2013湖南省高考试卷含解析最新考试试题库(完整版)
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2013年全国统一高考化学试卷(新课标Ⅰ)一、选择题1.(6分)化学无处不在,与化学有关的说法不正确的是()A.侯氏制碱法的工艺过程中应用了物质溶解度的差异B.可用蘸浓盐酸的棉棒检验输送氨气的管道是否漏气C.碘是人体必需微量元素,所以要多吃富含高碘酸的食物D.黑火药由硫磺、硝石、木炭三种物质按一定比例混合制成2.(6分)香叶醇是合成玫瑰香油的主要原料,其结构简式如图所示:下列有关香叶醇的叙述正确的是()A.香叶醇的分子式为C10H18OB.不能使溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色C.不能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色D.能发生加成反应不能发生取代反应3.(6分)短周期元素W、X、Y、Z的原子序数依次增大,其简单离子都能破坏水的电离平衡的是()A.W2﹣、X+B.X+、Y3+C.Y3+、Z2﹣D.X+、Z2﹣4.(6分)银制器皿日久表面会逐渐变黑,这是生成了Ag2S的缘故.根据电化学原理可进行如下处理:在铝质容器中加入食盐溶液,再将变黑的银器浸入该溶液中,一段时间后发现黑色会褪去.下列说法正确的是()A.处理过程中银器一直保持恒重B.银器为正极,Ag2S被还原生成单质银C.该过程中总反应为2Al+3Ag2S═6Ag+Al2S3D.黑色褪去的原因是黑色Ag2S转化为白色AgCl5.(6分)已知K sp(AgCl)=1.56×10﹣10,K sp(AgBr)=7.7×10﹣13,K sp(Ag2CrO4)=9.0×10﹣12.某溶液中含有Cl﹣、Br﹣和CrO42﹣浓度均为0.010mol•L﹣1,向该溶液中逐滴加入0.010mol•L﹣1的AgNO3溶液时,三种阴离子产生沉淀的先后顺序为()A.Cl﹣、Br﹣、CrO42﹣B.CrO42﹣、Br﹣、Cl﹣C.Br﹣、Cl﹣、CrO42﹣D.Br﹣、CrO42﹣、Cl﹣6.(6分)分子式为C5H10O2的有机物在酸性条件下可水解为酸和醇,若不考虑立体异构,这些酸和醇重新组合可形成的酯共有()A.28种B.32种C.40种D.48种7.(6分)下列实验中,所采取的分离方法与对应原理都正确的是()选项目的分离方法原理A分离溶于水中的碘乙醇萃取碘在乙醇中的溶解度较大B分离乙酸乙酯和乙醇分液乙酸乙酯和乙醇的密度不同C除去KNO3固体中混杂的NaCl重结晶NaCl在水中的溶解度很大D除去丁醇中的乙醚蒸馏丁醇与乙醚的沸点相差较大A.A B.B C.C D.D三、非选择题(包括必考题和选考题两部分.第22题~第32题为必考题,每个试题考生都必须作答.第33题~第40题为选考题,考生根据要求作答)8.(13分)醇脱水是合成烯烃的常用方法,实验室合成环己烯的反应和实验装置如图所示.可能用到的有关数据如下:相对分子质量密度/(g•cm﹣3)沸点/℃溶解性环己醇1000.9618161微溶于水环己烯820.810283难溶于水合成反应:在a中加入20g环己醇和2小片碎瓷片,冷却搅动下慢慢加入1mL浓硫酸.b中通入冷却水后,开始缓慢加热a,控制馏出物的温度不超过90℃.分离提纯:反应粗产物倒入分液漏斗中分别用少量5%碳酸钠溶液和水洗涤,分离后加入无水氯化钙颗粒,静置一段时间后弃去氯化钙.最终通过蒸馏得到纯净环己烯10g.回答下列问题:(1)装置b的名称是.(2)加入碎瓷片的作用是;如果加热一段时间后发现忘记加瓷片,应该采取的正确操作是(填正确答案标号).A.立即补加B.冷却后补加C.不需补加D.重新配料(3)本实验中最容易产生的副产物的结构简式为.(4)分液漏斗在使用前须清洗干净并;在本实验分离过程中,产物应该从分液漏斗的(填“上口倒出”或“下口放出”).(5)分离提纯过程中加入无水氯化钙的目的是.(6)在环己烯粗产物蒸馏过程中,不可能用到的仪器有(填正确答案标号).A.蒸馏烧瓶B.温度计C.吸滤瓶D.球形冷凝管E.接收器(7)本实验所得到的环己烯产率是(填正确答案标号).A.41%B.50%C.61%D.70%9.(15分)锂离子电池的应用很广,其正极材料可再生利用.某锂离子电池正极材料有钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、导电剂乙炔黑和铝箔等.充电时,该锂离子电池阴极发生的反应为6C+xLi++xe﹣═Li x C6.现欲利用以下工艺流程回收正极材料中的某些金属资源(部分条件未给出).回答下列问题:(1)LiCoO2中,Co元素的化合价为.(2)写出“正极碱浸”中发生反应的离子方程式.(3)“酸浸”一般在80℃下进行,写出该步骤中发生的所有氧化还原反应的化学方程式;可用盐酸代替H2SO4和H2O2的混合液,但缺点是.(4)写出“沉钴”过程中发生反应的化学方程式.(5)充放电过程中,发生LiCoO2与Li1﹣x CoO2之间的转化,写出放电时电池反应方程式.(6)上述工艺中,“放电处理”有利于锂在正极的回收,其原因是.在整个回收工艺中,可回收到的金属化合物有(填化学式).10.(15分)二甲醚(CH3OCH3)是无色气体,可作为一种新型能源.由合成气(组成为H2、CO 和少量的CO2)直接制备二甲醚,其中的主要过程包括以下四个反应:甲醇合成反应:(Ⅰ)CO(g)+2H2(g)═CH3OH(g)△H1=﹣90.1kJ•mol﹣1(Ⅱ)CO2(g)+3H2(g)═CH3OH(g)+H2O(g)△H2=﹣49.0kJ•mol﹣1水煤气变换反应:(Ⅲ)CO(g)+H2O(g)═CO2(g)+H2(g)△H3=﹣41.1kJ•mol﹣1二甲醚合成反应:(Ⅳ)2CH3OH(g)═CH3OCH3(g)+H2O(g)△H4=﹣24.5kJ•mol﹣1回答下列问题:(1)Al2O3是合成气直接制备二甲醚反应催化剂的主要成分之一.工业上从铝土矿制备较高纯度Al2O3的主要工艺流程是(以化学方程式表示).(2)分析二甲醚合成反应(Ⅳ)对于CO转化率的影响.(3)由H2和CO直接制备二甲醚(另一产物为水蒸气)的热化学方程式为.根据化学反应原理,分析增加压强对直接制备二甲醚反应的影响.(4)有研究者在催化剂(含Cu﹣Zn﹣Al﹣O和Al2O3)、压强为5.0MPa的条件下,由H2和CO 直接制备二甲醚,结果如图所示.其中CO转化率随温度升高而降低的原因是.(5)二甲醚直接燃料电池具有启动快、效率高等优点,其能量密度高于甲醇直接燃料电池(5.93kW•h•kg﹣1).若电解质为酸性,二甲醚直接燃料电池的负极反应为,一个二甲醚分子经过电化学氧化,可以产生个电子的能量;该电池的理论输出电压为1.20V,能量密度E=(列式计算.能量密度=电池输出电能/燃料质量,1kW•h=3.6×106J).11.(15分)[化学﹣选修2:化学与技术]草酸(乙二酸)可作还原剂和沉淀剂,用于金属除锈、织物漂白和稀土生产.一种制备草酸(含2。
2013年湖南高考英语试题(文字版)2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖南卷)英语PartⅠListening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A(22.5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear six conversations between two speakers. For ea ch conversation, there are several questions and each question is followed by three choi ces marked A, B and C. Listen carefully and then choose the best answer for each que stion.You will hear each conversation TWICE.Conversation 11. Where is the man going?A. Kennedy.B. London.C. New York.2. When should the man arrive at the airport?A. By 8:15.B. By 9:00.C. By 9:25.Conversation 23. What is the woman doing?A. Taking a taxi.B. Doing shopping.C. Waiting for the man.4. Where are the two speakers going to meet?A. At home.B. In a shop.C. In a restaurant.Conversation 35. What is the woman looking for?A. A pan.B. Carrots.C. Tomatoes.6. What will the speakers probably have tonight?A. French fries.B. Noodles.C. Fried chicken. Conversation 47. What will the project focus on?A. A dog.B. A fish.C. A cat.8. What can we know about John?A. He has conducted the survey.B. He is making cards now.C. He will do the introduction.9. Who can handle the summarizing?A. Carol.B. Tom.C. Mary. Conversation 510. What can we know about the woman‟s vacation?A. She will stay on the beaches.B. She will go camping in the jungle.C. She will spend 3 weeks in South Africa.11. Which does the woman need to bring?A. A map.B. A tent.C. Some clothes.12. Who will prepare the meals?A. The man.B. The guide.C. The woman. Conversation 613. What are the two speakers doing?A. Discussing a lecture.B. Visiting a museum.C. Attending a party.14. Which job has Jane applied for?A. Salesgirl.B. Waitress.C. Volunteer.15. What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?A. Teacher and student.B. Father and daughter.C. Classmates.Section B (7.5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage. Listen carefully and then fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.You will hear the short passage TWICE.How to Speak English 16. ___________I. Speak oftenThe more often you speak, the 17. ___________ it becomesII. Relax & 18. ___________ the message● Don’t focus on the grammar rules only.● Talk about something 19. ___________.III. Practise what you want to saySpeak to 20. ___________ a few times.Part II Language Knowledge (45 marks)Section A (15 marks)Directions: For each of the following unfinished sentences there are four choices marke d A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.21. Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their o wn strengths.A. whomB. whoC. whatD. which22. “What do you want to be?” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I ________ president,” said t he boy, with a smile.A. have beenB. amC. wasD. will be23. You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason ___ you reach any decision.A. althoughB. beforeC. becauseD. unless24. Around two o‟clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ___ _____ us.A. bothersB. had botheredC. would botherD. bothered25. The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.A. bathedB. bathingC. to have bathedD. have bathed26. If nothing ________, the oceans will turn into fish deserts.A. doesB. had been doneC. will doD. is done27. —Have you heard about the recent election?—Sure, it ________ the only thing on the news for the last three days.A. would beB. isC. has beenD. will be28. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell ________ close you m ay be to victory.A. howB. thatC. whichD. where29. You cannot accept an opinion ________ to you unless it is based on facts.A. offeringB. to offerC. having offeredD. offered30. Every day ________ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.A. readB. readingC. to readD. reads31. ________ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for mi dnight so I couldrefill it.A. StayingB. StayedC. To stayD. Stay32. He ________ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea unt il he had caught it.A. wouldn‟tB. shouldn‟tC. couldn‟tD. mustn‟t33. The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ around $8,450 a year,which ________ a burden for some of them.A. are;isB. are;areC. is;areD. is;is34. —I don‟t understand why you didn‟t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.—had done B. was doing C. would do D. am doing35. Not once ________ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his cl ass.A. occurred itB. it did occurC. it occurredD. did it occurSection B (18 marks)Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases m arked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the co ntext.When I was 8 years old, I once decided to run away from home. With my suitcase 36 and some sandwiches in a bag, I started for the front door and said to Mom, “I‟m leaving.”“If you want to 37 , that‟s all right,” she said. “But you came into this home with out anything and you can leave the same way.” I 38 my suitcase and sandwiches on th e floor heavily and started for the door again.“Wait a minute,” Mom said. “I want your 39 back. You didn‟t wear anything whe n you arrived.” This really angered me. I tore my clothes off—shoes, socks, underwear an d all—and 40 , “Can I go now?” “Yes,” Mom answered, “but once you close that door, don‟t expect to come back.”I was so 41 that I slammed (砰地关上) the door and stepped out on the front por ch. 42 I realized that I was outside, with nothing on. Then I noticed that down the stre et, two neighbor girls were walking toward our house. I ran to 43 behind a big tree in our yard at once. After a while, I was 44 the girls had passed by. I dashed to the fro nt door and banged on it loudly.“Who‟s there?” I heard.“It‟s Billy! Let me in!”The voice behind the 45 answered, “Billy doesn‟t live here anymore. He ran away from home.” Glancing behind me to see if anyone else was coming, I begged, “Aw, c‟m on, Mom! I‟m 46 your son. Let me in!”The door inched open and Mom‟s smiling face appeared. “Did you change your 47 about running away?” she asked.“What‟s for supper?” I answered.(277 words)36. A. packed B. returned C. cleaned D. repaired37. A. drop out B. go by C. move around D. run away38. A. pressed B. shook C. threw D. pulled39. A. bag B. clothes C. sandwiches D. suitcase40. A. explained B. suggested C. continued D. shouted41. A. angry B. sorry C. frightened D. ashamed42. A. Certainly B. Naturally C. Suddenly D. Possibly43. A. play B. bide C. rest D. wave44. A. sure B. proud C. eager D. curious45. A. house B. tree C. door D. yard46. A. also B. still C. even D. already47. A. conclusion B. promise C. concern D. decisionSection C (12 marks)Directions: Complete the following passage by filling in each blank with one word that best fits the context.When kids in parts of the world want to play, they often make soccer balls out of tr ash tied together with string. “48 the areas used for playing fields are often rough and rocky, millions of real balls go flat (变瘪) 49 24 hours,” says Tim Jahnigen, a Califor nia businessman. Determined to solve this problem, 50 created an indestructible ball cal led the One World Futbol.The ball is made of 51 special material, ethylene-vinyl acetate foam. It‟s lightweigh t, it‟s flexible, and—52 important—it holds its shape.The One World Futbol needs no pump 53 won‟t wear out, even on rough surfaces. When tested, 54 withstood (经受住) being crushed by a car, and even being chewed o n by a lion.Although it costs more to produce 55 a typical soccer ball, Jahnigen estimates the One World Futbol can last 30 years. So far, it‟s been given to kids in 143 countries.(15 4 words)Part III Reading Comprehension (30 marks)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several q uestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the pa ssage.APlanning a visit to the UK? Here we help with ways to cut your costs.AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase th e cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost 1 69.15 at . A week later, the same room cost 118.15.If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoid—or you‟re looking for a big event to pass your time—check out sites such as , which allow you to search for events in the UK by city, date and category.STAYAWAY FROM THE STATION If traveling to your destination by train, you may want to find a good base close to the station, but you could end up paying more fo r the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.Don‟t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. Booking two months in adv ance, the cheapest room a t Travelodge‟s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was 95.95. A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was 7 5.75. And at Farringdon, a double room cost just 62.95.LOOK AFTER YOURSELF Really central hotels in cities such as London, Edinbur gh and Cardiff can cost a fortune, especially at weekends and during big events. As an al ternative consider checking into a self-catering flat with its own kitchen. Often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings. A great example is the histori c O‟Neill Flat on Edinburgh‟s Royal Mile, available for 420 for five days in late Septem ber, with room for four adults.GET ON A BIKE London‟s …Boris bikes‟ have attracted the most attention, but othe r cities also have similar programmes that let you rent a bicycle and explore at your own pace, saving you on public transport or car parking costs.Among the smaller cities with their own programmes are Newcastle (casual members pay around 1.50 for two hours) and Cardiff (free for up to 30 minutes, or 5 per day). (3 58 words)56. The Brighton Comedy Festival is mentioned mainly to show big events may ______.A. help travelers pass timeB. attract lots of travelers to the UKC. allow travelers to make flexible plansD. cause travelers to pay more for accommodation57. “Farringdon” in Paragraph 5 is most probably __________.A. a hotel away from the train stationB. the tube line to Covent GardenC. an ideal holiday destinationD. the name of a travel agency58. The passage shows that the O‟Neill Flat __________.A. lies on the ground floorB. is located in central LondonC. provides cooking facilities for touristsD. costs over 100 on average per day in late September59. Cardiff‟s program allows a free bike for a maximum period of __________.A. half an hourB. one hourC. one hour and a halfD. two hours60. The main purpose of the passage is __________.A. to tell visitors how to book in advanceB. to supply visitors with hotel informationC. to show visitors the importance of self-helpD. to offer visitors some money-saving tipsBIn my living room, there is a plaque (匾) that advises me to “Bloom (开花) where y ou are planted.” It reminds me of Dorothy. I got to know Dorothy in the early 1980s, w hen I was teaching Early Childhood Development through a program with Union College in Barbourville, Kentucky. The job responsibilities required occasional visits to the classroo m of each teacher in the program. Dorothy stands out in my memory as one who “bloom ed” in her remote area.Dorothy taught in a school In Harlan County, Kentucky, Appalachian Mountain area. To get to her school from the town of Harlan, I followed a road winding around the mo untain. In the eight-mile journey, I crossed the same railroad track five times, giving the possibility of getting caught by the same train five times. Rather than feeling excited by t his drive through the mountains, I found it depressing. The poverty level was shocking an d the small shabby houses gave me the greatest feeling of hopelessness.From the moment of my arrival at the little school, all gloom (忧郁) disappeared. Up on arriving at Dorothy‟s classroom. I was greeted with smiling faces and treated like a qu een. The children had been prepared to show me their latest projects. Dorothy told me wi th a big smile that they were serving poke greens salad and cornbread for “dinner” (lunc h). In case you don‟t know, poke greens are a weed-type plant that grows wild, especiall y on poor ground.Dorothy never ran out of reports of exciting activities of her students. Her enthusiasm never cooled down. When it came time to sit for the testing and interviewing required t o receive her Child Development Associate Certification, Dorothy was ready. She came to the assessment and passed in all areas. Afterward, she invited me to the one-and-only ste ak house in the area to celebrate her victory, as if she had received her Ph. D. degree. A fter the meal, she placed a little box containing an old pen in my hand. She said it was a family heirloom (传家宝), but to me it is a treasured symbol of appreciation and pride that cannot be matched with things. (360 words)61. “Early Childhood Development” in Paragraph 1 refers to __________.A. a program directed by DorothyB. a course given by the authorC. an activity held by the studentsD. an organization sponsored by Union college62. In the journey, the author was most disappointed at seeing __________.A. the long trackB. the poor housesC. the same trainD. the winding road63. Upon arriving at the classroom, the author was cheered up by __________.A. a warm welcomeB. the sight of poke greensC. Dorothy‟s latest projectsD. a big dinner made for her64. What can we know about Dorothy from the last paragraph?A. She was invited to a celebration at a restaurant.B. She got a pen as a gift from the author.C. She passed the required assessment.D. She received her Ph. D. degree.65. What does the author mainly intend to tell us?A. Whatever you do, you must do it carefully.B. Whoever you are, you deserve equal treatment.C. However poor you are, you have the right to education,D. Wherever you are, you can accomplish your achievement.CIt‟s such a happy-looking library, painted yellow, decorated with palm-tree stickers an d sheltered from the Florida sun by its own roof. About the size of a microwave oven, i t‟s pedestrian-friendly, too, waiting for book lovers next to a sidewalk in Palm Beach cou ntry Estates, along the northern boundary of Palm Beach Gardens.It‟s a library built with love.A year ago, shortly after Janey Henriksen saw a Brian Williams report about the Litt le Free Library organization, a Wisconsin-based nonprofit that aims to promote literacy an d build a sense of community in a neighborhood by making books freely available, she a nnounced to her family of four, “That‟s what we‟re going to do for our spring break!”Son Austin, now a 10th-gra der, didn‟t see the point of building a library that resembl es a mailbox. But Janey insisted, and husband Peter unwillingly got to work. The 51-year -old owner of a ship supply company modified a small wooden house that he‟d built year s earlier for daughter Abbie‟s toy horses, and made a door of glass.After adding the library‟s final touches (装点), the family hung a signboard on the fr ont, instructing users to “take a book, return a book,” and making the Henriksen library, now one of several hundred like it nationwide and among more than 2,500 in the world, the only Little Free Library in Palm Beach County.They stocked it with 20 or so books they‟d already read, a mix of science fiction, re ference titles, novels and kids‟ favorites. “I told them, keep in mind that you might not s ee it again,” said Janey, a stay-at-home mom.Since then, the collection keeps replenishing (补充) itself, thanks to ongoing donations from borrowers. The library now gets an average of five visits a day.The project‟s best payoff, says Peter, are the thank-you notes left behind. “We had n o idea in the beginning that it would be so popular.”(317 words)66. In what way is the library “pedestrian-friendly”?A. It owns a yellow roof.B. It stands near a sidewalk.C. It protects book lovers from the sun.D. It uses palm-tree stickers as decorations.67. Janey got the idea to build a library from __________.A. a visit to Brian WilliamsB. a spring break with her familyC. a book sent by one of her neighborsD. a report on a Wisconsin-based organization68. The library was built __________.A. by a ship supply companyB. on the basis of toy horsesC. like a mailboxD. with glass69. What can we infer about the signboard?A. It was made by a user of the library.B. It marked a final touch to the library.C. It aimed at making the library last long.D. It indicated the library was a family property.70. The passage tells us that the users __________.A. donate books to the libraryB. get paid to collect books for the libraryC. receive thank-you notes for using the libraryD. visit the library over 5 times on average dailyPart IV Writing (45 marks)Section A (10 marks)Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered blanks by using the infor mation from the passage.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.While there is no widely accepted definition of MOOCs, their key features are open access:they are currently free to participants, no entry qualifications are required, they sup port an unlimited number of participants and as yet, very few include any form of accredi tation (认证).Currently offered by some famous universities, MOOCs are attractive to people who do not have the financial resources to meet the growing costs of university education, or who do not have formal qualifications. They also allow participants to study at their own pace.The potential for MOOCs to deliver education is obviously vast—they could be consi dered as a huge step forwards in widening participation. They also have the potential to p rovide a unique window on universities that offer popular and valuable courses, they may attract some participants to register for formal fee-paying programmes at the same or oth er universities and are likely to promote new ways of on-line education.However, it is still very early days for MOOCs. The quality of the education provisi on is highly variable, with many courses offering only recordings of lectures, and delivery is particularly difficult in some special fields that require practical classes, research projec ts or extensive library access. Besides, wider engagement with participants requires very c onsiderable resource. Even limited feedback or examination becomes a major task if there are several thousand students in the class.Considering the challenges, some people argue MOOCs will soon evaporate (蒸发). B ut they certainly provide good opportunity for widening higher education, are a means of raising awareness of universities to audiences of tens or hundreds of thousands, and are w ell worthy of serious consideration. (271 words)● free participation at present● 72. _________ for entry qualifications● sup port of countless participants● rare inclusion of accreditation● being attractive to peoplewho 73. _________ university education orwho have 74. _________● being flexible in the study pace● widening participation significantly● 76. _________ a unique window on universities● attracting students to register for formal progarmmes● promoting on-line educationKey featuresAttractions75. _________77. _________● highly variable quality of the education provision● 78. _________ of some special courses● demand for very considerable resourceThe future● uncertaintypossibly 79._________● certaintywidening higher educationraising awareness of universitiesbeing well worth 80. _________ seriouslyTitle:71. _____Section B (10 marks)Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the informati on given in the passage.“Let’s Talk”:The Free Advice ProjectA few weeks ago, I took a walk around Washington Square Park. I met all the usual people:street performers, the Pigeon Guy, a group of guitarists singing in harmony. But off to the side, sitting on a bench was a woman doing something vastly different—giving free advice.A week or two later, I set up an interview with her and we discussed her project at length.Lisa Podell, 32, started the Free Advice Project this past May. It began as an experi ment;she sat in Washington Square Park for a day with a sign that read “Free Advice” as a simple way to reach out to people. Podell was astonished at the strong response.Podell admits that she was doubtful at first, but now she describes the project asmutually (相互地) beneficial. People learn from her—but she also learns from them. Shesays that the majority of those who come to her are dealing with some pretty heavyissues, and they expect her not only to listen, but also provide real answers.Having worked as a full time teacher and now as an adolescent advisor, Podellbelieves that talking things out is an important in the decision-making process.Sometimes, people walk around all day, keeping their problems in their own head and thinking about them in the same way. Podell simply strives to provide people withperspective.I asked if there is a future plan for the Free Advice Project. Podell said she would like to promote it to each public space in New York, which would be carried out by various volunteers across the city.It was truly inspiring to meet someone with such a big heart, especially in New York—where it is sometimes very hard to find anybody to listen. (303 words)81. In what way was Podell different from other people in the park? (No more than 6 w ords) (2 marks)______________________________________________________________________________ 82. What do people in need expect Podell to do? (No more than 10 words) (3 marks)_____________________________________________________________________________ 83. According to Podell, what should people do when making decisions?(No more than 6 words) (2 marks)_______________________________________________________________________________ ____84. How would Podell promote her project in New York? (No more than 15 words) (3 marks)____________________________________________________________________________ Section C (25 marks)Directions: Write an English composition according to the instructions given below.请以下列词语为关键词写一篇英语短文。
2013年高考生物真题(Word 版)——新课标2卷(试题+答案解析)2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标II卷)生物试题一、选择题:本题共13小题,每小题6分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.(2013·课标全国Ⅱ,1)关于DNA和RNA的叙述,正确的是()A.DNA有氢键,RNA没有氢键B.一种病毒同时含有DNA和RNAC.原核细胞中既有DNA,也有RNAD.叶绿体、线粒体和核糖体都含有DNA2.(2013·课标全国Ⅱ,2)关于叶绿素的叙述,错误..的是()A.叶绿素a和叶绿素b都含有镁元素B.被叶绿素吸收的光可用于光合作用C.叶绿素a和叶绿素b在红光区的吸收峰值不同D.植物呈现绿色是由于叶绿素能有效地吸收绿光3.(2013·课标全国Ⅱ,3)下列与微生物呼吸有关的叙述,错误..的是()A.肺炎双球菌无线粒体,但能进行有氧呼吸B.与细菌呼吸有关的酶由拟核中的基因编码C.破伤风芽孢杆菌适宜生活在有氧的环境中D.有氧和无氧时,酵母菌呼吸作用产物不同4.(2013·课标全国Ⅱ,4)关于免疫细胞的叙述,错误..的是()A.淋巴细胞包括B细胞、T细胞和吞噬细胞B.血液和淋巴液中都含有T细胞和B细胞C.吞噬细胞和B细胞都属于免疫细胞D.浆细胞通过胞吐作用分泌抗体5.(2013·课标全国Ⅱ,5)在生命科学发展过程中,证明DNA是遗传物质的实验是()①孟德尔的豌豆杂交实验②摩尔根的果蝇杂交实验③肺炎双球菌转化实验④T2噬菌体侵染大肠杆菌实验⑤DNA的X光衍射实验A.①②B.②③C.③④D.④⑤6.(2013·课标全国Ⅱ,6)关于酶的叙述,错.误.的是()A.同一种酶可存在于分化程度不同的活细胞中B.低温能降低酶活性的原因是其破坏了酶的空间结构C.酶通过降低化学反应的活化能来提高化学反应速度D.酶既可以作为催化剂,也可以作为另一个反应的底物二、非选择题:29.(2013·课标全国Ⅱ,29)(10分)已知大麦在萌发过程中可以产生α-淀粉酶,用GA(赤霉素)溶液处理大麦可使其不用发芽就产生α-淀粉酶。
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖南卷)理综一、选择题(共6题,每题6分)1.关于蛋白质生物合成的叙述,正确的是()A.一种tRNA可以携带多种氨基酸B.DNA聚合酶是在细胞核中合成的C.反密码子是位于mRNA上相邻的三个碱基D.线粒体中的DNA能控制某些蛋白质的合成【答案】D【解析】tRNA的一端有三个碱基外露为反密码子,与mRNA上的密码子进行碱基互补配对,另一端携带一种氨基酸到达核糖体上,通过发生脱水缩合形成肽健,合成多肽链。
所以A、C错误。
DNA聚合酶是蛋白质,在核糖体上合成,而细胞核内无核糖体,不能合成蛋白质,因而DNA聚合酶是在细胞质中合成的蛋白质类酶,通过核孔进入细胞核发挥作用。
B错。
线粒体中不仅具有自己的DNA,而且还有核糖体,能够通过转录和翻译控制一部分蛋白质的合成,所以核糖体具有一定的独立性。
D正确。
【试题点评】本题不偏不难,正面考查了有关蛋白质合成的基础知识,DNA聚合酶是在细胞核内起催化作用的,部分考生可能会误选B。
本题主要涉及的知识点是化合物的本质及合成,基因控制蛋白质合成过程中有关概念及特点。
旨在考查考生对蛋白质合成过程中相关知识点的识记及初步分析问题的能力。
2.关于同一个体中细胞有丝分裂和减数第一次分裂的叙述,正确的是()A.两者前期染色体数目相同,染色体行为和DNA分子数目不同B.两者中期染色体数目不同,染色体行为和DNA分子数目相同C.两者后期染色体行为和数目不同,DNA分子数目相同D.两者后期染色体行为和数目相同,DNA分子数目不同【答案】C【解析】有丝分裂和减数分裂分裂期过程的最大区别是染色体的行为不同。
有丝分裂前期有同源染色体但不联会,中期染色体的着丝点被纺锤丝拉到赤道板位置排列整齐,后期着丝点分裂,姐妹染色单体分离并分别移向细胞的两极,此时染色体数目暂时性加倍,DNA分子数不变,分裂的结果是分裂前后染色体数与DNA分子数与分裂前一样。
减数第一次分裂前期同源染色体联会,中期是联会的同源染色体被拉到赤道板的两侧并列分布,后期同源染色体分离及非同源染色体的自由组合,分裂的结果是染色体数目和DNA 数目均减少一半。
2013年全国统一考试数学理工农医类(湖南卷)一、选择题:本大题共8小题,每小题5分,共40分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.1.(2013湖南,理1)复数z =i·(1+i)(i 为虚数单位)在复平面上对应的点位于( ). A .第一象限 B .第二象限 C .第三象限 D .第四象限 答案:B 解析:z =i +i 2=-1+i ,对应点为(-1,1),故在第二象限,选B .2.(2013湖南,理2)某学校有男、女学生各500名,为了解男、女学生在学习兴趣与业余爱好方面是否存在显著差异,拟从全体学生中抽取100名学生进行调查,则宜采用的抽样方法是( ).A .抽签法B .随机数法C .系统抽样法D .分层抽样法 答案:D解析:看男、女学生在学习兴趣与业余爱好是否存在明显差异,应当分层抽取,故宜采用分层抽样.3.(2013湖南,理3)在锐角△ABC 中,角A ,B 所对的边长分别为a ,b .若2a sin B,则角A 等于( ).A .π12 B .π6 C .π4 D .π3答案:D解析:由2a sin Bb 得2sin A sin BB ,故sin AA =π3或2π3.又△ABC 为锐角三角形,故A =π3. 4.(2013湖南,理4)若变量x ,y 满足约束条件2,1,1.y x x y y ≤⎧⎪+≤⎨⎪≥-⎩则x +2y 的最大值是( ).A .52-B .0C .53D .52答案:C解析:约束条件表示的可行域为如图阴影部分.令x +2y =d ,即122dy x =-+,由线性规划知识可得最优点为12,33⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭,所以d max =145333+=. 5.(2013湖南,理5)函数f (x )=2ln x 的图象与函数g (x )=x 2-4x +5的图象的交点个数为( ).A .3B .2C .1D .0 答案:B解析:设f (x )与g (x )图象的交点坐标为(x ,y ),则y =2ln x ,y =x 2-4x +5,联立得2ln x =x 2-4x +5,令h (x )=x 2-4x +5-2ln x (x >0),由h ′(x )=2x -4-2x=0得x 1=1+x 2=1舍).当h ′(x )<0时,即x ∈(0,1时,h (x )单调递减;当h ′(x )>0,即x ∈(1+∞)时,h (x )单调递增. 又∵h (1)=2>0,h (2)=1-2ln 2<0,h (4)=5-2ln 4>0,∴h (x )与x 轴必有两个交点,故答案为B .6.(2013湖南,理6)已知a ,b 是单位向量,a·b =0,若向量c 满足|c -a -b |=1,则|c |的取值范围是( ).A .11]B .12]C .[11]D .[12] 答案:A解析:由题意,不妨令a =(0,1),b =(1,0),c =(x ,y ),由|c -a -b |=1得(x -1)2+(y -1)2=1,|c |可看做(x ,y )到原点的距离,而点(x ,y )在以(1,1)为圆心,以1为半径的圆上.如图所示,当点(x ,y )在位置P 时到原点的距离最近,在位置P ′时最远,而PO 1,P ′O 1,故选A .7.(2013湖南,理7)已知棱长为1的正方体的俯视图是一个面积为1的正方形,则该正方体的正视图的面积不可能等于( ).A .1BC .12D .12答案:C解析:cos θ,如图所示.故正视图的面积为Sθ(0≤θ≤π4), ∴1≤S,而1<12,故面积不可能等于12. 8.(2013湖南,理8)在等腰直角三角形ABC 中,AB =AC =4,点P 为边AB 上异于A ,B 的一点,光线从点P 出发,经BC ,CA 反射后又回到点P .若光线QR 经过△ABC 的重心,则AP 等于( ).A .2B .1C .83D .43答案:D解析:以A 为原点,AB 为x 轴,AC 为y 轴建立直角坐标系如图所示.则A (0,0),B (4,0),C (0,4).设△ABC 的重心为D ,则D 点坐标为44,33⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭. 设P 点坐标为(m,0),则P 点关于y 轴的对称点P 1为(-m,0),因为直线BC 方程为x +y -4=0,所以P 点关于BC 的对称点P 2为(4,4-m ),根据光线反射原理,P 1,P 2均在QR 所在直线上,∴12P D P D k k =,即4443344433mm -+=+-, 解得,m =43或m =0.当m =0时,P 点与A 点重合,故舍去. ∴m =43. 二、填空题:本大题共8小题,考生作答7小题,每小题5分,共35分.(一)选做题(请考生在第9,10,11三题中任选两题作答,如果全做,则按前两题记分) 9.(2013湖南,理9)在平面直角坐标系xOy 中,若直线l :,x t y t a=⎧⎨=-⎩(t 为参数)过椭圆C :3cos ,2sin x y ϕϕ=⎧⎨=⎩(φ为参数)的右顶点,则常数a 的值为__________.答案:3解析:由题意知在直角坐标系下,直线l 的方程为y =x -a ,椭圆的方程为22194x y +=,所以其右顶点为(3,0).由题意知0=3-a ,解得a =3.10.(2013湖南,理10)已知a ,b ,c ∈R ,a +2b +3c =6,则a 2+4b 2+9c 2的最小值为__________.答案:12解析:由柯西不等式得(12+12+12)(a 2+4b 2+9c 2)≥(a +2b +3c )2,即a 2+4b 2+9c 2≥12,当a =2b =3c =2时等号成立,所以a 2+4b 2+9c 2的最小值为12. 11.(2013湖南,理11)如图,在半径为7的O 中,弦AB ,CD 相交于点P ,P A =PB =2,PD =1,则圆心O 到弦CD 的距离为__________.解析:如图所示,取CD 中点E ,连结OE ,OC .由圆内相交弦定理知PD ·PC =P A ·PB ,所以PC =4,CD =5,则CE =5,OC .所以O 到CD 距离为OE 2=.(二)必做题(12~16题) 12.(2013湖南,理12)若0T⎰x 2d x =9,则常数T 的值为__________.答案:3 解析:∵313x '⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭=x 2,∴T ⎰x 2d x =13x 30|T =13T 3-0=9,∴T =3. 13.(2013湖南,理13)执行如图所示的程序框图,如果输入a =1,b =2,则输出的a的值为__________.答案:9解析:输入a =1,b =2,不满足a >8,故a =3; a =3不满足a >8,故a =5; a =5不满足a >8,故a =7;a =7不满足a >8,故a =9,满足a >8,终止循环.输出a =9.14.(2013湖南,理14)设F 1,F 2是双曲线C :22221x y a b-=(a >0,b >0)的两个焦点,P是C 上一点.若|PF 1|+|PF 2|=6a ,且△PF 1F 2的最小内角为30°,则C 的离心率为__________.解析:不妨设|PF 1|>|PF 2|,由1212||||6,||||2PF PF a PF PF a+=⎧⎨-=⎩可得12||4,||2.PF a PF a =⎧⎨=⎩∵2a <2c ,∴∠PF 1F 2=30°,∴cos 30°=222242224c a a a()+()-()⨯⨯,整理得,c 2+3a 2-=0,即e 2-+3=0,∴e =.15.(2013湖南,理15)设S n 为数列{a n }的前n 项和,S n =(-1)n a n -12n ,n ∈N *,则(1)a 3=__________;(2)S 1+S 2+…+S 100=__________. 答案:(1)116-(2)10011132⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭16.(2013湖南,理16)设函数f (x )=a x +b x -c x ,其中c >a >0,c >b >0.(1)记集合M ={(a ,b ,c )|a ,b ,c 不能构成一个三角形的三条边长,且a =b },则(a ,b ,c )∈M 所对应的f (x )的零点的取值集合为__________;(2)若a ,b ,c 是△ABC 的三条边长,则下列结论正确的是__________.(写出所有正确结论的序号)①∀x ∈(-∞,1),f (x )>0;②∃x ∈R ,使a x ,b x ,c x 不能构成一个三角形的三条边长; ③若△ABC 为钝角三角形,则∃x ∈(1,2),使f (x )=0. 答案:(1){x |0<x ≤1} (2)①②③三、解答题:本大题共6小题,共75分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.17.(2013湖南,理17)(本小题满分12分)已知函数ππ()sin cos 63f x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫=-+- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,g (x )=22sin2x.(1)若α是第一象限角,且f (α)g (α)的值; (2)求使f (x )≥g (x )成立的x 的取值集合. 解:ππ()sin cos 63f x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫=-+- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭x -12cos x +12cos x xx ,g (x )=22sin 2x =1-cos x .(1)由f (α)得sin α=35.又α是第一象限角,所以cos α>0.从而g (α)=1-cos α=1 =41155-=.(2)f (x )≥g (x )x ≥1-cos x x +cos x ≥1.于是π1sin 62x ⎛⎫+≥ ⎪⎝⎭. 从而2k π+π6≤x +π6≤2k π+5π6,k ∈Z ,即2k π≤x ≤2k π+2π3,k ∈Z .故使f (x )≥g (x )成立的x 的取值集合为2π|2π2π,3x k x k k ⎧⎫≤≤+∈⎨⎬⎩⎭Z .18.(2013湖南,理18)(本小题满分12分)某人在如图所示的直角边长为4米的三角形地块的每个格点(指纵、横直线的交叉点以及三角形的顶点)处都种了一株相同品种的作物.根据历年的种植经验,一株该种作物的年收获量Y (单位:kg)与它的“相近”作物株数X 之间的关系如下表所示:米.(1)从三角形地块的内部和边界上分别随机选取一株作物,求它们恰好“相近”的概率; (2)从所种作物中随机选取一株,求它的年收获量的分布列与数学期望.解:(1)所种作物总株数N =1+2+3+4+5=15,其中三角形地块内部的作物株数为3,边界上的作物株数为12.从三角形地块的内部和边界上分别随机选取一株的不同结果有11312C C =36种,选取的两株作物恰好“相近”的不同结果有3+3+2=8种.故从三角形地块的内部和边界上分别随机选取一株作物,它们恰好“相近”的概率为82369=. (2)先求从所种作物中随机选取的一株作物的年收获量Y 的分布列.因为P (Y =51)=P (X =1),P (Y =48)=P (X =2),P (Y =45)=P (X =3),P (Y =42)=P (X =4), 所以只需求出P (X =k )(k =1,2,3,4)即可.记n k 为其“相近”作物恰有k 株的作物株数(k =1,2,3,4),则 n 1=2,n 2=4,n 3=6,n 4=3. 由P (X =k )=kn N得 P (X =1)=215,P (X =2)=415,P (X =3)=62155=,P (X =4)=31155=. 故所求的分布列为所求的数学期望为 E (Y )=51×215+48×415+45×25+42×15=346490425+++=46. 19.(2013湖南,理19)(本小题满分12分)如图,在直棱柱ABCD -A 1B 1C 1D 1中,AD ∥BC ,∠BAD =90°,AC ⊥BD ,BC =1,AD =AA 1=3.(1)证明:AC⊥B1D;(2)求直线B1C1与平面ACD1所成角的正弦值.解法1:(1)如图,因为BB1⊥平面ABCD,AC⊂平面ABCD,所以AC⊥BB1.又AC⊥BD,所以AC⊥平面BB1D.而B1D⊂平面BB1D,所以AC⊥B1D.(2)因为B1C1∥AD,所以直线B1C1与平面ACD1所成的角等于直线AD与平面ACD1所成的角(记为θ).如图,连结A1D,因为棱柱ABCD-A1B1C1D1是直棱柱,且∠B1A1D1=∠BAD=90°,所以A1B1⊥平面ADD1A1.从而A1B1⊥AD1.又AD=AA1=3,所以四边形ADD1A1是正方形,于是A1D⊥AD1.故AD1⊥平面A1B1D,于是AD1⊥B1D.由(1)知,AC⊥B1D,所以B1D⊥平面ACD1.故∠ADB1=90°-θ.在直角梯形ABCD中,因为AC⊥BD,所以∠BAC=∠ADB.从而Rt△ABC∽Rt△DAB,故AB BCDA AB=.即AB=.连结AB1,易知△AB1D是直角三角形,且B1D2=BB12+BD2=BB12+AB2+AD2=21,即B1D在Rt△AB1D中,cos∠ADB1=17AD B D ==,即cos(90°-θ).从而sin θ=7.即直线B1C1与平面ACD1所成角的正弦值为7.解法2:(1)易知,AB,AD,AA1两两垂直.如图,以A为坐标原点,AB,AD,AA1所在直线分别为x轴,y轴,z轴建立空间直角坐标系.设AB=t,则相关各点的坐标为:A(0,0,0),B(t,0,0),B1(t,0,3),C(t,1,0),C1(t,1,3),D(0,3,0),D1(0,3,3).从而1B D =(-t,3,-3),AC =(t,1,0),BD =(-t,3,0).因为AC ⊥BD ,所以AC ·BD =-t 2+3+0=0.解得t =或t =(舍去). 于是1B D =(3-,3,-3),AC =(3,1,0).因为AC ·1B D =-3+3+0=0,所以AC ⊥1B D ,即AC ⊥B 1D . (2)由(1)知,1AD =(0,3,3),AC =,1,0),11B C =(0,1,0). 设n =(x ,y ,z )是平面ACD 1的一个法向量,则10,0,AC AD ⎧⋅=⎪⎨⋅=⎪⎩n n 即0,330.y y z+=+=⎪⎩ 令x =1,则n =(1,).设直线B 1C 1与平面ACD 1所成角为θ,则 sin θ=|cos 〈n ,11B C 〉|=1111B C B C ⋅⋅n n7=. 即直线B 1C 1与平面ACD 1所成角的正弦值为7. 20.(2013湖南,理20)(本小题满分13分)在平面直角坐标系xOy 中,将从点M 出发沿纵、横方向到达点N 的任一路径称为M 到N 的一条“L 路径”.如图所示的路径MM 1M 2M 3N 与路径MN 1N 都是M 到N 的“L 路径”.某地有三个新建的居民区,分别位于平面xOy 内三点A (3,20),B (-10,0),C (14,0)处.现计划在x 轴上方区域(包含x 轴)内的某一点P 处修建一个文化中心.(1)写出点P 到居民区A 的“L 路径”长度最小值的表达式(不要求证明):(2)若以原点O 为圆心,半径为1的圆的内部是保护区,“L 路径”不能进入保护区,请确定点P 的位置,使其到三个居民区的“L 路径”长度之和最小.解:设点P 的坐标为(x ,y ).(1)点P 到居民区A 的“L 路径”长度最小值为 |x -3|+|y -20|,x ∈R ,y ∈[0,+∞).(2)由题意知,点P 到三个居民区的“L 路径”长度之和的最小值为点P 分别到三个居民区的“L 路径”长度最小值之和(记为d )的最小值.①当y ≥1时,d =|x +10|+|x -14|+|x -3|+2|y |+|y -20|, 因为d 1(x )=|x +10|+|x -14|+|x -3|≥|x +10|+|x -14|,(*) 当且仅当x =3时,不等式(*)中的等号成立, 又因为|x +10|+|x -14|≥24,(**)当且仅当x ∈[-10,14]时,不等式(**)中的等号成立. 所以d 1(x )≥24,当且仅当x =3时,等号成立. d 2(y )=2y +|y -20|≥21,当且仅当y =1时,等号成立.故点P 的坐标为(3,1)时,P 到三个居民区的“L 路径”长度之和最小,且最小值为45. ②当0≤y ≤1时,由于“L 路径”不能进入保护区, 所以d =|x +10|+|x -14|+|x -3|+1+|1-y |+|y |+|y -20|, 此时,d 1(x )=|x +10|+|x -14|+|x -3|, d 2(y )=1+|1-y |+|y |+|y -20|=22-y ≥21.由①知,d 1(x )≥24,故d 1(x )+d 2(y )≥45,当且仅当x =3,y =1时等号成立.综上所述,在点P (3,1)处修建文化中心,可使该文化中心到三个居民区的“L 路径”长度之和最小.21.(2013湖南,理21)(本小题满分13分)过抛物线E :x 2=2py (p >0)的焦点F 作斜率分别为k 1,k 2的两条不同直线l 1,l 2,且k 1+k 2=2,l 1与E 相交于点A ,B ,l 2与E 相交于点C ,D ,以AB ,CD 为直径的圆M ,圆N (M ,N 为圆心)的公共弦所在直线记为l .(1)若k 1>0,k 2>0,证明:FM ·FN <2p 2; (2)若点M 到直线l,求抛物线E 的方程. 解:(1)由题意,抛物线E 的焦点为F 0,2p ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭,直线l 1的方程为y =k 1x +2p ,由12,22p y k x x py⎧=+⎪⎨⎪=⎩得x 2-2pk 1x -p 2=0.设A ,B 两点的坐标分别为(x 1,y 1),(x 2,y 2), 则x 1,x 2是上述方程的两个实数根. 从而x 1+x 2=2pk 1,y 1+y 2=k 1(x 1+x 2)+p =2pk 12+p .所以点M 的坐标为211,2p pk pk ⎛⎫+⎪⎝⎭,FM =(pk 1,pk 12). 同理可得点N 的坐标为222,2p pk pk ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭,FN =(pk 2,pk 22).于是FM ·FN =p 2(k 1k 2+k 12k 22). 由题设,k 1+k 2=2,k 1>0,k 2>0,k 1≠k 2,所以0<k 1k 2<2122k k +⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭=1. 故FM ·FN <p 2(1+12)=2p 2. (2)由抛物线的定义得|F A |=y 1+2p ,|FB |=y 2+2p , 所以|AB |=y 1+y 2+p =2pk 12+2p .从而圆M 的半径r 1=pk 12+p ,故圆M 的方程为 (x -pk 1)2+2212p y pk ⎛⎫-- ⎪⎝⎭=(pk 12+p )2. 化简得x 2+y 2-2pk 1x -p (2k 12+1)y -34p 2=0. 同理可得圆N 的方程为x 2+y 2-2pk 2x -p (2k 22+1)y -34p 2=0. 于是圆M ,圆N 的公共弦所在直线l 的方程为(k 2-k 1)x +(k 22-k 12)y =0.又k 2-k 1≠0,k 1+k 2=2,则l 的方程为x +2y =0.因为p >0,所以点M 到直线l 的距离2d =22117248p k ⎡⎤⎛⎫++⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭故当k 1=14-时,d.5=p =8. 故所求的抛物线E 的方程为x 2=16y . 22.(2013湖南,理22)(本小题满分13分)已知a >0,函数f (x )=2x a x a -+. (1)记f (x )在区间[0,4]上的最大值为g (a ),求g (a )的表达式;(2)是否存在a ,使函数y =f (x )在区间(0,4)内的图象上存在两点,在该两点处的切线互相垂直?若存在,求a 的取值范围;若不存在,请说明理由.解:(1)当0≤x ≤a 时,f (x )=2a x x a -+; 当x >a 时,f (x )=2x a x a-+.因此,当x ∈(0,a )时,f ′(x )=232a x a -(+)<0,f (x )在(0,a )上单调递减; 当x ∈(a ,+∞)时,f ′(x )=232a x a (+)>0,f (x )在(a ,+∞)上单调递增. ①若a ≥4,则f (x )在(0,4)上单调递减,g (a )=f (0)=12. ②若0<a <4,则f (x )在(0,a )上单调递减,在(a,4)上单调递增.所以g (a )=max{f (0),f (4)}.而f (0)-f (4)=1412422a a a a---=++, 故当0<a ≤1时,g (a )=f (4)=442a a-+; 当1<a <4时,g (a )=f (0)=12. 综上所述,g (a )=4,01,421, 1.2a a a a -⎧<≤⎪⎪+⎨⎪>⎪⎩ (2)由(1)知,当a ≥4时,f (x )在(0,4)上单调递减,故不满足要求.当0<a <4时,f (x )在(0,a )上单调递减,在(a,4)上单调递增.若存在x 1,x 2∈(0,4)(x 1<x 2),使曲线y =f (x )在(x 1,f (x 1)),(x 2,f (x 2))两点处的切线互相垂直,则x 1∈(0,a ),x 2∈(a,4),且f ′(x 1)·f ′(x 2)=-1, 即221233122a a x a x a -⋅=-(+)(+). 亦即x 1+2a =232a x a +.(*) 由x 1∈(0,a ),x 2∈(a,4)得x 1+2a ∈(2a,3a ),232a x a +∈3,142a a ⎛⎫ ⎪+⎝⎭. 故(*)成立等价于集合A ={x |2a <x <3a }与集合B =3142a xx a ⎧⎫<<⎨⎪+⎩⎭的交集非空. 因为342a a +<3a ,所以当且仅当0<2a <1,即0<a <12时,A ∩B ≠∅. 综上所述,存在a 使函数f (x )在区间(0,4)内的图象上存在两点,在该两点处的切线互相垂直,且a 的取值范围是10,2⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭.。
2013年⾼考英语试题及答案(全国卷)★启⽤前2013年普通⾼等学校招⽣全国统⼀考试(新课标Ⅱ卷) 英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(⾮选择题)两部分。
考试结束,将试题卷和答题卡⼀并交回。
第Ⅰ卷注意事项: 1.答第Ⅰ卷时,考⽣务必将⾃⼰的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2. 选出每⼩题答案后,⽤2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题⽬的答案标号涂⿊,如需改动,⽤橡⽪擦⼲净后,再选涂其他答案标号框。
不能答在试卷上,否则⽆效。
第⼀部分英语知识运⽤(共两节,满分45分)单项填空(共15⼩题:每⼩题1分,满分15分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填⼊空⽩处的选项,并在答题卡上将该选项涂⿊。
例:It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever答案是B。
1.--I'm sorry I made a mistake!-- Nobody is perfect.A. Take your timeB. You're rightC.Whatever you sayD. Take it easy2. Would you like to with us to the film tonight?A. come alongB. come offC. come acrossD. come through3. I was glad to meet Jenny again, I didn't want to spend all day with her. A. butB. andC.soD.or4. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_ I would be staying.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which5.I got to the office earlier that day, the 7:30 train from PaddingtonA.caughlB. to have caughtC. to catchD. having caught6. Since nobody gave him any help, he have done the research on his own.A. canB. mustC. wouldD. need7. We very early so we packed the night before.A. leaveB. had leftC. were leavingD.have left8. The watch was very good, and he 20 percent down for it.A. a good oneB. a better oneC. the best oneD. a best one10. It was only after he had read the papers Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete. AwhenB. thatC. whichD. what11 A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.A. againstB. beforeC. beyondD. without12. Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent properly in this hospital. A. can be the patientsB. can the patients be treatedC. the patients can be treatedD.treated can be the patients13.Four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.A.a;aB. the; theC.不填;theD.a;不填14. It's an either-or situation - we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do . A.others B. eitherC.anotherD. both 15. -Are you sure you won't come for a drink with us? - ,if you insist A. Not at all B. It depends C. All right then D.I don't care 第⼆节完形填空(共20⼩题;每⼩题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下⾯短⽂,从短⽂后⾯各题锁哥的四个选项(A、 B、C 和 D)中选出可以填⼊空⽩处的选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂⿊。
2013年全国统一高考物理试卷(新课标Ⅱ)一、选择题:本题共8小题,每小题6分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,第1~5题只有一项符合题目要求,第6~8题有多项符合题目要求.全部选对的得6分,选对但不全的得3分,有选错的得0分.1.(6分)一物块静止在粗糙的水平桌面上。
从某时刻开始,物块受到一方向不变的水平拉力作用。
假设物块与桌面间的最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力。
以a 表示物块的加速度大小,F表示水平拉力的大小。
能正确描述F与a之间的关系的图象是()A.B.C.D.2.(6分)如图,在固定斜面上的一物块受到一外力F的作用,F平行于斜面向上。
若要物块在斜面上保持静止,F的取值应有一定范围,已知其最大值和最小值分别为F1和F2.由此可求出()A.物块的质量B.斜面的倾角C.物块与斜面间的最大静摩擦力D.物块对斜面的正压力3.(6分)如图,在光滑水平桌面上有一边长为L、电阻为R的正方形导线框;在导线框右侧有一宽度为d(d>L)的条形匀强磁场区域,磁场的边界与导线框的一边平行,磁场方向竖直向下。
导线框以某一初速度向右运动。
t=0时导线框的右边恰与磁场的左边界重合,随后导线框进入并通过磁场区域。
下列v ﹣t图象中,可能正确描述上述过程的是()A.B.C.D.4.(6分)空间有一圆柱形匀强磁场区域,该区域的横截面的半径为R,磁场方向垂直横截面。
一质量为m、电荷量为q(q>0)的粒子以速率v0沿横截面的某直径射入磁场,离开磁场时速度方向偏离入射方向60°.不计重力,该磁场的磁感应强度大小为()A.B.C.D.5.(6分)如图,在光滑绝缘水平面上,三个带电小球a、b和c分别位于边长为l的正三角形的三个顶点上;a、b带正电,电荷量均为q,c带负电。
整个系统置于方向水平的匀强电场中。
已知静电力常量为k。
若三个小球均处于静止状态,则匀强电场场强的大小为()A.B.C.D.6.(6分)在物理学发展过程中,观测、实验、假说和逻辑推理等方法都起到了重要作用。
2013年普通高等学校夏季招生全国统一考试数学理工农医类(大纲全国卷)一、选择题:本大题共12小题,每小题5分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的. 1.(2013大纲全国,理1)设集合A ={1,2,3},B ={4,5},M ={x |x =a +b ,a ∈A ,b ∈B },则M 中元素的个数为( ).A .3B .4C .5D .62.(2013大纲全国,理2)3=( ).A .-8B .8C .-8iD .8i3.(2013大纲全国,理3)已知向量m =(λ+1,1),n =(λ+2,2),若(m +n )⊥(m -n ),则λ=( ).A .-4B .-3C .-2D .-14.(2013大纲全国,理4)已知函数f (x )的定义域为(-1,0),则函数f (2x +1)的定义域为( ).A .(-1,1)B .11,2⎛⎫-- ⎪⎝⎭ C .(-1,0) D .1,12⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭ 5.(2013大纲全国,理5)函数f (x )=21log 1x ⎛⎫+⎪⎝⎭(x >0)的反函数f -1(x )=( ). A .121x -(x >0) B .121x-(x≠0) C .2x -1(x ∈R) D .2x -1(x >0)6.(2013大纲全国,理6)已知数列{a n }满足3a n +1+a n =0,a 2=43-,则{a n }的前10项和等于( ). A .-6(1-3-10) B .19(1-310) C .3(1-3-10) D .3(1+3-10)7.(2013大纲全国,理7)(1+x )8(1+y )4的展开式中x 2y 2的系数是( ).A .56B .84C .112D .1688.(2013大纲全国,理8)椭圆C :22=143x y +的左、右顶点分别为A 1,A 2,点P 在C 上且直线PA 2斜率的取值范围是[-2,-1],那么直线PA 1斜率的取值范围是( ).A .13,24⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦ B .33,84⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦ C .1,12⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦ D .3,14⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦ 9.(2013大纲全国,理9)若函数f (x )=x 2+ax +1x 在1,2⎛⎫+∞ ⎪⎝⎭是增函数,则a 的取值范围是( ). A .[-1,0] B .[-1,+∞) C .[0,3] D .[3,+∞)10.(2013大纲全国,理10)已知正四棱柱ABCD -A 1B 1C 1D 1中,AA 1=2AB ,则CD 与平面BDC 1所成角的正弦值等于( ).A .23 B.3 C.3 D .1311.(2013大纲全国,理11)已知抛物线C :y 2=8x 与点M (-2,2),过C 的焦点且斜率为k 的直线与C 交于A ,B 两点.若0MA MB ⋅=,则k =( ).A .12 B.2 CD .212.(2013大纲全国,理12)已知函数f (x )=cos x sin 2x ,下列结论中错误的是( ).A .y =f(x)的图像关于点(π,0)中心对称B .y =f(x)的图像关于直线π=2x 对称C .f(x)的最大值为2 D .f(x)既是奇函数,又是周期函数二、填空题:本大题共4小题,每小题5分.13.(2013大纲全国,理13)已知α是第三象限角,sin α=13-,则cot α=__________. 14.(2013大纲全国,理14)6个人排成一行,其中甲、乙两人不相邻的不同排法共有__________种.(用数字作答)15.(2013大纲全国,理15)记不等式组0,34,34x x y x y ≥⎧⎪+≥⎨⎪+≤⎩所表示的平面区域为D .若直线y =a (x +1)与D 有公共点,则a 的取值范围是__________.16.(2013大纲全国,理16)已知圆O 和圆K 是球O 的大圆和小圆,其公共弦长等于球O 的半径,OK =32,且圆O 与圆K 所在的平面所成的一个二面角为60°,则球O 的表面积等于__________.三、解答题:解答应写出文字说明,证明过程或演算步骤.17.(2013大纲全国,理17)(本小题满分10分)等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n .已知S 3=22a ,且S 1,S 2,S 4成等比数列,求{a n }的通项公式.18.(2013大纲全国,理18)(本小题满分12分)设△ABC 的内角A ,B ,C 的对边分别为a ,b ,c ,(a +b +c )(a -b +c )=ac . (1)求B ; (2)若sin A sin C=14,求C .19.(2013大纲全国,理19)(本小题满分12分)如图,四棱锥P-ABCD中,∠ABC=∠BAD=90°,BC=2AD,△PAB和△PAD都是等边三角形.(1)证明:PB⊥CD;(2)求二面角A-PD-C的大小.20.(2013大纲全国,理20)(本小题满分12分)甲、乙、丙三人进行羽毛球练习赛,其中两人比赛,另一人当裁判,每局比赛结束时,负的一方在下一局当裁判.设各局中双方获胜的概率均为12,各局比赛的结果相互独立,第1局甲当裁判.(1)求第4局甲当裁判的概率;(2)X表示前4局中乙当裁判的次数,求X的数学期望.21.(2013大纲全国,理21)(本小题满分12分)已知双曲线C:2222=1x ya b(a>0,b>0)的左、右焦点分别为F1,F2,离心率为3,直线y=2与C.(1)求a,b;(2)设过F2的直线l与C的左、右两支分别交于A,B两点,且|AF1|=|BF1|,证明:|AF2|,|AB|,|BF2|成等比数列.22.(2013大纲全国,理22)(本小题满分12分)已知函数f(x)=1ln(1+)1x xxxλ(+)-+.(1)若x≥0时,f(x)≤0,求λ的最小值;(2)设数列{a n}的通项111=1+23nan+++,证明:a2n-a n+14n>ln 2.2013年普通高等学校夏季招生全国统一考试数学理工农医类(大纲全国卷)一、选择题:本大题共12小题,每小题5分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的. 1. 答案:B解析:由题意知x =a +b ,a ∈A ,b ∈B ,则x 的可能取值为5,6,7,8.因此集合M 共有4个元素.故选B. 2. 答案:A解析:323=13=8-.故选A.3. 答案:B解析:由(m +n )⊥(m -n )⇒|m |2-|n |2=0⇒(λ+1)2+1-[(λ+2)2+4]=0⇒λ=-3.故选B. 4. 答案:B解析:由题意知-1<2x +1<0,则-1<x <12-.故选B. 5. 答案:A解析:由题意知11+x=2y⇒x =121y -(y >0),因此f -1(x )=121x -(x >0).故选A. 6. 答案:C解析:∵3a n +1+a n =0,∴a n +1=13n a -.∴数列{a n }是以13-为公比的等比数列.∵a 2=43-,∴a 1=4. ∴S 10=101413113⎡⎤⎛⎫--⎢⎥⎪⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦+=3(1-3-10).故选C.7.答案:D解析:因为(1+x )8的展开式中x 2的系数为28C ,(1+y )4的展开式中y 2的系数为24C ,所以x 2y 2的系数为2284C C 168=.故选D. 8. 答案:B解析:设P 点坐标为(x 0,y 0),则2200=143x y +, 2002PA y k x =-,1002PA y k x =+,于是12220222003334244PA PA x y k k x x -⋅===---.故12314PA PA k k =-. ∵2PA k ∈[-2,-1], ∴133,84PA k ⎡⎤∈⎢⎥⎣⎦.故选B.9. 答案:D解析:由条件知f ′(x )=2x +a -21x ≥0在1,2⎛⎫+∞ ⎪⎝⎭上恒成立,即212a x x ≥-在1,2⎛⎫+∞ ⎪⎝⎭上恒成立.∵函数212y x x =-在1,2⎛⎫+∞ ⎪⎝⎭上为减函数,∴max 211<23212y -⨯=⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭.∴a ≥3.故选D. 10. 答案:A解析:如下图,连结AC 交BD 于点O ,连结C 1O ,过C 作CH ⊥C 1O 于点H .∵11BD ACBD AA AC AA A ⊥⎫⎪⊥⎬⎪=⎭1111BD ACC A CH ACC A ⊥⎫⎬⊂⎭平面平面11=CH BDCH C O BD C O O ⊥⎫⎪⊥⎬⎪⎭CH ⊥平面C 1BD ,∴∠HDC 为CD 与平面BDC 1所成的角.设AA 1=2AB =2,则=2AC OC,1C O =由等面积法,得C 1O ·CH =OC ·CC 12CH , ∴2=3CH . ∴sin ∠HDC =223==13HC DC .故选A.11. 答案:D解析:由题意知抛物线C 的焦点坐标为(2,0),则直线AB 的方程为y =k (x -2),将其代入y 2=8x ,得k 2x 2-4(k2+2)x +4k 2=0.设A (x 1,y 1),B (x 2,y 2),则x 1+x 2=2242k k (+),x 1x 2=4.①由112222y k x y k x =(-)⎧⎨=(-)⎩∵0MA MB ⋅=,∴(x 1+2,y 1-2)·(x 2+2,y 2-2)=0. ∴(x 1+2)(x 2+2)+(y 1-2)(y 2-2)=0, 即x 1x 2+2(x 1+x 2)+4+y 1y 2-2(y 1+y 2)+4=0.④ 由①②③④解得k =2.故选D. 12. 答案:C解析:由题意知f (x )=2cos 2x ·sin x =2(1-sin 2x )sin x . 令t =sin x ,t ∈[-1,1], 则g (t )=2(1-t 2)t =2t -2t 3. 令g ′(t )=2-6t 2=0,得=t ±. 当t =±1时,函数值为0;当t =;当t =.∴g (t )max ,即f (x )的最大值为9.故选C. 二、填空题:本大题共4小题,每小题5分.13.答案:解析:由题意知cos α=3==-.故cot α=cos sin αα14.答案:480解析:先排除甲、乙外的4人,方法有44A 种,再将甲、乙插入这4人形成的5个间隔中,有25A 种排法,因此甲、乙不相邻的不同排法有4245A A 480⋅=(种).15.答案:1,42⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦解析:作出题中不等式组表示的可行域如图中阴影部分所示. ∵直线y =a (x +1)过定点C (-1,0),由图并结合题意可知12BC k =,k AC =4,∴要使直线y =a (x +1)与平面区域D 有公共点, 则12≤a ≤4. 16.答案:16π解析:如下图,设MN 为两圆的公共弦,E 为MN 的中点, 则OE ⊥MN ,KE ⊥MN ,结合题意可知∠OEK =60°.又MN =R ,∴△OMN 为正三角形.∴OE =2R .又OK ⊥EK ,∴32=OE ·sin 60°=22R ⋅∴R =2.∴S =4πR 2=16π.三、解答题:解答应写出文字说明,证明过程或演算步骤.17.解:设{a n }的公差为d .由S 3=22a 得3a 2=22a ,故a 2=0或a 2=3. 由S 1,S 2,S 4成等比数列得22S =S 1S 4. 又S 1=a 2-d ,S 2=2a 2-d ,S 4=4a 2+2d , 故(2a 2-d )2=(a 2-d )(4a 2+2d ).若a 2=0,则d 2=-2d 2,所以d =0,此时S n =0,不合题意; 若a 2=3,则(6-d )2=(3-d )(12+2d ),解得d =0或d =2. 因此{a n }的通项公式为a n =3或a n =2n -1. 18.解:(1)因为(a +b +c )(a -b +c )=ac ,所以a 2+c 2-b 2=-ac .由余弦定理得cos B =222122a cb ac +-=-, 因此B =120°.(2)由(1)知A +C =60°,所以cos(A -C )=cos A cos C +sin A sin C =cos A cos C -sin A sin C +2sin A sin C =cos(A +C )+2sin A sin C=11+2242⨯=, 故A -C =30°或A -C =-30°, 因此C =15°或C =45°. 19.(1)证明:取BC 的中点E ,连结DE ,则ABED 为正方形. 过P 作PO ⊥平面ABCD ,垂足为O .连结OA ,OB ,OD ,OE .由△PAB 和△PAD 都是等边三角形知PA =PB =PD , 所以OA =OB =OD ,即点O 为正方形ABED 对角线的交点, 故OE ⊥BD ,从而PB ⊥OE .因为O 是BD 的中点,E 是BC 的中点,所以OE ∥CD .因此PB ⊥CD .(2)解法一:由(1)知CD ⊥PB ,CD ⊥PO ,PB ∩PO =P ,故CD ⊥平面PBD .又PD ⊂平面PBD ,所以CD ⊥PD .取PD 的中点F ,PC 的中点G ,连结FG ,则FG ∥CD ,FG ⊥PD .连结AF ,由△APD 为等边三角形可得AF ⊥PD .所以∠AFG 为二面角A -PD -C 的平面角.连结AG ,EG ,则EG ∥PB .又PB ⊥AE ,所以EG ⊥AE .设AB =2,则AE =,EG =12PB =1,故AG 3.在△AFG 中,FG =12CD =,AF =AG =3,所以cos ∠AFG =22223FG AF AG FG AF +-=-⨯⨯因此二面角A -PD -C 的大小为π-解法二:由(1)知,OE ,OB ,OP 两两垂直.以O 为坐标原点,OE 的方向为x 轴的正方向建立如图所示的空间直角坐标系O -xyz .设|AB |=2,则A (,0,0),D (0,,0),C (,0),P (0,0).PC =(,),PD =(0,,).AP =,0),AD =,,0).设平面PCD 的法向量为n 1=(x ,y ,z ),则n 1·PC =(x ,y ,z )·(,)=0,n 1·PD =(x ,y ,z )·(0,,)=0,可得2x -y -z =0,y +z =0.取y =-1,得x =0,z =1,故n 1=(0,-1,1).设平面PAD 的法向量为n 2=(m ,p ,q ),则n 2·AP =(m ,p ,q ,0)=0,n 2·AD =(m ,p ,q ,,0)=0,可得m+q=0,m-p=0.取m=1,得p=1,q=-1,故n2=(1,1,-1).于是cos〈n1,n2〉=1212||||3=-·n nn n.由于〈n1,n2〉等于二面角A-PD-C的平面角,所以二面角A-PD-C的大小为π-20.解:(1)记A1表示事件“第2局结果为甲胜”,A2表示事件“第3局甲参加比赛时,结果为甲负”,A表示事件“第4局甲当裁判”.则A=A1·A2.P(A)=P(A1·A2)=P(A1)P(A2)=14.(2)X的可能取值为0,1,2.记A3表示事件“第3局乙和丙比赛时,结果为乙胜丙”,B1表示事件“第1局结果为乙胜丙”,B2表示事件“第2局乙和甲比赛时,结果为乙胜甲”,B3表示事件“第3局乙参加比赛时,结果为乙负”.则P(X=0)=P(B1·B2·A3)=P(B1)P(B2)·P(A3)=18,P(X=2)=P(1B·B3)=P(1B)P(B3)=14,P(X=1)=1-P(X=0)-P(X=2)=1151848--=,EX=0·P(X=0)+1·P(X=1)+2·P(X=2)=98.21.(1)解:由题设知ca=3,即222a ba+=9,故b2=8a2.所以C的方程为8x2-y2=8a2.将y=2代入上式,求得x=由题设知,=a2=1.所以a=1,b=(2)证明:由(1)知,F1(-3,0),F2(3,0),C的方程为8x2-y2=8.①由题意可设l的方程为y=k(x-3),k(k2-8)x2-6k2x+9k2+8=0.设A(x1,y1),B(x2,y2),则x1≤-1,x2≥1,x1+x2=2268kk-,x1·x2=22988kk+-.于是|AF1|=-(3x1+1),|BF1|3x2+1.由|AF1|=|BF1|得-(3x1+1)=3x2+1,即x1+x2=23 -.故226283kk=--,解得k2=45,从而x1·x2=199-.由于|AF2|=1-3x1,|BF2|3x2-1,故|AB|=|AF2|-|BF2|=2-3(x1+x2)=4,|AF2|·|BF2|=3(x1+x2)-9x1x2-1=16. 因而|AF2|·|BF2|=|AB|2,所以|AF2|,|AB|,|BF2|成等比数列.22.(1)解:由已知f(0)=0,f′(x)=22121x xxλλ(-)-(+),f′(0)=0.若12λ<,则当0<x<2(1-2λ)时,f′(x)>0,所以f(x)>0.若12λ≥,则当x>0时,f′(x)<0,所以当x>0时,f(x)<0.综上,λ的最小值是12.(2)证明:令12λ=.由(1)知,当x>0时,f(x)<0,即2ln(1) 22x xxx(+)>++.取1xk=,则211>ln21k kk k k++(+).于是212111 422(1)n n n k n a a n k k -=⎡⎤-+=+⎢⎥+⎣⎦∑ =2121211ln 21n n k n k n k k k k k --==++>(+)∑∑ =ln 2n -ln n =ln 2.所以21ln 24n n a a n-+>. 2013年普通高等学校夏季招生全国统一考试数学理工农医类(全国新课标卷I)第Ⅰ卷一、选择题:本大题共12小题,每小题5分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.1.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理1)已知集合A ={x |x 2-2x >0},B ={x |-5<x <5},则( ).A .A ∩B = B .A ∪B =RC .B ⊆AD .A ⊆B2.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理2)若复数z 满足(3-4i)z =|4+3i|,则z 的虚部为( ).A .-4B .45-C .4 D .45 3.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理3)为了解某地区的中小学生的视力情况,拟从该地区的中小学生中抽取部分学生进行调查,事先已了解到该地区小学、初中、高中三个学段学生的视力情况有较大差异,而男女生视力情况差异不大.在下面的抽样方法中,最合理的抽样方法是( ).A .简单随机抽样B .按性别分层抽样C .按学段分层抽样D .系统抽样4.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理4)已知双曲线C :2222=1x y a b-(a >0,b >0)的离心率为52,则C 的渐近线方程为( ).A .y =14x ±B .y =13x ±C .y =12x± D .y =±x 5.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理5)执行下面的程序框图,如果输入的t ∈[-1,3],则输出的s 属于( ).A .[-3,4]B .[-5,2]C .[-4,3]D .[-2,5]6.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理6)如图,有一个水平放置的透明无盖的正方体容器,容器高8 cm ,将一个球放在容器口,再向容器内注水,当球面恰好接触水面时测得水深为6 cm ,如果不计容器的厚度,则球的体积为( ).A .500π3cm3B .866π3cm3C .1372π3cm3D .2048π3cm37.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理7)设等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,若S m -1=-2,S m =0,S m +1=3,则m =( ).A .3B .4C .5D .68.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理8)某几何体的三视图如图所示,则该几何体的体积为( ).A .16+8πB .8+8πC .16+16πD .8+16π9.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理9)设m 为正整数,(x +y )2m 展开式的二项式系数的最大值为a ,(x +y )2m +1展开式的二项式系数的最大值为b .若13a =7b ,则m =( ).A .5B .6C .7D .8 10.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理10)已知椭圆E :2222=1x y a b+(a >b >0)的右焦点为F (3,0),过点F 的直线交E 于A ,B 两点.若AB 的中点坐标为(1,-1),则E 的方程为( ).A .22=14536x y +B .22=13627x y +C .22=12718x y +D .22=1189x y +11.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理11)已知函数f (x )=220ln(1)0.x x x x x ⎧-+≤⎨+>⎩,,,若|f (x )|≥ax ,则a 的取值范围是( ).A .(-∞,0]B .(-∞,1]C .[-2,1]D .[-2,0]12.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理12)设△A n B n C n 的三边长分别为a n ,b n ,c n ,△A n B n C n 的面积为S n ,n =1,2,3,….若b 1>c 1,b 1+c 1=2a 1,a n +1=a n ,b n +1=2n n c a +,c n +1=2n n b a +,则( ). A .{Sn}为递减数列 B .{Sn}为递增数列C .{S2n -1}为递增数列,{S2n}为递减数列D .{S2n -1}为递减数列,{S2n}为递增数列第Ⅱ卷本卷包括必考题和选考题两部分.第(13)题~第(21)题为必考题,每个试题考生都必须做答.第(22)题~第(24)题为选考题,考生根据要求做答.二、填空题:本大题共4小题,每小题5分.13.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理13)已知两个单位向量a,b的夹角为60°,c=ta+(1-t)b.若b·c=0,则t =__________.14.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理14)若数列{an}的前n项和2133n nS a=+,则{an}的通项公式是an=_______.15.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理15)设当x=θ时,函数f(x)=sin x-2cos x取得最大值,则cos θ=__________.16.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理16)若函数f(x)=(1-x2)(x2+ax+b)的图像关于直线x=-2对称,则f(x)的最大值为__________.三、解答题:解答应写出文字说明,证明过程或演算步骤.17.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理17)(本小题满分12分)如图,在△ABC中,∠ABC=90°,AB,BC=1,P为△ABC内一点,∠BPC=90°.(1)若PB=12,求PA;(2)若∠APB=150°,求tan∠PBA.18.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理18)(本小题满分12分)如图,三棱柱ABC-A1B1C1中,CA=CB,AB=AA1,∠BAA1=60°.(1)证明:AB⊥A1C;(2)若平面ABC⊥平面AA1B1B,AB=CB,求直线A1C与平面BB1C1C所成角的正弦值.19.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理19)(本小题满分12分)一批产品需要进行质量检验,检验方案是:先从这批产品中任取4件作检验,这4件产品中优质品的件数记为n.如果n=3,再从这批产品中任取4件作检验,若都为优质品,则这批产品通过检验;如果n=4,再从这批产品中任取1件作检验,若为优质品,则这批产品通过检验;其他情况下,这批产品都不能通过检验.假设这批产品的优质品率为50%,即取出的每件产品是优质品的概率都为12,且各件产品是否为优质品相互独立.(1)求这批产品通过检验的概率;(2)已知每件产品的检验费用为100元,且抽取的每件产品都需要检验,对这批产品作质量检验所需的费用记为X(单位:元),求X的分布列及数学期望.20.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理20)(本小题满分12分)已知圆M:(x+1)2+y2=1,圆N:(x-1)2+y2=9,动圆P与圆M外切并且与圆N内切,圆心P的轨迹为曲线C.(1)求C的方程;(2)l是与圆P,圆M都相切的一条直线,l与曲线C交于A,B两点,当圆P的半径最长时,求|AB|.21.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理21)(本小题满分12分)设函数f(x)=x2+ax+b,g(x)=e x(cx+d).若曲线y=f(x)和曲线y=g(x)都过点P(0,2),且在点P处有相同的切线y=4x+2.(1)求a,b,c,d的值;(2)若x≥-2时,f(x)≤kg(x),求k的取值范围.请考生在第(22)、(23)、(24)三题中任选一题做答.注意:只能做所选定的题目.如果多做,则按所做的第一个题目计分,做答时请用2B铅笔在答题卡上将所选题号后的方框涂黑.22.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理22)(本小题满分10分)选修4—1:几何证明选讲如图,直线AB为圆的切线,切点为B,点C在圆上,∠ABC的角平分线BE交圆于点E,DB垂直BE交圆于点D.(1)证明:DB=DC;(2)设圆的半径为1,BC CE交AB于点F,求△BCF外接圆的半径.23.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理23)(本小题满分10分)选修4—4:坐标系与参数方程已知曲线C1的参数方程为45cos,55sinx ty t=+⎧⎨=+⎩(t为参数),以坐标原点为极点,x轴的正半轴为极轴建立极坐标系,曲线C2的极坐标方程为ρ=2sin θ.(1)把C1的参数方程化为极坐标方程;(2)求C1与C2交点的极坐标(ρ≥0,0≤θ<2π).24.(2013课标全国Ⅰ,理24)(本小题满分10分)选修4—5:不等式选讲:已知函数f(x)=|2x-1|+|2x+a|,g(x)=x+3.(1)当a=-2时,求不等式f(x)<g(x)的解集;(2)设a>-1,且当x∈1,22a⎡⎫-⎪⎢⎣⎭时,f(x)≤g(x),求a的取值范围.2013年普通高等学校夏季招生全国统一考试数学理工农医类(全国卷I 新课标)第Ⅰ卷一、选择题:本大题共12小题,每小题5分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的. 1.答案:B解析:∵x (x -2)>0,∴x <0或x >2.∴集合A 与B 可用图象表示为:由图象可以看出A ∪B =R ,故选B.2.答案:D解析:∵(3-4i)z =|4+3i|, ∴55(34i)34i 34i (34i)(34i)55z +===+--+. 故z 的虚部为45,选D. 3.答案:C 解析:因为学段层次差异较大,所以在不同学段中抽取宜用分层抽样.4.答案:C解析:∵c e a ==,∴22222254c a b e a a +===. ∴a 2=4b 2,1=2b a ±. ∴渐近线方程为12b y x x a =±±. 5.答案:A解析:若t ∈[-1,1),则执行s =3t ,故s ∈[-3,3).若t ∈[1,3],则执行s =4t -t 2,其对称轴为t =2.故当t =2时,s 取得最大值4.当t =1或3时,s 取得最小值3,则s ∈[3,4].综上可知,输出的s ∈[-3,4].故选A.6.答案:A解析:设球半径为R ,由题可知R ,R -2,正方体棱长一半可构成直角三角形,即△OBA 为直角三角形,如图.BC =2,BA =4,OB =R -2,OA =R ,由R 2=(R -2)2+42,得R =5, 所以球的体积为34500π5π33=(cm 3),故选A. 7.答案:C解析:∵S m -1=-2,S m =0,S m +1=3,∴a m =S m -S m -1=0-(-2)=2,a m +1=S m +1-S m =3-0=3.∴d =a m +1-a m =3-2=1.∵S m =ma 1+12m m (-)×1=0,∴112m a -=-. 又∵a m +1=a 1+m ×1=3,∴132m m --+=. ∴m =5.故选C.8.答案:A 解析:由三视图可知该几何体为半圆柱上放一个长方体,由图中数据可知圆柱底面半径r =2,长为4,在长方体中,长为4,宽为2,高为2,所以几何体的体积为πr 2×4×12+4×2×2=8π+16.故选A. 9.答案:B解析:由题意可知,a =2C m m ,b =21C m m +,又∵13a =7b ,∴2!21!13=7!!!1!m m m m m m ()(+)⋅⋅(+),即132171m m +=+.解得m =6.故选B. 10.答案:D解析:设A (x 1,y 1),B (x 2,y 2),∵A ,B 在椭圆上, ∴2211222222221,1,x y a b x y a b ⎧+=⎪⎪⎨⎪+=⎪⎩①② ①-②,得1212121222=0x x x x y y y y a b(+)(-)(+)(-)+, 即2121221212=y y y y b a x x x x (+)(-)-(+)(-), ∵AB 的中点为(1,-1),∴y 1+y 2=-2,x 1+x 2=2, 而1212y y x x --=k AB =011=312-(-)-,∴221=2b a . 又∵a 2-b 2=9,∴a 2=18,b 2=9. ∴椭圆E 的方程为22=1189x y +.故选D. 11.答案:D解析:由y =|f (x )|的图象知:①当x >0时,y =ax 只有a ≤0时,才能满足|f (x )|≥ax ,可排除B ,C.②当x ≤0时,y =|f (x )|=|-x 2+2x |=x 2-2x .故由|f (x )|≥ax 得x 2-2x ≥ax .当x =0时,不等式为0≥0成立.当x <0时,不等式等价于x -2≤a .∵x -2<-2,∴a ≥-2.综上可知:a ∈[-2,0].12.答案:B第Ⅱ卷本卷包括必考题和选考题两部分.第(13)题~第(21)题为必考题,每个试题考生都必须做答.第(22)题~第(24)题为选考题,考生根据要求做答.二、填空题:本大题共4小题,每小题5分.13.答案:2解析:∵c =t a +(1-t )b ,∴b ·c =t a ·b +(1-t )|b |2.又∵|a |=|b |=1,且a 与b 夹角为60°,b ⊥c ,∴0=t |a ||b |cos 60°+(1-t ),0=12t +1-t . ∴t =2.14.答案:(-2)n -1 解析:∵2133n n S a =+,① ∴当n ≥2时,112133n n S a --=+.② ①-②,得12233n n n a a a -=-, 即1n n a a -=-2. ∵a 1=S 1=12133a +, ∴a 1=1. ∴{a n }是以1为首项,-2为公比的等比数列,a n =(-2)n -1. 15.答案:5- 解析:f (x )=sin x -2cos xx x ⎫⎪⎭, 令cos αsin α=则f (x )α+x ),当x =2k π+π2-α(k ∈Z )时,sin(α+x )有最大值1,f (x ) 即θ=2k π+π2-α(k ∈Z ),所以cos θ=πcos 2π+2k α⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=πcos 2α⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=sin α=5=-. 16.答案:16解析:∵函数f (x )的图像关于直线x =-2对称,∴f (x )满足f (0)=f (-4),f (-1)=f (-3),即15164,0893,b a b a b =-(-+)⎧⎨=-(-+)⎩解得8,15.a b =⎧⎨=⎩∴f (x )=-x 4-8x 3-14x 2+8x +15.由f ′(x )=-4x 3-24x 2-28x +8=0,得x 1=-2x 2=-2,x 3=-2易知,f (x )在(-∞,-2上为增函数,在(-2,-2)上为减函数,在(-2,-2)上为增函数,在(-2∴f (-2=[1-(-22][(-2)2+8(-2+15]=(-8--=80-64=16.f (-2)=[1-(-2)2][(-2)2+8×(-2)+15]=-3(4-16+15)=-9.f (-2=[1-(-22][(-22+8(-2)+15]=(-8++=80-64=16.故f (x )的最大值为16.三、解答题:解答应写出文字说明,证明过程或演算步骤.17.解:(1)由已知得∠PBC =60°,所以∠PBA =30°.在△PBA 中,由余弦定理得PA 2=11732cos 30424+-︒=. 故PA=2. (2)设∠PBA =α,由已知得PB =sin α.在△PBA中,由正弦定理得sin sin150sin(30)αα=︒︒-,cos α=4sin α.所以tan α=4,即tan ∠PBA=4. 18. (1)证明:取AB 的中点O ,连结OC ,OA 1,A 1B .因为CA =CB ,所以OC ⊥AB .由于AB =AA 1,∠BAA 1=60°,故△AA 1B 为等边三角形,所以OA 1⊥AB .因为OC ∩OA 1=O ,所以AB ⊥平面OA 1C .又A 1C ⊂平面OA 1C ,故AB ⊥A 1C .(2)解:由(1)知OC ⊥AB ,OA 1⊥AB .又平面ABC ⊥平面AA 1B 1B ,交线为AB ,所以OC ⊥平面AA 1B 1B ,故OA ,OA 1,OC 两两相互垂直.以O 为坐标原点,OA 的方向为x 轴的正方向,|OA |为单位长,建立如图所示的空间直角坐标系O -xyz . 由题设知A (1,0,0),A 1(0,0),C (0,0,B (-1,0,0).则BC =(1,0,1BB =1AA =(-10),1AC =(0,. 设n =(x ,y ,z )是平面BB 1C 1C 的法向量,则10,0,BC BB ⎧⋅=⎪⎨⋅=⎪⎩n n即0,0.x x ⎧+=⎪⎨-+=⎪⎩可取n =,1,-1).故cos 〈n ,1AC 〉=11A CA C⋅n n =. 所以A 1C 与平面BB 1C 1C 19.解:(1)设第一次取出的4件产品中恰有3件优质品为事件A 1,第一次取出的4件产品全是优质品为事件A 2,第二次取出的4件产品都是优质品为事件B 1,第二次取出的1件产品是优质品为事件B 2,这批产品通过检验为事件A ,依题意有A =(A 1B 1)∪(A 2B 2),且A 1B 1与A 2B 2互斥,所以P (A )=P (A 1B 1)+P (A 2B 2)=P (A 1)P (B 1|A 1)+P (A 2)P (B 2|A 2)=41113161616264⨯+⨯=. (2)X 可能的取值为400,500,800,并且 P (X =400)=41111161616--=,P (X =500)=116,P (X =800)=14. 所以X 的分布列为EX =1111400+500+80016164⨯⨯⨯=506.25. 20. 解:由已知得圆M 的圆心为M (-1,0),半径r 1=1;圆N 的圆心为N (1,0),半径r 2=3.设圆P 的圆心为P (x ,y ),半径为R .(1)因为圆P 与圆M 外切并且与圆N 内切,所以|PM |+|PN |=(R +r 1)+(r 2-R )=r 1+r 2=4.由椭圆的定义可知,曲线C 是以M ,N 为左、右焦点,长半轴长为2的椭圆(左顶点除外),其方程为22=143x y +(x ≠-2). (2)对于曲线C 上任意一点P (x ,y ),由于|PM |-|PN |=2R -2≤2,所以R ≤2,当且仅当圆P 的圆心为(2,0)时,R =2.所以当圆P 的半径最长时,其方程为(x -2)2+y 2=4.若l 的倾斜角为90°,则l 与y 轴重合,可得|AB |=若l 的倾斜角不为90°,由r 1≠R 知l 不平行于x 轴,设l 与x 轴的交点为Q ,则1||||QP R QM r =,可求得Q (-4,0),所以可设l :y =k (x +4).由l 与圆M,解得k=4±. 当k=4时,将4y x =代入22=143x y +, 并整理得7x 2+8x -8=0,解得x 1,2=47-±. 所以|AB |2118|7x x -=.当k =时,由图形的对称性可知|AB |=187. 综上,|AB |=|AB |=187. 21. 解:(1)由已知得f (0)=2,g (0)=2,f ′(0)=4,g ′(0)=4.而f ′(x )=2x +a ,g ′(x )=e x (cx +d +c ),故b =2,d =2,a =4,d +c =4.从而a =4,b =2,c =2,d =2.(2)由(1)知,f (x )=x 2+4x +2,g (x )=2e x (x +1).设函数F (x )=kg (x )-f (x )=2k e x (x +1)-x 2-4x -2,则F ′(x )=2k e x (x +2)-2x -4=2(x +2)(k e x-1).由题设可得F (0)≥0,即k ≥1.令F ′(x )=0得x 1=-ln k ,x 2=-2.①若1≤k <e 2,则-2<x 1≤0.从而当x ∈(-2,x 1)时,F ′(x )<0;当x ∈(x 1,+∞)时,F ′(x )>0.即F (x )在(-2,x 1)单调递减,在(x 1,+∞)单调递增.故F (x )在[-2,+∞)的最小值为F (x 1).而F (x 1)=2x 1+2-21x -4x 1-2=-x 1(x 1+2)≥0.故当x≥-2时,F(x)≥0,即f(x)≤kg(x)恒成立.②若k=e2,则F′(x)=2e2(x+2)(e x-e-2).从而当x>-2时,F′(x)>0,即F(x)在(-2,+∞)单调递增.而F(-2)=0,故当x≥-2时,F(x)≥0,即f(x)≤kg(x)恒成立.③若k>e2,则F(-2)=-2k e-2+2=-2e-2(k-e2)<0.从而当x≥-2时,f(x)≤kg(x)不可能恒成立.综上,k的取值范围是[1,e2].请考生在第(22)、(23)、(24)三题中任选一题做答.注意:只能做所选定的题目.如果多做,则按所做的第一个题目计分,做答时请用2B铅笔在答题卡上将所选题号后的方框涂黑.22.(1)证明:连结DE,交BC于点G.由弦切角定理得,∠ABE=∠BCE.而∠ABE=∠CBE,故∠CBE=∠BCE,BE=CE.又因为DB⊥BE,所以DE为直径,∠DCE=90°,由勾股定理可得DB=DC.(2)解:由(1)知,∠CDE=∠BDE,DB=DC,故DG是BC的中垂线,所以BG=2.设DE的中点为O,连结BO,则∠BOG=60°.从而∠ABE=∠BCE=∠CBE=30°,所以CF⊥BF,故Rt△BCF外接圆的半径等于2.23.解:(1)将45cos,55sinx ty t=+⎧⎨=+⎩消去参数t,化为普通方程(x-4)2+(y-5)2=25,即C1:x2+y2-8x-10y+16=0.将cos,sinxyρθρθ=⎧⎨=⎩代入x2+y2-8x-10y+16=0得ρ2-8ρcos θ-10ρsin θ+16=0. 所以C1的极坐标方程为ρ2-8ρcos θ-10ρsin θ+16=0.(2)C 2的普通方程为x 2+y 2-2y =0. 由2222810160,20x y x y x y y ⎧+--+=⎨+-=⎩ 解得1,1x y =⎧⎨=⎩或0,2.x y =⎧⎨=⎩所以C 1与C 2交点的极坐标分别为π4⎫⎪⎭,π2,2⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. 24.解:(1)当a =-2时,不等式f (x )<g (x )化为|2x -1|+|2x -2|-x -3<0. 设函数y =|2x -1|+|2x -2|-x -3,则y =15,,212,1,236, 1.x x x x x x ⎧-<⎪⎪⎪--≤≤⎨⎪->⎪⎪⎩其图像如图所示.从图像可知,当且仅当x ∈(0,2)时,y <0.所以原不等式的解集是{x |0<x <2}.(2)当x ∈1,22a ⎡⎫-⎪⎢⎣⎭时,f (x )=1+a . 不等式f (x )≤g (x )化为1+a ≤x +3.所以x ≥a -2对x ∈1,22a ⎡⎫-⎪⎢⎣⎭都成立. 故2a -≥a -2,即43a ≤. 从而a 的取值范围是41,3⎛⎤- ⎥⎝⎦. 2013年普通高等学校夏季招生全国统一考试数学理工农医类(全国新课标卷II)第Ⅰ卷一、选择题:本大题共12小题,每小题5分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.1.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理1)已知集合M ={x |(x -1)2<4,x ∈R },N ={-1,0,1,2,3},则M ∩N =( ).A .{0,1,2}B .{-1,0,1,2}C .{-1,0,2,3}D .{0,1,2,3} 2.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理2)设复数z 满足(1-i)z =2i ,则z =( ).A .-1+iB .-1-IC .1+iD .1-i3.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理3)等比数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n .已知S 3=a 2+10a 1,a 5=9,则a 1=( ).A .13B .13-C .19D .19-4.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理4)已知m ,n 为异面直线,m ⊥平面α,n ⊥平面β.直线l 满足l ⊥m ,l ⊥n ,lα,l β,则( ).A .α∥β且l ∥αB .α⊥β且l ⊥βC .α与β相交,且交线垂直于lD .α与β相交,且交线平行于l5.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理5)已知(1+ax )(1+x )5的展开式中x 2的系数为5,则a =( ).A .-4B .-3C .-2D .-16.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理6)执行下面的程序框图,如果输入的N =10,那么输出的S =( ).A .1111+2310+++B .1111+2!3!10!+++C .1111+2311+++D .1111+2!3!11!+++7.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理7)一个四面体的顶点在空间直角坐标系O -xyz 中的坐标分别是(1,0,1),(1,1,0),(0,1,1),(0,0,0),画该四面体三视图中的正视图时,以zOx 平面为投影面,则得到的正视图可以为( ). 8.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理8)设a =log 36,b =log 510,c =log 714,则( ).A .c >b >aB .b >c >aC .a >c >bD .a >b >c9.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理9)已知a >0,x ,y 满足约束条件1,3,3.x x y y a x ≥⎧⎪+≤⎨⎪≥(-)⎩若z =2x +y 的最小值为1,则a =( ).A.14 B.12 C.1 D.210.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理10)已知函数f(x)=x3+ax2+bx+c,下列结论中错误的是( ).A.∃x0∈R,f(x0)=0B.函数y=f(x)的图像是中心对称图形C.若x0是f(x)的极小值点,则f(x)在区间(-∞,x0)单调递减D.若x0是f(x)的极值点,则f′(x0)=011.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理11)设抛物线C:y2=2px(p>0)的焦点为F,点M在C上,|MF|=5,若以MF为直径的圆过点(0,2),则C的方程为( ).A.y2=4x或y2=8x B.y2=2x或y2=8xC.y2=4x或y2=16x D.y2=2x或y2=16x12.(2013课标全国Ⅱ,理12)已知点A(-1,0),B(1,0),C(0,1),直线y=ax+b(a>0)将△ABC分割为面积相等的两部分,则b的取值范围是( ).A.(0,1) B.1122⎛⎫-⎪⎪⎝⎭ C.1123⎛⎤-⎥⎝⎦ D.11,32⎡⎫⎪⎢⎣⎭第Ⅱ卷本卷包括必考题和选考题两部分,第13题~第21题为必考题,每个试题考生都必须做答。
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试(新课标I )第Ⅰ卷本卷共35小题,每小题4分,共140分。
在每个小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.【答案】C 【命题立意】本题考查农业区位因素,考查从区域图中获取相关信息、调动相关区域知识的能力,属简单题。
【解题思路】情人节是北半球冬季,此时美国气温低,不利于玫瑰花的生长,而哥伦比亚地处热带,气温高,利于玫瑰花的生长。
而两国地形、降水、土壤都比较复杂,不限定具体地方很难比较,故A 、B 、D 错误。
2.【答案】C【命题立意】本题考查交通运输方式的选择,考查从区域图中获取相关信息、调动相关区域知识的能力,属简单题。
【解题思路】从图中可以看出哥伦比亚距美国本土约20个纬度以上,运输距离较远,而玫瑰花属于易变质的鲜货,需要快速运到市场,所以选择速度最快的航空运输。
3.【答案】A【命题立意】本题考查农业区位条件的比较,考查学生比较分析能力。
属简单题。
【解题思路】从图中可以看出墨西哥为美国邻国,比哥伦比亚距美国近,故运输费用低,A 项正确;墨西哥比哥伦比亚纬度高,热量条件不具优势,B 项错误;两国同为发展中国家,技术优势不明显,C 项错误,而鲜花的品种从题中无法判断,故D 项错误。
图2为45ºN 附近某区域的遥感影像,其中深色部分为植被覆盖区,浅色部分为高原荒漠区;终年冰雪覆盖的山峰海拔3424米,距海约180千米.读图2,完成4~6题。
4.【答案】B【命题立意】本题考查降水的影响因素,考查学生提取信息,读图判断分析问题的能力,难度较大。
【解题思路】由题干可知该区域位于45°N ,并且距海(180km)较近,读图可知西侧有山脉且有植被覆盖,东侧为高原荒漠。
有纬度位置可知该区应当受西风带影响,西侧为西风迎风坡,降水量大,植被覆盖好,东侧为西风背风坡雨影地区,降水少,形成高原荒漠,所以导致图示区域内降水差异的主导因素是是地形,而不是大气环流、纬度位置、洋流。
绝密★启用前2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖南卷)数学(理工农医类)本试卷包括选择题、填空题和解答题三部分,共5页,时量120分钟,满分150分。
一、选择题:本大题共8小题,每小题5分,共40分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.1.复数()()1z i i i =+为虚数单位在复平面上对应的点位于A .第一象限B .第二象限C .第三象限D .第四象限【答案】 B【解析】 z = i ·(1+i) = i – 1,所以对应点(-1,1).选B 选B2.某学校有男、女学生各500名.为了解男女学生在学习兴趣与业余爱好方面是否存在显著差异,拟从全体学生中抽取100名学生进行调查,则宜采用的抽样方法是A .抽签法B .随机数法C .系统抽样法D .分层抽样法【答案】 D 【解析】 因为抽样的目的与男女性别有关,所以采用分层抽样法能够反映男女人数的比例。
选D3.在锐角中ABC ∆,角,A B 所对的边长分别为,a b .若2sin ,a B A =则角等于 A .12πB .6πC .4πD .3π【答案】 D【解析】 3=A 223=sinA sinB 3 = sinB 2sinA :得b 3=2asinB 由ππ⇒<⇒⋅⋅A , 选D4.若变量,x y 满足约束条件211y xx y y ≤⎧⎪+≤⎨⎪≥-⎩,2x y +则的最大值是A .5-2B .0C .53D .52【答案】 C【解析】 区域为三角形,直线u = x + 2y 经过三角形顶点最大时,35)32,31(=u 选C5.函数()2ln f x x =的图像与函数()245g x x x =-+的图像的交点个数为 A .3 B .2 C .1 D .0【答案】 B【解析】 二次函数()245g x x x =-+的图像开口向上,在x 轴上方,对称轴为x=2,g(2) = 1; f(2) =2ln2=ln4>1.所以g(2) < f(2), 从图像上可知交点个数为2选B6. 已知,a b 是单位向量,0a b =.若向量c 满足1,c a b c --=则的取值范围是A .⎤⎦B .⎤⎦C .1⎡⎤⎣⎦D .1⎡⎤⎣⎦【答案】 A 【解析】向量之差的向量与即一个模为单位c 2.1|c -)b a (||b a -c |,2|b a |向量,是b ,a =+=-=+∴的模为1,可以在单位圆中解得12||1-2+≤≤。
1、下列各句中,没有语病的一句是(3分)
A.“地坛书市”曾经是北京市民非常喜爱的一个文化品牌,去年更名为“北京书市”并落户朝阳公园后,依旧热情不减。
B.“丝绸之路经济带”横跨亚、非、欧三大洲,其形成与繁荣必将深刻影响世界政治、经济格局,促进全球的和平与发展。
C.在那个民族独立和民族解放斗争风起云涌的时代,能激发人们的爱国热情是评判一部文学作品好坏的非常重要的标准。
D.父亲住院期间,梅兰每天晚上都陪伴在他身旁,听他讲述一生中经历的种种苦难和幸福,她就算再忙再累,也不例外。
2、下列词语中,字形和加点字的读音全都正确的一组是
A.亲和力声名鹊起闹别(biâ)扭称(chēng)心如意
B.倒胃口皇天后土瞭(liǎo)望哨金蝉脱壳(qiào)
C.哈蜜瓜明眸皓齿撑(chēng)场面姹(chà)紫嫣红
D.敞篷车异彩纷呈差(chà)不多白雪皑皑(ái)
3、下列各句中,加点的成语使用正确的一项是
A.新闻发布会上,他讲话仅用了八分钟,简洁明了,新闻性、针对性强,没有一句穿靴戴帽的空话套话。
B.联合国大会曾经两次召开会议,讨论是否应该废除死刑的问题,但因各方立场南辕北辙,讨论无果而终。
C.本届展销会邀请到了安徽、浙江、上海等地知名企业,湖笔、宜笔、徽墨、宜纸、歙砚等文房四宝济济一堂。
D.写一篇小说并不太难,但要想让自己的作品在擢发难数的小说中引起读者广泛关注,就不那么容易了。
4、依次填入下列各句横线处的成语,最恰当的一组是(3分)
①他是一个心地善良的人,但性格懦弱、谨小慎微,做起事来总是,从来不敢越雷池一步。
②当今世界科技突飞猛进,我们更要勇于开拓,不断进取,如果,就会落后甚至被时代潮流所淘汰。
③要想让中国传统戏曲焕发出新的生命力,决不能满足于现状,,唯有创新才是弘扬戏曲文化的康庄大道.
A.故步自封墨守成规抱残守缺
B.墨守成规故步自封抱残守缺
C.抱残守缺故步自封墨守成规
D.墨守成规抱残守缺故步自封
5、在画线处填上适当的关联词。
(3分)
宋祁的“红杏枝头春意闹”,“闹”字①写出浓浓春意,②把视觉与听觉结合在一起写出了场面感。
李清照的“此情无计可消除,才下眉头,却上心头”,一般人可能都经历过,③,④,像李清照这样的高手⑤能传神地将这精微的心理描写出来。
答:①②③④⑤
6、下列语句中,加点词语使用不正确的一项是
A.国家质检总局制定的《家用汽车产品修理、更换、退货责任规定》即日起开始施行,值得注意的是,该规定首次提出保修期不低于三年。
B.东方白鹳是一种体态优美的大型涉禽,其羽毛亮如白雪,腿脚鲜红艳丽,覆羽和飞羽黑中的闪亮。
白、红、黑结合得如此高妙,令人惊叹。
C.这些年来,随着人们接触的新事物越来越多,观念越来越开放,再加上经济水平的不断提高,中国人的自驾游活动搞得风生水起。
D.重庆商品展示交易会今日在国博中心开幕,农产品展区众多商户在现场批发促销,副食品展区买一送一等优惠活动也比比皆是。