资源环境与城乡规划管理专业 英文简介

介绍土地资源管理专业的英语作文范文In the realm of environmental and urban studies, Land Resource Management stands as a critical field that addresses the sustainable use, conservation, and development of land resources. This interdisciplinary area integrates knowledge from geography, urban planning, environmental science, and public policy to ensure that land is utilized efficiently and equitably.Students pursuing a degree in Land Resource Management are equipped with the skills to assess land use patterns, evaluate the impact of development projects, and formulate strategies for land conservation. They learn to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping and analyzing spatial data, which is essential for making informed decisions about land allocation.The importance of this field cannot be overstated, as it directly influences the quality of life in communities by affecting factors such as housing, transportation, and green spaces. Professionals in Land Resource Managementplay a pivotal role in mitigating the effects of urban sprawl, preserving natural habitats, and promoting sustainable development practices.In conclusion, Land Resource Management is a vital discipline that addresses the complex challenges of balancing human needs with environmental stewardship. It is a field that requires a deep understanding of both the natural and built environments and the ability to applythis knowledge to create sustainable solutions for the future.土地资源管理专业是环境和城市研究领域中至关重要的一个分支，它关注土地资源的可持续利用、保护和开发。

资源与环境科学学院资源环境与城乡规划管理专业本科人才培养方案一、专业代码、名称专业代码：070702专业名称：资源环境与城乡规划管理Urban and Rural Planning & Resource Management二、专业培养目标培养能够运用现代地理学理论和“3S”技术，从事有关空间信息采集、处理及分析、地理信息系统应用开发、地图制图、区域规划、土地资源规划和管理、生态环境管理和评价等方面研究的高级技术人才。

三、专业特色和培养要求本专业学生将系统学习资源环境与地理科学的基础理论和基本知识，熟练掌握“3S”技术的基本理论和技术，能够从事地理信息系统应用开发、区域城乡规划、国土资源规划管理、生态环境管理与评价。

毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力：1．掌握资源环境与地理科学的基本理论和方法；2．掌握地理信息系统、遥感和全球定位系统（3S技术）的基本原理和方法；3．具有较强的地理信息系统应用开发能力、遥感应用分析能力和地图制图能力；4．具有城乡规划管理的基本能力；5．具有国土资源管理和规划的基本能力；6．具有生态环境管理和评价的基本能力。

四、学制和学分要求学制：四年。

学分要求：150学分。

五、学位授予：授予理学学士学位。

六、专业主干（核心）课程学科平台课程：自然地理学、地貌学、经济地理学与区域规划、数字测图与GPS、数据结构、数据库原理、遥感技术及其应用。

其他主干课程：地理信息系统原理、地图设计与编绘、自然资源学、资源环境管理信息系统、环境评价与规划、土地资源规划设计、资源环境遥感分析。

七、双语课程遥感技术及其应用（Introduction to Remote Sensing）八、主要实验和实践性教学要求数字测图与GPS实习2周地理信息系统原理课程设计2周地理综合实习2周地图设计与编绘课程设计2周遥感技术及其应用实习1周遥感数字图像处理实习2周土地资源规划设计实习3周环境评价与规划课程设计2周资源环境信息系统设计与开发课程设计4周毕业论文14周九、毕业生条件及其它必要的说明达到学校规定的毕业生必须具备的条件资源环境与城乡规划管理专业教学计划表理理数资资资测资资资资资资资资资资文资资资资资资资测资资资资资资资资资资源环境与城乡规划管理专业辅修与双学位培养方案资源环境与可持续发展22资源环境遥感分析22生态恢复与生态重建2水生态与水环境2景观生态学2中国地理2世界地理2毕业论文必作，不计学分总计学生必须修满25学分学生必须修满45学分。

专业英语词汇集urban planning 城市规划town planning 城镇规划act of urban planning 城市规划法urban comprehensive planning 城市总体规划urban detailed planning 城市详细规划Residential district detailed planning 修建性详规regulatory detailed planning 控制性详规规划类的专业课程regional planning 区域规划urban system planning 城镇体系规划urban sociology 城市社会学urban economic 城市经济学urban geography 城市地理学urban infrastructure planning 城市基础设施规划water supply and drainage \electricity supply\road building城市供水、供电、道路修建urban road system and transportation planning 城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section 城市道路横断面urban management information system 城市管理信息系统GIS =geography information system 地理信息系统RS=remote sensing 遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture 园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design 城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning 城市绿地系统规划Urban design 城市设计~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Land-use planning 土地利用规划The cultural and historic planning 历史文化名城Protection planning 保护规划Urbanization 城市化Suburbanization 郊区化Public participation 公众参与Sustainable development(sustainability) 可持续性发展（可持续性）Over-all urban layout 城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing 人行横道Human scale 人体尺寸Street furniture 街道小品(sculpture fountain tea bar) （雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）Traffic and parking 交通与停车Landscape node 景观节点-----------------------------------------------------------------------Archaeological 考古学的Habitat 住处Aesthetics 美学Geometrical 几何学的Moat 护城河Vehicles 车辆，交通工具,mechanization 机械化merchant-trader 商人阶级urban elements 城市要素plazas 广场malls 林荫道---------------------------------------------- The city and regionAdaptable 适应性强的Organic entity 有机体Department stores 百货商店Opera 歌剧院Symphony 交响乐团Cathedrals 教堂Density 密度Circulation 循环Elimination of water 水处理措施In three dimensional form 三维的Condemn 谴责Rural area 农村地区Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构Service-oriented 以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference 参考标准Distribute 分类Water area 水域Alteration 变更Inhabitants 居民Motorway 高速公路Update 改造论文写作Abstract 摘要Key words 关键词Reference 参考资料----------------------------------------Urban problemDimension 大小Descendant 子孙，后代Luxury 奢侈Dwelling 住所Edifices 建筑群<Athens Charter>雅典宪章Residence 居住Employment 工作Recreation 休憩Transportation交通Swallow 吞咽，燕子Urban fringes 城市边缘Anti- 前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro- 前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-education重教育的Grant 助学金，基金Sewage 污水Sewer 污水管Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂Brain drain 人才流失Drainage area 汇水面积Traffic flow 交通量Traffic concentration 交通密度Traffic control 交通管制Traffic bottleneck 交通瓶颈地段Traffic island 交通岛（转盘）Traffic point city 交通枢纽城市Train-make-up 编组站Urban redevelopment 旧城改造Urban revitalization 城市复苏------------------------------------------Urban FunctionUrban fabric 城市结构Urban form 城市形体Warehouse 仓库Material processing center 原料加工中心Religious edifices 宗教建筑Correctional institution 教养院Transportation interface 交通分界面CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking 停车公共管理机构Energy conservation 节能Individual building 单一建筑Mega-structures 大型建筑Mega- 大，百万，强Megalopolis 特大城市Megaton 百万吨R residence 居住用地黄色C commercial 商业用地红色M manufacture 工业用地紫褐色W warehouse 仓储用地紫色T transportation 交通用地蓝灰色S square 道路广场用地留白处理U utilities 市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色G green space 绿地绿色P particular 特殊用地E 水域及其他用地（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地）Corporate 公司的，法人的Corporation 公司企业Accessibility 可达性；易接近Service radius 服务半径------------------------------------------------Urban landscapeTopography 地形图Well-matched 相匹配Ill-matchedVisual landscape 视觉景观Visual environment 视觉环境Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量Tour industry 旅游业Service industry 服务业Relief road 辅助道路Rural population 城镇居民Roofline 屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscape plantarchitecture/buildingtopographywater-----------------------------------------------Urban designNature reserve 自然保护区Civic enterprise 市政企业Artery 动脉，干道，大道Land developer 土地开发商Broad thorough-fare 主干道---------------------------------------------------Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town 城市给水系统Storage reservoir 水库，蓄水库Distribution reservoir 水库，配水库Distribution pipes 配水管网Water engineer 给水工程师Distribution system 配水系统Catchment area 汇水面积Open channel 明渠Sewerage system 污水系统，排污体制Separate 分流制Combined 合流制Rainfall 降水Domestic waste 生活污水Industrical waste 工业污水Stream flow 河流流量Runoff 径流Treatment plant 处理厂Sub-main 次干管Branch sewer 支管City water department 城市供水部门--------------------------------------------------UrbanizationSpatial structure 空间转移Labor force 劳动力Renewable 可再生*Biosphere 生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints 蓝图License 执照，许可证Minerals 矿物Hydroelectric power source 水利资源Monuments 纪念物High-rise apartment 高层建筑物Lawn 草地Pavement 人行道Sidewalk 人行道Winding street 曲折的路----------------------------------------A view of VeniceMetropolis 都市Construction work 市政建设Slums 平民窟Alleys 大街小巷Populate 居住Gothic 哥特式Renaissance 文艺复兴式Baroque 巴洛克式。

资源环境与城乡规划管理专业（070702）培育方案Program for Urban and Rural Planning & Resource management一、培育目标、基本要求与专业方向本专业培育具备资源环境与城乡规划管理的基本理论、基本知识和基本技术的特意人才。

学生毕业后可在科研机构、高等院校、企事业单位和各级行政管理部门从事城市规划与管理、资源开发与利用、气象应用、房地产开发与管理、地图与地理信息系统应用、旅行资源开发、饭馆管理等从事科研、教课、科技开发、规划与管理等工作。

ⅠE ducational Objectives and Learning OutcomesThis program is designed to train and bring up professional talents acquiring the fundamental principles, knowledge & skills of Urban and Rural Planning & Resource management. Graduated students can undertake urban planning and management, resources development and utilization, meteorological applications, real estate development and management, maps and GIS applications, the development of tourist resources and hotel management in research institutes, colleges and other departments, such as resource, environment, programming, planning etc.二、骨干课程及课程系统：主要课程包含自然资源学、管理学、经济学、生态学、遥感原理与应用、地理信息系统原理、全世界定位系统、计算机协助设计、数据库技术及应用、城市整体规划，地区规划、土地管理学总论、土地利用规划、旅行规划、丈量学与地图学、自然地理、经济地理、人文地理、气象学与天气学等。

I am honored to introduce myself as an applicant for the Urban and Rural Planning postgraduate program. My name is [Your Name], a dedicated and passionate urban planner with a Bachelor's degree in Urban Planning from [Your University]. My academic journey has been profoundly influenced by my unwavering commitment to creating sustainable, equitable, and resilient living environments that embody the principles of high quality and stringent standards.From the onset of my undergraduate studies, I have immersed myself in the multifaceted dimensions of urban and rural planning, which includes spatial planning, land use management, infrastructure development, ecological conservation, and community engagement. My coursework and research experiences have equipped me with a solid understanding of how to balance economic, social, and environmental aspects when formulating comprehensive plans that meet or exceed established standards.During my undergraduate years, I was involved in several practical projects where I had the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios. For instance, I contributed to the redevelopment plan of a small rural town, focusing on enhancing its infrastructure while preserving its unique cultural heritage and natural landscape. This project underscored the importance of meticulous planning and adherence to rigorous standards to ensure the project's success and sustainability.Furthermore, I interned at [Company/Organization Name], where I worked alongside experienced planners to design and implement strategies that improved public spaces, housing conditions, and transportation systems in both urban and rural settings. The experience reinforced my belief that high-quality planning should not only address current needs but also anticipate future challenges such as climate change, demographic shifts, and technological advancements. It also highlighted the necessity of setting and maintaining high standards across all phases of the planning process – from policy formulation to implementation and evaluation.In terms of research, I have delved into exploring innovative solutions totackle urban sprawl and promote compact city growth, aligning with global sustainable development goals. My thesis, "Strategies for High-Quality Urban Development: A Case Study of [City/Town]", critically analyzed existing planning practices and proposed strategies to enhance urban resilience and livability through adopting higher planning standards.As I seek admission into your esteemed institution, I am eager to deepen my understanding of advanced planning theories, methods, and technologies that can contribute to achieving high-quality and standard-compliant urban and rural environments. I believe that your program's interdisciplinary approach and emphasis on innovation and sustainability will provide the ideal platform to refine my skills and contribute to the discourse on 21st-century planning challenges.In conclusion, my background, coupled with my passion for creating inclusive, sustainable, and high-standard living environments, makes me a strong candidate for this program. I am excited about the prospect of contributing to and learning from your vibrant academic community, ultimately aiming to become a leading professional who drives positive change in the realm of urban and rural planning.Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to discussing my aspirations further during the interview process.Sincerely,[Your Name]Please note that this introduction exceeds the typical length for an oral presentation. However, it provides a detailed overview of a candidate's qualifications and aspirations for a written submission or a more extended self-introduction session. If required to shorten for a brief oral introduction, key points can be extracted and condensed accordingly.。

城乡规划英语自我介绍复试**Urban and Rural Planning and English: My Introduction for the Second Interview**Good day, esteemed members of the interview panel. My name is Li Ming, and I am humbled and honored to have the opportunity to present myself for the position of Urban and Rural Planner within your esteemed institution. My academic journey has been a rewarding one, culminating in myMaster's degree in Urban and Rural Planning from Tsinghua University.My academic pursuits have not only been confined to the classroom. I have actively participated in severalfieldwork projects, gaining invaluable practical experience. One such project involved the planning of a sustainable residential complex in a rural area, where I was part ofthe team responsible for identifying suitable locations and designing the infrastructure. This experience has equipped me with the ability to translate theoretical knowledge into practical solutions, a skill that I believe is crucial for the successful execution of urban and rural planning projects.My proficiency in English is not just academic; it is a tool that I have leveraged in various professional settings. During my internship at a multinational consulting firm, I was part of a team that provided planning advice to clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. My ability to communicate effectively in English allowed me to bridge cultural gaps and ensure that our recommendations were understood and implemented to the satisfaction of allparties involved.My strength lies in my ability to think critically and analytically. In the face of complex planning challenges, I am able to identify key issues, research potential solutions, and present them in a clear and concise manner. This, combined with my adaptability and willingness to learn, has enabled me to excel in diverse academic and professional environments.I am excited about the opportunities that lie ahead in the field of urban and rural planning. With the rapid urbanization of many regions, there is an urgent need for well-planned and sustainable development strategies. I am eager to contribute my skills and expertise towardscreating vibrant, inclusive, and environmentally responsible urban and rural spaces.In conclusion, I am confident that my academic qualifications, practical experience, and proficiency in English make me a strong candidate for this position. I am looking forward to the opportunity to contribute to your team and to the field of urban and rural planning. Thank you for considering my application.---**城乡规划与英语：我的复试自我介绍**尊敬的面试官们，大家好。

资源环境与城乡规划管理（英文名称：Resources Environment and the Management of Urban and RuralPlanning）★资源环境与城乡规划管理:资源环境与城乡规划管理专业（城乡规划方向）：培养具有良好科学素质、坚实基础理论知识和应用研究能力的专门人才。

主要课程有：建筑学、工程规划、城市规划原理、城市学、生态学、地理信息系统（CAD制图）、区域规划、旅游规划等。

毕业生适宜在各级城乡规划、国土资源以及科研、高校等部门工作。

主干课程：自然地理学、经济地理学、计量地理学、经济学原理、地图学、建筑学、城市地理学、城市规划原理、区域分析与规划、城市生态学、旅游地理与旅游规划。

本专业培养的是具有一定的技术经济、交通、遥感、管理及相关学科知识，人文、社会科学知识，有关政策、法律法规的基本知识；具有独立获取知识和分析问题、解决问题的能力；具有了解资源环境与城乡规划管理学科的新发展、新成就信息和更新知识的能力；初步受到科学研究训练，具有一定的试验设计和科研能力；具有较好的计算机应用能力，掌握一门外国语，能较顺利阅读本专业的外文书刊；具有一定的从事资源与城乡规划管理工作的能力和适应相邻专业工作的能力和素质的复合型管理与科研人才。

工作方向一般是在政府决策部门、企事业单位和科研院所从事资源环境开发、保护与规划，城乡建设与区域经济发展规划。

开设的专业课有地质与地貌学、测量与地图学、遥感及其应用、土地评价与土地管理、生态环境规划、国土规划与管理、环境规划与管理、旅游资源与文化开发规划、区域分析与规划、城市总体规划、城市地理学原理等。

就业方向以去应聘城市规划设计、旅游规划类的，譬如说城市规划设计单位，旅游规划设计公司，城乡规划设计研究院等等；也可以去国土资源局、规划局之类的，不过这类一般都要考公务员等等；还可以进稍大型的地产类的企业，应聘企业规划设计部内的一些园林规划等职位。

广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译) (GUANG DONG UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS STUDIES)一、工商管理学院:The College of Business Administration1、物流管理:Logistics Management2、人力资源:Human Resources3、市场营销专业:Marketing Program4、工商管理专业:Business Administration Program二、会计学院: the College of Accounting1、审计学:Auditing2、会计学专业:Accounting Professional3、财务管理专业: Financial Management Major4、审计学(注册会计师)Auditing(Certified Public Accountant (CPA))三、财税学院:the College of Taxation1、财政学:Public Finance2、税务:Financial Affairs3、资产评估专业:MSc Property Appraisal and Management四、公共管理学院:School of Public Administration1、行政管理专业:General Administration Program2、劳动与社会保障:Labor and Social Security3、文化产业管理: Culture Industry Management4、公共事业管理(城市管理):City Management五、金融学院:College of Finance1、金融学:Finance2、国际金融:International Finance3、金融工程:Financial Engineering4、保险:Insurance5、投资学:Investment Principles六、经济贸易与统计学院:the College of Economic and Statistics1、经济学:Economics2、国际经济与贸易:International Economics And Trade3、统计学:Statistics4、国际商务:International Business七、法学院:The College of Law1、法学(国际法):The International Law2、法学(民商法):Civil and Commercial Law3、法学:Science of Law4、治安学:Science of Public Order八、旅游学院:College of Tourism1、酒店管理:Hotel Management2、旅游管理:Tourism Management3、会展经济与管理:Exhibition Economy and Management九、资源与环境学院:College of Resource and Environment1、土地资源管理:Land Resources Management2、资源环境与城乡规划管理:Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management3、房地产经营管理:Administration and Management of Real Estate十、外国语学院:College of Foreign Language1、英语(国际商务管理):International Business Management2、英语(国际商务翻译):International Business English Translation3、日语(国际商务管理):nternational Business Management十一、人文与传播学院: College of Humanities and Communications1、汉语言文学:Chinese Language and Literature2、新闻学:Advocacy Journalism3、新闻学(编辑出版方向)News Editing4、社会工作:Social work5、社会学:Sociology6、播音与主持艺术:Techniques of Broadcasting and Anchoring7、广播电视编导:Radio and Television Editing and Directing十二、艺术学院:Academy of Fine Arts1、广告学(广告策划与经营管理方向):Advertisement2、艺术设计(广告设计方向):Art and Design(Advertising Design)3、艺术设计(玩具与游戏设计方向):Art and Design4、艺术设计(商业空间设计方向):Commercial Space Design5、艺术设计(展示设计):Display Design6、动画专业:Science of Animated Cartoon Program十三、信息学院:College of Information1、信息管理与信息系统:Information Management and Information System2、计算机科学与技术:Computer Science and Technology3、电子商务:Electronic Commerce4、软件工程:Software Engineering十四、数学与计算科学学院:Collegeof Mathematics and Computer Science1、信息与计算科学:Information and Computing Science2、数学与应用数学:Mathematics and Applied Mathematics十五、人文与传播学院:College of Humanities and Communications1、应用心理学: Applied Psychology2、商务文秘:Business secretary3、对外汉语:Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language。

资源环境与城乡规划管理专业人才培养方案一、专业基本情况中文名称：资源环境与城乡规划管理英文名称：Resources Environment and the Management of Urban and Rural Planning 简介：一门综合性学科，主要学习资源环境以及城镇规划，土地管理，环境检测，以及地理地质等相关类知识的边缘学科专业代码：070702一级学科：理学二级学科：地理科学类二、业务培养目标本专业培养目标具备资源环境与城乡规划设计与管理的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能，在具有城市规划与设计的能力基础上，具备参与城市经营与管理方面的能力，能在科研机构、高等学校、企事业单位和行政管理部门从事科研、教学、资源开发利用与规划、管理等工作的资源环境与城乡规划管理的高级科学技术人才。

毕业生的主要去向有：攻读自然地理学、人文地理学、土地资源管理、地图遥感与GIS或相关专业硕士学位研究生；高等、中等院校及科研所教学和科研人员；资源、环境、国土资源（土地）管理、区域规划、房地产（含物业管理）、市政、交通、农、林、牧、水利等专业技术部门或政府公务员。

三、业务培养要求本专业学生主要学习资源环境与城乡规划管理方面的基本理论和基本知识，受到应用基础研究、应用研究方面的科学思维和科学实验训练，具有较好的科学素质及初步的教学、研究和资源开发、规划管理的基本技能。

四、毕业生应获得的知识和能力1、掌握数学、物理、化学等方面的基本理论和基本知识；2、掌握资源环境与城乡规划管理的基本原理与基本方法；3、了解相近专业如地理科学、生态学、环境科学和管理科学的一般和方法；4、了解国家科学技术、熟悉环境保护、资源环境与城乡规划管理等有关部门政策和法规；5、了解资源环境与城乡规划管理的理论前沿、应用前景和最新发展；6、掌握资源查询、文献检索及运用现代信息技术的基本方法；7、具有一定的实验设计、创造实验条件、归纳、整理、分析实验结果，撰写论文，参与学术交流的能力。

资源环境与城乡规划管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Cyclical salt efflorescence weathering: an invisible threat to the recovery of underground mine environment for tourist exploitationJ. Matías Penàs Castejón • J. Francisco Maciá Sánchez •M a Pilar Jiménez Medina • M a Jesús Pen àlver MartínezReceived: 30 April 2013/Accepted: 25 January 2014/Published online: 11 February 2014○c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014Abstract Enhancing the value of an underground mine environment for tourist exploitation involves altering the physico-chemical balance of stone materials whose original mechanical properties guaranteed the structural stability of the site’s galleries and chambers. Humidity and temperature changes caused by the public exhibition of this kind of assets are the main causes ofsuch disorders. After the intervention in the Agrupa-Vicenta mine in La Union (Spain) there were still runoff-water leaks into the mine. These water runoffs through the fault and schistosity planes of the enclosing rock mass give rise to salt precipitation over time. Adapting this mine and turning it into a museum have meant a decrease in relative indoors humidity and an increase in temperature. These variations have caused rocks, which were stable in the original conditions, to increase their rate of physico-chemical weathering due to the polycyclic supergene alteration of the metal sulfides they contain. The resulting release of sulfates into the solution and their subsequent precipitation as single and double salt efflorescence causes haloclasty, deteriorating the rock’s mechanical properties and diminishing the structural stability of the operation. This paper presents the results of characterizing the supergene mineral phases of salt efflorescence in the rock bed enclosing an underground sulfide mine value enhanced for tourist exploitation. Dangers for the structural stability of this type of architectural intervention, associated to the formation of efflorescences, are also identified; these efflorescences are caused by the weathering of rocks that make up its supporting structure.Keywords Mine environment . Haloclastic weathering . Salt efflorescence . Geoindicators . Stone decay . Agrupa-Vicenta mine . La Unio ´n (Spain)IntroductionThe withdrawal from mining activity in most last century mining areas and the subsequent economic and social crisis affecting these abandoned industrial areas are currently encouraging the recovery of mining heritage for tourist development (Hospers 2002).Projects for the public opening of underground mines face two great challenges: (1) to guarantee the stability and structural safety of the ground enclosure; and (2) to achieve the necessary conditions of habitability and comfort of the premises. The difficulties of tackling and executing such technical projects come mainly from operating in a dynamic environment, characterized by the mutability ofthe physico-chemical properties of its constituent materials.The new ventilation system, the new lighting conditions and the affluence of public cause variations in the original thermohygrometric balance conditions. These changes generate the appearance of salt efflorescences and polycyclical changes in their mineralogical phases.Saline efflorescence may cause the haloclastic rupture of the rocks that structurally support mine’s galleries and chambers. This calls for the determination of the origin and nature of such salts, so as to find suitable mechanisms that inhibit weathering processes from the very beginning. At present, different tubbing systems are being gradually but pervasively introduced to avoid collapse risks in these ‘‘museum mines’’.The rocks above and under the exploited mineral bed are called roof and bottom schists, respectively. The roof of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine is formed by chloritic micaschists and quartzites, intensely folded metamorphic rocks, and the bottom materials are graphitic schists and gray quartzites. Between both levels, a stratiform mineralization of sulfides used to be exploited, mostly pyrite inside a chlorite (and sometimes grenalite) gangue (Manteca and Garcı ´a 2005) (Fig.1).Despite the relative impermeability of the rocks that cover the mine, the intense rifting of the land has allowed for the infiltration and underground flow of rainwater over the course of time.Chemical weathering resulting from the supergene alteration of iron, lead and zinc sulfides in the mineral bed and in the schists of the bottom and roof of the mine has caused the release of anions and cations into the ground-water solution that continuously circulates through the network of pores, schistosity planes and the fracture net-work, after rain periods.When this water comes in contact with pyrite and marcasite, a series of chemical reactions take place, breaking down these minerals and forming iron sulfates and acid mine drainage.As a result, the fractures in the pyrite bed usually presented open holes stuffed with iron sulfate, ‘‘melanterite’’ (FeSO4 ·7H2O). Sulphuric acid was also reacting with other components of the mineral bed (e.g. chlorite), forming various hydrated sulfates-particularly ‘‘epsomite’’ (MgSO4·7H2O) which were precipitating on the bottom and roof of the mine in the form of needle-shaped white efflorescence.During the mining activity the working environment for miners was guaranteed through raise ventilation. Before opening the mine to the public, microclimatic conditions were measured along 1 year. Medium temperature and relative humidity were 23.5 ℃ and 95.3 %, respectively.After opening the mine to the public, it was necessary to install the mandatory air conditioning system. This auxiliary ventilation system takes air from the flow-through system (12,000 m 3 /h) and distributed it to the mines’galleries via two mounted ventilation fans. Ventilation system just operates during timetable public visits.As a consequence nowadays,the new medium temperature and relative humidity values are 18.5 ℃and 73.5 %, respectively.Therefore,the hydration and dehydration cycles of these salts intensified. The oversaturation of the solution also increased, due to higher evaporation produced by the descent in relative humidity and the increase in temperatureinside the main (Espinosa-Marzal and Scherer 2010).All of that implied an upsurge in the aggressiveness of the r ock’s physical weathering, as a result of both the increase in crystallization pressure exerted by salts and also of the increase in the number of cycles.Thus, the goals of our study were: (1) to characterize the salts involved in the physical weathering of the bottom and roof schists of this underground metal sulfide mine, as a result of the cyclical changes of temperature and humidity caused by its opening to the public; (2) to identify the risks for the structural stability of the mine, coming from salt formation; and (3) to propose corrective measurements to minimize those risks.Location and geologyThe Agrupa-Vicenta mine is situated in the Cuesta de Las Lajas of the Sierra Minera mountain range in La Unio ´n (Cartagena). This mountain ridge runs parallel to the Mediterranean sea from East to West, between the city of Cartagena and Cape Palos. It has an approximate length of 28 km and is 5 km broad. It once was one of the most important mining districts in Spain and the most repre- sentative of the Murcia Region, due to its iron, lead and zinc deposits (Fig. 2).After ceasing its mining activity in the year 1991, the city of La Unio ´n and the surrounding villages were immersed in a deep economic and social crisis.Local and regional governments have recently focused on preserving, restoring and giving mining a new meaning. Efforts have been focused, on keeping mining heritage as the economic engine of the area, although under a new approach that presents the mining heritage as a cultural and tourist attraction (Conesa et al. 2008). Thus, in 2006, the Town Hall of La Unio ´n decided to tackle the adaptation of the Agrupa-Vicenta underground mine, opening it to the public in 2009.The mineralization pattern of the Sierra Minera corre-sponds to that of the Nevado-Fila ´bride complex, possibly formed by the hydrothermal replacement of a level of Triassic marble located near the roof of this formation. This mineralization pattern is the most widely spread in the Sierra Minera, although it receives different names according to the prevalent mineral: pyrite bed, sphalerite bed or magnetite bed.The wall-to-roof vertical sequence of the geologic materials that form the Sierra conforms to three superposed geologic sets (Manteca and Ovejero 1992): Nevado-Fila ´- bride Complex (CNF), Alpuja ´rride Complex (CA) and Neogene (N) (Fig. 3).The CNF consists of intensely folded metamorphic rocks, with a lower basement formed by graphite schists from the Paleozoic, and an upper coverage formed by micaschists, quartzite and Permo-Trias marble.The CA is formed by lightly folded metamorphic materials above the underlying CNF. It shows at least two superposed beds over thrust, called lower CA (also known as San Gine ´s unit) and upper CA (a.k.a. Portma ´n unit). Each of them has a detritic basal tract, phyllites and quartzites of Permo-Trias age and an upper carbonated tract, limestones and dolostones, of Middle Trias age.The Neogene is made up of lightly folded Upper Mio- cene sedimentary rocks, conglomerates, sandstones and marls, and of magmatic rocks of Upper Miocene/Pliocene age, which traverse the whole series. Finally, modern alluvial sediments are found accumulated in depressions.Geologically, the Agrupa-Vicenta mine is on the eastern border of a ‘‘horst’’; i.e. a ro ck mass delimited by faults that has risen above the adjacent areas. The effects of erosion after its elevation eliminated the upper rocky levels, which explains why the Paleozoic substratum,—the most ancient materials of the Sierra-outcrop in this area.This area presents numerous dikes and chimneys of igneous rocks, andesites and rhyodacites, attesting to the magmatic activity that took place at the end of the Miocene. After the magmatic activity, thermal waters with dissolved sulfur and metals circulated across the rocks for thousands of years, giving rise to the formation of veins and beds.The kind of mineralization exploited in the Agrupa-Vi-centa mine corresponds to the ‘‘pyrite bed’’ type, since it consists mainly of pyrite (S 2 Fe), accompanied by s ome galena (SPb) and sphalerite (SZn), but in very low, industrially unprofitable proportions. Those sulfides are accompanied by a gangue of chlorite and quartz.The estimated average grades for this mineral are approximately 35 % S; with 0.3 % Pb and less than 0.5 % Zn (Oen et al. 1975).Apart from pyrite, this mine used to have a very small production of tin, after lodes of cassiterite (SnO 2 ) were found in 1913, while excavating the galleries in the wall schists (Arribas et al. 1984).Description of the mineThe Agrupa-Vicenta mine has an approximate extension of 4,800 m 2 , distributed in five altitude sublevels placed at 238, 235, 231, 228, and 223 m above sea level and average roof heights of 5 m.The mine’s configuration in descending sublevels is a c onsequence of the gradation of the mineral bed produced by geological rifting (Fernandez 2006).The mineral bed itself is a result of the replacement of a layer of Triassic marble, and its thickness in the mine ranges between 4 and 8 m.Because of the strong existing rifting, the mineral presents a tiered structure. The Agrupa-Vicenta was exploited by the traditional method of the Sierra Minera: ‘‘chambers and pillars’’ (Fig. 1). The height of the chambers does not exceed 5 m, except in the central sector, where the vaults of the chambers reach heights of up to 8 m. Chambers are supported by a total of 41 pillars of the same mineral bed (Manteca and Garcı ´a 2005).A stratiform sulfide mineralization used to be exploited in this mine. There was a predominance of pyrite inside a chlorite (and sometimes grenalite) gangue.From a geotechnical standpoint, although this pyrite bed presents optimal geomechanical conditions, the roof schists are hardly competent. That is why, when the mine was originally exploited, a ‘‘dome’’ of mineral of about 1 m thick above the roof was left in most chambers, so as to avoid contact with the talc-sericitic roof schists, since otherwise landslides would have occurred (Manteca and Garcı ´a 2005).In spite of that, the mine showed subsidence on several spots, before its refurbishment. The subsidence main spot was in the western sector of the mine, close to the entrance, where unstabilized cavitation of about 12 m height had appeared (Fig. 1).Besides, there were several detachments of rocky mineral plates from the roof in several areas of the mine. They had developed by conjunction of subvertical joints with the schistosity planes of the mineral bed.After computing the hollow volume, a maximum of 60,000 tons of mineral are estimated tohave been extracted from this mine throughout the different exploitation periods between years 1902 and 1970 (Fernandez 2006).Description of the interventionThe value enhancement of this former underground sulfide mine is part of a larger project: MINEU European cultural project within the CULTURE 2000 framework (2005). MINEU Project involved the creation of the tourist product ‘‘Mining Park of La Unio ´n’’.The election of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine for its value-enhancement was decided, first of all, given its safety and its acceptable conservation condition after 40 years of abandonment.Secondly, because of its closeness to the’’carretera del 33’’ (a well-known nearby road) and the existence of a convenient tunnel entry, which was a fundamental factor.And lastly, its geologic and mining interest: the ‘‘chambers and pillars’’ exploitation technique was particularly relevant within the traditional mining context of the Sierra Minera (Fig.4).The intervention would be conducted under the basic premise that only areas without structural problems—and in which safety conditions were sound—should be open to the public. To fulfill this goal, two technical documents had to be written, as an integral part of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine’s adaptation project: a Struc tural Consolidation Project and a Conditioning Project.Agrupa-Vicenta mine’s Structural Consolidation ProjectThe mine’s cavity has so far not collapsed due to the strength of the pillars and of the mineral crust that bears its roofs, which was left there to avoid contact with the weak roof schists.That is why the consolidation project resolved to keep the parts of mineral bed near the schists roof still in good condition, so that they served as containment and support. Prior to any further actuation, the roof needed to be systematically sampled, detaching all the plates presenting risk of collapse.For those areas identified in the prior geotechnical study, which for whatever reasons did not keep that mineral crust or in which it was weak or thin, three different types of tubbing systems were defined (Fernandez 2006) (Fig. 5).1. Wooden trusses. This is a tower-like structure of wooden logs to sustain the high chamber roofs that lack mineral crust.2. Wooden props or ‘‘mampostas’’. They are used in low areas with roofs where the mineral crust presents certain instability and a tendency to detach itself in the shape of plates.3. Bolted steel rebar reinforcement. This is a metallic mesh anchored to the rock by bolts fixed with resin. It is used in high roofs that have an unstable mineral crust with a tendency to the formation of plates.Figure 5 shows the tubbing systems defined in the Structural Consolidation project, which were initially applied in 2009, and those existing in January 2013 (Fig. 6).For a 3 years period since first opening to the public, it was necessary to gradually increase the number of tubbed areas, using wooden trusses and props. This was required due to the continuous fracturing of chloritic roof schists, which came from an increase in the aggressiveness of the formation process of saline efflorescence.Agrupa-Vicenta mine’s Conditioning ProjectThe goal of the mine’s Conditioning Project was to provide a space with the necessary elements and facilities to guarantee the safety of visitors, and the necessary degree of comfort for the correct exhibition and interpretation of the value-enhanced mining heritage. The following actions were tackled (Fernandez 2006):1.Accessibility improvement: So as to implement suitable comfort conditions of the tourist routes, the design needed to consider the mine’s configuration and its safety conditions. Bearing this purpose in mind and considering the existence of five sublevels, wooden staircases and protection barriers were designed.2. Ensuring suitable ventilation conditions: The scarce natural ventilation of the mine and the high degree of humidity before the intervention were solved drilling a 700 mm-diameter raise ventilation in the eastern sector of the mine, in front of the entry gallery that guarantees cross ventilation.3. Ensuring suitable lighting conditions: The electrical installation was carried out burying the cables and logs under the mine’s floor, which required the excavation of the corresponding grooves in the rock. Concerning lighting, tenuous indirect and warm-colored lights were installed to recreate the mine’s original atmosphere.4. Opening an emergency exit: An emergency exit was built making use of the general gallery for mineral transport and the chimney-hopper through which the mineral used to be thrown to a lowerextraction gallery with exit to the hillside of the mount.Two possible exit routes have been enabled. One with relatively easy access, consisting of a bypass through metallic stairs that retakes the entry tunnel from the general transport gallery. The second one consists of a zip-line system that descends through the chimney or drop pit and leads to the lower extraction gallery.Materials and methodsSalts efflorescences was sampled in eight points inside the mine according to the main occurrence pattern (Fig. 7).、After sampling, the specimen was placed immediately in a plastic bag and sealed for shipment to the laboratory.Mineralogical methodsSamples for XRD were gently ground by hand with agate mortar and pestle. Mineral phases were identified by powder XRD using a Bruker D8 Advance instrument in h–h mode (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), with CuKa radiation, 40 kV, 30 mA, and a 1-dimensional detector with a 18 window. Primary optics consisted of a 28 Soller slit, a 1 mm incidence slit due to high content in iron of soil samples, and an air scatter screen. Secondary optics included a 3 mm anti-scatter slit, a Ni filter and a 2.5°Soller slit.Sample was step scanned from 3 to 808 in 2h, with 0.058 stepping intervals, 1 s per step, and a rotation speed of 30 rpm. Powder sample was mounted in back loading plastic holder. Diffraction patterns were evaluated with DIFFRACplus software (in particular with EVA 12.0, a commercial package from Socabim, 2006) and powder diffraction files database PDF2 (ICDD 2000).Salts efflorescences were then morphologically and chemically characterized, using a combination of a low vacuum SEM (Hitachi S-3500N) for single particle analysis via an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis system (EDX-Bruker AXS Microanalysis). Samples were studied on SEM with a thin film of platinum covered using a SC7610 instrument of Quorum Technologies. Microscope conditions for backscattered imaging were accelerating voltage of 15 kW and working distance of 10 mm.Elemental analysisAfterward, another portion of sample was dried at 60 ℃ for 24 h (to release most of the free water) and grounded in a disc mill for 1 min until a final particle size lesser than 40 lm. Although it is possible to separate the sulfate minerals by hand, picking up the crystals under the stereomi-croscope, it was preferred to study the sample as it occurred in the tailings dump, without any other manipulation.Samples for WDXRF were dried at 60 ?C for 24 h (to release most of the free water) and then ground in a disc mill for 1 min, to give a final particle size of less than 40 lm. Sample preparation involved the formation of pressed-powder pellets using 5 g of sample and 0.4 g of binder (Marguı ´ et al. 2009). The samples were analyzed using a commercial spectrometer (Bruker S4 Pioneer), equipped with a Rh anticathode X-ray tube (20–60 kV,5–150 mA, and 4 kW maximum), five analyzer crystals (LiF200, LiF220, Ge, PET, and XS-55), a sealed proportional counter for detection of light elements, and a scintillation counter for heavy elements. The energy resolution and efficiency for each analytical line were determined by both the collimator aperture and the analyzer crystal used. Analyses were performed in vacuum mode to avoid signal losses by air absorption, allowing the detection of low Z elements (Gonzalez-Fernandez and Queralt 2010).The recorded spectra were evaluated by the fundamental parameters method, using SPECTRAplus software linked to the equipment (specifically EVA 1.7, a commercial package from Bruker AXS and Socabim, (Bruker AXS GmbH 2006). A standard-less method was used owing to the lack of satisfactory certified reference materials with metal concentrations in the same range as the rocks analyzed in this study. The use of standard-less procedures in the fundamental parameters method has been described by Rousseau (Rousseau 2001).Thermal decomposition of the samples was performed in a TGA/DSC 1 HT thermogravimetric analyzer (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland) with a flowing nitrogen atmosphere (70 mL/min). Program temperature ranged from 30 to 1,100 ℃. All of the TG measurements were blank curve corrected, and alumina pans of 70 ll capacity, without lid, were used. The TG instrument was coupled to a BalzersThermostar mass spectrometer (Pfeiffer Vacuum, Asslar, Germany) for gas analysis. Only water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide were analyzed. Dwell time for every ion was 1 s and cathode voltage in the ion source was 65 V. Quadrupole mass spectrometer model was QMS 200 M3, to evaluate the MS response, two different sequences of experiments were carried out. The first study dealt withthe influence of the heating rate on MS response. Heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ℃/min and sample mass of approximately 10 mg were used. The second study discussed the influence of sample mass on MS sensitivity. Sample masses close to 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3, and 10 mg and a heating rate of 30 ?C/min were used (Alcolea et al. 2010).Results and discussionAfter the rehabilitation process carried out in the Agrupa-Vicenta mine, the rate of chemical and physical weathering of roof and bed chloritic schists has increased, due to the polycyclical supergene alteration of the metal sulfides contained in them.It has been observed on the one hand, due to the number of detachments of rocky mineral plates from the roof; and the other hand, due to the increase of salt efflorescences that cover the galleries and chambers.Chemical weathering and mineralogyThe chemical weathering of pyrite (FeS 2 ) and pyrrhotite (Fe (1-x) S) provides primarysources of Fe and acidity that lead to the precipitation of secondary minerals or saline efflorescence through very diverse processes, including evaporation, oxidation, reduction, dilution, mixture and neutralization (Hammarstrom et al. 2003; Lottermoser 2007).As a result of these processes a great variety of hydrated simple salts are formed; worth mentioning are those that have divalent cations, in addition to trivalent mixed salts (Jambor et al. 2000).The formation of saline efflorescence inside the Agrupa- Vicenta mine is brought about by the presence of groundwater and excessive relative air humidity, which foster the alteration of the iron sulfides present in the roof and walls of the mine.Associated with the mineral bed, these mineralizations are also found disseminated in the shape of veins in roof chloritic micaschists. Therefore, according to the enclosing rock in which sulfide oxidation reactions take place, and the subsequent release into the solution of H 2SO4(acid mine drainage) and Fe 2+/3+ , two types of saline efflores-cence are formed. They can be grouped by their capacity to generate acidity and their physical characteristics can be defined by their hydration state.On the one hand, some come from the alteration of wall schists in the presence of the acidic solution originated from the supergene alteration of the pyrite and marcasite minerals that appear disseminated, and on the other hand others were strictly originated from the supergene alteration of the mineral bed.In the first case, the chlorite present in roof schists will weather in the presence of acid mine drainage,resultant from the oxidation of pyrite, and neutralize it. As a result, and considering the environmental conditions of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine (75 % ≤RH≤88 % and 20℃≤ T ≤23 ℃), SO4－and Mg 2+ are released into the solution. They precipitate formingsaline efflorescence consisting mainly of magnesium sulfate MgSO4 (Zehnder and Schoch 2009).Figure 8 shows the distribution of the magnesium sulfates which were abundantly observed at level 2, 3 and 4. These soluble salts precipitate as a bloom efflorescence covering all the chambers roof and pillars where schists are present. This massive encrustation of salts is characterized by their acicular or fibrous white crystals.The results of the XRD sample study and elemental analyze (Table 1) reveal the existence ofdifferent mineralogical phases of magnesium salt according to its hydration state: Kieserite (MgSO 4·(H2 O)), hexahydrite (MgSO4 ·6(H2 O)) and epsomite (MgSO4·7 ( H 2O)).In the second case,the oxide mineral bed mainly consists of a compact mass of pyrite (FeS2), marcasite (FeS2) and in minor quantity pyrrhotite (Fe (1-x)S). The oxidation of these mineral produces ferrous iron and sulfuric acid that decrease the pH values (PH 2,8) and makes it extremely acid (Nordstrom 1982). A simplified equation that explains this process is:2FeS2（s）+ 7O 2(g) +2H 2 O 2Fe2+(aq) +4SO 2-(aq)+4H+(aq) (1)4Fe2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4H+ (aq)Fe3+(aq)+ H2O (2)The Fe 3+ released in reaction (2) may hydrolyze to form ferric hydroxide:Fe3+(aq) + 3H 2 OFe(OH)3 + 3H + (aq) (3)or may oxidize additional pyrite by the reaction:FeS2（s）+ 14Fe3+(aq) + 8H2O 15Fe2+(aq) + 2SO 2-(aq) + 16H + (aq) (4) Other sulfides coexist with these ‘‘majority’’ sulfides, such as sphalerite (ZnS) and galena (PbS) which are equally altered, releasing the Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ cations into the solution.According to the results obtained from the mineralogical and elemental analysis of the samples (Table 1), the most frequent mineral groups are: rozenite (Fe2+(SO4)0.4(H2O)), melanterite (Fe 2+ SO 4 ·7(H 2 O)), halotrichite (Fe 2+Al 2 (SO 4 ) 4·22(H 2 O)), copiapite (Fe 2+ Fe 4 3+ (SO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ·20(H 2 O)) and jarosite (KFe 3 3+ (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 ).Figure 7 shows the distribution of the iron and hydrous sulfates at levels 1 and 3. The iron and aluminium sulfates are at level 1. These ferric and ferrous salts precipitate as globules of different colors (green, white and yellow/ brown) where mineral bed is present (Fig. 9).The variety of mineral phases found demonstrates the hydration and dehydration processes that cyclically develop in the enclosure of the mine, as well as the chemical weathering of the sulfides contained in it (Valente and Leal Gomes 2009).Physical weathering and stone decayChemical and physical weathering processes take place simultaneously. The latter are due to the crystallization andrecrystallization processes of these secondary and even tertiary minerals。