, who can be regarded as an entrepreneur?A.The CEO of a big company.B.The owner of a profitable restaurant.C.A man who started a new kind of business but eventually failed after 5 years because of some financial problems.D.A successful salesman.32.Which of the followings are necessary for an entrepreneur?①a resource shifter②one who starts a new business③non professional④money gaining⑤a risk takerA.①②③B.①②④⑤C.①②⑤D.①②③④⑤33.From the text, we learn that .A.an entrepreneur should be very extrovertedB.an entrepreneur should be quick to seize opportunitiesC.change is not norm in an entrepreneur s eyesD.the French economist J.B. Say is the first person who gave the definition of "entrepreneur"34.The purpose of the author in writing the passage is to .plete the definition of entrepreneurB.tell the readers what is entrepreneur and the main characteristics of entrepreneursC.show what kind of people can become entrepreneursD.illustrate why Ray Kroc can become an entrepreneur35.What will most possibly follow the text?A.An example of how an entrepreneur operates.B.Another theory about entrepreneurship.C.The bad effects of entrepreneurs.D.The good effects of entrepreneurs.Modern technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using old materials.For the artist this means wider opportunities.There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a man's work.Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture.Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object,to see its various sides superimposed on each other(as in Cubism or in an X ray).Today,welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past.This new method encourages open designs,where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form itself.More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists,but no less influential,are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers,discoveries that have infiltrated recent art,especially Surrealism.The Surrealists,in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life,claimed that dreams were the only hope.Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious,they banished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past,present and intervening psychological states.The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms.Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences.For them,obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional message of expressionism.They did not need to smash paint and canvas;they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought.There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life.In a period when science has made revolutionary strides,artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories.But this has rarely been a one way street.Painters and sculptors,though admittedly influenced by modern science,have also molded and changed our world.If break up has been a vital part of their expression,it has not always been a symbol of destruction.Quite the contrary:it has been used to examine more fully,to penetrate more deeply,to analyze more thoroughly,to enlarge,isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect.In addition,it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world,but in fact to interpret it.36.According to the passage,it is true that.A artistic creations seem to be the reproductions of modern technologyB artistic creations have made great strides scientificallyC artistic creations appear to be incapable of ignoring material advancesD artistic creations are the reflection of the material world37.The welding techniques.A can cause a lot of changes in sculpture artsB permit details of an object to be seen clearlyC can superimpose multiple sides of sculptor's designsD can make artists adaptable to be surroundings38.We can learn from the text that Freud's studies.A are more ambiguous than any other scientific inventionB have influenced other scientific inventionsC cause SurrealismD have infiltrated Surrealism39.Which of the following is true about Surrealists?A They diminished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnected dream experiences.B They tried to express their subconscious world.C They could transform real existence into incoherent dreams.D They wanted to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.40.The sentence "But this has rarely been a one way street."in the last paragraph means that.A contemporary art has been nourished by modern scienceB modern science has been nourished by artC artists can become scientists and scientists can become artistsD the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutualDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed .For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Aremote Patagonian town that's just beginning to prosper by guiding tourists through the virgin forests nearby is being shaken by the realization that it's sitting on a gold mine. Literally.41)___________________________________________________________________Esquel's plight is winning attention from international conservation and environmental groups such as Greenpeace.42)__________________________About 3.2 million acres already are under contract for mineral exploration in poor and sparsely settled Chubut Province, where Esquel is, near the southern tip of South America. 43)______________________________________ Meridian's project, about 5 miles outside Esquel at a higher elevation, is about 20 miles from a national park that preserves rate trees known as alerces, a southern relative of California's giant sequoia. Some of them have been growing serenely in the temperate rain forest for more than 3,000 years.The greatest fear is that cyanide, which is used to leach gold from ore, will drain downhill and poison Esquel's and possibly the park's water supplies. The mine will use 180 tons of the deadly chemical each month. Although many townspeople and some geologists disagree, the company says any excess cyanide would drain away from Esquel."We won't allow them to tear things up and leave us with the toxic aftermath," said Felix Aguilar, 28, as he piloted a boatload of tourists through a lake in the Alerces National Park."We take care of things here, so that the entire world can hear and see nature in its pure state. The world must help us prevent this."44)__________________________________________________________________________A young English botanist named Charles Darwin, the author of the theory of evolution, was the first European to see alerces, with trunks that had a circumference of 130 feet. He gave the tree its generic name, Fitzroya cupressoides, for the captain of his ship, Robert Fitzroy.Argentina, pressed by the United States, Canada, the World Bank and other global lenders, rewrote its mining laws in the 1990s to encourage foreign investment.45)________________________________________Argentina took in more than＄1 billion over the past decade by granting exploration contracts for precious metals to more than 70 foreign and domestic companies. If the country were to turn away a major investor, the message to its mining sector would be chilling.［A］Whether Meridian Gold Corp. gets its open pit gold mine outside Esquel could determine the fate of mining in Patagonia, a pristine region spanning southern Argentina and Chile.［B］Forest ecologist Paul Alaback, a University of Montana professor who studies the alerces, said Argentine authorities could gain from Alaska's successful nature based tourism.［C］More than 3,000 worried Esquel residents recently took to the streets in protests aimed at assuring that their neat community of 28,000 becomes a ecotourism center, not a gold rush town.［D］American Douglas Tomkins,the founder of the Esprit clothing line and a prominent global conservationist, has bought more than 800,000 wilderness acres in Chile to preserve alerces and protect what's left of the temperate rain forest. Ted Turner, the communications magnate, also has bought land in Argentine Patagonia with an eye to conservation.［E］Residents also complain that Argentina hasn't given nature based tourism a chance.［F］Mining companies received incentives such as 30 years without new taxes and duty free imports of earth moving equipment.［G］In Argentina, the town has become a national symbol in the debate over exploitation vs. preservation of the country's vast natural resources.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)anymore.More Americans than ever are tying the knot (getting married) for the third time or more.Lynn Y. Naugle Haspel,a 53year old family therapist in New Orleans,says that people's personal needs and desires simply changes as their life evolves."What functions well in the first part of our lives may not function well in the second or third parts of our lives,"she explains.She didn't start her career as a therapist until her children from her first marriage went to school.That marriage lasted 21 years,her second marriage five years.Two years ago,she wed for a third time,and she describes this union as an "extremely easy marriage".Today,at an estimated one of seven weddings,the bride,the groom or both are making that trip down the aisle for at least the third time.That's twice as many as a generation ago,according to the US National Centre for Health Statistics.46)In part,the surge in multiple marriages is a side effect of the 1970s divorce boom that has supplied an ever expanding pool of divorced singles.Even the simple fact that people are living longer has opened the door to marrying more often.No fault divorce laws (meaning no one is blamed for the failure of the marriage),and cultural changes have also meant there's less peer pressure than in past generations to stay in a joyless or abusive marriage.47)While a single divorce didn't block either Ronald Reagan or Bob Dole from seeking the most highly scrutinized job in America - the US presidency - modern society still raises an eyebrow at more than one matrimonial mistake.Indeed,there are signs that attitudes are changing.Even the language is softening.Clinical papers in social science journals no longer probe for "neurosis" or mental depressive disorder among the "divorce prone". More and more marriages are said to "end," not "fail," and one author has coined the term "encore marriages"."It's coming out of the closet or becoming more accepted," says Glenda Riley,a Ball State University professor who wrote a book on the history of divorce in the US.48)"There's still embarrassment on the personal level,while there is growing acceptance on the public level" for three or more marriages in a lifetime.49)Some experts say that the trend toward multiple marriages shows an erosion in Americans' capacity for commitment."We live in the age of light.We have light cream cheese,light beer,light mayonnaise,"says Wayne Sotile,a psychologist and marriage counselor in Winston Salem,North Carolina.But,he adds,"There's no such thing as light,long term,intimate,romantic marriage.You've got to commit yourself to those things."There's no guarantee,of course,that the third time is the best.50)To the contrary,second and third marriages run an equal or greater risk of divorce than first marriages,which today are given 4out of10 odds of failing,and they tend to end more quickly.Divorce statistics show that failed second marriages typically end two years sooner than first marriages,lasting six years on average rather than eight.That leaves some doubly divorced people open for a third try at a relatively young age.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Direction:You've just come back from a tour in JiuZhaiGou, and you're writing to your friend Mary.1)tell her that you've been back at the very day2)share your travelling experience with her3）invite her to a tour in ZhangJiajie in the coming yearYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jane" instead. You do not need to wirte the address.(10 points)Part B52.Direction:study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 200 words.In the essay you should1)interpret the picture's meaning2)give your comments on the phenomenon3)give your suggestions to solve the problem答案Section ⅠUse of English根据题意，"早期的科学家，假定非人类动物的社会生活几乎完全是天生的，或是由遗传决定的",assume多用于未证实的假定；adopt 意为"采用，接受"；believe 意为"相信"；surmise 意为"猜测，推测"，相当于"guess"。

SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points )Some call it the Smart Shooter, a new rifle for American infantry troops that is two weapons in one, is accurate up to 1,000 yards and in 1 fires 2 corners. Its message to enemies is that they can run but they can't hide.Still in the development phase, the rifle for 2006 has just been 3 off with great 4 by the Pentagon to members of Congress who will be asked to 5 the money. The makers, Alliant Techsystems, say that the weapon will revolutionize 6 combat much as the machine gun.Pentagon jargon has given the new gun a(an) 7 title: the Objective Individual Combat Weapon. 8 one trigger, the rifle can fire a standard 5-56mm Nato bullet and a 20mm high explosive shell that will burst in the air. It can 9 shrapnel behind, 10 or even from the side of enemy troops who have taken 11 behind a building. The shell can be 12 to explode after a short delay. Theweapon's 1,000 yard accuracy is twice 13 of other rifles, made possible by a laser system built into the sight. This rangefinder fixes the target, measures the distance and passes it along to a computer chip in the shell.The gunsight has an infrared lens for night 14. It can also have video camera with a zoom lens that is linked to a video display attached to the soldier's helmet, allowing him to aim 15 without exposing himself to enemy return fire. But there are snags still be 16 out. Two men were 17 when a shell burst in a barrel during firing tests. The rifle weighs more than 181b. There are questions whether its electronic innards will be rugged enough for rain, snow and difficult 18.Michael Klare, a professor of peace and world security issues and a board member of the Arms Control Association, says that the Pentagon is seeking this combination of firepower and automation to compensate for the uncertain aim of GIs. He said: "Soldiers won't have to worry about careful steady aim. They'll just look 19 the viewfinder and 20 the trigger."1 A reality B affect C effect D operation2A at B in C beyond D around3A put B shown C checked D given4A pride B anxiety C honor D expectation5A put up B count in C pay for D look for来源：6A Land B brilliant C powerful D awkward8A Used B Fixed C Using D Fixing9A spray B spatter C splash D sprinkle10A over B on C above D upon11A aim B cover C risks D heed12A estimated B calculated C seeded D timed13A as B that C than D much14A vision B sight C observation D speculation15A exactly B precisely C accurately D correctly16A removed B ironed C made D drawn17A injured B hurt C harmed D wounded18A terrain B domain C field D territory19A at B over C into D through20A push B pull C press D jerkSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate drive, but nowadays the well men neared motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes along way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all toorare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give and take from all road users. It is high time for all of usto take this message to heart.21According to the first paragraph, which of the following reflects the situation on the roads?A Traffic Jams are mainly caused by the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life.B The manners of the drivers are the only reason for the traffic jams.C"Be kind to other drivers" is a campaign to change the rude drive.D People can not tolerate good manners on the road.22The author argues that road politeness .A can better the traffic unconditionallyB calls for a driver's cool-headed and good-tempered personalityC can be found after the modern traffic conditions stand upD are acknowledged by most drivers23Which of the following does NOT illustrate misplaced politeness?A Encouraging old ladies to cross the road at any time they want.B Braking suddenly to allow a car to emerge from a side street.C A motorist driving into traffic streams without considering others.D Waving a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles.24According to the experts, facing the car-ownership explosion, we should .A be more considerate yield to each otherB communicate with each other more oftenC have a cool head and good temper来源：D avoid misplaced politeness25The author's attitude towards road politeness seems to be .A suspiciousB indifferentC ironicalD objectiveText 2In the warm enclosed waters of farm ponds, conditions are very likely to be lethal for fish when insecticides are applied in the vicinity. As many examples show, the poison is carried in by rains and runoff from surrounding lands. Sometimes the pondsreceive not only contaminated runoff but also a direct dose as rop dusting pilots neglect to shut off the duster in passing over a pond. Even without such complications, normal agricultural use subjects fish to far heavier concentrations of chemicals than would be require to kill them. In other words a marked reduction in the enclosure nets used would hardly change the lethal situation, for applications of over 0.1 pound per acre to the pond itself are generally considered hazardous. And the poison, once introduced is hard to get rid of. One pond that has been treated with DDT (杀虫剂) to remove unwanted shiners remained poisonous through repeated drainings and flushings that it killed 94 percent of the sun fish with which it was later stocked. Apparently the chemical remained in the mud of the pond bottom.Conditions are evidently no better now than when the modern insecticides first came into use. The Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department stated in 1961 that reports of fish losses in farm ponds and small lakes had been coming in at the rate of at least one a week, and that such reports were increasing. Theconditions usually responsible for these losses in Oklahoma were those made familiar by repetition over the years: the application of insecticides to crops, heavy rain, and poison washed into the ponds.In some parts of the world the cultivation of fish in ponds provides an in dispensable source of food. In such places the use of insecticides without regard for the effects of fish creates immediate problems. In Rhodesia, for example, the young of an important African food fish are killed by exposure to only 0.04 parts per million of DDT in shallow pools. Even smaller doses of many other insecticides would be lethal. The shallow waters in which these fish live are favorable mosquito-breeding places. The problem of controlling mosquitoes and at the same time conserving a fish important in the Central African diet has obviously not been solved satisfactorily.26.The author's tone in this passage can be best described as .A reportorialB sarcasticC condemnatoryD mournful27.According to the passage, the one factor that isnot responsible for the presence of insecticides in ponds is .A the weather bringing in rainsB human error in crop-dustingC common farming methodsD industrialization use of chemicals28.The author uses the case of the Rhodesian fish in order to .A show the harmful effects of killing fishB prove that problems are the same everywhereC show that fish is an indispensable source in dietD consider the problem of controlling mosquitoes29. In this passage, what the author does not do is .A state a problemB give examplesC propose a solutionD relate causes30.The last sentence of this passage means that .A you can not control mosquitoes if you want to conserve an important fishB you can not conserve an important fish if youwant to control mosquitoesC the Central Africans will have no fish to eat if this fish can't be protected properlyD it is not so easy and satisfactory to solve these two problems at the same timeText 3The term "joint international business venture", joint venture for short, has come to mean many things to many people. It sometimes is taken to mean any joint relationship between one or more foreign firms and one or more local firms. Such a broad definition is excluded here. Joint venture will be taken to mean joint ownership of an operation in which at least one of the partners is foreign based.Joint ventures can take many forms. A foreign firm may take a majority share, a minority share, or an equal share in ownership. While it is not necessary to have financial control or to have operating control, some firms refuse to use the joint venture form if it is not possible to have a majority position in ownership. There are firms that have few qualms about holding minority position, however, so long as they can haveoperating control. They achieve this through technical-aid, management, or supply contracts.It should be recognized that maintaining operating control is sometimes difficult if one does not have financial control too. Objectives of the participants may diverge; when they do,financial control becomes important. Management may wish to reinvest earnings while the majority of the board may wish earnings distributed as dividends. Unless policy issues of this kind can be settled amicably, lack of financial control can prove to be very unsatisfactory, if not fatal.Many joint ventures emerge as matters of necessity: that is, no single firm is willing to assume the risks entailed, while a consortium of firms is. Large, capital-intensive, long-lived investments are natural candidates for the joint venture. Exploitation of resource deposits often is done by a consortium of several petroleum or mining firms. Roles are parceled out even though each phase of the operation is owned jointly. One firm does the actual mining, another provides transportation, and still another does the refining and extraction. There is a wide variety ofcombinations.Also the joint venture can pose problems, especially if it is an enforced marriage of partners. For many ventures in small countries, it is difficult to find a suitable local partner, that is, one with sufficient capital and know how to be able to contribute to the partnership. In some developing countries, a small handful of families control the entire locally-owned part of the industrial structure. Under these circumstances, a joint venture merely insulates them further from independent, foreign-owned plants that would compete against them. For this and other reasons, the only suitable partner may end up being the government itself. Most multinational firms, however, shy away from such arrangements where possible.31The phrase "joint venture" mentioned in the first paragraph refers to .A.any joint relationship between one foreign firm and one local firmB.any joint relationship between foreign firmsC.joint ownership of an operation in which at least one of the partners is foreign basedD.all of the above32 The word "qualms" in the second paragraph may have the equal meaning with .A.abilitiesB.worriesC.possibilitiesD.limits来源：33 According to the author, which of the following is most important?A.Majority position.B.Operating control.C.Financial control.D.Support of the government.34 Which of the following is not the advantages of the joint venture?A.It can assume more risks.B.It may gather more capital.rge and long-lived investment can be carried out.D.The partners will make concerted efforts towards one target.35 Which of the following is true according to the text?A. A foreign firm often takes a majority share in a joint venture.ck of financial control may be fatal to a firm participating in joint venture.C.Joint venture is very helpful to developing countries.ernment is the best partner in a joint venture.Text 4In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert's prediction, the atmosphere will be 3°C warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth's chief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warmingof the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and cold spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun.As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or 'colder' faces to the earth, anddifferent aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earth's climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun's diminishing heat.36.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would .A.prevent the sun's rays from reaching the earth's surfaceB.mean a warming up in the AntarcticC.account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphereD.raise the temperature of the earth's surface37.The article was written to explain .A.the greenhouse effectB.the solar effects on the earthC.the models of solar-weather interactions来源：D.the causes affecting weather38.Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is .A.mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are risingB.possibly because the ice caps in the poles are meltingC.exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth's climateD.partly due to variations in the output of solar energy39.On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that .A.the climate of the world should be becomingcoolerB.it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth's climate to take effectC.the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effectsD.the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect40.If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, .A.the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuelsB.ice would soon cover the northern hemisphereC.the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quicklyD.the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthPart BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which donot fit in any of the gaps.I remember one night a few years ago when my daughter was frantic with worry. After my Harvard Extension School classes, I usually arrived at the bus station near my home by 11 p.m., but on that night I was nowhere to be found. My daughter was nervous. It wasn't safe for a single woman to walk alone on the streets at night, especially one as defenseless as I am: I can slay a mugger with my sharp wit, but I m just too short to do any real physical damage.That night my daughter checked the bus station, drove around the streets, and contacted some friends. But she couldn't find me - until she called my astronomy professor who told her that I was on top of the Science Center using the telescope to gaze at the stars. Unaware of the time, I had gotten lost in the heavens and was only thinking about the new things I had learned that night in class.This story illustrates a habit I have developed over the years: I lose track of the time when it comes to learning. 41)___________________________.I may have started late, but I will continue to learn as long as Iam able because there is no greater feeling, in my opinion, than traveling to a faraway country as I have and being able to identify by sight the painting of a famous artist, the statue of an obscure sculptor, the cathedral of an ancient architect.42)_________________________________________. So I will continue to take classes and tell my story.Lately it seems that everyone is asking me, "Mary, what advice do you have for other students?" So while I have you all here, I m going to ease my burden of answering you each individually:43)__________________________________________ ____________________.So listen to me when I tell you this: Knowledge is power.My studies were interrupted when I was in the 7th grade, back sometime around World War I. I loved school but I was forced to leave it to care for my family.I was consigned to work in a Rhode Island cotton mill, where I labored for many years. I eventually married and raised 5 children, 20 grandchildren, and 18 great-grandchildren. But all the while I felt inferior tothose around me. I knew I was as smart as a college graduate. I knew I was capable of doing a job well -- I had proved it by running a successful family business for decades that still exists. But I wanted more. I wanted to feel confident when I spoke and I wanted people to respect my opinions.Does it surprise you to discover how much you have in common with an 89-year-old woman?44)__________________________________________ ___________.45)__________________________________________ __________.That belief is what has motivated me for the last 75 years to get this degree. It is also the mission of the Harvard Extension School. Without the support I received from this school, I might not have graduated until I was 100 -- a phrase that many of you have probably used in jest.[A]If the saying is true that wisdom comes with age, you may safely assume that I am one of the wisest people in this hall and possibly at this university today.[B]I know that many of you graduates today,whether you were born in 1907 or 1967, have faced similar barriers to completing your studies and have sometimes felt inferior around those you work or socialize with just because you didn't have a degree.[C]If you have treated education as your main goal, and not as a means to an end, then you, too, have probably been claimed as a missing person once in your academic career, whether you were lost in the stars or the stacks of Widener Library.[D]But I am here today -- like you are -- to prove that it can be done; that the power gained by understanding and appreciating the world around us can be obtained by anyone regardless of social status, personal challenges, or age.[E]How else do you explain a woman who began high school at age 71 and who is graduating with a bachelor s degree at 89?[F]And you, too, know that the journey was worth it, and that the power of knowledge makes me the most formidable 89-year-old woman at the bus stop.[G]I have found that the world is a final exam that you can never be prepared enough for.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the Answer Sheet 2.(10 points)The chief US negotiator, Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky, described the deal as "profoundly important", "absolutely comprehensive" and an excellent one for American business.46)At a meeting with Ms. Barshefsky yesterday afternoon, president Jiang Zemin called the deal as "good, historic and realistic", and a win-win for both sides, which showed that both countries saw the issue from a strategic viewpoint.47)China's entry into the WTO will have profound ramifications (分支、分派) for the country. Binding her to international trading rules and encouraging foreign firms to invest by providing a system less based on rule by the idiosyncrasies (特性) of an official and more on transparent laws and regulations.48)It will accelerate a process of closing money-losing and over-manned state companies and moving labor and capital into market-driven businesses. In the short term, it will drive up unemployment as inefficient, capital-intensive state industries shed labor and shut down.It also marks a vital political victory for Prime Minister Zhu Rongji, the main proponent, along with Mr. Jiang, of China's membership, who offered a similar deal in Washington in April.The NATO bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, froze negotiations from May until September.49)For Mr. Zhu, WTO membership will serve asa motor for reform of state companies, banking, insurance, securities and other industries.At a news conference just before she left China, Ms. Barshefsky said the support of the two presidents had been crucial. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jiang Zemin met in Auckland and agreed to put the talks back on track, with a deadline of the next round of WTO talks that will begin in Seattle on November 30.Ms. Barshefsky, full of energy despite the six-daymarathon, presented the agreement's main details. Overall tariffs will fall to an average of about 17 per cent and on farm goods to 14.5 per cent or 15 per cent, while China will make significant liberalization on importing such goods, especially wheat, corn, cotton and other bulk commodities.50)China will eliminate non-tariff quotas within five years, some in two to three years. It will cut tariffs on imported cars from the current 80-100 per cent to 25 per cent by 2006 and allow foreign financial institutions to finance the purchase of cars.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to be a secretary who is going to notify the staff of a short tour at the weekend organized by the company. The memo should include:1)a brief introduction to the tour site or activities to take2)time and place to get together3)items to bring and something to noteYou should write about 100 words on ANSWERSHEET 2. Do not sign your own name in the memo. Use "Jane Green" instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Please write an essay on the topic "Internet, Society and Our Lives".You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.答案SectionⅠUse of English1C effectin effect为固定词组，意思是"实际上，事实上"。

2011年考研《英语一》最后模拟预测题-英语试题11考研已临近，考试吧整理“2011年考研《英语一》最后模拟预测题”供广大考生备考使用。

预祝大家取得好成绩！2011年研究生考试考研英语一模拟预测题一、完形填空There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service ___1___(VSO)for young people before they take up full-time employment, ___2___ there are opportunities for overseas service for ___3___ technicians in developing countries. Some people, ___4___ those who retire early, ___5___ their technical and business skills in countries ___6___ there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or ___7___ community service, there are more opportunities than there ___8___ were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time ___9___, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations，and values may be different. ___10___ some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not ___11___ them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different ___12___, both personal and ___13___. One should not join them ___14___ to arm them with professional experience; they must be joined with commitment to the ___15___, not business efficiency. Because salaries are ___16___ or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expense. But many retired people take part in community service for ___17___, simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible ___18___ retirement were also possible during one's working life but they are to be undertaken ___19___ seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider ___20___ community service.1).A. over the seaB. over seaC. over seasD. overseas正确答案：D答案解析：本题考查词汇知识。

2011年考研《英语一》最后模拟预测题-英语试题－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－11考研已临近，考试吧整理“2011年考研《英语一》最后模拟预测题”供广大考生备考使用。

预祝大家取得好成绩！2011年研究生考试考研英语一模拟预测题一、完形填空There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service ___1___(VSO)for young people before they take up full-time employment, ___2___ there are opportunities for overseas service for ___3___ technicians in developing countries. Some people, ___4___ those who retire early, ___5___ their technical and business skills in countries ___6___ there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or ___7___ community service, there are more opportunities than there ___8___ were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time ___9___, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations，and values may be different. ___10___ some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not ___11___ them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different ___12___, both personal and ___13___. One should not join them ___14___ to arm them with professional experience; they must be joined with commitment to the ___15___, not business efficiency. Because salaries are ___16___ or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expense. But many retired people take part in community service for ___17___, simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible ___18___ retirement were also possible during one's working life but they are to be undertaken ___19___ seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider ___20___ community service.1).A. over the seaB. over seaC. over seasD. overseas正确答案：D答案解析：本题考查词汇知识。

2011年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语模考试卷(一)2011年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语模考试卷（一）Paper One 试卷一Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. — How's everything going?— ____.A. Everything isfinished B. Everything has been doneC. Not so bad, youknow D. Not doing wrong, you know2. — I'm exhausted. I have work for a whole day.— Why not take a rest, then?— ____.A. Because I can't affordit B. Maybe I shouldC. I don'tknowD. Sorry, I can't tell you3. — Have you heard that Mary has been elected president of the company?—After working hard for so many years, ____.A. she surely welcomesit B. she has certainly earned itC. she is welcome toit D. it's good news for her4. — Can you post these letters for me on your way home?— ____.A. No problemB. It's all rightC. FineD. I hope so5. —Do you happen to have twenty-eight dollars on you?— ____?— I want to buy an English-English dictionary.A. Do you want themoney B. What will you want to doC. Howmuch D. What forSection B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the four choices given and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.6. Woman: Did you see Ann? I heard she got laid off.Man: No, that's terrible. Can I do anything for her?Question: What did the woman say about Ann?A. Someone stole her money.B. She had an accident.C. She has an illness.D. She lost her job.7. Woman: I know you like this restaurant. But I just don't like the food here.Man: Everyone is entitled to his own opinion.Question: What does the man mean?A. Each of them owns arestaurant. B. The woman should tell him her own opinion.C. Many customers argue in the restaurant.D. Different people have different tastes.8. Woman: Well, the income tax is too high for me this month.Man: If it were not reasonable, I'm afraid some people would try to get round the tax.Question: What does the man mean?A. Some people would work out a new tax law.B. Some people would try to escape paying the tax.C. He would stop paying the income tax.D. He would appeal to the authorities for that.9. Woman: We have turned in our proposal for setting up a new agency in South Korea.Man: But the general manager has to turn it over before a decision is made.Question: What does the man mean?A. The general manager has to set up a new agency.B. The general manager has to turn down the proposal.C. The general manager has to think about the proposal carefully.D. The general manager has to revise the proposal.10. Man: I'm a student of Stanford University. How much is a dorm room?Woman: Since you are a college student, we can offer you a special rate. It's $600 for room and board.Question: What does the woman mean?A. The man can get a room and transportation.B. The man will be offered a room and special rate.C. The man will get a room and meals.D. The man will get a room and a balcony.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. Those naughty boys were caught_________ flowers in the garden again.A. to stealB.stealing C. havingstolen D .to have stolen12. Only when your identity has been checked ______.A. you are allowedin B. you will be allowed inC. will you allow inD. will you be allowed in13. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he ______ your lecture.A. couldn't haveattended B. needn't have attendedC. mustn't haveattended D. shouldn't have attended14. ______ she couldn't understand was ________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A. W hat …why B. That …whatC. What …because D. Why … that15. It was only with the help of thelocal guide _______.A. was the mountain climberrescued B. that the mountainclimber was rescuedC. when the mountain climber wasrescuedD . t h e nt h em o u n t a i nc l i m b e rw a sr e s c u e d16. I will have John ________my bike and I heard Tom had had his bike __________ in that factory.A. repair;repairing B. repair; repairedC. repaired; repairD. repairing; repaired17. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ______ the exam.A. passB. topass C.passed D. passing18. Don't worry; Philip is quite used _______ in such heavy traffic as this.A. to drivingB. to be drivingC .to have driveD .to drive19. _______, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless.A. Strangelyenough B. Enough strangelyC. Strange enoughD. Enough strange20. Although he has lived with us for years, he ________us much impression.A. hadn't leftB. didn't leaveC. doesn'tleave D. hasn't left21. We volunteered to collect money to help the ____ of the earthquake.A. victimsB.folks C.fellows D. villagers22. Fred is second to none in maths in our class, but believe it or not, he____passed the last exam.A. easilyB.hardly C.actually D. successfully23. He holds an important position in that company. ______, I don't quite trust him.A. ThusB.Furthermore C.Otherwise D. Nevertheless24. One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work was _________ with the theoretical aspects of the subject.A. instructedB.involved C.interfered D. integrated25. The population boom is a________that has already happened in some parts of the world, with terrible results.A. distressB.miracle C.disaster D. giant26. Every autumn the bears can be seen _______around this town of about 800 people.A. wonderingB.wandering C.winding D. wounding27. The teacher wrote a brief comment in the _____ to show the student why it was wrong.A. markB. marginC.mail D. manual28. In general, the amount that a student spends on housing should be held toone-fifth of the total ________ for living expense.A. acceptableB.available C.advisable D. applicable29. Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ______ to health service.A. assessmentB.assignment C.exception D. access30. — How far apart do they live?— ______ I know, they live in the same neighborhood.A. As long asB. As far asC. As well asD. As often asPart III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneI hear many parents complain that their teenage children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are holding one another's hands for reassurance.They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes.They set off in new directions in music. But they all end up listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon into a larger cocoon.It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a market for teenagers. These days every teenager can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should have and be. This is a great barrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path.But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don'tcare to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come—with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.31. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to tell______.A. readers how to be popular with people aroundB. teenagers how to learn to make a decision for themselvesC. parents how to control and guide their childrenD. people how to understand and respect each other32. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but in fact most of them______.A. have much difficulty understanding each otherB. lack confidenceC. dare not cope with any problems aloneD. are very much afraid of getting lost33. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. There is no popularity that really counts.B. Many parents think that their children are challenging their authority.C. It is not necessarily bad for a teenager to disagree with his or her classmates.D. Most teenagers are actually doing the same.34. The author thinks of advertisements as ______ to teenagers.A.inevitableB. influentialC.instructive D. attractive35. The main idea of the last paragraph is that a teenager should______.A. differ from others in as many ways as possibleB. become popular with othersC. find his real selfD. rebel against his parents and the popularity wavePassage TwoMuch unfriendly feeling towards computers has been based on the fear of widespread unemployment resulting fromtheir introduction. Computers are often used as part of automated production systems requiring a least possible number of operators, causing the loss of many jobs. This has happened, for example, in many steelworks.On the other hand, computers do create jobs. They are more skilled and better paid, though fewer in number than those they replace. Many activities could not continue in their present form without computers, no matter how many people are employed. Examples are the check clearing (交换) system of major banks and the weather forecasting system.When a firm introduces computers, a few people are usually employed in key posts (such as jobs of operations managers) while other staff are re-trained as operators, programmers, and data preparation staff. After the new system has settled down,people in non-computer jobs are not always replaced when they leave, resulting in a decrease in the number of employees. This decrease is sometimes balanced by a substantial increase in the activity of the firm, resulting from the introduction of computers.The attitudes of workers towards computers vary. There is fear of widespread unemployment and of the takeover of many jobs by computer-trained workers, making promotion for older workers not skilled in computers more difficult.On the other hand, many workers regard the trend toward wider use of computers inevitable. They realize that computers bring about greater efficiency and productivity, which will improve the condition of the whole economy, and lead to the creation of more jobs. This view was supported by the former British PrimeMinister, James Callaghan in 1979, when he made the point that new technologies hold the key to increased productivity, which will benefit the economy in the long run.36. The unfriendly feeling towards computers is developed from ______.A. the possible widespread unemployment caused by their introductionB. their use as part of automated production systemsC. the least possible number of operatorsD. the production system in steelworks37. The underlined word “They” (Line 1, Par. 2) refers to______.A. computersB.jobs C. activities D. systems38. According to Paragraph 2, without computers ______.A. human activities could not continueB. there could not be weather forecasting systemsC. many activities would have to change their present formD. banks would not be able to go on with check clearing39. According to the passage, what results from the introduction of computers?A. After re-training, all employees in the firm get new jobs.B. A considerable proportion of people are employed in key posts.C. The firm keeps all of its original staff members.D. The decrease in staff members may be balanced by the increase of firm activities.40. James Callaghan's attitude towards computers can be best described as______.A. doubtfulB.regretful C.unfriendly D. supportivePassage ThreeLoneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it can also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25% more likely to do the same.Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. The findings all come from a majorhealth study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.The new findings involved more than 5,000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.For example, loneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.Researchers from the University of Chicago. Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. The study found that having a lonely friend can add about 17 days. But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%, or two and a half days.Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to makefriends---and likely that society will reject them.John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society shouldreceive help to repair their social networks.The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a "protective barrier" against loneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart.41. Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among people?A. FriendshipB. HappinessC. DepressionD. Smoking42. The Framingham Heart Study starting from 1948_________.A. expanded its research topicsB. involved 5,000 patients of depressionC. identified loneliness as one key factor for heart diseaseD. examined the relationship between loneliness and depression43. Which of the following is true about the spread of loneliness?A. It leads to a gradual loss of friends.B. It is a common phenomenon among women.C. It is often found in the neighborhood.D. It ruins the relationships between close friends.44. Having a lonely friend, you are more likely to ________.A. strengthen your friendshipB. develop new friendshipC. Increase the sense of lonelinessD. reduce the sense of loneliness45. According to John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, lonelinesscan_______.A. result in aggressivenessB. Cause people to be overprotectiveC. Infect social networksD. Push people to the verge of povertyPassage FourCalifornia has a new program called the Digital Textbook Initiative. "Starting this fall with high school math and science, we will be the first state in the nation to provide schools with a state-approved list of digital textbooks." That was Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in June. talking about his effort to get schools to use materials available free online. He listed reasons why he thinks digital textbooks make sense.California approves traditional textbooks in six-year cycles. Digital ones can offer the latest information. They lighten the load of school bags. They save paper and tress, and make learning more fun and interactive. And above all, he said they help schools with their finances.The state has had to make severe cuts in school spending because of deep financial problems. More than six million students attend California public schools.Earlier this year, California invited content developers to offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had to meet at least 90% of the state's learning requirements. Specially trained teachers examined 16 textbooks and approved ten of them.Six of the ten were published by the CK12 Foundation, a nonprofit group that had been developing digital science and math booksfor about two years. The foundation paid teachers and other education professionals to write and edit them. The money came from a group financed by the Khosla Family.California cannot require schools to use the digital textbooks. Individual school districts will have to decide for themselves.Susan Martimo, a California Department of Education official, says she does not expect widespread use right away. He best guess is that some schools with a lot of technology will be the first to use them, but only in addition to their traditional books.School administrators point out that the texts may be free online, but students need a way to access them. Not everyone has a computer or electronic reader. Schools could print out copies, but that would not help the environment. Also, there is thecost to train teachers to use digital textbooks effectively.46. The Digital Textbook Initiative __________.A. will probably take effect in six yearsB. covers all the high school subjectsC. has been approved by all statesD. is advocated by California state governor47. The main reason for promoting digital textbooks is to ___________.A. help save moneyB. benefit the environmentC. provide interesting materialsD. reduce students' heavy burden48. The digital textbooks were approved by __________.A. trained teachersB. content developersC. Khosla FamilyD. Ck12 Foundation49. According to Susan Martimo, digital textbooks ____________.A. are not likely to have a widespread useB. will soon replace traditional onesC. will first be adopted bywell-equipped schoolsD. are certain to be approved by school districts50. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.A. schools are reluctant to print out copiesB. the use of digital textbooks is not really freeC. students need to pay for computersD. training teachers to use the textbooks is not efficientPart IV Cloze Test (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.We know we have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. Marking up is also a useful practice, __51__ you shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians __52__ lend you booksexpect you to keep them clean, and you should .If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to __53__ them.There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best sellers—unread, __54__.The second has a __55__ many books —few of them read __56__, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. The third has a few books or many—every one of them __57__ and dilapidated (残破的).Why is __58__ a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. I mean wide awake.In the second place, reading if it is active, is thinking, and thinking__59__ express itself in words. Finally, writing helps you __60__ the thought you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.51. A. but B. although C.and D. so52. A. whom B.who C.which D. what53. A. buying B. buy C.borrow D. exchange54. A. untouching B. untouched C.touching D. touched55. A. great B. large C.big D. greater56. A. on B. aloud C.through D. about57. A. dog-earing B.dog-eared C. to bedog-eared D. to dog-ear58. A. marking up B. mark up C. to markup D. to mark59. A. tend to B. tends to C. tendingto D. tending60. A. remember B. forget C.remembering D. forgettingPaper Two试卷二Part V Translation (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Exactly, when you take a course in public speaking nowadays, you don't hear much about grammar and vocabulary. Instead, you're taught how not to be afraid or embarrassed, how to speak without a prepared script, how to reach out to the live audience before you. Public speaking is a matter of overcoming your longstanding nervousness.The same is true of writing. The point of the whole thing is to overcome your nervous emotion, to break through the invisible barrier that separates you from the person who'll read what you wrote. You must learn to sit in front of your typewriter and reach out to the person at the other end of the line.Of course, in public speaking, with the audience right in front of you, the problem is easier. You can look at them and talk to them directly. In writing you're alone. It needs an effort of your experience orimagination to take hold of that other person and talk to him or her. But that effort is necessary or at least it's necessary until you've reached the point where you quite naturally and unconsciously "talk on paper".Part Ⅵ Writing（30 minutes, 15 points）Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic “Create a green campus”. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 建设绿色校园十分重要2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色环境3. 为了建设绿色校园我们应该……PartⅠ1-5 CBBAD 6-10 DDBCCPart Ⅱ11-15 BDAAB 16-20BDAAC 21-25ABDDC 26-30 BBBDBPart Ⅲ31-35 BCABC 36-40 ABCDD 41-45 BAACC 46-50 DAACBPart Ⅳ51-55 ABBBA 56-60 CBABAPart V的确如此，今天如果你参加一个演讲班，你不会听到多少关于语法与词汇方面的指导。

Text 2 It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanley's Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the "global labor arbitrage" is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centers that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition. The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies. Alan Blinder, an economist at Princeton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages: Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardized skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries. 26. To off-shore services that were once non-tradable results from ___________. [A] the blue-collar job market [B] the geographic location of the Underdeveloped world [C] the fierce competition among skilled workers [D] the dive of telecoms fee 27. Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring? [A] Service-sector has sustained a great loss. [B] White-collar workers will not have a narrow escape. [C] Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring. [D] Outsourcing abroad has no significant impact. 28. According to the text, Forrester Research Prediction might be different if ___________. [A] outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter much [B] the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise [C] more comprehensive factors are taken into account [D] education improvement in emerging economies plays a role 29. The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on ___________. [A] the standard retort to the arguments [B] off-shoring and the resulting income [C] the future off-shoring [D] the counter-measures at hand 30. Which of the following could be the best title for the text? [A] Business consulting. [B] Blue-collar jobs. [C] Non-tradable services. [D] White-collar blues. Text 3 The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message. Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire. Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than steanning from, human beings. Aesop's fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example, one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up, making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway. The fable's lesson, that we often play down that which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche. The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods, Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community, and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed. 31. The author appears to view fables as ______. [A] the most interesting and valuable form of mythology [B] entertaining yet serious subjects of study [C] a remnant tool of past civilizations, but not often used in the modern age [D] the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations 32. The way that fables were used in the past is most similar to today's ______. [A] fairy tales that entertain children at home [B] stories in children's school textbooks that reinforce the lesson [C] science documentaries that explain how nature works [D] movies that depict animals as having human characteristics 33. The main purpose of paragraph 3 is to ______. [A] examine how one of Aesop's fables sheds light on certain facets of Greek belief [B] dissect one of Aesop's fables in order to study the elements that make up Greek mythology [C] learn from the lesson presented in one of Aesop's most well-known fables [D] illustrate a fable typical of Aesop's style, so as to examine how one goes about studying the meaning behind it 34. The author names the Roman, Aztec and European cultures in order to ______. [A] identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and values [B] explicitly name the various types of characters in those culture's fables [C] stress that mythology was used by cultures other than the Greeks to convey societal morals [D] establish them, in addition to the Greeks, as the societies most notable for their mythology 35. The main point of this text is ______. [A] Aesop's fables provide a valuable glimpse into early Greek thought and beliefs [B] the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient culture is through study of its mythology [C] without a thorough examination of a society's fables and other mythology, a cultural study on that society would be only partial [D] through the study of a culture's mythological tradition, one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those stories Text 4 Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. It must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness.The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action，that is，through behavior that flows from an individual's decisions and plans. In other words，when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty，it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences of powerlessness. The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness，not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor，and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services，the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely，unless accompanied by other measures，to be ineffective in a wealthy society. In order to reduce poverty — related psychological and social problems in the United States，the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community. Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics：the poor should see themselves as the source of the action;the action should effect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor;the action should demand much in effect or skill;the action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor. The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful，independent，democratic organizations of the poor. Through such organizations，the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportunities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside. 36. By“powerless”(sentence 2，Para 1)，the author most probably means that the poor__________. [A] have no right to make individual decisions and plans [B] can not exercise control over other groups of people [C] are not in a condition to change their present situation [D] are too weak to resist any social situation imposed on them 37. The author expresses his opinion in the first paragraph that _________. [A] the hopeless condition of the poor is caused by their powerlessness rather than lack of money [B] great efforts should be made to help poor to secure more money without changing present power relationships [C] it is no use raising the incomes of the poor while not improve their state of powerlessness [D] in helping the poor attention should be paid to avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power 38. According to the author，the primary role of the major community in helping the neighborhoods of poverty is_______. [A] to provide long-term assistance from outside [B] to offer necessary opportunities of securing more money [C] to carry out more social programs in the neighborhoods [D] to lend experienced advice in the formation of democratic self-help organizations 39. What does the word“concurrent”(Para. 3)most probably mean? [A] Following. [B] Subsequent. [C] Previous. [D] Simultaneous. 40. The main purpose of the author in writing the passage is _______. [A] to criticize the present methods employed to help the poor [B] to analyze the social and psychological aspects of poverty [C] to propose a way in which the poor can be more effectively helped [D] to describe the attitude of the community towards the poor。

SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1 agreed upon among linguists, this 2 covers four important aspects: system, arbitrary, symbol and vocal. It is a system, 3 linguistic elements are arranged systematically, 4 chaotically. Its beinga system ensures a common 5 on which the users can 6 it and understand it. Arbitrary, in the7 that there is usually without 8 connection between a word (dog, for instance) and the thing referred to by the word “dog”. A 9 from Shakespeare would make a good example: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet。

” That is why there are 10 languages in the world, with so many different sounds and writings, all of which 11 more or less the same meanings. It is symbolic, because words (writings/pictogram) are associated 12 objects, concepts, actions, by nothing more than 13 . In other words, language users 14 the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize 15 they wish to convey. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary 16 for all human languages. 17 systems developed much later than the spoken forms. This recognition can be proved by the fact 18 every normal human can 19 in a certain language but not 20 is able to write。

2011届考研英语模拟卷（1）答案与解析Section I答案及解析一、试题解析1.【解析】［A］由下一分句even while there are a few treatments that do work (尽管有些治疗方法是有效的)可知，空格所在分句与后边分句含义上应构成让步关系。

[B]unknown(未知的)，[C]improper(不适当的，不合适的)和[D]imperative(必须的，紧急的)均不符合句子逻辑，只有[A]unproven“未经证实的”符合文意，而且与第二段第二句scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia, its health consequences and how best to treat it (科学家们对失眠原因、影响及治疗方法知之甚少)呼应。

2.【解析】［B］由文章第一句话Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem可知，本句要表达的意思是：上百万的美国人夜里睡不着觉。

[B]项li e“躺，平放”与awake搭配意为“躺着睡不着”。

[A]项fall(倒下，来临)不与awake搭配，常见搭配是fall asleep；[C]项seem(似乎，像是)与awake搭配意为“似乎醒着”，不符合文意；[D]项become(变成，变得)表示一种变化，上下文中不存在这种语境。

3.【解析】［B］空格处填入的动词表达了“上百万的美国人”对“药片”发出的动作。

由上下文可知，该处有批评人们乱吃药的意思，[B]pop“(过度或习惯性地)服用(药片等)”符合文意。

[A]prescribe意为“开(药)”，应该是医生的行为；[C]abuse(滥用)一般不与pills搭配，常见的搭配是abuse drugs／alcohol；[D]experiment(进行实验，做试验)是不及物动词，与介词with搭配，表示“尝试，试用”，如：experiment with drugs(尝试毒品)。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and1.[A] generate [B] raise [C] product [D] manufacture2.[A] answered [B] met [C] calculated [D] remembered3.[A] for [B] without [C] as [D] about4.[A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] Anyway [D] However5.[A] expensive [B] mechanical [C] flourishing [D] complicated6.[A] gifted [B] skilled [C] trained [D] versatile7.[A] keep [B] maintain [C] retain [D] protect8.[A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet9.[A] charge [B] price [C] cost [D] value10.[A] accept [B] gain [C] receive [D] absorb11.[A] Frequently [B] Incidentally [C] Deliberately [D] Eventually12.[A] soon [B] quickly [C] immediately [D] first13.[A] some [B] others [C] several [D] few14.[A] might [B] should [C] would [D] will15.[A] adopting [B] conducting [C] receiving [D] adjusting16.[A] to [B] at [C] on [D] about17.[A] opaque [B] secret [C] sealed [D] hidden18.[A] tackle [B] learn [C] study [D] manipulate19.[A] In [B] Through [C] With [D] Under20.[A] except [B] nor [C] or [D] butSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A , B, C, o r D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Every year around this time the middle kingdom undergoes a profound transformation as millions migrate back to their family homes to reunite with loved ones for the start of the Chinese New Year in what is surely the world’s greatest non-disaster exodus. China's railways ministry forecast they would carry 178.6 million passengers during the travel rush from January 23 to March 2.Like ants to honey the population feeds and thrives on this devotion to the family, which is at the core of Chinese New Year celebrations. It underpins and feeds China’s charge into the 21st century. Undeniably it is a source of sustenance and fiber that many western nations lack and are grappling to come to grips with. Behind the glitz and glory of the upcoming Olympics China still has millions of workers slaving away, saving their salaries to send back to loved ones who are struggling in the village or less prosperous rural areas. For these workers who have been building the physical infrastructure for the nation they have been looking forward to the upcoming weeks with a pained longing.University students around the country have also been obsessing on the Chinese New Year after slogging away for months and they too are converging on train stations en masse to travel, often several thousands of kilometers, back to their hometowns. For these two groups, students and migrant worker, who are less wealthy, it usually means first lining up, often for hours before ticketing booths open. Most will be content just to be able to stand, even a day and a half, as long as they get home to be with their family. You will see them sleeping under train seats, amongpumpkin seeds and empty noodle bowls, while others even snore standing or lock themselves away inside fetid lavatories just trying to steal a few moments peace away from the crowded carriage conditions.Though amid all this hardship and bother the desire to sit around the circular table and share dinner with family on Chinese New Year Eve erases any built up resentment. It is this commitment and sacrifice to the family institution that many westerners admire and envy about the Chinese. Ask any social worker, psychologist, community leader, police or prison officer and they will remind you that at the heart of a good member of society there will usually be found a solid character nurtured by a loving support network.Definitely the best thing many will be doing here in China is going home over the next few weeks to see their families, no matter what it takes to get there - push, shove, bribe – whatever. This food for the soul is a t the heart of the world’s greatest exodus and it is a fuel that sustains, regulates and revitalizes a people that are now more than ever changing the world landscape.1，The following statements from the Para 2, and Para 3 are all mentioned except:[A], Chinese people, including migrant workers and students, value Spring Festival very much.[B], the migrant workers, students bounding for home experienced bitter journey.[C], China is still a developing country with a great amount of poverty-stricken areas.[D], train service has been terrible and train compartments are always dirty and fetid.2, from the passage, we can draw that the author’s attitude towards Chinese spring festival travel ―rush hour‖, is:[A], regardless.[B], appreciative[C], subjective[D], objective.3, what is the best title for this passage:[A], Longing for going home.[B], the world’s great exodus.[C], bitter experience of going home.[D], migrant worker and student.4, from the whole passage, we can conclude that:[A], all the migrant worker and student will go home during the Spring Festival.[B], students are less tolerant of terrible atmosphere in compartment than migrant worker.[C], the journey toil and discomfort will be greatly eased after successfully arriving at home.[D], nostalgia is the exceptional and unique phenomenon in China.5, the passage properly is excerpted from:[A], commentary.[B], novel.[C], textbook.[D], anecdotage.Text 2MODERN economies are not built with capital or labor as much as by ideas. Nearly half America's gross domestic product is based on intellectual property, one estimate found. Japan has called the husbanding of such property a national priority. A raft of United Nations agencies, covering health or development or trade, are squabbling over how best to enforce patents and copyrights while also promoting innovation. The latest contribution to this feverish debate is a report released this week by Britain's Treasury, called the ―Gowers Review of Intellectual Property‖. It follows a year-long study led by Andrew Gowers, an ex-editor of the Financial Times. Its aim was to take a rational, evidence-based view of intellectual property and ways to safeguard it. To the dismay of some and the delight of others, it calls for a balance between the interests of creators and the public.This idea of balance will anger the entertainment industry, which has tried to win over politicians with some siren songs. For example, the music company EMI enlisted ageing crooners to back its campaign for the length of copyright for sound recordings in Europe to be extended from 50 to 95 years, following America's lead. The study rejects this. It wants much firmer enforcement of the rules, but also says copying material for private use should be made easier. The report urges a reform of the patent system. Going to court to uphold a patent costs a company a minimum of $1.5m; that may oblige innocent firms to pay to settle and prevents infringed parties from seeking redress. A system to protect intellectual property is meaningless if only the rich can use (or abuse) it. The study provided a chance for all sides in the debate to lay out their cases—so it is affecting the climate of opinion all over the world. In Australia this week, a Copyright Amendment Bill passed both houses of parliament, but only after some draconian features—like stiff fines for unintentional infringement—were removed at the last minute.In many places there is a problem over intellectual property because of an imbalance of power between copyright and patent holders on the one hand, and the public on the other. The new review, by sifting evidence rather than taking the lobbyists' guinea, seems to have pushed the global debate forward.6, all the statements are included in the paragraph 1, except:[A], both America and Japan attach importance to intellectual property.[B], ideas are not as important as capital and labor in modern economies.[C], protecting patens and promoting innovation has been the hot topic in US.[D], balance between the interests of different parties is the key to protect patent.7, from the paragraph 2, the entertainment industry wants to:[A], win the election campaign.[B], compose some siren songs.[C], get extended music copyright.[D], enforce the copyright rules.8, the key concern behind the intellectual property lies in:[A], the flimsy governance over intellectual property.[B], people’s indifference toward copyright protection.[C], the fragmented intellectual property system.[D], imbalanced interests distribution institution.9, from the whole passage, we can draw:[A], stiff fines or punishment for intellectual property infringement is feasible.[B], intellectual property protection contributes most to America’s GDP growth.[C], promoting innovation and protecting copyright is an unavoidable contradiction.[D], the controversy between all the concerned parties will continue as always.10, the author’s tone of narrating intellectual property protection is:[A], biased,[B], subjective.[C], candid.[D], slanted.Text 3My friend Xiao Wang should have scored a 40,000-yuan ($5,256) a month job as a sales director at a top US company. Instead he became yet another victim of East meets West culture clash. The American company was a major international player and was hunting for a top sales manager who could fire up its new Chinese operations. Chinese-born, US educated Xiao Wang was more than qualified having worked in America in the same industry, but living most of his life in China. He knew the local market well. The mid 30s Beijinger is a naturally charming fellow and after dining with him a few times I could understand why he had carved out a successful sales career. He is a great listener, and always gives his undivided attention to whoever is speaking. He has the knack of making you feel special and rarely speaks about himself. The US firm flew Xiao Wang to Shanghai for the main interview and the feedback was positive. Xiao Wang had one more hurdle, a final telephone meeting with the Asia Pacific sales director, who was based in the United States. After the hook-up, Xiao Wang felt confident. Interestingly, the interviewer did not ask many questions, however Xiao Wang believed it was simply a confirmation call. But he failed to be hired.This was the classic West meets East cultural dilemma in which the Aggressive meets the Passive. I have found that many Chinese are not direct. My Chinese friends tell me that speaking your mind in front of others may cause disharmony to the group. Although there are exceptions to this rule, and the younger generation is becoming more forthright, many Chinese still believe that it is better to agree face-to-face and negotiate afterwards, than blatantly disagree at a meeting.The US sales director may have been expecting a typical "go-getter" sales guy like himself. He may have been expecting the candidate to behave like he once had in previous job interviews. He wanted a sales manager who oozed confidence, and was powered by aggression. He wanted someone who was willing to knock down doors and explain why he was the right man for the job. Xiao Wang was not on the same page. He was waiting for questions and expected the mood and pace of the conversation to be dictated by the interviewer.Body language expert Albert Mehrabian found that only 7 percent of communication was verbal (words only) and 38 percent vocal (tone of voice, inflection, and other sounds). More than half of the communication process - 55 percent - was non-verbal, including body language, facial expressions and gestures. If only the American big shot had enjoyed a hotpot with Xiao Wang, hewould have met the real man, would have probably hired him and guaranteed the success of his China operations.11, from the interviewer’s point of view, Xiao Wang’s failure to land the job just because:[A], Xiao Wang is a local in Beijing and doesn’t have the relevant working experience.[B], Xiao Wang is too active and outspoken to be accepted by the company.[C], Xiao Wang did not have the drive and passion to lead a new business.[D], Xiao Wang didn’t disagree with his interviewer face to face.12, in author’s opinion, Chinese people:[A], can’t confidently express themselves at all.[B], are not good at expression.[C], express themselves in a detoured way.[D] bravely disagrees with their boss.13, in paragraph 3, the word ―go-getter‖ generally means:[A], Passive and useless.[B], enterprising and capable,[C], tame and compliant.[D], brave and radical.14, from the last sentence of the passage, the author implies:[A], Xiao Wang is a nice guy; the interviewer should have made friend with Xiao Wang.[B], Xiao Wang is a not qualified candidate; the interviewer had made a right decision.[C], Xiao Wang is an underestimated; the interviewer missed the chance to hire the most eligible guy.[D], Xiao Wang is misread, the interviewer should have known more him and Chinese culture.15, the whole passage tells us all but:[A], in order to guarantee the success of Chinese operation, international company should attach equal importance to talent and culture.[B], besides verbalization, non-verbal, including body language, facial expression and gesture are all involved in communication process.[C], Chinese people can’t be an international talent just because their indirect and passive character.[D], the cultural difference between West and East should be taken into consideration for both Chinese and foreigner.Text 4….SOMETHING has gone terribly wrong with Japanese education—or so say the Japanese. They fret that Japan has slipped down the international rankings for high-school literacy, mathematics and science. In the OECD's last assessment of 15-year-olds in 41 countries, Japan remained a healthy second in science, but had fallen from first to sixth in maths and from eighth to fourteenth in reading ability. Parents are also worried about the resurgence of bullying and suicides among schoolchildren. Facing probable defeat in next summer's upper-house election, the fledglinggovernment of Shinzo Abe has been casting around desperately for something—anything—to prove that it really is listening to people's concerns. Education is seen as a handy distraction. The kind of reforms the government has in mind, however, are not designed to help young people make critical judgments in a fast-changing, information-driven, global environment. Instead, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and its coalition partner, the New Komeito, have rewritten Japan's post-war education law with the aim of boosting patriotism among the young. Bunmei Ibuki, the education minister, also believes elementary schools have no place teaching foreign languages such as English. The first requirement, he insists, is that pupils acquire what he calls a ―Japanese passport‖—i.e., a thorough grasp of the country's history and culture, and perfection in their own language.Parliament's lower house has approved legislation which, besides stressing the importance of parental guidance, requires schools to instill ―a love of one's country‖ in children. The opposition parties boycotted the recent lower-house vote, but the ruling coalition's majority in the upper chamber has allowed the bill to scrape through and become law. Because it was used in the past to fan the flames of militarism, teaching patriotism has long been taboo in Japan. With its heavy emphasis on morality and nationalism, the new legislation bears some resemblance to the Imperial Rescript on Education of 1890. In the decades up to the end of the Second World War, children were forced to memories the rescript and recite it, word for word, before a portrait of the emperor. Following Japan's surrender, the allied occupiers ended the practice, appalled by its demands for juvenile self-sacrifice in the name of the emperor.The paradox is that Japan does need serious education reform. The school system and curriculum were designed 60 years ago, when a generation of children from farming communities was being trained for long, uncomplaining hours on production lines. In the intervening years the economy has changed out of all recognition. Yet the education system—with its continued emphasis on facts and figures and drilling of mental arithmetic—has remained stubbornly rooted in the past. Its continued economic success suggests that Japan's teenagers are paying less heed to all this, as they quietly master the creative skills needed to prosper in a modern world. In this context, perhaps those perplexing slippages in formal grades, mirrored in other post-industrial countries, ought actually to raise a cheer.16, what can we draw from Para, 1:[A], Japan has slipped down the international rankings, including: mathematics and science, reading ability.[B], bullying and suicides among schoolchildren used to be a headache faced in Japanese society in the past.[C], the education reform of Japanese government is dedicated to creative thinking and critical judgments[D], Japanese government has been forbidding teachers to teach English in Japanese elementary and high school.17, in Para 1, ―Japanese passport‖ called by Bunmei Ibuki, generally means:[A], the legal document issued by Japanese government when someone wants to travel to Japan.[B], the travelers who want to go to Japan must have a high command of Japanese or her culture.[C], the precondition of being Japanese, the equivalent to Japanese citizenship.[D], Japanese government has attached more importance to her immigration policy.18, From Para 2, the controversy between the two parties indicates all, except:[A], militarism and nationalism have been the hot topic in Japanese society.[B], Japanese education in 1890 bore deep imprint of imperialism.[C], in the past, teaching patriotism was encouraged in order not to fan militarism.[D], during the Second World War, Japanese student must be self-sacrificed in the name of emperor.19, in the last paragraph, the word ―paradox‖ can be replaced by:[A], absurdity.[B], self-contradiction.[C], reasonableness.[D], strangeness.20, from the last sentence, we know that the author’s attitude towards Japanese education reform is:[A], radical.[B], supportive.[C], uninterested.[D], disapproved.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (1-5).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as ―Person of the Century by Time magazine on Sunday.A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.―The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,‖ wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a time essay explaining Einstein’s significance. 41) __________ .Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism , and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom’s fight against totalitarianism , Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,‖ said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson. Einstein was born in Ulm , Germany in 1879. 42) __________ .He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 43) __________ . Everything else----mass, weight, space, even time itself ----is a variable. And he offered the world his now –famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared ---E=mc2 44) __________ .45) __________ . Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.A)―Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art andpolitics,‖ Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time’s choices.‖ There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality.‖ Einstein’s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.B)How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public’s viewabout Albert Einstein.C)―Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.‖D)Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the ―Manhattan Project‖that secretlydeveloped the first atomic weapon.E)In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.He was slow to learn to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.F)In his ―Special Theory of Relativity,‖ Einstein described how the only constant inthe universe is the speed of light..G)It is said that Einstein’s success lies in the fact that few people can understand histheories.Part CDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 1) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, the court found in the plaintiffs' favor, rapid change is unlikely. By the time the EPA had i however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 2) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 3) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting ―good‖ as opposed to ―bad‖ science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 4) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 5) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section III WritingPart ADirections:You are the chairman of the student society of your university. One of the candidates wanted to apply for a position as a coordinator in foreign affair department. After several times of selection, you have to decline the candidate just because there is more qualified applicant.You are required to write a letter of rejection in no more than 120 words, you should highlight the following point: 1), present your acknowledgement for his application. 2), tell me the reason why he was not chosen. 3), some necessary suggestions for his further application, or so on.Don’t use your own name, using Director Li instead.Part BDirection:谁来救救我的宝贝儿子？Your composition should be well-organized, appropriately-phrased. Your composition should be limited to no more than 250 words.01Passage 6. DADBA CDBBA BCBAC ADCDC02Passage 7. ADCBB ADDCB DAACB DACBC03Passage 8. ABCDC BDCAD ADBDC DBACA04Passage 9. CDADA BCDAB ACDBA BBDAC05Passage 10.CBACB ADADB CADCD BCDAB06Passage 11.ABDAD CBCAA CBDCC ABCAD07Passage 12. BDACC DBABC ADACB DCABD08Passage 13.BDACC ABDBC BDACD DCABA大纲样题CBADA BBDCC ADABA BDCCD。