英国文学术语

1、Epic史诗：A long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. 一种关于严肃主题的长诗叙事，以正式和高尚的风格讲述，以英雄或准神性人物为中心，其行为取决于一个部落、一个民族或人类的命运。

Traditional epics：were written versions of what had originally been oral poems about a tribal or national hero during a warlike age. e.g. 传统史诗：关于战争年代部落或民族英雄的口头诗的书面版本①The Greek The lliad, The Odysseyo希腊神话，伊利亚特和奥德赛②The Anglo-Saxon Beowulf 8th.c.盎格鲁-撒克逊贝奥武夫8号Literary epics：were composed by individual poetic craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form. e.g. 文学史诗：由个体诗意工匠精心模仿传统形式创作而成①Milton：Paradise Lost (1667) 弥尔顿：《失乐园》2、Romance浪漫：1、Romance浪漫：a type of narrative that developed in 12th century France, spread to the literature of other countries and displaced the earlier epic and heroic forms. 在12世纪的法国发展起来的一种叙事形式，传播到其他国家的文学中，取代了早期的史诗和英雄形式。

英国文学-名词解释-学习好资料欢迎下载1.epic 史诗:a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroicideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. Aconceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne..3.Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident4.Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrotein a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas .5.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, andmemories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception.6.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.7.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.8.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14thcentury. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.9.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.10.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helpsevoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesth etic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.11.“Dramatic monologue”戏剧独白that is a lyric poem which reveals “ a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. T he character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic monent in the speaker’s life.12.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.13.Sonnet is a verse form of fourteen lines, in English characteristically in iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakespearean14.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length andwhich discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.15.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expres sion of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in学习好资料欢迎下载the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.16.Naturalism自然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thought is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.17.Sentimentalism感伤主义：It is a literal movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrateson the distressed of the poor unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness.18.Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man./doc/b03339706.html,ke poets 湖畔诗人the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature.William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.20.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as mostrepresentative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 21.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic orliterary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner.22.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas ormoral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning,a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.23.Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is aboldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a late r example.24.启蒙运动:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as theEnlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempt to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.25.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.。

英国文学专业术语翻译01. Humanism (人文主义) 02.Renaissance(文艺复兴)03. Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) 04. Classism (古典主义)05. Enlightenment (启蒙运动) 06. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)07. The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌) 08. Romanticism (浪漫主义)09. Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) 10. Critical Realism (批判现实主义)11. Aesthetic ism（美学主义）13. Modernism (现代主义)14. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue)18. the Age of Realism (现实主义时期)20. Naturalism (自然主义) 21. Local Colorist (乡土文学)22. Imagism (意象主义) 23. The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)25. The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) 27. Surrealism (超现实主义)28. Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）29. New Criticism (新批评主义)31. Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄32. Impressionism (印象主义)33. Post modernity (后现代主义) 38. Realism (现实主义)39. Meditative Poetry (冥想派诗歌)01. Allegory (寓言) 2. Alliteration (头韵)03. Ballad (民谣) 04. epic (史诗)06. Romance (传奇) 05. Lay (短叙事诗)07. Alexandrine (亚历山大诗行) 08. Blank V erse (无韵诗或素体广义地说09. Comedy (喜剧) 10. Essay (随笔)12. History Plays (历史剧) 13. Masquesc or Masks (假面剧)14. Morality plays (道德剧) 15.Sonnet (十四行诗)16. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节) 17. Stanza (诗节)18. Three Unities (三一原则) 19. Tragedy (悲剧)21.Metar (格律24. Soliloquy (独白)25.Narrative Poem (叙述诗) 27. Beowulf (贝奥武甫)29. Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人) 30. Elegy (挽歌)31. Restoration Comedy (复辟时期喜剧) 32. Action (情节33. Adventure novel (探险小说) 34. Archaism (古语)35. Atmosphere (基调)37. Epigram (警句)39. The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) 40. Satire (讽刺)41. Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学) 43.Denouement (戏剧结局)42. Aside (旁白) 44. parable (寓言)45. Genre (流派) 46. Irony (反讽)47. Lyric (抒情诗) 48. Mock Epic (诙谐史诗)49. Ode (颂歌) 51. Pastoral (田园诗)52.Terza Rima (三行诗) 53. Ottava Rima (八行诗)54. Canto (诗章) ke Poets (湖畔诗人)57. Imagery (比喻) 58. Dramatic monologue （戏剧独白）59. Pre-Raphaelites (先拉菲尔派) 60. Psychological novel (心理小说)61.Point of V iew (叙述角度) 62. plot (情节)63. Allusion (典故)64. Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物)65. Flashback (倒叙) P133 66. Narration67. Ambiguity69. Symbolism (象征主义)72. Existentialism (存在主义) 73. Anti-hero (反面人物)74 . Round Character (丰满的人物) 75. Flat character (平淡的人物)76. Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/ 蛮母厌父情结)77.omniscience (无所不知的)78. Poetry (诗歌) 79. Rhyme (押韵)80. Iambic pentameter (五音步诗) 81. Rhyme royal82. Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗) 83. Italian or petranrchan sonnet(意大利十四行诗)85. Poetic license (诗的破格) 86. Epiphany (主显节)87. Psychological penetration (心理透视) 88. Legend (传说)89. Myth (神话) 90. Pessimism (悲观主义)91. Jacobean age (英王詹姆斯一世时期) 92. Tragicomedy (悲喜剧)93. Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧) 94. Gothic novel (哥特式小说)95. Historical novel (历史小说) 96.Unitarianism (上帝一位论)99. Consonance (和音) 100. Free V erse (自由体诗歌)02. Theme (主题) 06. Theatre of the Absurd (荒谬剧)13. Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) 14. Analogy (类比)15. Anapest (抑抑扬格) 16. Antagonist (次要人物)17. Antithesis (对立) 18. Aphorism (格言) 20. Argument (论据) 21. Autobiography (自传) 23. Biography (传记) 26. Character (人物)27. Characterization (性格描绘) 28. Climax (高潮)29. Conflict (冲突) 30. Connotation (隐含意义)31. Couplet (对偶) 32. Dactyl (扬抑抑格)33. Denotation (意义) T 34. Denouement (结局)35. Description (叙述) 36. Diction (措词)37. Dissonance (不协和音) 38. Emblematic image (象征比喻)A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.44. Exposition (解释说明) 45. Fable (寓言)46. Figurative language (比喻语言) 47. Figure of speech (修辞特征)48. Foil (衬托) 49. Foot (脚注) 50. Hyperbole (夸张). 51. Iamb (抑扬格) 59. Metaphor (暗喻) 63. Motivation (动机)64. Multiple Point of View (多视角) 65. Narrator (叙述者)67. Nonfiction (写实文学) 68. Novel (小说)69. Octave (八行体诗) 70. Onomatopoeia (拟声法构词)71. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法) 72. Paradox (自相矛盾)73. Parallelism (平行) 74. Pathos (哀婉) 75. Persuasion (说服) 76. Pictorialism (图像) 77. Pre-Romanticism (先浪漫主义) 78. Protagonist (正面人物)79. Psalm (圣歌) 80. Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) 81. Pun (双关语) 82. Quatrain (四行诗)83.Quintain (五行诗) the five-line stanza. 84. Refrain (叠句)85. Rhythm (韵律) 86. Scansion (诗的韵律分析)87. Septet (七重唱)88. Sestet (六重唱) 89. Setting (背景)90. Short Story (短篇小说) 91. Simile (明喻)。

英国文学术语汇编Part I01. Humanism (人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance (文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heri tage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism (古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment (启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope, Jonathan Swift. etc.06. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School (墓园派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism (浪漫主义)An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphasis on the individual…s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.1> it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.2>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience.3> the English romantic period is an age of poetry, which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romanticpoets include Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron‟s chief contribution to english literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”.10. Critical Realism (批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Modernism (现代主义)1. Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. Fresh ways of looking at man‟s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.12. the Age of Realism (现实主义时期)1).Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism;2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the my steries of life and death and heroic individualism, people‟s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portrayal of class struggle;3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class;13. Naturalism (自然主义)1>Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism.2>as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people.3>As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France.4> Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society.14. Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.15. Feminism(女权主义)Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, femini sm is ideology of women‟s liberation basedon the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Part II1. Alexandrine (亚历山大诗行)1>The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>It is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.2. Allegory (寓言)1>Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan‟s Pilgrim’s Progress and Melville‟s Moby Dick are such examples.3. Ballad (民谣)1>Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. 2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge‟s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.4. Blank Verse (无韵诗)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.5. Climax (高潮)The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a s tory‟s turning poin t. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.6. Canto (诗章)1>Canto is a section of division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.2>the most famous cantos in literature are those that make up Dante‟s Divine comedy, a 14th century epic.7. Comedy (喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.8.Conceit (奇特比喻)1>Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne‟s poetry.9. Elegy (挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.10. Epic (史诗)1>Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.11. Epigram (警句)A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.12. Epistolary novel （书信体小说）It‟s a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. Originating with SamuelRichardson‟s Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), the story of a servant girl‟s victorious struggle against her master‟s attempts to seduce her, it was one of the earliest forms of novel to be developed and remained one of the most popular up to the 19th century. The epistolary novel‟s reliance on subjective points of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.13. Foot (音步) It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.14. Gothic novel (哥特式小说)Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.15. Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句/英雄双行体)The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.16. Iamb (抑扬格) It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.17. Iambic pentameter (五音步诗)Iambic pentameter is the most common english meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.ke Poets (湖畔诗人)In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the lake school or Lakers.19. Lyric (抒情诗)1>Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle.2>Lyric often concerns love. 3>the elegy, ode and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.20. Morality plays (道德剧)A kind of medieval and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience,etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does not necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.21. Metaphor (暗喻)A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the comparison.22. Miracle play (奇迹剧)A popular religious drama of medieval England. Miracle plays were based on stories of the saints or on sacred history.23. Motif (主题)A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in some way to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. At times, motif is used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature.24. Motivation (动机)The reasons, either stated or implied, for a character‟s behavior. To make a story believable, a writer must provide characters with motivation sufficient to explain what they do. Characters may be motivated by outside events, or they may be motivated by inner needs or fears.25. Multiple Point of View (多视角)It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.26. Novel (小说)A book-length fictional prose narrative, having may characters and often a complex plot.27. Ode (颂歌)Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2> John Keats wrote great Odes, his Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.28. Oedipus Complex (俄狄浦斯情结/ 弑父恋母情结)Oedipus complex is a term coined by Sigmund Freud to designate a son‟s subconscious feeling of love toward his mother and jealousy and hatred toward his father.2>wrence‟s Sons and lovers is a case in point.29.Omniscience (无所不知的) Point of ViewThe narrator is capable of knowing, seeing and telling all the actions of the character. And the narrator feels free to make comments on the meaning of actions.2> it is characterized by freedom in shifting from the exterior world to the inner selves of a number of characters and by a freedom in movement both in time and space.30. Paradox (自相矛盾)A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.31. Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物)In literary work protagonist refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal. Antagonist is a person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.32. Psalm (圣歌) A song or lyric poem in praise of God.33. Pun (双关语)The use of a word or phrase to suggest two or more meaning at the same time. Puns are generally humorous.34. Pastoral (田园诗)A literary work dealing with and often celebrating a rural world and a way of life lived close to nature. It usually idealized shepherds‟ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. Typically, pastoral liturgy depicts beautiful scenery, carefree shepherds, seductive nymphs, and rural songs and dances. A good example of pastoral poetic conventions occurs in Marlowe‟s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.35. Psychological novel (心理小说)Psychological novel refers to a kind of novel that dwells on a complex Psychological development and presents much of the narration through the inner workings of the character‟s mind.36.Point of View (叙述角度)Point of view can be divided by the narrator‟s relationship with the character, represented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscient narrator.37. plot (情节)Plot refers to the structure of a story, 2> the plot of a literary work includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action and the resolution. It has a protagonist who is opposed by an antagonist, creating what is called conflict.38. Rhyme (押韵)Rhyme is the repetition of sounds at the ends of words. End rhyme occurs when rhyming words appear at the ends of lines. Internal rhyme occurs when rhyming words fall within a line.39. Rhythm (韵律)It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also use rhythm to echo meaning.40. Setting (背景)The time and place in which the events in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem occur. Setting can give us information, vital to plot and theme. Often, setting and character will reveal each other.41. Short Story (短篇小说)A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single setting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view, and style.42. Simile (明喻)(a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such aslike, as than, or resembles. The comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.43. Satire (讽刺)1>Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general.2> the aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see th eir point of view through the force of laughter.3> Swift‟s Gulliver‟s Travels is a great satire of the English society from different aspects.44. Soliloquy (独白)1>Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.2>the line “to be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare‟s Hamlet.45.Sonnet (十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare‟s sonnets are well-known.Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗)Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains and a couplet (rhyming abab cdcd efef gg).Italian or Petrarchan sonnet(意大利十四行诗)Italian or Petrarchan sonnet is composed of an octave and s sestet (rhyming abbaabba cdecde).46. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3> Spenser‟s The Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.47. Stanza (诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.48. Symbolism (象征主义)Symbolism works under the surface to tie the story‟s external action to the theme. It was often produced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence.49. Theme (主题)Theme means t he unifying point or general idea of a literary work.2>it provides an answer to such ques tion as “what is the work about”3>each literary work carries its own theme or themes.50. Theatre of the Absurd (荒谬剧)1>The absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and presents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form.2>the most original playwright of the theater of absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in a alien, decaying world.51. The Angry young men (愤怒的青年)In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background, who were known as “The Angry young men”2> they demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society.3> Kinsley Amis is a leading figure of this group.52. University Wits (大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”。

英国文学的一些名词解释英国文学是世界文学宝库中的明珠，众多文学名著诞生于这片土地上。

提到英国文学，我们不仅仅要了解其中众多名著的作者和故事情节，我们还需要掌握一些专业术语和概念。

在本文中，我将为大家解释一些与英国文学相关的名词，帮助读者更好地理解英国文学的精髓。

一、浪漫主义浪漫主义是18世纪末到19世纪初兴起的一种文学运动，它强调个人感受、想象力和超凡脱俗的体验。

浪漫主义充满了激情和对自然、人类内心世界的热爱。

在英国文学史上，浪漫主义给予了众多优秀的作品，如《弗兰肯斯坦》、《唐吉诃德》等。

二、维多利亚时代维多利亚时代是指1837年至1901年英国女王维多利亚统治下的时期。

这个时代是英国工业革命达到巅峰的时期，但也是社会动荡和不平等的时期。

维多利亚时代的文学作品通常描写社会阶级落差、人性的复杂以及对女性地位的思考。

其中最著名的代表作品包括《雾都孤儿》、《呼啸山庄》等。

三、现代主义现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学运动，它试图打破传统的叙事形式，挑战读者的理解和想象力。

现代主义作品通常以碎片化的结构、内心独白和流露出的不确定性为特点。

英国文学史上的现代主义代表作品有《尤利西斯》、《荒原》等。

四、战后文学战后文学是指第二次世界大战结束后，英国文学的新兴潮流。

在这一时期，英国文学持续呈现多样性和实验性。

战后文学关注社会变革、性别政治以及民族认同，并通过多种不同的写作风格和技巧来探索个体心理和文化理解。

该时期的代表作品包括《动物农场》、《1984》等。

五、北方现实主义北方现实主义是19世纪中叶至20世纪初期在英国出现的文学派别，它对于社会的现象和底层人民的生存状况进行了深刻而真实的描写。

北方现实主义作品通常关注社会困境和阶级冲突，以真实主义的手法展现人物的命运和社会环境的影响。

代表作品有《红与黑》、《战争与和平》等。

六、文学奖项文学奖项是评选和表彰优秀文学作品和作者的机构或组织举办的活动，也是文学界的重要盛事。

7 the Victorian age (1832-1901)•Realism:A mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or “reflecting”faithfully an actual way of life .Dramatic monologue: a piece of spoken verse that offers great insight into the feelings of the speakers.A type of lyric poetry written in a form of a speech of an individual character to his or her auditors (listeners)Bildgungsroman(coming-of –age novel 成长小说): a term coined in literary criticism, which purportedly defines a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood, and in which character change is thus extremely important.8. 20th centuryModernism: . A general term applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature and other arts of the early 2oth century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Dada, and Surrealism. It is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th century traditions, eg, a rejection of traditional metres.disengaged from bourgeois valuesadopting complex and difficult new forms and stylesStream of consciousness:The continuous flow of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind, or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usu. in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue Symbolism:Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into on e image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.象征主义：使用象征来写作的一种技巧。

1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

英国文学名词解释英国文学是指在英国境内产生的文学作品，包括散文、诗歌、戏剧等多种文学形式。

以下是一些与英国文学相关的名词解释：1. 莎士比亚戏剧（Shakespearean Drama）：指威廉·莎士比亚所创作的戏剧作品，包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

2. 简·奥斯汀小说（Jane Austen Novels）：指英国女作家简·奥斯汀所写的一系列小说，主要描写中上层社会的生活，包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。

3. 浪漫主义（Romanticism）：指18世纪末至19世纪初的一种文艺运动，强调情感、个人主义和自然之美，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治等。

4. 维多利亚时期文学（Victorian Literature）：指19世纪中后期的英国文学，以女王维多利亚统治时期为背景，作品内容反映了社会变革和道德观念的转变，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特等。

5. 符号主义（Symbolism）：指19世纪末20世纪初的一种文学流派，强调象征和隐喻的运用，代表作家有奥斯卡·王尔德、D·H·劳伦斯等。

6. 现代主义（Modernism）：指20世纪初的一种思潮和文学流派，以对现代社会的批判和对传统形式的挑战为特点，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯等。

7. 女性主义文学（Feminist Literature）：指关注女性经验和性别平等的文学作品，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、玛格丽特·阿特伍德等。

8. 后现代主义（Postmodernism）：指二战后出现的一种思潮和文学流派，强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的游戏性，代表作家有萨缪尔·贝克特、艾里奥·卡尔维诺等。

9. 科幻文学（Science Fiction）：指描写未来社会和科技发展的文学作品，代表作家有霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特、艾萨克·阿西莫夫等。

1.(1) Modernism （现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fic tion represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism。

It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。

Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity。

Realism现实主义： An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings。

（1） First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful， accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world。

Literary terms(文学术语)（一）中古时期（1）民谣（ballad）:以诗的形式被歌唱和传诵，并代代相传。

如《罗宾汉》，《老水手之行》。

(2)史诗（epic）:叙述神与英雄行为的叙事长诗。

如《贝奥武夫》，《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》，荷马《伊利亚特》《奥德赛》，中世纪但丁的《神曲》。

（3）罗曼史∕骑士文学（romance）：中世纪的一种流行文学形式，用来歌颂骑士的冒险精神和英雄行为，骑士精神（如勇敢、慷慨、忠诚、善良）是其精神。

（4）押头韵（alliteration）：一行诗中的某些词的首个发音的重复或重现。

如：“I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.(二)文艺复兴时期（1）文艺复兴（Renaissance）：Renaissance一词意为“重生”，指对西欧的希腊和罗马文化的复兴，其核心是人文主义，带有14、15世纪特点的态度和情感被渗入人文主义和宗教改革中。

英国文艺复兴的主流是伊利莎白时期的戏剧，莎士比亚是戏剧家的代表。

（2）人文主义（humanism）：是文艺复兴的核心，强调的是人类的尊严和现实生活的重要性，人文主义者认为人是宇宙的中心，他们不仅有权享受生活的美好，还有能力自我完善和创造奇迹。

（3）斯宾塞诗节（Spenserian stanza）：由埃德蒙•斯宾塞创造的，指每个诗节有9行诗句，前8行每行都是10个音节（五音步抑扬格），第9行为12个音节（六音步抑扬格），押韵为ababbcbcc，如《仙后》。

（4）奇特的比喻（conceit）:是一种牵强的明喻或暗喻，即把两个不相似的事物进行比较，这种手法多被约翰•多恩的诗歌采用。

（5）玄学派诗歌（metaphysical poetry）：指17世纪受多恩影响的作家所写的作品，多采用奇特的比喻手法。

玄学派诗人试图打破传统的伊利莎白时期的爱情诗歌的形式，其措词较伊利莎白和新古典主义时期更为简洁，与平民语言的用词和韵律相符，且其意象也源自现实生活。