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最新材料科学基础专有名词英文翻译

最新材料科学基础专有名词英文翻译
最新材料科学基础专有名词英文翻译

Fundamentals of Materials Science 材料科学基础名词与术语

第一章绪论

metal: 金属

ceramic: 陶瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: 生物材料

Processing: 加工过程

Structure: 组织结构

Properties: 性质

Performance: 使用性能

Mechanical properties: 力学性能

Electrical properties: 电性能

Thermal behavior: 热性能

Magnetic properties: 磁性能

Optical properties: 光性能

Deteriorative characteristics: 老

化特性

第二章原子结构与原子键

Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单位

Atomic number: 原子数

Atomic weight: 原子量

Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能

Coulombic force: 库仑力

Covalent bond: 共价键

Dipole (electric): 偶极子electronic configuration: 电子构型electron state: 电位

Electronegative: 负电的

Electropositive: 正电的

Ground state: 基态

Hydrogen bond: 氢键

Ionic bond: 离子键

Isotope: 同位素

Metallic bond: 金属键

Mole: 摩尔

Molecule: 分子

Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相

容原理

Periodic table: 元素周期表

Polar molecule: 极性分子

Primary bonding: 强键

Quantum mechanics: 量子力学

Quantum number: 量子数

Secondary bonding: 弱键

valence electron: 价电子

van der waals bond: 范德华键

Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象

性模型

第三章金属与陶瓷的结构

Allotropy: 同素异形现象

Amorphous: 无定形

Anion: 阴离子

Anisotropy: 各向异性

atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构Bragg’s law: 布拉格定律

Cation: 阳离子

coordination number: 配位数

crystal structure: 晶体结构

crystal system: 晶系

crystalline: 晶体的

diffraction: 衍射

face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构第五章晶体缺陷

Alloy: 合金

A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements.

由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。

Weight percent (wt%):质量百分数

Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass). Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物

For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.

在离子化合物中,正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。Imperfection: 缺陷,不完整性

A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity.

对完美性的偏离,在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子/分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。

Point defect: 点缺陷

A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites.

一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。

Vacancy: 空位

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A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is

missing.

一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。

Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散

The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.

一种扩散机制,此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相近的空位中。

Self-interstitial: 自间隙原子

A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site. 处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。

Schottky defect: 肖脱基缺陷

In an ionic solid, a defect consisting of a cation–vacancy and anion–vacancy pair.

在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构,它是由一个阳离子空位和一个阴离子空位组成的空位对。

Atomic vibration:原子振动

The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance. 材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。一般说来,这种振动与温度相关,温度越高,振动的幅度越大,因此也称为原子热振动。

Substitutional solid solution: 置换固溶体

A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms.

溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。

Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散

A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.

一种扩散机制,此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一个相近的间隙位置。

Interstitial solid solution: 间隙固溶体

A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.

相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置所形成的固溶体。

Solid solution: 固溶体

A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species.

Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.

包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相。固溶体可以以置换固溶体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。

Solid-solution strengthening: 固溶体强化

Hardening and strengthening of metals that result from alloying in which a solid solution is formed.

The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocation mobility.

由于形成固溶体的合金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化,其机制是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。

Solute: 溶质

One component or element of a solution present in a minor concentration.

It is dissolved in the solvent.

溶液(固溶体)中,含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂中。

Solution heat treatment: 固溶处理,均匀化退火

The process used to form a solid solution by dissolving precipitate particles.

Often, the solid solution is supersaturated and metastable at ambient conditions as a result of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature.

让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理过程。通常情况下,从固溶处理温度下快速冷却,形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。Solvent: 溶剂

The component of a solution present in the greatest amount.

It is the component that dissolves a solute.

溶液(固溶体)中,含量最大的组元,此组元溶解了溶质。Burgers vector (b

): 柏氏矢量

A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion associated with a dislocation.表示位错引起晶格畸变程度和方向的矢量。

Composition (C i): 成分,组成

The relative content of a particular element or constituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent.

合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量,通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。

Defect structure: 缺陷结构,缺陷组态

Relating to the kinds and concentrations of vacancies and interstitials in a ceramic compound.

在陶瓷化合物中,与空位、间隙原子的类型和偏聚有关的缺陷组态。

Dislocation: 位错

A linear crystalline defect around which there is atomic misalignment.

晶体材料中的线状缺陷,在其附近,原子发生错排。

Plastic deformation corresponds to the motion of dislocations in response to an applied shear stress. Edge, screw, and mixed dislocations are possible.

在外加切应力作用下位错的运动可以导致晶体材料的塑性变形。可能存在的位错类型有刃型位错、螺型位错和混合型位错。Screw dislocation: 螺型位错

A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion created when normally parallel planes are joined together to form a helical ramp.

The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.

一种一维线型晶体缺陷,形态上可是描述为当相互平行的相邻晶面之间依次错粘合在一起形成的螺旋型斜面的中心线区域所形成的原子错排组态。

螺型位错的柏氏矢量平行与其位错线。

Mixed dislocation: 混合位错

A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.

同时含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位错。

Dislocation density: 位错密度

The total dislocation length per unit volume of material; alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of a random surface section.

在单位体积材料中包含位错的长度,或者说在材料内部任意单位截面上位错线的根数。

Dislocation line: 位错线

The line that extends along the end of the extra half-plane of atoms for an edge dislocation, and along the center of the spiral of a screw dislocation.

刃型位错中多余半原子面边缘的连线,或者螺型位错中错排螺旋的中心轴线。

Edge dislocation:刃型位错

A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half plane of atoms within a crystal.

The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.

一种一维线型晶体缺陷,形态上可是描述为晶体中存在的多余半原子面的末端附近区域所形成的原子错排组态。

刃型位错的柏氏矢量垂直与其位错线。

Electroneutrality: 电中性

The state of having exactly the same numbers of positive and negative electrical charges (ionic and electronic), that is, of being electrically neutral.

材料中一种正负电荷(离子和电子)数目精确相等的状态。在此状态下,材料是不带电的。

Frenkel defect: 弗仑克尔缺陷

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In an ionic solid, a cation–vacancy and cation–interstitial pair.

在离子固体中的阳离子-空位对和阳离子-间隙原子对。Grain: 晶粒

An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or ceramic.

金属或陶瓷多晶体中的一个单独的小晶体。

Grain boundary: 晶界

The interface separating two adjoining grains having different crystallographic orientations.

把两个相邻具有不同晶体学取向的晶粒分离开的界面。

Grain growth: 晶粒长大

The increase in average grain size of a polycrystalline material; for most materials, an elevated-temperature heat treatment is necessary.

在多晶体材料中晶粒平均尺寸的增加,对大多数材料来说,这需要在一定温度下进行热处理。

Grain size: 晶粒尺寸

The average grain diameter as determined from a random cross section.

从材料任一横截面上测量的晶粒直径的平均值。Microscopy: 显微术,显微镜学

The investigation of microstructural elements using some type of microscope.

用某种类型的显微镜对材料微观组织情况进行的研究。Microstructure: 显微组织

The structural features of an alloy (e.g., grain and phase structure) that are subject to observation under a microscope.

在显微镜下观察到的某合金的结构特征(例如:晶粒和相的组织结构特征)。

Photomicrograph: 显微组织照片

The photograph made with a microscope, which records a microstructural image. 在显微镜下拍摄,记录显微组织结构形态的照片。

Scanning electron microscope: 扫描电子显微镜,SEM

A microscope that produces an image by using an electron beam that scans the surface of a specimen; an image is produced by reflected electron beams.

Examination of surface and/or microstructural features at high magnifications is possible.

使用一束电子流扫描样品表面,用样品产生的反射电子束产生图象的一种显微镜。扫描电子显微镜的应用使对样品的表面特征和显微组织特征进行高倍观察成为可能。

Scanning probe microscope: 扫描探针显微镜,SPM

A microscope that does not produce an image using light radiation. Rather, a very small and sharp probe raster scans across the specimen surface; out-of-surface plane deflections in response to electronic or other interactions with the probe are monitored, from which a topographical map of the specimen surface(on a nanometer scale) is produced.

一种不用光学射线产生图象,而是用非常尖锐的探针依次横扫描过样品表面,

利用探针对被测样品进行扫描,同时检测扫描过程中探针与样品的相互作用(如样品-探针间的隧道电流或相互作用力等),得到样品相关性质(如电子态密度、形貌、摩擦力、磁畴结构等),因而统称为扫描探针显微镜(SPM)

Transmission electron microscope: 透射电子显微镜,TEM

A microscope that produces an image by using electron beams that are transmitted (pass through) the specimen.

Examination of internal features at high magnifications is possible. 透射电子显微镜是用穿过样品的透射电子束产生样品组织形貌像的显微镜。在透射电子显微镜上,可以在高倍下研究样品的内部结构特征。

Cu forms a substitutional solid solution for concentrations up to

第六章扩散

Diffusion: 扩散

Mass transport by atomic motion.

固体中原子,或分子等,通过热运动而发生长程迁移,或宏观物质传输现象。

这里所谈的原子迁移,在是指固体中原子脱离它原来的平衡位置跃迁到另一平衡位置的位移。从产生扩散的原因来看,原子的迁移主要分为两大类,一类称为化学扩散,它是由于扩散物质在固体中分布不均匀、在化学浓度梯度的推动下产生的扩散;另一类称为自扩散,它是在没有化学浓度梯度情况下,仅仅由于热振动而产生的扩散。自扩散现象只有采用放射性同位素技术才能察觉。此外,还有应力场、热场和电场等所引起的扩散。

Diffusion flux (J): 扩散通量

The quantity of mass diffusing through and perpendicular to a unit cross-sectional area of material per unit time.

单位时间内通过一个垂直与扩散方向上单位横截面积内的通过物质量。

Diffusion coefficient (D): 扩散系数

The constant of proportionality between the diffusion flux and the concentration gradient in Fick’s first law.

Its magnitude is indicative of the rate of atomic diffusion.

Fick第一定律中,扩散通量和浓度梯度之间的比例系数。其量级表示了原子扩散的速度。

Fick’s first law: 菲克第一定律,扩散第一定律

The diffusion flux is proportional to the concentration gradient. This relationship is employed for steady-state diffusion situations. 扩散通量与浓度梯度成正比例。这种关系被用于描述稳定态扩散。

Fick’s second law: 菲克第二定律,扩散第二定律

The time rate of change of concentration is proportional to the second derivative of concentration.

This relationship is employed in non steady-state diffusion situations.

浓度对时间的变化率成正与浓度对距离的二阶导数。这种关系被用于描述非稳定态扩散。

Steady-state diffusion: 稳定态扩散

The diffusion condition for which there is no net accumulation or depletion of diffusing species.

The diffusion flux is independent of time.

扩散组元既没有净堆积也没有净亏空的扩散过程是稳定态扩散。也可以描述为:扩散通量与时间无关的扩散过程是稳定态扩散。

Nonsteady-state diffusion: 非稳定态扩散

The diffusion condition for which there is some net accumulation or depletion of diffusing species.

The diffusion flux is dependent on time.

扩散过程中,扩散组元存在净堆积或净亏空的扩散过程是非稳定态扩散。也可以描述为:扩散通量与时间有关的扩散过程是非稳定态扩散。

Self-diffusion: 自扩散

Atomic migration in pure metals.

纯金属中的原子迁移过程。

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Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散

A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.

晶体扩散机制的一种。间隙原子由一个间隙位置迁移至邻近的间隙位置所构成的扩散。

Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散

The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.

一种扩散机制,这时候原子的净迁移过程是从晶格结点位置移动到邻近的空位中。

Activation energy (Q): 激活能,Q

The energy required to initiate a reaction, such as diffusion.

开动某一反应或过程,例如扩散过程,所需要的能量。Carburizing: 渗碳

The process by which the surface carbon concentration of a ferrous alloy is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment.

从周围环境中向铁基合金表面扩散碳,从而使其表面碳浓度提高的工艺过程。

Component: 组分

A chemical constituent (element or compound) of an alloy, which may be used to specify its composition. 合金的任一组成(可以是元素或化合物),可以被用于区分其构成成分。

Composition (C i), Concentration: 成分,C i

The relative content of a particular element or constituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent. Also call it concentration.

合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量,通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。也称为浓度。

Concentration gradient (dC/dx): 浓度梯度,

dX

dC

The slope of the concentration profile at a specific position.

浓度曲线某一点处的斜率。

Concentration profile: 浓度曲线

The curve that results when the concentration of a chemical species is plotted versus position in a material.

在材料中,某种化学物质的浓度随其位置关系变化的曲线。Interdiffusion, impurity diffusion: 互扩散

Diffusion of atoms of one metal into another metal.

一种金属中的原子向另一种金属中的扩散叫互扩散,又称为杂质扩散。

第七章力学性能

Anelasticity: 滞弹性

In most engineering materials, elastic deformation will continue after the stress application, and upon load release some finite time is required for complete recovery. This

time-dependent elastic behavior is known as anelasticity.

应力施加后,大多数工程材料弹性形变都会持续,并且撤去加载,样品的完全回复也需要一定的时间。这种与时间相关的弹性行为称为滞弹性。

Design stress: 设计应力

For static situations and when ductile materials are used, design stress, σd, is taken as the calculated stress level σc (on the basis of the estimated maximum load) multiplied by a design factor, N', that is σd= N'σc, where N' is greater than unity.

对于静态条件以及延展性材料的情况下,设计应力σd是计算的应力σc(即估算的最大载荷)乘以一个设计因子N',即σd= N'σc,其中N'大于1。

Ductility: 延伸度

Ductility is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture.

延伸度是指材料在断裂时发生的塑性形变程度的量度。Elastic deformation:弹性形变

Deformation in which stress and strain are proportional is called elastic deformation. Elastic deformation is nonpermanent, which means that when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.

应力与应变成正比关系的形变称为弹性形变。弹性形变是非永久性的,即撤去加载后,样品可恢复初始的形状。

Elastic recovery:弹性回复

Elastic recovery means that when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.

弹性回复是指当样品所受应力撤销后,其完全回复到初始形状的现象。

Elastomer:弹性体

Elastomer is a class of polymers whose deformation displayed by strain-stress curve is totally elastic, i.e., large recoverable strains produced at low stress levels. 弹性体是聚合物的一个种类,它的应力-应变曲线表明其变形是完全弹性的,即很低的应力变化就会产生很大的可回复应变。

Engineering strain:工程应变

Engineering strain ε is defined according to ε = (l i-l0)/l0 = Δl/l0, in which l0 is the original length before any load is applied, and l i is the instantaneous length. Sometimes the quantity l i-l0 is denoted as Δl, and is the deformation elongation or change in length at some instant, as referenced to the original length. Engineering strain is unitless.

工程应变ε由方程ε = (l i-l0)/l0 = Δl/l0定义,这里l0是样品加载前的初始长度,l i是加载瞬间的长度,有时l i-l0也用Δl来表示,即代表与初始长度相比较,某一时刻样品形变的延长率或长度的变化。工程应变是没有单位的。

Engineering stress: 工程应力

Engineering stress σ is defined by the relationship σ = F/A0, in which F is the instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the specimen cross section, in units of newtons (N), and A0 is the original cross-sectional area before any load is applied (m2). The units of engineering stress are megapascals, MPa.

工程应力σ的定义为σ = F/A0,这里F是加载在垂直样品横截面的瞬间载荷,单位为牛顿,A0是加载前样品的初始横截面积(单位m2),工程应力单位为MPa。

Flexural strength: 抗弯强度

For the brittle ceramic materials, flexural strengths are determined by the stress at fracture in transverse bending tests.

对脆性陶瓷材料来说,抗弯强度即为横向弯曲试验中样品断裂时的应力。

Hardness:硬度

Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localize plastic deformation.

硬度是材料抵抗局部塑性形变的量度。

Modulus of elasticity: 弹性模量

For most metals that are stressed in tension and at relatively low levels, stress and strain are proportional to each other through the relationship σ = Eε. This is known as Hooke’s law,

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2.“Business License” has two copies: an original and a duplicate which have the equal legal effect. 3.The Original “Business License” should be placed visibly in the company’s business site. 4.“Business License” is prohibited to be forged, altered, leased, lent or transferred. 5.The enterprise shall apply an alternation registration to the agency for any changes of the registered items. 6.The registration authority shall proceed an annual inspection on the enterprise from every 1st of March to every 30th of June. 7.“Business License” shall become invalid automatically when invalidated by the registration authority. 8.The enterprise should return the original and duplicate copies of the Business License when canceling the registration. 9.If the Business License is lost or ruined, a statement of cancellation should be made on a pointed press and apply for another one. Date: xxxxxxxxxx

材料科学基础名词解释

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英语翻译作业

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营业执照英文翻译

No:No.1 01514879 Business License (Duplicate copy) Registration No.: 91110105560398889R Enterprise Name: Beijing XXXX International Consulting Co., Ltd. Type of Enterprise: Company of limited liability(Foreign legal person) Residence: Room XXX,Office Building X, Beijing Landmark Towers, No.8 North Dongsanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing Legal Representative: XXX Registered Capital: RMB Five Hundred Thousand Yuan Date of Establishment:XX.XX.XXXX Term of Business: From X th XX XXXX to X th June 2041 Scope of Business:Investment Advisory: Economic Consulting: public relations management consulting. ("1, without the approval of relevant departments, shall be open to the public to raise funds; 2, no public securities launched products and financial transactions; 3, shall not grant loans; 4, not to invest in enterprises other enterprises to provide guarantee; 5, not promise to investors against losses or capital investment the lowest income commitments"; the law is subject to the approval of the project, approved by the relevant departments according to the approved content to expand the business activities). Registration Office: Beijing XXXXXXXXXXXX X th January 2016 Enterprise credit management information system: https://www.doczj.com/doc/911716398.html, State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People's Republic of China

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1.固相烧结:固态粉末在适当的温度,压力,气氛和时间条件下,通过物质与气孔之间的传质,变为坚硬、致密烧结体的过程。 液相烧结:有液相参加的烧结过程。 2.金属键:自由电子与原子核之间静电作用产生的键合力。 3.离子键:金属原子自己最外层的价电子给予非金属原子,使自己成为带正电的正离子,而非金属得到价电子后使自己成为带负电的负离子,这样正负离子靠它们之间的静电引力结合在一起。 共价键:由两个或多个电负性相差不大的原子间通过共用电子对而形成的化学键。 氢键:由氢原子同时与两个电负性相差很大而原子半径较小的原子(O,F,N等)相结合而产生的具有比一般次价键大的键力。 弗兰克缺陷:间隙空位对缺陷 肖脱基缺陷:正负离子空位对的 奥氏体:γ铁内固溶有碳和(或)其他元素的、晶体结构为面心立方的固溶体。 布拉菲点阵:除考虑晶胞外形外,还考虑阵点位置所构成的点阵。 不全位错:柏氏矢量不等于点阵矢量整数倍的位错称为不全位错。 玻璃化转变温度:过冷液体随着温度的继续下降,过冷液体的黏度迅速增大,原子间的相互运动变得更加困难,所以当温度降至某一临界温度以下时,即固化成玻璃。这个临界温度称为玻璃化温度Tg。 表面能:表面原子处于不均匀的力场之中,所以其能量大大升高,高出的能量称为表面自由能(或表面能)。 半共格相界:若两相邻晶体在相界面处的晶面间距相差较大,则在相界面上不可能做到完全的一一对应,于是在界面上将产生一些位错,以降低界面的弹性应变能,这时界面上两相原子部分地保持匹配,这样的界面称为半共格界面或部分共格界面。 柏氏矢量:描述位错特征的一个重要矢量,它集中反映了位错区域内畸变总量的大小和方向,也使位错扫过后晶体相对滑动的量。 柏氏矢量物理意义: ①从位错的存在使得晶体中局部区域产生点阵畸变来说:一个反映位错性质以及由位错引起的晶格畸变大小的物理量。

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enterprise business license (template) 正本: ENTERPRISE BUSINESS LICENSE REGISTERED NO.: 110000450####### DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT: 9/03/2010 REGISTRATION AUTHORITY: BEIJING ADMINISTRATION FOR INDUDTRY AND COMMERCE DATE: 09/03/2019 No.1040936 COMPANY NAME:BEIJING ABC CO., LTD ADDRESS:ROOM##, FLOOR #, CHINA LIFE BUILDING, CHAOWAI STREET NO.16, CHAOYANG DISTRICT, BEIJING LEGAL REPRESATIVE: ##### REGISTERED CAPITAL 100,000dollar CAPTITAL PAID-IN: 0 dollar COMPANY TYPE: CORPORATE LIMITED (Taiwan HK MACAO enterprise) BUSINESS SCOPE Item per approval: none General item: Food and beverages consulting, social economic consulting, economic information consulting, economic trading consulting; company management consulting; investment consulting; Corporate Planning consulting; public relationship service. INVESTOR(S): THE RICCI GROUP LIMITED BUSINESS TERM: FROM 03/09/2010 TO 08/03/2040 副本: ENTERPRISE BUSINESS LICENSE (Duplicate) (2-1) REGISTERED NO. 110000450###### COMPANY NAME:ABC CONSULTING(BEIJING) CO.,LTD ADDRESS:ROOM #, FLOOR #, CHINA LIFE BUILDING, CHAOWAI STREET NO.16, CHAOYANG DISTRICT, BEIJING LEGAL REPRESATIVE: ##### REGISTERED CAPITAL 100,000DOLLAR CAPTITAL PAID-IN: 0 DOLLAR COMPANY TYPE: CORPORATE LIMITED (Taiwan HK MACAO enterprise) BUSINESS SCOPE: item per approval: none General item: Food and beverages consulting, social economic consulting, economic information consulting, economic trading consulting; company management consulting; investment

英语翻译作业

Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下,人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而,这个自我形象是一种幻想:作为先进国家,实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要,在这个国度里,来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层,更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明,主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了:在美国,由于社会安全网存在漏洞,这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良,得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观,他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学,如果愿意,还可以从送到私立学校上学,而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。

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签证英文模板-公司营业执照(副本)翻译件

(Translation) Business License For Corporation (Duplicate)(1-1) Registered No: ************** Name: Address: Legal Representative: Registered Capital: RMB***** Paid-in capital: RMB***** Type of Enterprise: Liability Limited Company Business Scope: Date of Establishment: Operation Validity: fromto Explanation 1.Business License For Corporate is a warrant for enterprises to get corporate qualification and enter into legal operation.

2.Business License For Corporate has the original and the duplicate and both of them have the equal legal effectiveness. 3.Business License For Corporate should be put at a significantly place in the residence of the corporate. 4.Business License For Corporate must not be counterfeited, altered, leased and transferred. 5.In case of any changes in registered items occurred, Corporate must apply for a change register to the former registeredauthorities. 6.Register authorities shall have an annual check for Corporate from Mar-01 to Jun-30 every year. 7.After the business license has been revoked shall not be carried out has nothing to do with the liquidation of the businessactivities 8.When Corporate want to cancel its registered license, it should return the original and duplicates of the Business LicenseForCorporate.TheLicensewillloseitslegaleffectivenessthenandtherewhenitwas canceledbytheregisteredauthorities. Information Of The Annual Check For The Corporate(**市**区)branch of Industry and Commerce Administration年-月-日

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Fundamentals of Materials Science 材料科学基础名词与术语 第一章绪论 metal: 金属 ceramic: 陶瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: 生物材料 Processing: 加工过程 Structure: 组织结构 Properties: 性质 Performance: 使用性能 Mechanical properties: 力学性能 Electrical properties: 电性能 Thermal behavior: 热性能 Magnetic properties: 磁性能 Optical properties: 光性能 Deteriorative characteristics: 老 化特性 第二章原子结构与原子键 Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单位 Atomic number: 原子数 Atomic weight: 原子量 Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能 Coulombic force: 库仑力 Covalent bond: 共价键 Dipole (electric): 偶极子electronic configuration: 电子构型electron state: 电位 Electronegative: 负电的 Electropositive: 正电的 Ground state: 基态 Hydrogen bond: 氢键 Ionic bond: 离子键 Isotope: 同位素 Metallic bond: 金属键 Mole: 摩尔 Molecule: 分子 Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相 容原理 Periodic table: 元素周期表 Polar molecule: 极性分子 Primary bonding: 强键 Quantum mechanics: 量子力学 Quantum number: 量子数 Secondary bonding: 弱键 valence electron: 价电子 van der waals bond: 范德华键 Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象 性模型 第三章金属与陶瓷的结构 Allotropy: 同素异形现象 Amorphous: 无定形 Anion: 阴离子 Anisotropy: 各向异性 atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构Bragg’s law: 布拉格定律 Cation: 阳离子 coordination number: 配位数 crystal structure: 晶体结构 crystal system: 晶系 crystalline: 晶体的 diffraction: 衍射 face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构第五章晶体缺陷 Alloy: 合金 A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements. 由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。 Weight percent (wt%):质量百分数 Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass). Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物 For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula. 在离子化合物中,正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。 Imperfection: 缺陷,不完整性 A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity. 对完美性的偏离,在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子/分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。 Point defect: 点缺陷 A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites. 一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。 Vacancy: 空位 A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing. 一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。 Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散

(完整版)材料科学基础期末考试

期末总复习 一、名词解释 空间点阵:表示晶体中原子规则排列的抽象质点。 配位数:直接与中心原子连接的配体的原子数目或基团数目。 对称:物体经过一系列操作后,空间性质复原;这种操作称为对称操作。 超结构:长程有序固溶体的通称 固溶体:一种元素进入到另一种元素的晶格结构形成的结晶,其结构一般保持和母相一致。 致密度:晶体结构中原子的体积与晶胞体积的比值。 正吸附:材料表面原子处于结合键不饱和状态,以吸附介质中原子或晶体内部溶质原子达到平衡状态,当溶质原子或杂质原子在表面浓度大于在其在晶体内部的浓度时称为正吸附; 晶界能:晶界上原子从晶格中正常结点位置脱离出来,引起晶界附近区域内晶格发生畸变,与晶内相比,界面的单位面积自由能升高,升高部分的能量为晶界能; 小角度晶界:多晶体材料中,每个晶粒之间的位向不同,晶粒与晶粒之间存在界面,若相邻晶粒之间的位向差在10°~2°之间,称为小角度晶界; 晶界偏聚:溶质原子或杂质原子在晶界或相界上的富集,也称内吸附,有因为尺寸因素造成的平衡偏聚和空位造成的非平衡偏聚。 肖脱基空位:脱位原子进入其他空位或者迁移至晶界或表面而形成的空位。 弗兰克耳空位:晶体中原子进入空隙形而形成的一对由空位和间隙原子组成的缺陷。 刃型位错:柏氏矢量与位错线垂直的位错。 螺型位错:柏氏矢量与位错线平行的位错。 柏氏矢量:用来表征晶体中位错区中原子的畸变程度和畸变方向的物理量。 单位位错:柏氏矢量等于单位点阵矢量的位错 派—纳力:位错滑动时需要克服的周围原子的阻力。 过冷:凝固过程开始结晶温度低于理论结晶温度的现象。 过冷度:实际结晶温度和理论结晶温度之间的差值。 均匀形核:在过冷的液态金属中,依靠金属本身的能量起伏获得成核驱动力的形核过程。 过冷度:实际结晶温度和理论结晶温度之间的差值。 形核功:形成临界晶核时,由外界提供的用于补偿表面自由能和体积自由能差值的能量。 马氏体转变:是一种无扩散型相变,通过切变方式由一种晶体结构转变另一种结构,转变过程中,表面有浮凸,新旧相之间保持严格的位向关系。或者:由奥氏体向马氏体转变的

申根签证所需英文翻译营业执照副本

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材料科学基础名词解释

第六章 组元:组元通常是指系统中每一个可以单独分离出来,并能独立存在的化学纯物质,在一个给定的系统中,组元就是构成系统的各种化学元素或化合物。 相:在一个系统中,成分、结构相同,性能一致的均匀的组成部分叫做相,不同相之间有明显的界面分开,该界面称为相界面。 相平衡:在某一温度下,系统中各个相经过很长时间也不互相转变,处于平衡状态,这种平衡称为相平衡。各组元在各相中的化学势相同。 相图:表示合金系中合金的状态与温度、成分之间的关系的图形,又称为平衡图或状态图。 相变:从一种相转变为另一种相的过程称为相变。若转变前后均为固相,则称为固态相变。 凝固:物质由液态到固态的转变过程称为凝固 结晶:如果液态转变为结晶态的固体这个过程称为结晶 过冷:纯金属的实际凝固温度Tn总比其熔点Tm低的现象 过冷度:Tm与Tn的差值△T叫做过冷度 均匀形核:在液态金属中,存在大量尺寸不同的短程有序的原子集团。当温度降到结晶温度以下时,短程有序的原子集团变得稳定,不再消失,成为结晶核心。这个过程叫自发形核。 非均匀形核:实际金属内部往往含有许多其他杂质。当液态金属降到一定温度后,有些杂质可附着金属原子,成为结晶核性,这个过程叫非自发形核。 临界晶核:半径恰为r*的晶核称为临界晶核 临界半径:r*称为晶核的临界晶核半径 临界形核功:形成临界晶核时自由能的变化△G*>0,这说明形成临界晶核是需要能量的。形成临界晶核所需的能量△G*称为临界形核功。 能量起伏:形成临界晶核时,液、固两相之间的自由能差只提供所需要的表面能的三分之二,另外的三分之一则由液体中的能量起伏来提供 结构起伏:液态金属中的规则排列的原子团总是处于时起时伏,此起彼伏的变化之中,人们把液态金属中的这种排列原子团的起伏现象称为相起伏或结构起伏。 粗糙界面:粗糙界面在微观上高低不平、粗糙,存在几个原子厚度的过渡层。但是宏观上看,界面反而是平直的。 光滑界面:光滑界面是指固相表面为基本完整的原子密排面,固液两相截然分开,从微观上看界面是光滑的。但是从宏观来看,界面呈锯齿状的折线。 动态过冷度:晶核长大所需的界面过冷度。(远小于形核所需过冷度) 第七章 匀晶转变:由液相结晶出单相固溶体的过程称为匀晶转变。 平衡凝固:每个时刻都能达到平衡的结晶过程。 非平衡凝固:实际生产中的凝固是在偏离平衡条件下进行的,这种凝固过程被称为不平衡凝固。 共晶转变:由液相同时结晶出两个固相的过程称为共晶转变。 亚共晶:成分在共晶点E以左、M点以右(即Sn: ~ %)的合金称为亚共晶合金。 过共晶: 伪共晶:在非平衡凝固条件下,成分接近共晶成分的亚共晶或过共晶合金,凝固后组织却可以全部是共晶体,称为伪共晶。

英语翻译作业1

一、改译 宰客slaughter customers(cheating customers) 自学self learn(study on one’s self) 彩票colorful tickets(lottery) 救火save a fire(Firefighting) (电脑)死机systerm dead(computer crash) 吃食堂eat the canteen(eat in the canteen) 风凉话cold word(sarcastic remark) 太平门safe door(emergency exit) 三角债triangle debts(chain debts) 扣帽子put a hat on(put a label on) 文化程度cultural degree(education level) 抓紧时间grasp time firmly(hurry up) 来信写道the latter writes(the letter reads) 提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English(Improve one’s English) 胸有成竹have a bamboo in one’s stomach(have a well-thought-out plan) 二、直译 大海捞针Look for a needle in the ocean 猫哭耗子假慈悲Cat cry for mouse 嫁鸡随鸡嫁狗随狗Marry a chicken with chicken married dog follows dog 挥金如土Spend money like water 易如反掌As easy as to turn one's hand 打草惊蛇To beat the grass and frighten away the snake 呆若木鸡Dumb as a wooden chicken 千里之行始于足下Every journey begins with the first step 瑞雪兆丰年A timely heavy snow promises a good harvest . 跑得了和尚跑不了庙Run a monk can not run the temple 三、重点翻译 她经常在邻里之间搬弄是非 She always makes mischief between neighbors. 她毛遂自荐来这所学校当老师 She recommending herself to be a teacher in this school. 正真的好朋友应该是雪中送炭 True friend is who provides you timely help. 我要有个三长两短,你给我娘捎个话 If something happens to me, please give my mother a massage. 留得青山在,不愁没柴烧 As long as the green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood. 你这人真的是狗嘴里吐不出象牙 他对你的许诺不过是个空头支票而已 His promise to you just a blank check. 我喜欢那套房子,但美中不足的是离上班的地方太远 I like that house,but the fly in the ointment is too far away from the work place.

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