考研英语阅读与翻译部分典型熟词生义allow v.承认
We must allow that he is right on this matter.
address vt. 处理To deal with: addressed the issue of absenteeism 处理旷工事宜
advantage
take advantage of 欺骗(deceive) 对……加以利用
took advantage of the customer.
欺骗消费者
appreciate
v.意识到(＝realize) 抬高…价格、涨价
I appreciate that I maybe worng. This land has appreciated in value.
这块土地增值了。
apprehension
n.忧虑、担心；逮捕、理解
The student looked around the examination room with apprehension. 那名学生恐惧地观看检查室的四周。apprehensive adj.理解的不安的,忧虑的(意思和用法等同于afraid) apprehensive for sb.'s safety
担心某人的安全
approach v.着手
To begin to deal with or work on: approached the task with dread.
惶恐地开始着手这项任务
arch adj.调皮的，顽皮的n.弓形
an arch smile 调皮的微笑
He tapped the side of his nose in an uncharacteristically arch gesture. argument n.论点，论据
contend, 坚持认为，develop an idea,得出、形成某种观点
not so much...as "表示"与其说是……
倒不如说"。否定前者肯定后者
1. He is not so much a writer as a reporter.
2. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.(摘自真题)
It's not so much a hobby as a career (= more like a career than a hobby). assume v.承担，假装，假定，设想，assume an obligation 承担义务balance余额
Something that is left over; a remainder.余额：剩下的某物；余数balance sheet资产负债表
bottle
bottle up 装入瓶中控制(抑制)To hold in; restrain: bottled up my emotions. cater v. ①cater(for,to) 迎合；
②(for) 提供饮食及服务
catering 公共饮食catering industry
公共饮食业
Most of our work now involves catering for weddings.
check n.控制阻碍
The condition of being stopped or held back; restraint:kept my temper in check; holding agricultural pests in check with sprays.
克制我的脾气；用喷雾剂灭农业害虫
chest箱子
trunk箱子、象鼻子
claim n.索赔
The sum of money demanded.
赔款：要求得到的金额
You can make a claim on your insurance policy.
compound n.集中营、围栏隔开或保围的建筑物或建筑群、化合物
compromise v./n.危害妥协
A concession to something detrimental or pejorative:
危害：对于一些有害或恶劣情况的让步：Such conduct will compromise your reputation. 如此举动将会损害你的名誉。contain v. 制服,，克服，攻克
(To halt the spread or development of) The man was later contained by the police.
context n.背景，环境；上下文，语境social context 社会大环境
control
control (科技)对照(实验) controlled experiment
controller大企业的会计
couch vt.表达(express),隐含n. 躺椅The reply was couched in insolent terms. 回答措辞蛮横
count n&v
①.计算
②.包括
there are 10 people in classroom counting 2 teachers
③.控诉的罪The prison was found not guilty on all counts
④.以为,视为She was counted among the greatest dancers
⑤.有价值It is not how much you read but what you read that counts
重要的不是你读了多少,而是你读了什么⑥.count for 有价值To have a specified importance or value:
Their opinions count for little.
他们的观点没什么价值。
Each basket counts for two points.
每投一球得两分
⑦.count on 信任rely on,depend on crack
crack down vi 制裁，To act more forcefully to regulate, repress, or restrain
The police cracked down on speeding. 警察取缔超速行车
The government cracked down on violators. 政府对于违法者采取严厉手段。cream精华The choicest part
crook小偷，钩子＝thief
That salesman is a real crook. cultivate sb. 结识某人
He always tried to cultivate famous people
custom n 海关,关税damages
damages 赔偿金(复数)＝compensation
deposit押金定金
left a $100 deposit toward the purchase of a stereo system.为了买一套立体声系统，留下了100美元的订金desert
vt抛弃，沙漠deserter 叛离者，逃兵，She was deserted by her husband. dictate n. 指示(指理智,变心) 指导原则A guiding principle followed the dictates of my conscience.
接受我的良心的支配
digest v.忍受
To endure or bear patiently.
I can't digest her endless complaint noise a moment longer.
我一刻也忍受不了她那没完没了的抱怨。discipline n.学科，纪律
The new recruits were drawn from a range of academic disciplines. element
the elements 天气(一定是复数形式) The football match went on as scheduled even though the elements were against it.
尽管天气很坏,足球比赛还是按计划进行。embarrass v.阻碍
(embar v.囚禁, 阻遏)To hinder with obstacles or difficulties; impede. What embarrasses your making an early start?
什么事妨碍你早些动身？
even n. adj 偶数(奇数odd) exclusive n.独家新闻，专卖店里的商品，adj.排他的，唯一的
A news item initially released to only one publication or broadcaster.独家新闻:只被一家出版社或电台披露的新闻
An exclusive right or privilege, as to market a product.专有权：一项独有的权利或优先权，如推销一种产品
We feature an exclusive on the
mothers whose babies were swapped at birth.
express adj. 急速的，快捷的
Send by express mail or courier such as Federal Express
通过特快专递或者送快信的邮寄，例如联邦快递公司。
fare v. 生活＝live n.费用
Panda cub fares well！
熊猫崽子活得很好。
fitting n.配件adi.适宜的
fumble v. 摸索(grope fro) ; 失球fumble for a key. 摸索着找钥匙
He fumbled the ball and then dropped it. 他笨手笨脚的漏接了球
gravity n.重大的后果；严重或重大They are still quite unaware of the gravity of their problems.
他们仍未意识到问题的严重性
ground n.根据，论据(常用复数)
the foundation for an argument, a belief, or an action; a basis
eg. grounds for suspicion；a ground for divorce 怀疑的原因；离婚的理由harbor v. 窝藏(harbour海港的变体) To give shelter to harbor refugees; harbor a fugitive. 收留难民；窝藏逃犯husband
v.节省(economize)，节俭，保存，管理husband one's energy. 保存体力
to husband one's resources
节约使用资金
impart v.告知，揭发(reveal)，传授
①to grant a share of；bestow：分给；授予；给予某物的一部分；赠与
impart a subtle flavor; impart some advice 加少许调料；给予一些建议
②to make known;disclose 告知；透露persuaded to impart the secret
劝说透露秘密
inspire v.吸入，鼓舞
(inspirator 注射器)
To draw in (air) by inhaling. 吸入空气issue n. 结果[a final result]
vi. 造成……结果
issue from由于…的原因[用法同result ] issue in 结果是，以……结束
His difficulties in his work issue from his lack of experience.
The accident issued in his death.
这一车祸造成他的死亡。
kite n. 风筝, 空头支票
vi.使用空头支票vt. 骗钱
A piece of negotiable paper representing a fictitious financial transaction and used temporarily to sustain credit or raise money.
空头支票：代表虚构的金融交易的可转让票据，暂时用于维持信贷或筹集钱款
lead adj. 主要的
lead role主要作用
measure measure up to ＝live up to 符合, 达到, 够得上
If she doesn't measure up to the job, she'll just have to leave.
她如果不能胜任这一工作，就只得走人。metro n.地铁
an underground train system, especially the one in Paris
might
might as well 倒不如
There is nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed. 没什么事可做，我还是上床睡觉好了。
might n. 力量，权威
I pushed the rock with all my might. minor n. 未成年人, adj.未成年的(minority 少数族裔)
You can't serve drinks to minors.
你不能把酒卖给未成年人。
novel adj. 新颖的
Job-sharing is still a novel concept and it will take a while for employers to get used to it.
obscure adj.不出名的
an obscure poet; an obscure family. 不出名的诗人；卑微的家庭
odd adj.①不出名的, 偏僻的：偏远的；位置偏僻的
Found the antique shop in an odd corner of town.在一个小镇的偏僻角落里发现了这个古玩店
②odd job 临时工作③奇怪的
off
better off (尤指钱)达到某数量的,经济状况好的，富裕的
they are not well off. 他们不富裕offset平版印刷;抵消
tradeoff权衡，取舍，折衷outstanding adj.已公开发行且出售的Publicly issued and sold outstanding stocks and bonds. 已发行的股票和债券particular
①挑剔的be particular about
②＝peculiar, certain: 特别的phenomenal adj.异常的；非凡的
a phenomenal feat of memory.
非凡的记忆力
policy n. 保险单, 保险凭证
He took out a fire insurance policy for his house.
他参加房屋火灾保险。
prejudice v. /n. 侵害
Detriment, injury or compromise to the prejudice of sb.'s rights
有损于某人的权利
proceeds n.收入(复数名词)
The amount of money derived from a commercial or fundraising venture; the yield.收入，获利：从商业或基金机构获得的钱；收益
The proceeds of the concert will go to charity.
prospect
n.风景,期望,勘探prospect for 勘探prospect for oil勘探石油
ready adj.
①.敏捷的She has a ready tongue 她口齿伶俐
②.甘愿的She is always ready to help 她总是乐意助人regimen
n.强化训练课强化身体训练的一课, 政体royalty n.税收，皇室，王权
A share in the proceeds paid to an inventor or a proprietor for the right to use his or her invention or services. 专利权税：为使用发明或服务而付给发明者或业主的一部分收益
scale攀登，天平＝climb He has scaled the heights of his profession.
seek
sought-after adj. 很吃香的；广受欢迎的sought是seek的过去分词
a sought-after resort.
受欢迎的旅游胜地
sport vt 炫耀(flash)
spot
on the spot 在现场
立刻(right now) 负责任(Under pressure or attention; in a pressed position.)
stomach n. 兴致(appetite),胃
vt 忍受；容忍(endure; tolerate)
had no stomach for quarrels.
没有争吵的兴致
How can you stomach their affronts?你怎么能够忍受他们的侮辱？
tap vt.保护(protect)，遮蔽n.帽子Foreign governments also put pressure on the Chinese Government to tap its textile exports.
thrust n. 要旨v 刺
The essence; the point: 本质；要点：The whole thrust of the project was to make money. 计划的核心在于赢利
too
only too... 非常very: only too pleased 再高兴不过了
try v. 磨难, 考验To subject to great strain or hardship; tax:
The last steep ascent tried my every muscle. 最后一次攀登使我每块肌肉都爱折磨
a trying experience 一段痛苦的经历
wild adj. 没有根据的Based on little or no evidence or probability; unfounded:
a wild guess 乱猜, 瞎猜
yield v. 退位To give place, as to one that is superior: 退让，退位：让位于…，如对于上级：
peach n.桃树vt. 告发vi. 告密To inform against:
He has peached me and all the others, to save his life 他告发了我及其他人来保全自己的生命
tap开采(develop)，轻拍，
The highway taps a large district. 这条公路开发了一大片地区。
Unit5 Beyond Babies不要孩子 在雅典市中心繁华的柯诺那基广场的时尚的初音岛咖啡店里，三十多岁或四十出头的希腊语专业人员沉浸在冰卡布奇诺咖啡里，过奢侈的生活。他们最喜欢谈论的话题是，当然，关系：男子不愿承诺，女性的独立，何时有孩子，或者说，逐渐是否有他们所有。“随着时间的推移，我有一个孩子的机会越来越小，37岁的行政助理美联社新闻社说。“但我不会只是因为要一个孩子而嫁给任何人。”她热爱她的工作，并从她那些紧密团结、志同道合的朋友那里得到她的社会支持，对于希腊年轻人来说，这些朋友渐渐充当了家人的角色。“如果在45岁，我仍然膝下无子，我会考虑要一个自己的孩子，”她说。但这并不意味着她个人成就取决于它。 在几十年前，Petropoulou和她的朋友们可能已经被认为是，嗯，奇怪的。希腊被称为欧洲最传统的社会，在那里东正教的对于结婚和繁衍的严格戒律当道。.强大的社会和宗教禁忌的标记是像不能怀孕的老处女一样的妇女无子，和对中年男子性偏好单一的怀疑。渐渐地，在一代人期间，由于诸多因素，包括女性接受更好的教育和就业选择以及希腊融入欧盟的主流文化，那种严格的社会限制基本上已经消失了。结果是：结婚率低于欧盟的平均水平，并在每名妇女生育平均为1.3，是世界上最低的生育率。这样的年轻希腊人，如果时间恰当拥有孩子是不错的。但他们肯定不是必不可少的。 在希腊，和世界上大部分地区，在激增的人口数下，有孩子们不再是一个想当然的事情。“在许多社会里从未有过无子女的女性和男性是合法的现象。”，研究在伦敦经济学院研究此现象的凯瑟琳哈基姆说。在像瑞士和新加坡、加拿大和韩国这类迥异国度中发生了急剧的社会变迁，年轻人把生育推迟到30好几，甚
Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语
考研英语阅读 （1） To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“被误导的运动要想成功，所需的只是好人不作为。”现在，就有这样一个运动正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的
s e c t i o n2--1-4科技英语阅读与翻译
1 Monograph专著 1. The general definition of a monograph Scientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts on specialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist's appreciation of, these topics. 2. The value of monographs for scientific researches The value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge they contain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to the advancement of science and engineering generally. 3. The qualities of the authors of monographs The authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required. 4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Monographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogical works which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more junior readerships than specialized research communities. 5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Conference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries. Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life. 6. The main components of a monograph The author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index, illustrations, preface and introduction. 7. An indication of the book’s su ccess The number of editions is an indication of the book’s success. 8. The function of the blurb It gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains and for whom it is written. 2 Academic Journal学术期刊 1. The general definition of an academic journal An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has
Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation 1.Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. 2.Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作） 2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions 3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental description title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge 5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications 6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials 3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing; syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary; Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word Principles or Criteria of Translation Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries. Unit 2 professional papers 2.1.Definition of professional papers A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. 2.2.Classification of professional papers
科技英语阅读翻译介绍 关于科技英语阅读翻译介绍 罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。假设其中一个理发师符合上述的 条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。但是 在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。（如果这样的话，这个理发师 必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发） 1901年，伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家 同事。在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能 使用符号逻辑。他确立了形式表达式（如：x=2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特 性去定义更多更深远的特性。 1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的.罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗 雷格这种集合系统的局限性。就现在而言，这种类型的集合系统能 很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。例如，我们可以用x代表整数， 通过n来表示并且n大于3小于7，来表示4，5,6这样一个集合。 这种集合的书写形势就是：x={n：n是整数，3 Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。 Lesson 8 IV. Translation Put the following into Chinese. 1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it. 每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。 2. The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works. 改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。通常这种方法很奏效。 3 As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged with overseeing broadcast practices. 结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。这些指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。 4. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas? 这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？ 5. One author has suggested that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established. 一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。 V. Oral Practice and Discussion 1. How was music used during World War II and during the Vietnam War? 2. Describe peacetime uses of music. 3. List the major effects and functions of music. 4. Identify the basic issues in the FCC regulatory position. 5. What problems do you foresee in the development of record labeling plans? 6. Adaptation of popular or favorite songs is a persuasive tactic. Where is this technique used today? Cite several examples. (Hint: Advertising commercials) 7. If music shapes our perceptions and attitudes, then, should we be forced to listen to music in public places such as restaurants and shopping malls? 8. Are there other effects of music not included in this article? 1.A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night(英语阅读理解) A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later, they wake up again. Strange, isn't it? 一个奇怪的事情发生在几乎每个人身上，并且都在晚上。他们关上灯，拉上了窗帘和闭上他们的眼睛。六或七小时的睡眠后，他们再次醒来。奇怪，不是吗？ Sleep is a great puzzle. Scientists and doctors would like to talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure what causes sleep. 睡眠是一个伟大的谜。科学家和医生谈谈为什么不能入睡。他们不知道什么是睡眠的原因。 You will sleep best both when you are in good health and when you don't eat too much or too little. No worries and a comfortable place to sleep are important, too.你会睡得最好当你身体健康时，你不要吃太多或太少。不用担心，一个舒适的睡眠环境是重要的。 Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you often move. You would feel tired ever if you didn't move. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. 奇怪的事情发生在睡眠期间。例如，你经常搬家。你会觉得累，如果你没有动。你也做梦。你大脑的一部分仍然是清醒的时候，您也做梦。做梦时发生的记忆和想象的部分你的大脑仍然清醒。 Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were finished while the writers were dreaming. 别担心，如果你有梦想。一些伟大的故事和诗歌的作家会完成梦想。 根据短文内容,判断下列句子正(T)、误( F) 。 1. A strange thing happens to only someone at night.T 2. Scientists and doctors are both sure what causes people's sleep.F 3. When you are in good health, you can sleep very well at night.T 4. The writer means that some dreams are good for people.T 5. If you eat too much or too little before sleep, you won't sleep well.T 2. At the Barber's Shop 在理发店 Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he 杰克去一家理发店剪了头发，但是当他出来时，他 was not happy with the result. When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed 是不满意的结果。当他的朋友鲍波看到他时，他笑了 and said, "What has happened to your hair,Jack?" 说，“你的头发怎么了，杰克？” Jack said, "I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied 杰克说，“我今天尝试了新的理发店，因为我不是很满意 with my old one, but this one seems even worse." 旧的，但是这一次似乎更差。” Bob agreed. "Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what 他同意了。”是的，我想你是对的，杰克。现在我要告诉你 to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, 做的时候，你走进一家理发店下时间：看所有理发师的头发， find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him."研究生英语阅读教程(提高版)课后翻译(带原文)
研究生英语阅读教程翻译8-11
英语阅读理解及翻译
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