南京文登发布——2010年研究生入学考试英语大小作文真题及范文

本题为图画作文，图片上是一个热气腾腾的火锅，里面包括着诸如“儒学”，“解构”，“人本”，“莎士比亚”，“功夫”等中西文化标志词。

下面有一行注释。

在审题构思时应该注意：把握好这幅图的象征寓意。

火锅中包含着各种各样的文化元素，代表了不同文化的和谐融合，民族的文化可以成为世界的，这一趋势对人类发展是有利的。

由此可见，本次作文的主题是文化融合。

提纲包括两点，一是描述图片并解释含义，二是对此现象作出评论。

文章也可分为三段，第一段：描述图画，描述图片中的各类文化元素。

可能用到的词汇是literature, （文学）moral values （道德价值）performing arts （表演艺术）等。

第二段：阐释图片含义。

最好在段首设置主题句，然后围绕主题句展开。

本图片中所显示的文化交流反映了两方面的情况，中国文化对世界文化的渗透，中国的腾飞无疑使中国文化这颗世界文化中的瑰宝更加耀眼。

另一方面，中国文化也逐渐受到其他国家文化的影响。

第三段：对此现象做出评论。

此评论部分可以提出建议，考虑背景及原因，或描述未来，预测未来，也可以讲世界文化融合、交流是时代的潮流, 同时还要保持和振兴各族文化。

参考范文：The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultural elements.这幅具有启发性的画面描绘了一个含有许多成分的火锅，包括文学、道德价值观和表演艺术等国内外文化。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题答案详解2010-1-9 22:54考研教育网论坛1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”；B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”；C项extract 意思是“提取，榨出”；D项restore是“恢复，重建”。

这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A.2.B解析：本题考查了固定短语end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故选B.3.C解析：本句的大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念-“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。

所以这里应选择C.4.B解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。

四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B.5.C解析：本句的含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人的时产量就会提高。

四个选项中有描述含义的是C项accounts.6.B解析：这句话的意思是：实验中做什么并不重要。

Do not matter 固定表达，故选B.7.D解析：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升。

8.A解析：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。

所以选A.9.C解析：见第8题解析。

10.D解析：见第8题解析。

11.C解析：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致…，为固定短语。

12.A解析：contrary to表示“与…相反”。

根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味的链接词。

13.A解析：只有evidence一词可与found呼应，表示“发现或找到证据”。

2010年考研英语一作文英文回答：As a student who has been striving to pursue a higher level of education, I am eager to embark on the journey of graduate studies. I strongly believe that my academic background, personal qualities, and aspirations align perfectly with the requirements of your esteemed university.Throughout my undergraduate studies, I haveconsistently maintained an excellent academic record, earning high grades in coursework relevant to my field of interest. I have also been actively involved in research projects, which have not only honed my analytical and problem-solving skills but also sparked my passion for scholarly inquiry. Notably, my research on the "Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Development" garneredrecognition and was presented at a national conference.Beyond my academic pursuits, I am a highly motivatedand целеустремленный individual with a strong work ethic and a thirst for knowledge. I am also an effective communicator, both in written and spoken form, and I am confident in my ability to engage in meaningful discussions and collaborate with peers in a university setting.My career aspirations lie in the field of international relations, where I believe I can make a meaningful contribution to the global community. I am particularly interested in the role of diplomacy in resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation among nations. I am confidentthat the rigorous academic environment and world-class faculty at your university will provide me with the necessary foundation and skills to excel in this challenging field.I am drawn to your university not only because of its academic reputation but also because of its vibrant and diverse campus community. I am eager to connect with students and faculty from around the world, exchange ideas, and learn from different perspectives. I am confident thatthe university's commitment to global citizenship and cultural exchange will enrich my educational experience and prepare me for success in an increasingly interconnected world.In addition to my academic and personal attributes, I possess several other qualities that make me an ideal candidate for your program. I am highly adaptable, resourceful, and resilient. I am also a team player and I thrive in collaborative environments. I am confident that I can quickly integrate into the university community and make significant contributions to both academic and extracurricular activities.I am deeply honored to have the opportunity to apply to your esteemed university. I am confident that I have the necessary qualifications, determination, and passion to excel in your program and contribute to the university's mission of advancing knowledge, fostering innovation, and preparing global citizens for the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.中文回答：本人作为一名一直努力更高层次深造的学生，十分渴望踏入研究生学习的征程。

Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.【考点分析】灭绝师太常考（the most）本句的意思是"过去这些年英语报纸上所发生的最有影响力的变化的可能是艺术评论的在报道范围和严肃性的堕落".①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.【考点分析】①to the point of "到...地步" ②转折常考，出21题。

2010年考研英语真题参考答案(启航完整版)一. 知识运用题答案1--5 ABCBC 6--10 BDACD 11--15 CAADB 16--20 ADCBD二. 阅读Part A选择题答案21--25 BCDAA 26--30 CDCBA 31--35 BDACC 36--40 ADCBD三. 新题型段落排序题答案41--45 BFDGA四. 翻译参考译文46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

47. 但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。

48. 曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。

49. 在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。

50. 这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素(成员)，虽然这些要素(成员)缺乏商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。

五. 大小作文参考范文51.小作文部分参考范文Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative。

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use " Postgraduates’ Association " instead。

2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。

英语（一）即原统考“英语”。

英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。

英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。

考试时间为180分钟。

满分为100分。

试卷包括试题册和答题卡。

答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。

考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。

（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。

第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。

共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。

在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。

共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。

A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。

本部分有3种备选题型。

每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。

要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。

首段和第二段简述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。

第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。

第四段和第五段以墨西哥及美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。

第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。

二、试题解析1.【答案】D【解析】上文提到“…was declared a global epidemic…”，根据declare 的逻辑（“宣布为”），可知应该选D 项designated“命名，制定”，而不是C 项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。

2．【答案】C【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。

本句的理解应该抓住alert、meeting 和a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因，而是结果，即meeting 使得alert 升级。

根据上述分析可以排除B、D 选项，B 项activated“激活，激起”，D 项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting的召开。

而C 项followed 意思是“紧随，跟在……之后”，体现出after 的逻辑，完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting，meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。

而A 项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑用在此处都不合适。

3．【答案】B【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain…对应前面的in Australia，所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。

2003年真题写作In the set of drawings, the first drawing shows that a basin of flower in the greenhouse grows well while it is undergoing great rainfall and thunder, and from the second one we can see that it fades/wither when it is without a greenhouse to protect. It’s meaning is that the flower in the greenhouse is incapable of undergoing wind and rain.2004年真题写作From the drawing, we can see clearly that a runner with perspiration in his head is runing from final point/ending point to starting point/jumping-off point. It’s meaning is that a ending point is a new starting point.2005年真题写作2006年真题写作In the left photo, it shows that a young man wrote Beckham, a famous football star in Britain, on his face, and in the2007年真题写作In the drawing, we can see that a boy, a footballer, who is kicking a football into a goal, imagines the guardian of gate /goalkeeper to be a giant, and another one, who is keeping a goal, imagines himself to be a very small man.2008年真题写作In the drawing, we can see that the two disabled/ handicapped, who one lost left leg and another one lost right leg, drop their crutches, and they, who embrace together and bind the two disabled legs together to use, will go toward。

2012年研究生入学考试英语(二)真题及答案Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that‘s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the ―willie‖ cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries,G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may n o longer count for more than 10% of a student‘s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportan t to its students‘ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.[A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls‘ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls‘ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls‘ lives and inte rests.Girls‘ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What‘s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when am plifying age and sex differences became a dominant children‘s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of rese arch into children‘s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a ―third stepping stone‖ between infant wear and older kids‘ clothes. Tt was only after ―toddler‖became a common shoppers‘ term that it evolved into a br oadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsIn2010.afederal judges hook America's biotech in dustry toit panies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades- by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 ajudge ruled that genes were unpaten table. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation(BIO), atradegroup, assured members that this was justa ―preliminarystep‖ in alonger battle.On July 29th they were relieved,atleast temporarily.Afederal appeal scourt overturned the prior decision, ruling that My riad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help fore cast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of My riad, acompany in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The My riad case itself is probably notover Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: ageneis aproduct of nature, soit may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than rewardit; and patents' monopolies restrict access to gene tictests such as Myriad's. Agrowing number seem to agree. Last year afederaltask-for ceurged reform for patents related to gene tictests. In October the Department of Justice filed abrie fin the My riad case, arguing that an isolated DNA mole cule ―is no less aproduct of nature...than are cotton fibres that have been se parated from cotton seeds.‖Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it isunclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of in dividual genes with in it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug‘s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‗connecting the dits‘,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34．By saying ―each meeting was packed‖(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author‘s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probab ly beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and characte r of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape ourpolitics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this nationa l economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financi ally prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respe cts, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Fri edman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and l ess inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and f reedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk i n this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divid es, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. Th e research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where the y otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , i s discerning pre cisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession t han at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social confl ict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly h ow these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates f rom elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information fro m the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the r ight column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world,is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Vi ctorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical fo rm. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learnin g from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want em pathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant rec ounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his r ambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquer ing fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Ni ccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ru thlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victori an author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of e ngineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furn ish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfa st integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"H is biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held u p as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographie s on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bona parte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be ackno wledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” An d history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As su ch, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and pow er relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but t hey do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transm itted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. I n place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and E ric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whol e new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — wer e opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it tra nsformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.[B] highlighted the public glory of the leadi41. Petrarchng artists.[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives42. Niccolo Machiavellliwere hard to imitate.[D] opened up new realms of understandin43. Samuel Smilesg the great men in history.[E] held that history should be the story of44. Thomas Carlylethe masses and their record of struggle.[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for suc45. Marx and Engelscessful leaders.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translati on on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valle y or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind o f workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by u sing immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countr ies are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2 004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,com pared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their eco nomies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new produ cts for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查年龄-------满意度满意不清楚不满意小于等于40岁16.7% 50.0% 33．3%41-50岁0.0% 36.0% 64.0%大于50岁40.0 50.0% 10.0%完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE小作文范文：Dear Sir or Madame,As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题附答案详解(试题一)20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthor ne effect “ is hard topin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosi ng [A], [B], [C]or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers duri ng the pastquarter-century, perhaps the m ost far-reaching has been the ine xorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the a ge of forty toimagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found i n most big-city newspapers. Yeta considerable number of the most significa nt c ollections of criticism published in the 20thcentury consisted in large part of new spaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact thattheir learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther rem oved from the unfocused newspaper review spublis hed in Englandbetween the turn of t he 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprintwas dirt-c heap and stylish arts crit icism was consi dered an ornament to the publicat ions inwhich it appe ared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted tha t the cri tics of majorpapers woul dwri te in detail and at length about the even ts they covered. Theirs was a seriousbusiness, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bern ard Shawand Ernest Newman, co uld be trus ted to know what they were a bout. These men believed injournal ism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors havebrains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define…journalism' as …a term of cont empt appl ied by writers who are notread to writers who are'. ”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the ManchesterGuardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer ofessays ont he game of cricket. During his l i fetime, though, he was also one of England'sforemost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that hisAutobiography（1947）became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic tobe so ho nored. Yet on ly one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writi ngs onmusic is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revi val? The prospect seems remote.Jour nalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and po stmodern reader shave little usefor the ric hly upholstered Vicwardian pros e in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before world warⅡwere characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on ？[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days.[B] The lost Horizon in Newspapers.[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism.[D] Prominent Critics in Memory.Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called businessmethods. received one for its “one-click” online p ayment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation str ategy. One inventor patented a technique for liftinga box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-methodpatents, which have been controversial ever since they we re first authorized 10 years ago. Ina move that has intellectual-property la wyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federalcircuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-methodpatents. In r e Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis'D. Crouch of theUniversity of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class ofpatents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because i t was the federalcircuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decisi on in the so-called state StreetBank case, approving a patent on a way of po oling mutual-fund assets. That ruling producedan explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companiestrying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move es tablished companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defe nsive moveagainst rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM n oted in a court filing that ithad been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questionedthe legal basis for granting them. S imilarly, some Wall Street investment films armedthemselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the pr actice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the c ase would be heard by all 12 ofthe court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should”recon sider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for examplethe justices signaled that too many patents w ere being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says H arole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorgeWashington Univ ersity Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who areunusually informed, persuasive, or well-co nnected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but itdoesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding b ut largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Inf ormation flows from themedia to the influentials and from them to everyone e lse. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if th ey can just find and influence the influentials, thoseselected people will do mo st of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the suddenand une xpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many su ch cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people w as wearing, promoting, ordeveloping whatever it is before anyone else paid at tention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fitsnicely with the idea that only cert ain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the findi ng that influentialshave far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seemto be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influe nce, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even t he most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, accordin g to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemicsby influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however,each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquai ntances, who must in turninfluence theirs, and so on; and just how many oth ers pay attention to each of these peoplehas little to do with the initial influe ntial. If people in the network just two degrees removedfrom the initial infl uential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resis tant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers stud ied the dynamicsof populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating anumber of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to beinfluenced. Our work shows that th e principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”-the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a fewinfl uentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of w hom adopts, say,a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase“these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones w ho[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind th e scenes, theyhave been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standar d-setters. Their rules, moan thebanks, have forced them to report enormou s losses, and it's just not fair. These rules saythey must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers andregulators woul d like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, butthe independence of standard-setters, essential to the pro per functioning of capital markets,is being compromised. And, unless banks c arry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system wil l be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Sta ndards Board(FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more fre edom to use models to valueilliquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who “question ourmotives.” Yet bank share s rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls“the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Sta ndards Board(IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act withou t overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruc tion of rules later this year is strong. CharlieMcCreevy, a European commissio ner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the re al word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overv alued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, becausethey largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely exten t of bad debts. The truth will not be knownfor years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead ma rkets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets forfear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. A merica's new planto buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark ass ets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require indepe ndent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example, ag ainst hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are i nviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks' long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them intothe numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E h as been correctly placed. There isone paragraph which dose not fit in with th e text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for e ating out; theconsumption of food and drink in places other than homes has ri sen from about 32 percent oftotal consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by2005. This development is boosti ng wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Me anwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They t end to keep atighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realis tic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standsti ll, leavingEuropean grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most le ading retailers have alreadytried e-commerce, with limited success, and ex pansion abroad. But almost all have ignoredthe big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade,which appears to b e just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the f ood and drinkmarket? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based o n flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to t he buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what tobuy .At any rate, this chang e will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domesti c and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could pro fitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the manag ement of product ranges, logistics,and marketing intelligence. Retailers tha t master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe maywell expect to rake in su bstantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole.Closer ins pection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, e speciallyin their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics ofindividual food and drink categories. Big retailers mu st understand these differences beforethey can identify the segments of Eu ropean wholesaling in which their particular abilities mightunseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models arenee ded too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of the same building blocks. Demandcomes mainly from two sources: independen t mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to cons umers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these b usinesses areknown in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesalemarket for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but thefigures, when added together, m ask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in Franc e, Germany, Italy,Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 perc ent of retail sales. Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesal e than in retail; wholesale demand from the foodservice sector is growing qui ckly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for whole salersto consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and e ven some largegood producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their ha nd, for those that master theintricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to rea p considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefullyand then translate the underlined segments i nto Chinese. Yourtranslation should bewritten clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on econom ic motives is thatmost members of the land community have no economic valu e. Yet these creatures aremembers of the biotic community and, if its stabil ity depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen t o love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds weresupposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists ju m ped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that ins ects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be e conomic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but wehave at least drawn nearer the point of adm itting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absen ce of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating bi rds.(48) Timewas when biologists som ewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve thehealth of game by killing the physically weak, or tha t they prey only on “worthless”species.Here again, the evidence had to b e economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years thatwe hear the mor e honest argumentthat predators are members of the community, and that nospecial interest has the right to exte rminate the m f or the sake of a benef it, real or fancied, toitself.Some species of tree have been“read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters becausethey grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(49) In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognizedas members of native forest c ommunity, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover,some have be en found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interd ependence of the forest and its constit uent tree species, ground flora, and fauna istaken for granted.To sum up: a systemof conservation based solely on economic self-interest i s hopelesslylopsided.(50) It tends to ignore , and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements i n theland community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Itassumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the bioti c clock will function without theuneconomic parts.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates' Associ ation a notice to recr uit volunteers foran international c onference on globalization. The notice sho uld include the basic qualificationsofapplicants and other information which yo u think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own nam e at the end of the notice. Use "postgraduates' Ass ociation" instead. （10 points）Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your ess ay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. A2. B3. C4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. C10. D11. C12. A13. A14. D15. B16. A17. D18. C19. B20. DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)21. B22. A23. D24. A25. B26. C27. D28. C29. B30. A31. B32. D33. A34. C35. C36. A37. D38. C39. B40. DPart B (10 points)41. B42. F43. D44. G45. APart C (10 points)46 . 科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据来补救，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫数量的话，昆虫就会把我们吃光。