pragmatic vagueness

2005年第1期 外 国 语 总第155期 No.1, January 2005 Journal of Foreign Languages General Serial No.15541文章编号：1004-5139（2005）01-0041-07 中图分类号：H030 文献标识码：A语用含糊的标记等级和元语用意识侯国金（四川外语学院 外国语言研究所，重庆 400031；复旦大学 中文系，上海 200433）摘 要：本文从标记理论的角度，借用关联论以及顺应论，对语用含糊进行了新的诠释。

文章用话语的标记性（即标记等级）来区分和解释原意和随意言谈的各语类，认为a ）语用含糊是话语作为言语行为的整体性含糊；b ）标记等级与语用目的的大小和元语用意识的高低成正比；c ）原意和随意言谈可以互相转化。

　关键词：原意言谈；随意言谈；语用含糊；标记性；元语用意识　Markedness Degrees of Pragmatic Vagueness andMeta-Pragmatic AwarenessHOU Guo-jin(Center for Foreign Languages and Linguistics Studies , Sichuan International Studies University , Chongqing , 400031; The Chinese Department , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433, China )Abstract: This thesis studies pragmatic vagueness from the perspective of the Markedness Theory, in light of Relevance Theory as well as the Adaptation Theory. Literal talk and loose talk are distinguished here in terms of markedness degrees, and the author believes a) pragmatic vagueness is meaningful only for the investigation of the whole utterance as a social behavior; b) markedness matches pragmatic goal and meta-pragmatic awareness in degree and volume; c) literal and loose talk can transform into each other under certain conditions. Key words: literal talk; loose talk; pragmatic vagueness; markedness; meta-pragmatic awareness1. 什么是语用含糊？语用模糊（pragmatic ambivalence ）的研究是从Leech [1]、Brown & Levinson [2] 开始的。

间接言语行为的协商机制与策略*临沂大学 孟凡茂摘要：作为人类语言使用中的普遍现象，间接言语行为在人际关系的建立和维护中起着重要的作用。

而人际意义是通过交际双方的互动协商实现的。

因此，揭示间接言语行为的协商功能对阐释其人际意义具有重要意义。

而其内在机制包括语言形式与言语功能的不对应性赋予了间接言语行为双重功能以及间接言语行为具有的语用模糊性。

作为一种交际策略，间接言语行为通过维护交际双方的面子保证协商顺利进行。

关键词：间接言语行为；协商机制；策略作者简介：副教授，主要从事应用语言学研究。

电子邮箱：mfm109@。

1引言自塞尔（Searle，1969）在奥斯汀（Austin）言语行为理论基础上提出间接言语行为以来，这一概念已成为语用学研究的重要课题。

学界一般认为，间接言语行为是语言使用中的普遍现象（Thomas，1995：119），对建立和维持人际关系有重要意义。

许多学者以礼貌功能为核心对间接言语行为的社会功能及其工作机制做了有益探讨（Levinson，1983；Searle，1975，1979）。

Searle（1975）认为礼貌是间接言语行为产生的直接原因。

列文森（Levinson，1983：274）认为要解释间接言语行为产生的动机，就要把礼貌因素考虑在内。

间接言语行为的其他功能也受到很多学者关注。

托马斯（Thomas, 1995：142—146）认为采用间接方式主要是为了“使自己的言语更有趣或更没趣”，“增强信息的力度”，“礼貌或照顾面子”，或因为“多重目标有冲突”。

刘国辉（2001）总结了间接言语行为的功能，包括面子礼貌，经济原则，审美情趣，和睦的人际关系，难以穷尽的客观事态，交际动态预设的无限性和白色谎言七个方面。

本文将在这些研究的基础上细化间接言语行为的协商性，探究其内在机制和语用策略。

2 间接言语行为的协商性间接言语行为的协商性是由其本质及推理过程决定的。

间接言语行为本质上是“通过实施另一种言语行为来间接地实施某一种言语行为”（Searle，1979：60）。

语⽤学⽐喻metaphor表达类expressives表述句constatives不可分离性non-detachability不可取消性non-cancellability不确定性indeterminacy承诺类commissives代码模式code model等级含意scalar implicatures地点指⽰space deixis调节性规则regulative rules动态语⽤学dynamic pragmatics断⾔类assertives对⽅修正other-repair⼆元关系dyadic relation发展语⽤学developmental pragmatics反讽/反语irony⽅式准则manner maxim⾮规约性non-conventionality讽刺sarcasm符号sign符号关系学syntactics符号学semiotics负⾯礼貌策略negative politeness strategy 负⾯⾯⼦negative face 负向转移negative transfer概念意义conceptual meaning功能语⾔学functional linguistics共知common knowledge构成性规则constitutive rules 关联/关联性relevance关联理论relevance theory关系准则relevant maxim规定语法prescriptive grammar规约含意conventional implicature规约性conventionality规则rule含混ambivalence含意implicature合适条件felicity condition后指⽤法cataphoric use互补性complementarity互动语⽤学interactive pragmatics互明mutual manifestness互知mutual knowledge互指co-referential话轮turn-taking话语utterance话语分析discourse analysis话语意义utterance meaning话语指⽰discourse deixis缓叙meiosis会话分析conversation analysis会话含意conversational implicature 会话结构conversational structure会话修正conversational repair会话原则conversational principle或然性probability记号symbol间接⾔语⾏为indirect speech act交际⽬的communicative goal/purpose 交际能⼒communicative competence 交际意图communicative intention交际⽤意communicative force交际原则communicative principle近指proximal terms经济原则principle of economy旧信息old information句法学syntax句⼦意义sentence meaning可接收性acceptability可取消性cancellability可推导性calculability可⾏性feasibility客观环境physical situation夸张hyperbole跨⽂化语⽤学cross-cultural pragmatics离格deviance礼貌politeness礼貌策略politeness strategy礼貌原则politeness principle连贯coherence两可性ambiguity量准则quantity maxim临床语⽤学clinical pragmatics笼统性generality论⾔有所为How to do things with words逻辑语义学logical semantics蒙塔古语法Montague grammar⾯⼦face1明⽰-推理过程ostensive-inferential process 明说explicature 命题⾏为propositional act模糊限制语hedges模糊性fuzziness内嵌施为句embedded performatives恰当性appropriateness前提presupposition前提触发语presupposition triggers前指⽤法anaphoric use⼈称指⽰person deixis⼈类⽂化⽅法论ethnomethodology认知效果cognitive effect认知语⽤学cognitive pragmatics认知语⽤学cognitive pragmatics认知原则cognitive principle弱陈meiosis三元关系triadic relation社会语⽤学societal pragmatics社交语⽤学social pragmatics社交-语⽤学socio-pragmatics社交指⽰social deixis施为动词performative verb施为假设performative hypothesis施为句performatives施为⽤意illocutionary force时间指⽰time deixis实⽤主义pragmatism顺应理论adaptation theory说话⼈意义speaker meaning 随意⾔谈loose talk 特殊含意particularized conversational implicature 同义反复句tautology投射规则projection rule推理努⼒processing effort威胁⾯⼦的⾏为face threatening acts委婉语understatement未知信息unknown information衔接机制cohesive device显性施为句explicit performatives新格赖斯会话含意理论neo-Gricean theory of conversational implicature新格赖斯语⽤学neo-Gricean pragmatics新信息new information信息意图informative intention信息照应information bridging形式语⽤学formal pragmatics修辞学rhetoric宣告类declarations选择限制selectional restriction⾔语交际verbal communication⾔语情景speech situation⾔语⾏为speech act⾔语⾏为理论speech act theory⼀般会话含意generalized conversational implicature 已知信息known information以⾔成事perlocutionary act以⾔⾏事illocutionary act以⾔⾏事⽬的/施为⽬的illocutionary goal以⾔指事locutionary act意思sense意图intention意向性intentionality隐含结论implicated conclusion隐含前提implicated premise隐性施为句implicit performatives隐喻metaphor语法性grammaticality语际语interlanguage语际语⽤学interlanguage pragmatics语境暗含contextual implication语境化contextualization语境假设contextual assumptions语境效果contextual effect语境意义contextual meaning语境因素contextual factor语句sentence语句意义sentence meaning语⾔学转向linguistic turn语⾔语境linguistic context语⾔语⽤学linguistic pragmatics语义前提semantic presupposition语义学semantics语⽤代码pragmatic code语⽤含糊pragmatic vagueness语⽤含意pragmatic force语⽤类属pragmatic category语⽤能⼒pragmatic competence语⽤歧义pragmatic ambiguity语⽤迁移pragmatic transfer2语⽤前提pragmatic presupposition语⽤推理pragmatic inference语⽤⾏为pragmatic act语⽤学pragmatics语⽤移情pragmatic empathy语⽤语⾔学pragmalinguistics语⽤原则pragmatic principle寓意⾔谈metaphorical talk元交际⾏为metacommunicative behaviour 元指⽤法meta-phoric use原意或刻意⾔谈literal talk原则principle远指distal terms约略性approximation蕴涵entailment哲学语⽤学philosophical pragmatics正⾯礼貌positive politeness正⾯⾯⼦positive face正向转移positive transfer指称reference指令类directives指⽰词语deictic expressions指⽰语deixis, indexicals质准则quality maxim中介语/语际语interlanguage主题topic字⾯⽤意literal force⾃我修正self-repairadaptability顺应性（1.2.2）affective mutuality情感共享（4.5.3）agreement maxim⼀致准则（2.2.1）anaphora前照应（6.1.1）anaphoric use前照应⽤法（6.1.1）approbation maxim赞誉准则（3.2.4）appropriate conditions合适条件（3.2.4）assertives断⾔类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.3）behabitives表态类以⾔⾏事（3.2.1）calculability（含意的）可推导性（4.4.2）calendric time units历法时间单位（6.1.3）cancellability（含意的）可取消性（4.4.2）change-of-state verbs状态变化动词（6.2.4）code model代码（交际）模式（2.1.1）cognitive environment认知环境（5.2）cognitive mutuality认知共享（4.5.3）cognitive pragmatics认知语⽤学（1.5）collaborative performatives协作性施为句（3.2.1) commissives承诺类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.1) common knowledge共知（5.2）communicative competence交际能⼒（7.1）communicative intention交际意图（1.3.2）communicative language ability语⾔交际能⼒（7.1）constatives表述句（3.2.1)context语境（1.1)context of situation情景语境（5）contextual assumptions语境假设（1.5.4）contextual correlates语境相关因素（5.1.1) contextual effects语境效果（1.5.4）contextual features语境特征（5.1.1）contextual implication语境暗含（1.5.4）contextual meaning语境意义（1.2.3)contrastive markers对⽐性标记语（6.4.1) contrastive pragmatics对⽐语⽤研究（1.5.2）conventional implicature常规含意（4.4.1）conventionalization规约化（1.3.2）conversation analysis/CA会话分析（1.2.2）conversational implicature会话含意（4.4.1）conversation structure会话结构（1.2.2）cooperative principle/CP合作原则（2.1.2）co-text上下⽂（5.1.1）cross-cultural communication跨⽂化交际（8.1）cross-cultural pragmatics跨⽂化语⽤学（1.2.2）culture-loaded words富含⽂化内涵词语（8.2.1）declarations宣告类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.3）decoding解码（2.1.1）defeasibility（含意的）可废除性（6.2.5）deictic center指⽰中⼼（6.1.1）deictic expression指⽰语（1.1）deictic use指⽰⽤法（6.1.1）deictics指⽰语（1.1）deixis指⽰语（1.1）developmental pragmatics发展语⽤学（1.6）directives指令类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.3）disambiguation消除歧义（5.4）discourse deixis话语指⽰（6.1.1）discourse markers话语标记语（1.2.4)discourse meaning语篇意义（1.2.4）discourse operator话语操作语（6.4）3discourse particles话语⼩品词（6.4）dynamic pragmatics动态语⽤学（4.6）elaborative markers阐发性标记语emphathetic deixis移情指⽰encoding编码encyclopaedic information百科信息entailment蕴涵equivalent effect等值效果/等效essential condition（实施⾔语⾏为的）基本条件ethnography（of communication）（交际中的）⼈类⽂化学exercitives⾏使类（以⾔⾏事）explicature明说explicit performatives显性施为句expositives阐述类（以⾔⾏事）expressives表情类（以⾔⾏事）extended speech act theory扩充的⾔语⾏为理论face⾯⼦face theory⾯⼦理论face threatening acts/FTA威胁⾯⼦的⾏为factive verbs叙实性动词felicity conditions合适条件filler填充语gambits话语策略语general pragmaticsgeneralized implicature⼀般会话含意generosity maxim慷慨准则gestural use⼿势⽤法grammatical competence语法能⼒group performatives群体性施为句guiding culture主⽂化hearing meaning听话⼈意义hedge模糊限制语illocutionary competence施为能⼒illocutionary force施为⽤意implicated conclusion暗含结论implicated premise暗含前提implicative verbs含蓄性动词implicature暗含/含意implicit performatives隐性施为句indeterminacy（含意的）不确定性indirect speech act间接⾔语⾏为inference推理inferential markers推导性标记语语⽤学重要术语英汉对照解释1、Adjacency pair: 相邻对 A sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g., question-answer.2、Background entailment: 背景蕴涵Any logical consequence of an utterance.3、Commissive: 承诺句A speech act in which the speaker commits himself or herself to some future action, e.g. a promise.4、Content conditions: 内容条件In order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. a promise must be about a future event.5、Conversational implicature: 会话含义An additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain cooperative principle, e.g.if someone says “The President is a mouse”, something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.6、Declaration: 宣告句A speech act that brings about a change by beinguttered, e.g. a judge pronouncing a sentence.-7、Deixis: 指⽰“Pointing” via language, using a deictic expression,e.g. “this”, “here”.8、Directive: 指令句A speech act used to get someone else to do something,e.g. an order.9、Discourse analysis: 话语分析The study of language use with referenceto the social and psychological factors that influence communication.10、Dispreferred: 不期待The structurally unexpected next utterance as aresponse, e.g. an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance, so a refusal is dispreferred.411、Entailment: 蕴涵Something that logically follows from what is asserted.12、Expressive: 表达句A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes, e.g. an apology.13、Face: ⾯⼦A person’s public self-image.14、Felicity conditions: 恰当条件 The appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended.15、Generalized conversational implicature: ⼀般性会话含义An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge. 16、Honorific: 敬语 Expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status.17、Illocutionary force: ⾔外之⼒The communicative force of an utterance.18、Insertion sequence: 插⼊系列 A two part sequence that comes between the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.19、Manner Maxim: ⽅式准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly.20、Maxim: 准则One of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.21、Particularized conversational implicature: 特殊会话含义An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge.22、Performative verb: ⾏事动词A verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g. the verb “promise” in the utterance “I promise to be there”.23、Perlocutionary act: 以⾔成事 The effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act.24、Person deixis: ⼈称指⽰Forms used to point ot people, e.g. “me”, “you”.25、Pragmatics: 语⽤学 The study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning. 26、Preferred: 期待的The structurally expected next utterance used ina response.27、Preparatory conditions: 准备条件Specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to cont as a particular speech act.28、Presupposition: 前提Something the speaker assumes to be the case.29、Projection problem: 映射问题The problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure.30、Quality maxim: 质量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.31、Quantity maxim: 数量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more nor less informative than is necessary.32、Reference: 照应An act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something.33、R elation maxim: 相关准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant.34、Representative: 阐述句A speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g. an assertion.35、Sincerity conditions: 诚意条件Requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count asa particular speech act.36、Social deixis: 社会指⽰Forms used to indicate relative social status.37、Speech act: ⾔语⾏为An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate.38、Textual function: 篇章功能The use of language in the creation of well-formed text.39、Turn-taking: 轮换The change of speaker during conversation5。

语言交际中的语用模糊现象On pragmatic vagueness in language communication语用模糊 (pragmatic ambivalence) 现象是指说话人在特定的语境中使用不确定的或模糊的话语向听话人表达数种言外之力 (ill ocutionary forces) 的现象，以达到让听话人来推测、决定、解释其话语之力的意图。

一、语用模糊策略的产生和运用美国哲学家格莱斯认为，在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种双方都应该遵守的原则,他称这种原则为会话的合作原则(corporate Principle)。

它具体体现为四条准则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则。

在日常会话中，有意违反此四条原则中的一条或几条便有可能产生模糊含义。

下面是违反质量原则产生模糊含义的一例：在一次语言学会议上，一位语言学家在谈及资料提供者时说：“我们已经收到了他们当中的五六份，但今天我想仅对其中的三份进行讨论。

”显然，这位语言学家一定知道有几个人给他提供了资料，所以听话者明白这位语言学家能够遵守质量原则以给出一个确切的数字。

但是他没有这么做，而是采取这种模糊的表达方式向听话者传达了他的意图。

其次，在我们的日常交际中对同一律的违反也会产生语用模糊，而且人们在特定的语境中为了达到特定的交际目的往往会刻意违反同一律。

一个词语往往有不同的意思,说话者或听话者为了某一交际目的，往往利用语言的这一特征在特定的语境中混淆事物之间的界限，违反同一律以达成特定的交际目的。

例如：妻子：我一见你就来气。

丈夫：我练了一年的气功还没有气感，原来是你把我身上的气都吸到你身上去了啊。

在上面的对话中，丈夫巧妙的混淆了妻子所说的“生气”的“气”和气功中“运气”的“气”，成功的运用语用模糊消了妻子的“气”。

二、语用模糊的积极作用〈一〉制造幽默效果在日常交际中,模糊语言的运用往往会帮助我们制造一种幽默的效果，以使得我们的交谈更加轻松愉快。

关键词：语用模糊礼貌策略自我保护策略要约策略代写商务英语硕士论文中国论文硕士课程论文[abstract] in writing business English letter must accurately use the language, lest the person misunderstanding, has become the industry consensus. However, the appropriate language in ambiguous, often can have a positive effect. In business letters interactions, pragmatic vagueness use can realize the following strategy: politeness strategies, self protection strategy and an strategy, and so on. The strategy for the implementation of help to trade both parties complete effective business transactions.[key words] the pragmatic vagueness; Letter writing; Politeness strategy; Self protection strategy; Offer strategy[摘要]代写英语论文在写作商务英语信函时必须准确运用语言以免对方误解,已成为业内人士的共识。

然而,恰当地利用语用模糊,经常可以产生积极的效果。

在商务信函交往中,语用模糊的使用可以实现以下策略:礼貌策略,自我保护策略和要约策略等。

这些策略的施行有助于交易双方完成有效的商务交易。

[关键词]语用模糊;信函写作;礼貌策略;自我保护策略;要约策略一、引言在商务英语写作中,人们一贯主张严谨、准确,以防止商务纠纷,造成经济损失或损坏公司或企业形象,这种主张导致了人们无视语用模糊在商务活动中的应用价值。

语⽤学：语⽤模糊浅析 引⾔ ⾃从美国控制论专家扎德（L.A.Zadeh）1965年在《信息与控制》杂志上提出了著名的模糊理论，使“模糊集”成为⼀个科学术语以来，就诞⽣了⼀系列模糊学的边缘学科。

语⾔的模糊性研究以及模糊语⾔学的研究也就应运⽽⽣了。

国内从伍铁平先⽣的论著和论⽂开始，就兴起了对模糊语⾔研究的热潮，随着研究的深⼊，⼈们普遍认为这种局限于语义模糊的研究已经不能解决复杂的语⾔世界和⾔语交际中的实际问题。

因此，⼈们认为⾮常有必要把语境考虑到模糊语⾔的研究范围之内，由此，对语⽤模糊的研究势在必⾏。

本⽂试图从宏观的⾓度对语⽤模糊的术语界定，产⽣原因以及功能问题进⾏分析和探讨，以期推动对语⽤模糊现象的进⼀步深⼊研究。

1.语⽤模糊的术语界定 “语⽤模糊”这个术语最早是七⼋⼗年代由利奇（cf.Leech1977）;布朗和列⽂森（Brown&Levinson1978[1987]）提出来的。

90年代，国内外的学者们对语⽤模糊的界定，以及与语法歧义的对⽐进⾏了较系统的研究。

⽽学术界对语⽤模糊的术语和概念⼀直存在争议（俞东明1997；张乔1998）。

如俞东明（1997）沿袭了托马斯(J.Thomas1995)的定义：语⽤模糊(Vagueness)是指说话⼈在特定的语境或上下⽂中使⽤不确定的，模糊的或间接的话语向听话⼈同时表达数种⾔外⾏为或⾔外之⼒这类现象。

⽽从Kempson(1977)的Vagueness发展⽽来的何⾃然则⽤语⽤含糊统指约略,模糊,笼统,两可,含混,暗喻,弱陈,反讽,夸张等。

他认为语⽤含糊是指“从语⾔的使⽤和理解的⾓度谈语⾔的不确定性”。

他不但要研究看似是词汇，实际上是话语中的“模糊限制语”（hedge）,还包括那些被不少⼈认为是“语义模糊”，⽽实际上是语⽤模糊的现象。

综观以上两派对于“语⽤模糊”的界定。

俞认为何⾃然⽤pragmaticvagueness,实际上是指语义模糊（vagueness）和模糊限制语（hedges）,前者属于语义学的研究范畴，⽽后者主要是模糊语⾔学的研究对象。

中国外交部发言人答记者问中的语用模糊研究暨南大学硕士学位论文中文摘要作为一种言语交际策略,语用模糊经常在日常会话中被人们采用,特别是在新闻发布会这一特殊的语境下,但是前人对其的研究还处于对事实现象的经验总结层面,没有上升到语言学的理论高度。

因此,本文试图从语言学的层面对语用模糊进行深入探讨。

全文由三个部分组成。

第一部分是引言和相关文献回顾。

第二部分是文章的重点,包括第3章、第 4章、第 5章。

第3章首先从词语层面对语用模糊进行探讨,发现范围模糊词语和程度模糊词语等均是官方新闻发布模糊回避的构成手段,且出现较为频繁;接着从模糊陈述句和模糊疑问句两种句类层面来探讨语用模糊。

把模糊陈述句主要归纳为:语气缓和型模糊、转移问题焦点型模糊、推至第三方型模糊和逻辑型模糊四类。

第 4章对语用模糊的成因进行了探讨,发现话题、外交合作原则和礼貌原则是其产生的重要原因。

第 5章是结束语部分。

第三部分由注释和参考文献组成。

关键词:语用模糊;词语;句子;话题;合作原则;礼貌原则;I- 暨南大学硕士学位论文ABSTRACT As a communication strategy of language use, pragmatic vagueness always is used in dailyconversation, especially in the context of news release conference. However, the previousresearches about it is still in the stage of the experience summary about the factual aspects,notreach the theory of a high degree of Linguistics .Therefore, this paper try to give a deepresearch on pragmatic vagueness from the linguistic levelThe paper is divided into three parts. The first part is the introduction and related literaturereview. The second part is the key point of the article, including chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5Chapter 3 firstly gives an analysis from the point of words. It shows that the scope vaguenesswords and the extent vagueness words are two important components in official news releaseSecondly we give a research about pragmatic vagueness from two types of sentences:vagueness declarative sentence and vagueness interrogative sentence, and the vaguenessdeclarative sentence is summarized as: vagueness of easing tone sentence, vagueness oftopic-shifting sentence, vagueness of shifting to the third part sentence, vagueness of logicsentence. Chapter 4 gives an analysis about the reason of pragmatic vagueness: topic,diplomatic cooperation principle and politeness principle are the important factors. Chapter 5 isthe Concluding part. The third part is composed by the note and the referenceKeywords: pragmatic vagueness; word; sentence; topic; cooperation principle; politenessprinciplII- 暨南大学硕士学位论文目录中文摘要 (Ⅰ)英文摘要 (Ⅱ)目录………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ第一章引言. 11.1 选题依据. 11.2 本文拟研究的问题11.3 研究范围21.4 语料和数据来源 21.5 研究方法2第二章相关文献的回顾 32.1 语用策略的相关研究32.2 模糊语言学的相关研究 42.3 答问语用模糊的相关研究62.4 外交辞令的相关研究. 82.5 本章小结9第三章外交部发言人语用策略中的模糊语言表现形式. 11 3.1 词语层面的模糊语用113.2 句子层面的模糊语用19I II- 暨南大学硕士学位论文3.3 本章小结 29第四章外交部发言人语用策略中的模糊言语根源分析. 31 4.1 话题314.2 合作原则与外交模糊言语 354.3 礼貌原则与外交模糊言语 384.4 外交辞令中合作原则与礼貌原则的关系. 414.5 本章小结 43第五章模糊言语在外交辞令中的作用445.1 积极作用. 445.2 消极作用. 48第六章结束语. 506.1 全文主要内容及观点总结. 506.2 本研究的局限及不足 50注释:. 51参考文献:. 52在学期间发表论文清单 55后记. 56I V- 暨南大学硕士学位论文第一章引言1.1 选题依据在中国外交部新闻发布会上,外交部发言人首先发布新闻,然后回答记者提问。