Unit 6[4] All of this is another way of saying that nothing we do is completely safe.There are risks, often potentially serious ones, associated with every hobby we have, every job we take, every food we eat—in other words, with every action.But the fact that there are risks associated with everything we are going to do does not, or should not, reduce us to trembling neurotics. Some actions are riskier than others.The point is to inform ourselves about the relevant risks and then act accordingly[N].4 上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。
有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。
但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。
有些活动是比其它活动更危险。
关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。
8] Once we understand that risk can never be totally eliminated from any situation and that, therefore, nothing is completely safe, we will then see that the issue is not one of avoiding risks altogether but rather one of managing risks in a sensible way[N].Risk management requires two things: common sense and information about the character and degree of the risks we may be running.8 我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。
Unit 9 History’s MysteriesUnit Goals1. Talk about the out-of-the-ordinary2. Present a theory about a past event3. Discuss how believable a story is4. Evaluate the trustworthiness of news source5. Write about one mysterious phenomenonLesson 1Lead-inOn-the-Stree t Interview: I don’t believe everything I read…A. Check each statement True or False.1. False2. False3. True4. False5. TrueB. Use information from the video segment to complete each sentence.1. the Internet, newspapers; television2. newspapers3. Austria, the USA, Great Britain4. spam, or unknown sourcesVideo ScriptInterviewer: Do you use the Internet at all?Mauro: Yes I do. Quite a lot, in fact.Interviewer: Do you use it to gather news, to ... like a newspaper, but ... ?Mauro: Well, I surf around a lot, actually. I tend to look for new sites and get information that is not so common in newspapers, for example.Interviewer: And do you feel that when you get information from the Internet, that you can trust it to be true? Do you fe el comfortable that it’s real?Mauro: You can never trust information, even from the newspapers. The newspapers sometimes print information that is not true for the mere fact that it comes from sources that are not true. And the same goes for the Internet.Maiko:I get news from Internet more than a newspaper or watching TV I think it’s, in terms of speed in how fast it gets to people, I think Internet is very good. In terms of credibility, I think; well, I think it’s almost the same thing, Internet, newspa per, and news on TVRob: I probably put too much faith in what I read although I try to use various sources in getting my news. That’s one way I judge to know if what I’m reading is ... is, you know, the truth or not.Christiane:I get my news over the Internet every day. I actually get three different newsletters on a daily basis. I get one from Austria, I get one from the USA, and I get one from Great Britain. So I get international news and thus can also evaluate which news are really, in the end, the real news, because I get them from all different sources. Lorayn:I don’t believe everything I read, whether it’s on the Internet or a newspaper or if I listen to it on TV I do believe that there are credible sources out there, and if I’ve heard … if I’ve he ard something or read something on the Internet, if it comes from a credible source, then I tend to believe it. There’s a lot out there that’s not too credible.You have to be very careful.Interviewer: And how do you try to be careful?Lorayn: If it’s spa m e-mail that comes or something that’s from a source that I don’t know, I tend not to ... not to put 100 percent trust into it. If it comes from the New York Times or if it comes from a reputable source, I tend to take that for 100 percent.ListeningTalk About a MysteryPart 1A. Sound BitesRead and listen to a conversation about a well-known mystery.Teaching Suggestions●Have students look at the image and read the caption. Ask:Who’s Bigfoot? (a hairy human-like creature)Where was he seen? (in the United States)Is this image proof that Bigfoot existed? (no)Why? (because the creature in the image is a man dressed in a costume)Do you think it was ever believed to be proof of Bigfoot’s existence? (Probably. It was taken in 1967, and Bob Heironimus di dn’t tell the truth until 2004.)●Have students read and listen to the conversation.●To check comprehension, ask:What led Victor to believe that Bigfoot exists? (a TV program)What would Patty need to believe Bigfoot exists? (to see it herself)Language note: Could’ve been is the short form used in spoken English of It could have been.There’s no such thing as ... is an expression that means that something does not exist.Culture note: The image is a still from a sixty-second film by Roger Patterson. It was one of the most important pieces of evidence that Bigfoot existed until Bob Heironimus confessed in 2004 that he dressed in a costume for the picture. People have claimed to have seen Bigfoot in the U.S. and Canada for hundreds of years. The creature was originally named Sasquatch, which means hairy giant, by Native Americans and then nicknamed Bigfoot because of large footprints that have been found and are thought to be from this creature.Corpus Notes:The expression buy [that] story is used almost exclusively in informal spoken English.B. Pair WorkRead the conversation again. With a partner, explain the meaning of each of the following statements.Answers will vary, but may include:1. I can’t believe you think that story is true!2. You always doubt everything!3. Bigfoot is definitely real.4. You’ve got to be kidding!5. You think up some crazy things!6. I have to see something with my own eyes to believe it’s true.Teaching Suggestions●Have students find and underline the statements in the conversation and note whosaid them. Encourage students to consider Victor's and Patty's views on the Bigfoot mystery to help them work out the meaning of the expressions.●In pairs, have students write a sentence explaining the meaning of each statement orquestion.●Review as a class. Call on different students to explain the meanings of thestatements.Option:If they haven’t already done so, have students underline the statements from Exercise B. Using their explanations of the meanings of the statements, have pairs think of different ways to say each of the statements. Call on pairs to read the Sound Bites conversation again, substituting the new statements for the underlined ones.Option:In pairs, have students describe Victor’s and Patty’s personalities. If necessary, prompt students by asking Who would you describe as gullible? Who would you describe as skeptical? Have students support their answers with information from the conversation. Encourage students to discuss who they identify with and why.Part 2Discuss How Believable a Story IsA. Word SkillsUsing adjectives with the suffix -able.Teaching Suggestions●Have students listen to the words and study the definitions. Then have students listenand repeat the words chorally.●Point out that words ending in the suffix -able are adjectives. Ask students what verbeach adjective comes from. (believe, debate, prove, question, solve)●To check comprehension, draw a continuum (without the answers) and word box onthe board. With books closed, have students choose the correct words from the box to complete the continuum with:Language note:Be sure students don’t confuse provable with probable, which means possible. Questionable also means possibly not honest or morally wrong; for example, His behavior is highly questionable. While believable implies that something is possibly true,unbelievable implies that something is almost certainly not true.Corpus Notes: The collocation highly questionable occurs much more frequently than very questionable.B. Complete each statement, using an adjective with the suffix -able. Use eachadjective only once.1. questionable2. believable3. debatable4. provable5. unsolvableTeaching SuggestionsHave students compare answers with a partner and review as a class.C. Listening Comprehension.Listen to Part 1 of a historical mystery.What happened to the Russian royal family? What was mysterious about this event?The entire family was murdered. It was mysterious because, until 1991, the bodies had not been found. There was also a woman who claimed to be one of the daughters.ScriptPart 1 [H = male host; J = Professor John Morgan, England]H: Our guest tonight is John Morgan, professor of Russian history at Cambridge University. Professor Morgan, the murder of Czar Nicholas II and the royal family of Russia in 1918 is one of the great mysteries of the twentieth century. Tell us the basic story of what happened.J:Well, in 1917, during the Russian Revolution --- with the end of the Russian monarchy --- the czar’s family was moved from St. Petersburg east to the Ural Mountains, supposedly for their protection. There was, of course, the czar ... his wife Alexandra ...and their children --- four daughters and a son, Alexei, who would have been the next czar --- and also the family doctor and several servants. According to the story, late one evening, they were all brought into a room and told that they were going to have their photograph taken. But to their surprise, soldiers suddenly came into the room firing guns and the entire family was murdered.H: And what makes this story such an enduring mystery?J: Well to begin with, until 1991 at least, no one had ever found the bodies. Stories spread about how the son, Alexei, and maybe also Anastasia, the youngest daughter, had escaped the execution and were still alive. Several women claimed to have been Anastasia --- the most famous person who claimed to have been Anastasia was an Anna Anderson, in Berlin in 1920. Many people found her story very believable, including other members of the Russian royal family. Anna Anderson --- or Anastasia, if you believed her --- died in the United States in 1984.Teaching SuggestionsPre-listening: Ask Who are these people? (the Russian royal family) Elicit from the class any information that they know about the Russian royal family.●Have students read the title, look at the map and photos, and read the captions.●First listening: Have students listen for information about what happened to the royalfamily and why it is a mystery. Then have students discuss in pairs.●Second listening: Have students listen to confirm or correct their answers. (Possibleresponse: They were murdered. It is a mystery because the bodies weren’t found until 1991, and Alexei and Anastasia were said to have escaped. Several women have claimed to be Anastasia.)●To review, have volunteers share their answers with the class.Language note:If necessary, explain the following: enduring(lasting for a long time); czar (ruler of Russia before 1917).Culture note: The October Revolution of 1917 put an end to the absolute monarchies that ruled Russia for centuries. After the revolution, the country was named Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the first dictator of the USSR. Yekaterinburg (on the map) is where the family is believed to have been moved and then killed.D. Now listen to Part 2.What happened in 1991, and what facts did it seem to prove? Why is it still a mystery?Researchers found nine bodies in the Ural Mountains. Medical testing showed that five of them were members of the royal family. But the bodies of the son and one of the daughters were still missing.ScriptPart 2H:Professor Morgan, you mentioned no one had a clue where the bodies were until 1991. Tell us about that.J: Well, people assumed that the bodies must have been lost forever, until 1991, when researchers found nine bodies in the Ural Mountains. Through medical testing they were able to confirm that five of the bodies had to have been Czar Nicholas, his wife, and three of their four daughters.H:That must’ve been pretty exciting news for a lot of people.J: No doubt about it. And they were able to conclude that the other four bodies were definitely not members of the czar’s family. Instead, it was believed that they were most likely the bodies of the doctor and three of the servants. But the bodies of the son, Alexei, and one daughter were still missing.H: Well, what about Anna Anderson, who claimed to be their daughter, Anastasia?Wouldn’t her story have been provable through medical testing too?J: Yes --- and it was. After they found the bodies of the royal family in 1991, medical testing on Anna Anderson’s body proved that she was not a member of the royal family. As a matter of fact, it proved that she wasn’t even Russian!H: How do you like that! Well, that’s one mystery solved.J: Right. But just when we thought the mystery of what happened to their bodies wassolved, a team of scientists have recently argued that the results of the medical testing done on the nine bodies in the 1990s was highly questionable --- poorly done and full of errors, and it might not have proved without a doubt that the bodies were the royal family after all.H:Well, I guess some mysteries just never die, do they?J:Not this one. It might just be an unsolvable case.H:Well, thank you Professor Morgan. That was very interesting.J:Thank you for having me.Teaching Suggestions●Have students listen for the answers to the questions. Ask them to take notes whilethey listen.●To review, call on volunteers to share their answers with the class.Option: On the board, write:1. The results of the medical testing in 1991 are ______ because ______.2. Anna Anderson's story could have been ______ through medical testing if ______.3. Professor Morgan says the mystery might be ______ because ______.Have students complete the first blank with an adjective from Exercise A and the second blank with their own ideas to make a logical sentence. Review as a class. (Possible statements: 1. questionable, a lot of errors were made; 2. provable, it had been properly done; 3. unsolvable, proof of what actually happened may never be found)E. Complete each statement, according to the listening. Listen to Part 2 again ifnecessary.1. a2. b3. a4. aTeaching Suggestions●Have students complete the statements individually and compare answers with apartner.●If necessary, have students listen again to confirm or correct their answers.●In pairs, have students support their answers with information from the listening.●Review as a class. Have students support their answers. For example, 1. The correctanswer is A because Alexei’s body has never been found, so there is no proo f that he was executed.Option: To give students a chance to express their personal opinions, have them speculate about the mystery of Russia’s last royal family in small groups. Ask students to support their views. Encourage the use of perfect modals in the passive voice for speculating about the past. To finish, call on a few volunteers to share their speculations with the class.SpeakingSpeculate About the Out-of-the-ordinaryA. Conversation SnapshotTeaching Suggestions●Before students read and listen, have them look at the photo and predict what thewomen are talking about. To prompt students, ask What is the woman on the left looking at? (her watch) How many plates are there on the table? (three) What do you think they are talking about? (Possible response: the person they are waiting for)●After students read and listen, check comprehension by asking Who are the womenwaiting for? (Stacey) Do they know why she’s late? (no) What might have caused her delay? (the traffic)●Have students read and listen to the ways to say “I don’t know.” Point out that theyare all informal ways to say that you don’t know something. Beats me is very informal, but it is not offensive.Language note: The out-of-the-ordinary is something that is different from what is usual or expected. I’ll bet means that you’re almost sure something is true.Rhythm and Intonation PracticeTeaching SuggestionsHave students repeat chorally. Make sure they:✧pronounce the contraction ’d in She said she’d ...✧use rising intonation for Do you think something happened?✧use falling intonation for Why else would she be late?✧use emphatic stress for sure in I’m sure it’s nothing, for I’ll in I’ll bet she’s ... , for else inWhy else … , and for can’t in I can’t imagine.✧use the following stress pattern:B. Indirect Speech with ModalsTeaching Suggestions●Have a volunteer read the Remember note and the example out loud. Write theexample on the board:“I went to the store.” → She said [that] she had gone to the store.Point to the reporting verb in the indirect speech statement (said) and ask Is this verb in a present or past form? (past) Did the verb in the reported speech change?(yes) How did it change? (went changed to had gone)●Remind students that when the verb in the reported speech changes or “backshifts,”present becomes past and past becomes past perfect.●Have students read the second and third explanations and study the backshifts in theexamples.●Point out that both must and have to change to had to in indirect speech.●Point to the box of modals that backshift and modals that don’t backshift.●Read the Remember box and the example out loud. Remind students to changepronouns and possessives when they change direct speech to indirect speech.●To check comprehension, write on the board:John told Irene, “I may work late because 1 have to finish a report.”Ask What words in these sentences will change when we put them into indirect speech? Circle the words as students respond. (I, may, I, have) Then elicit the correct indirect speech from the class. (John told Irene [that] he might work late because he had to finish a report.)●Have a student read the last explanation out loud. To check comprehension, write thefollowing on the board. Elicit the indirect speech from the class:“They should have known.” → He said _________________.Corpus Notes: Indirect speech occurs much more frequently without that than with.C. Oral WorkChange each sentence from direct to indirect speech and practice with your partner.1. He told me [that] I shouldn’t worry if he arrives a little late.2. He said [that] students had to arrive fifteen minutes early.3. He said [that] Jack might have gotten lost.4. She said [that] they might have forgotten their luggage.5. She told me [that] she’d call me as soon as she got there.6. She told us [that] she might have to cancel the meeting.7. He told me [that] he would come early.8. She told me [that] I ought to phone first.Teaching Suggestions●To review the difference in use between say and tell, ask When do we use say andtell? (We use say when we don’t mention the listener. We use tell when we mention the listener.) Elicit contrasting examples from students. (Possible responses: He said that he would be late; He told me that he would be late.) If necessary, write an example with each verb on the board.●Model the first item with the class. Ask What is going to change in indirect speech?(You → I; I → he; arrive → arrived)●Have students compare answers with a partner and review as a class.ReadingText ABackground InformationAlabamaAlabama is located in the east south central United States, at the southern end of the Appalachian Mountains and on the Gulf of Mexico. It is one of the principal states of the South and is often referred to as the Heart of Dixie. In the course of about 450 years, Spanish, French, British, and Confederate flags, as well as the Stars and Stripes, have flown over Alabama, and residents of the state have a deep-seated sense of history. Alabama entered the Union on December 14, 1819, as the 22nd state. The state capital, Montgomery, became the provisional capital of the Confederate States of America in 1861 and is popularly known as the Cradle of the Confederacy.Key Words and Expressionsconfirm v.证实The new evidence has confirmed the first witness’s story.Research has confirmed that the risk is higher for women.erase v.删除；抹去Unfortunately, the tape has been erased.The World Bank has agreed to erase the debt.knock … out打晕某人Tyson knocked out his opponent in Round 5.The shock from an electric eel is powerful enough to knock a man out. play tricks on 捉弄某人The girls were always playing tricks on their teacher.Fate played a cruel trick on him when he was badly injured in his firstinternational game.Reference Translation今日城市传说城市传说指被普遍认为真实的不确定或离奇故事。
Unit1vocabulary2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiori ty4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6 ) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encourageme nt7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/cent er of attention10) we buy our tickets in advance4. 1) certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) in dividually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) troubleUnit2Step OneStep Two1) long-distance 2) upbeat 3) ever-ready 4) overdue 5) typewriter6) milestone 7) handwritten 8) uplifted 9) self-conscious 10) rag-eared 11) birthday 12) throughout 13) drawbacks 14) chairman 15) teenage3. 1) thrives 2) strategy 3) annual 4) deserve 5) spontaneous 6) sincer e7) investments 8) enterprise 9) follow up 10) characterized 11) ling ered12) acknowledged4. column 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) C tough 1) D 2) B 3) E 4) F 5) C 6) A6. 1) searched 2) clever 3) solution 4) wasted 5) tolerate 6) hidden 7) dumb8) subject 9) noise 10) extra 11) purchased 12) replaced 13) appreci ation14) hurried 15) warrant 16) strangeUnit31. Understanding the Organization of the Text1) Introduction (para 1)It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emo tions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patt erned by both heredity and culture.2) There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls. (para. 2-4)Supporting evidenceA. Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (para 2)i) Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning proces s.ii) The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positiv e attitudes and go on to higher achievement.iii) Two examples:a. In many of the former all-women’s colleges, the boys were taking ove r the class-room discussions and active participation by women students h ad diminished noticeably.b. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been obse rved in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.B. Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyp ed gender roles. (para. 3)i) Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.ii) An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experi ment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away.C. Gender-biased education is also reflected in the typical American teach er’ assumption. (para 4)i) The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects o f math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and rea ding skills.ii) Three examples:a. American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are sup erior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on.b. In Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who d evelop reading problems.c. In Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls a nd boys do equally well in reading.3) The educational bias begins at home. (para 5)A. Supporting evidence:i) Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much w ider area than girl preschoolers.ii) Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical sk ills, while girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and wi th the desire to be approved of for their goodness and obedience to rules.B. The consequence when these lessons carry over from the home to the classroom: Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the tea cher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its c ontent, and more anxious about being right in their answers than in bein g intellectually independent, analytical, or original.C. Conclusion: Through the educational process that occupies most of the child’s waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns o ut each sex in its traditional and expected mold.Vocabulary1. 1) genetic 2) assign 3) noticeably 4) approved 5) Bias 6) deprived7) constituted 8) participation 9) unintentional 10) postgraduate3. 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) B 6) C 7) F 8) Bunit4Reading Comprehension1. 1) Introduction(para 1)It is introduced in the article how teachers and parents can encoura gecreativity in children.2) An important strategy for parents and teachers to follow (para. 2-3)A. The strategy:To encourage children to spend time thinking and developing new id eas.B. The significance for adopting the strategy:If children can be taught to think creatively, they will be better able tofunction in tomorrow’s society.3) The definition of creativity (para. 4-5)A. Who successful students and adults are:Those who can find a number of ways to approach problems.B. What creative people can do:They can use what they have to produce original ideas that are good forsomething.4) A big problem in school (para. 6)The problem: Children can obtain and give back information, but can’t figureout ways to apply what they know in new situations.5) A new approach to teaching (para 7)A. The approach: Combining the basics with the activities where studen ts mustuse their imaginations.B. How to do so: By asking questions and meanwhile praising their ide as andnew thoughts.C. How to facilitate the process: To create an atmosphere in which the re is norisk in being creative-- a place where wild ideas are honored and val ued,never scorned or dismissed.6) Things parents can do at home to encourage creativity (para. 8-10)A. To involve children in decision making.B. To help children to understand the consequences of various decision s.C. To encourage them to talk out loud about things they are doing. Th e reasonfor doing so: Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills.D. To show a sense of humor. The reason for doing so: Children can s eecreativity in its purest form.E. To give children choices from their earliest age.Examples:a. When they are very young, let them choose between two food item s forlunch.b. B. When they grow older, let them decide how to use their time or spendtheir money.Vocabulary3. 1) dismiss 2) consequences 3) promoting 4) applies 5) vital 6) scor ned7) conventional 8) original4. 1) consciously 2) innovative 3) unconsciously 4) determined 5) Imagi nation6) aware 7) control 8) created 9) extension 10) technique 11) vulne rable12) unfolding 13) joyful 14) gain 15) ApplyUnit5新编大学英语第二版第四册第五课练习答案Understanding the organization of the text1) Introduction (para. 1)Athletes are chosen to be role models, and they can choose only to be good orbad ones.2) Athletes should be role models. (para. 2-5)The author’s arguments:A. Athletes should not refuse the responsibility of being a role model whil eaccepting all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete.(para. 2)B. I try to be a positive role model, but that doesn’t mean I am perfect. (para. 3)C. Qualities of a positive role model: (para. 4)a. He influences people’s lives in a positive way.b. He gives of himself in time or money to help those who look up to him.c. He displays the values like honesty and determination.D. Athletes cannot take the place of parents, but can help reinforce what parentstry to teach their children. (para. 5)3) People sometimes expect so much that some athletes don’t want to be rolemodes. (para. 6-7)A. Sometimes people put athletes on a pedestal.Example: I have had parents in Utah put my picture on the wall beside JesusChrist. (para. 6)B. Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times.Example: 1: Negative publicity Michael Jordan received about gambling.2. Ever since I played on the Dream Team, I can’t go anywherewithout being the center of attention and I can’t even buy amotorcycle I really want. (para. 7)4) Conclusion (para 8-9)The good things about being a role model outweigh the bad.A. It’s a great feeling to think you are part of the reason that a id decid ed to tryto be good.B. But parents should remind their kids that there are no perfect human beings.C. Charles Barkley is a good role model.Vocabulary2. 1) is bound to 2) follow their lead 3) goes too far/is going too far4) take the place of 5) dropped out 6) have a fit 7) measure up to8) look up to 9) Let’s face it10) you name it3. 1) outgrown 2) outdo 3) outwitted 4) outweigh 5) outlived。
