《简爱》中女权主义意识(英文)

JIUJIANG UNIVERSITY毕业论文（设计）题目论勃朗特《简爱》中女权主义意识以及对当代女性的启示英文题目On the Feminist Awarenessand its Enlightenment forModern Women ofBronte’s Jane Eyre院系外国语学院专业英语姓名齐艳容年级外 A1124 指导教师陈腊春二零一五年四月AbstractJane Eyre is a masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered to be an outstanding woman writer. The author depicts a heroine, different from the tradition, Jane Eyre, a lady pursuing for freedom, equality and happiness. To some extent, it’s an autobiographical novel. In the history of English literature, Jane Eyre is a representative figure, who is a standard feminist. She stick to her own principles to resist the unfair society and tried her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love. Finally, after her hard work and effort, she gained self-esteem and true love. In the novel, Jane Eyre is a pure, thoughtful, self-esteem, stubborn character, pursuing equality and happiness. It’s the noble quality that makes Jane Eyre becoming a female representative with rebel consciousness in the Victorian era.This paper will begin from the feminism theory angle to analyze main characters in the novel. The paper is consists of five parts. Part one presents Bronte’s life experience briefly, the story plot and the writing background. Part two lists some literature reviews about author and the work, and a brief introduction of feminist theory and its development process. Part three gives a brief introduction of author’s concept of women and analyzes the main characters in the novel. Part five makes a conclusion of the whole paper.Key words: Jane Eyre; feminist consciousness; self-respect; equality; true love摘要《简•爱》是现实主义时期著名的女作家夏洛蒂•勃朗特的代表作品,她被认为是一位卓越的女作家。

Outline1. Introduction2. The Reasons Why the Feminist View of Love Is Popular2.1 Background of the Society2.2 The Author’s Experience3. The Development of Jane Eyre’s Resistance3.1 Outburst Period at Gateshead3.2 Jane’s Resistance at Lowood Institution3.3 Jane’s Resistance becomes Perfect at Thornfield and Moor House4. Jane Eyre’s Pursuit of Independence and Freedom4.1 The Definition of Feminism View4.2 Jane Begins to Realize the Importance of Independence andFreedom4.3 Jane Gains Strengths from Her Teacher and Her Friend to AchieveHer Independence4.4 Jane Develops Her Independence fully and Enjoys the Pleasure of It5. Jane Eyre’s View of Love5.1 True Love should Be Based on Equality5.2 The Marriage Pursued by Women must Be Based on True Love6. ConclusionSchool of Foreign Languages, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009Abstract: Jane Eyre is written by Charlotte Bronte who is the famous English novelist. It successfully presents the first female character in the history of English literature that takes an independent and positive attitude towards love, life, society and religion and dares to struggle and strive for freedom and equality. Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its heroine. Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine’s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence. This essay attempts to prove Jane’s feminist view of love through the analysis of her personality. The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character. She always insists on her principle to fight bravely against the unfair world. She still tries her best to pursuit freedom, equality, independence and true love. By unremitting efforts, she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.Key Words: Feminist; Independence; Equality; True love简爱中的女权主义爱情观摘要：《简•爱》是英国著名小说家夏洛蒂.勃朗特的代表作。

从女权主义视角解读《简爱》摘要：《简爱》（Jane Eyre）是19世纪英国著名现实主义女作家夏洛蒂・勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）的代表作。

在此作品中，通过对主人公的描写，塑造了一个敢爱敢恨、不畏强权、坚持独立、自尊、自爱的女性形象，同时还塑造了一个追求平等以及有尊严爱情的新时代女权主义经典形象。

她对社会不公做出的反抗、对经济独立的努力追求以及对平等爱情的渴望都体现了主人公女权主义思想。

本文通过主人公自尊、自立、自强、追求平等、捍卫尊严的性格特点的描述，从女权主义视角解读《简爱》，并提出自己的一些观点，以供参考。

关键词：女权主义女性意识追求与反抗纵观西方文学史，可以发现很多有血有肉、精彩异常的女主人公形象，她们都有自己的独特性格，虽然命运和遭遇有所不同，但都是美貌、忠贞的淑女形象。

此类女性人物都是男权主义社会下的产物，直接服务于男性的审美价值，体现男权主义社会对女性的控制。

1847年《简・爱》的问世，打破了因社会背景而产生的传统女性形象，摆脱了男性话语权的控制，塑造了一位举着女权主义圣火，追求平等、独立的经典形象。

一、《简爱》叙述方式中的女权主义体现此作品是在男权主义当道的社会大背景下问世的，女主人公简爱颠覆了当时人们普遍认为的完美女性形象。

“家中的天使”是当时社会公认的女性形象，是被排斥在主流生活圈之外的。

小说中主人公执著的追求平等、自立、自尊、自爱，与当时的大多数女性是背道而驰的，她不断的与男权主义社会势力抗争，不断地追求平等与自我的独立。

在她的理性思索下，看似只是一种简简单单的对事物的认识过程，其实也是一种对男权主义的抗争过程，她勇于表达自己心中对社会、对国家的不满，敢于指正错误，敢爱敢恨，敢作敢为，不畏强权。

小说从女权主义角度出发并结合作者对社会的了解，塑造出一系列的反面角色，简爱在与反面角色抗争中慢慢地觉醒，理性的成长。

她通过自己的辛勤努力，确保了经济上的独立，打破了传统女性只有出嫁才能生存的思想观念。

Research on Feminism in Jane EyreAbstract: The thesis makes a thorough analysis of the heroine Jane’s feminist consciousness by means of the approach of the feminist criticism. It first gives a brief introduction to the definition and connotations of the feminism. Then it deals with the embodiment of the heroine Jane’s feminist consciousness from three aspects. They are：rebellion of the traditional women’s image, pursuit of equality and pursuit of the independent personality. Finally it explores the reasons for the formation of Jane’s feminist consciousness from the rise of the bourgeois democratic reform and her harsh living conditions.Key words: Jane Eyre; feminist consciousness; equality; independent personality简爱中的女权主义研究摘要: 本文采用女性主义的批评方法对小说《简爱》中的女主人公简的女性意识进行了全面分析。

首先简要地介绍了女性主义的定义和基本内涵；然后,从三个方面论述了女主人公简的女性意识的体现,它们分别是：传统女性形象的反叛,追求平等和人格的独立。

《简爱》中关于男女平等思想的探究CONTENTSAbstract............................................................................................. - 1 - Introduction.................................................................................... - 4 - Chapter One.................................................................................... - 5 - Ⅰ. The introduction of the Novel’s plot- 5 -Chapter Two.................................................................................... - 6 - Ⅱ. Jane’s struggle with three main male figures - 6 -2.1 Feminism in the struggle against Brocklehurst - 6 -2.2 Feminism in the struggle against Edward Rochester - 7 -2.3 Feminism in the struggle against St.Jhon Rivers - 9 -Conclusion .................................................................................... - 11 - Bibliography................................................................................. - 12 - Acknowledgements.................................................................. - 13 -AbstractWith the development of the 19th century female literature, charlotte. - Jane eyre Bronte created a typical characters. . Charlotte Bronte is one of the greatest women writers in the contemporary British society. When the work is published, the character of Jane eyre has attracted great attention. Jane eyre is an autobiographical novel, mainly tells the story of an orphan stories what happened in the process of growth, mainly reflects in the 19th century British the sad condition of women. In the society at that time, men control almost everything, women just men's accessories. They have almost no rights and freedoms, but Jane eyre is an exception, she showed some of the characteristics of early feminists. Jane eyre on the good quality is mainly manifested in: rebellion, equality and independence. She thinks that a person's dignity than anything important. She is willing to pay anything to keep the sacred and pure quality. She wouldn't live in someone else's roof. For her, even if is a humble and lowly one thing can be reflected her independence. Therefore, Jane eyre is considered to be the most representative works of charlotte Bronte, is one of and also is one of the most memorable novels in the 19th century.Himself, tries to discuss from the author's own experience of female consciousness of Jane body shown early characteristics, and how Jane is the formation of these qualities. This paper is to more deeply understand the feminist thought. . This idea is through the further analysis of charlotte Bronte and her Jane eyre had expressed.Key Words：Jane Eyre; feminist consciousness; formation摘要随着19世纪女性文学的发展，夏洛蒂.勃朗特塑造了一个典型的人物—简爱。

简爱为得到认可和平等所做的反抗Jane Eyre’s Struggle for Recognition and Equality摘要《简爱》是英国著名女作家夏洛蒂-勃朗特根据自身经历而作的一篇小说。

小说通过描述主人公坎坷的一生, 成功地塑造了一个在男权主义社会背景下，为得到社会认可和平等自由而做出反抗的自尊自爱、自立自强的女性形象。

本论文先介绍作者，主人公简爱的生活经历。

并通过对主人公心理，语言，思想，行为等方面的叙述反映出简爱追求婚姻经济精神的平等。

进而从她的生活经历中分析她的独立、自由、平等和反抗等内在特点。

这些特点也正是简爱的女权主义的反映。

最后谈到简爱做这些反抗的原因，除了当时社会背景和简爱的成长经历因素，最主要的还是简爱的女权主义意识的影响。

她成了新时代女性的楷模。

总之，她教会女性要独立，不断奋斗，不断争取平等，在现代社会仍然有极其深刻的意义。

关键词：反抗独立平等认可女权主义AbstractJane.Eyre is written by famous talented English woman novelist Charlotte Bronte, based on her own experience. The novel by describing Jane Eyre‟s rough life，successfully portrays a self-respectful and self-reliant female in the male chauvinism social background, makes resistance for recognition，equality and freedom.The thesis focuse s on the analysis of Jane Eyre‟s feminism. First, it introduces the author Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre‟ path of life.As well as it describes Jane‟s pursuit of the equality in the marriage, economy, spirit through psychology，language，mentality and behavior etc. Further more，from their life experience，it analyses the characters such as independence，freedom，equality，rebellion and the reasons for these behaviors. These characters are also the reflection of feminism. Finally, we refer the reasons of Jane‟s r ebellion. In addition to social background and growth environment, feminism is the most important factor. She becomes the model of women in the new era.In brief, Jane teaches us as a female，we should be independent, constantly struggling, striving for equality in modern society and it has a profound significance.Key Words: rebellion independence equality recognition feminismContentsI ntroduction (1)Chapter I Overview of Jane.Eyre (2)1.1 Introduction to the Author (2)1.2 Jane’s Path of Life (2)Chapter II A Detailed Analysis of the Characters of Jane Eyre (3)2.1 Ja ne’s View on Pursuing the Equality and Freedom (3)2.2 Jane’s Persuit of Independent (5)2.3 Jane’s Rebellion (6)Chapter III The R easons of Jane’s Rebellion (9)3.1 The Social Background (9)3.2 Growth Environment (10)3.3 Feminism (11)Conclusion : (14)Notes : (15)Bibliography : (16)Introduction：Jane.Eyre is written by famous talented English woman novelist Charlotte Bronte in 1846. It has high appraisal in literature history.As before papers, many people have analyzed it from the below aspects on one-side. Such as Cai Wenfang has written “From Jane.Eyre to see the religious views of Charlotte”①, Sun Jikun has talked about “a rebellious woman”②and Fang Weijin has written “Doubting about Jane Eyre‟s Rebellious Character”③etc. These subjects are all good and useful to us.Different from the previous papers, this paper was written in a new aspect. It through the description of Jane‟s characters and feminism, successfully portrayed a middle-class working woman who is struggling for recognition of her basic rights and equality as a human being. In the early years of the 19th century Victorian Age, it is a male-dominated and “money above all” society, and women are regarded as second-class, unexpectedly, emerging a girl who disdains money and power and has a great courage to combat traditional injustice and oppression. Jane made special contribution to feminism, and she is respected by readers.Today‟s society, women have owned some rights, but are still somewhat inferior to men in some fields. Mammonism is in vogue, and unhealthy tendency still e xists, which are similar to the novels‟ background. What kind of noble spirit should modern women persist in? These questions are worth our readers thinking about after reading this paper.Chapter I Overview of Jane.Eyre1.1 Introduction to the AuthorCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was one of the most famous female workers in English literature. In this period of tense class struggle appeared a new literary trend-critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the England society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. She created several works, such as Shirley (1849), Villette (1853) and The Professor (1857). Her works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness toward self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a longing for independence, freedom and equality. Jane.Eyre is her typical works. It is an autobiography novel.Charlotte Bronte was born at Thornton, in Y orkshire England, the third of six children. Her father, Patrick Bronte, an Irish Anglican clergyman, her mother, Maria Barnwell Bronte, died of cancer on September 15th 1821. In August 1824, charlotte Bronte were sent with three of her sisters to the Clergy Daughters‟ School at Cowan Bridge. Its poor conditions, permanently affects her health and physical development, and hastens the deaths of her two elder sisters about 11 and 10 years old. Soon after, she moved from the school and lived with her surviving brother and sisters, Emily and Anne. They began to write stories, articles and poems together. In order to get normal education, Charlotte continued her education at Roe Heed School in Mir field from 1831 to 1842, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents. Between 1835 and 1838, she returned as a teacher. In 1839, she took up the first of many positions as governess to a family in Y orkshire, a career she pursued until 1841After her aunt died of internal obstruction in October 1842, Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in 1843. In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Action Bell, although only two copies were sold, they decided to continue writing for publication and beganworking on their first novels. It is very unfortunate, in 1848 her brother died of Chronic Bronchitis. Emily and Anne both died of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1848 and 1849 respectively. She and her father left alone. Under the very hardship condition, Charlotte continuously worked hard in the journey of creating literature and published Shirley and Villette and began to create long novel Emma in 1853. On June 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father‟s curate. She died nine months later during her first pregnancy.1.2 Jane Eyre’s Path of LifeJane Eyre‟s life is full of tears, misery, and starvation, but she constantly strives to become stronger and has the courage to fight continuously for freedom and equality. She becomes strong-minded and persistent in struggling against her fate.Jane is an orphan, and is ill-treated as a little girl. She strives for her life, which makes her tough character and strong self-respect. Because of her childhood‟s life environment, she learns how to live. Also just for her growing experiences, it creates her strong personality, beautiful ideal and wisdom. Jane Eyre is a special image out of ordinary. She makes a life by herself, dares to express her own idea. Under the pressure of life, no matter how difficult and strenuous, she never gives up struggling for freedom and equality. she always maintains her self-respect by hard work, intelligence and her tough individualism. Though she has little figure, Jane Eyre is huge in soul. Her kindness, intelligence, and independence attract the hero. Jane is a marvelous person, a beautiful feminist.Chapter II A Detailed analysis of the characters of Jane Eyre2.1 Jane’s View on Pur suing the Equality and FreedomJane is a strong girl purusing the equality and freedom all the time in her life even if she meets with a lot of difficulties.In Jane‟s eyes, all the people in the world are equal regardless tall or short, richor poor. So she is pursueing the equality. When Jane is in Gateshead, all the people treat her badly, so she strikes back with John Reed‟s beating, the servants at there cry as “For sham!For Sham! What shocking conduct, Miss Eyre, to strike young master.” Jane is surp rised to say “Master! How is he my master? Am I a servant?”④We can see from it, in Jane‟s mind they are equal with the upper class which is different from other servants‟ that they are inferior to ter Jane was sent to Lowood Institution, the school headmaster is a very serve and hard-hearted, especially very arbitrary, which make other persons yield to him, but Jane is unwilling to obey him, because Jane thinks that they are equal in mind. Besides, equality also can be seen clearly when she stay in Thornfield House. During this time, Mrs. Fairfax treats her kindly, Jane fells very comfortable because she fells equality in their conversation. In the beginning, Jane mistakes Mrs. Fairfax as the master of Thorn field, when Mrs. Fairfax tells Jane the truth that she is not the master of here but a servant, Jane dose not change her attitude to her, on the contrary, Jane fells the equality between her and Mrs. Fairfax is real equality. Jane says “So much the better-my position as all the freer.” At last,when she in St. John's Home, she gets a legacy from her uncl e. After obtaining the legacy of her uncle, she thinks her cousin also have the right for the property and then divides the property equally to her cousin. She conquers Rochester in inherent virtue, wins the respect of Hannah圣约翰, and comes to be a favorite cousin in the family. Such is her charm! We can see how important of this charm-equality!Jane Eyre‟s view on equality and freedom can be performed through the economy, marriage, spirit. Equality between man and woman, parti cularly woman‟s economic independence is the foundation. All the time Jane is dependent and she earns the money by herself even if she is planning to marry Rochester. When she cancels the wedding and leaves Rochester, she takes nothing away.She does not only ask for the pursuit of economic equality and freedom, but also pursuit of the equality and freedom in marriage and spirit.Rochester is attracted by Jane‟s quality of mind, courage, independence and strong personality, and then he falls in love with her. He wants to know that if Jane loves him, so he pretends to say that he will marry a rich and beautiful woman, Miss. Ingram. At the same time, Rochester requires Jane to stay for him. Jane cannot help chastising Rochester “Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automation? Amachine without feelings? And can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, i am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!- I have as much soul as you,- and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, i should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;- it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,- as we are!'⑤Jane refuses to marry with Rochester and leaves him. Later when she meets her cousin and he wants to marry her,she refuse, because she realizes that she is still loves Rochester deeply. She understands she will have to forfeit her independence in the unions, and at last she marries Rochester only when she has attained the financial independence and self-respect to maintain a marriage of equality.In the spirit, Jane thinks she is equal to others. She said to Rochester: …i am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;- it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,- as we are!‟⑥ These words reflect Jane‟s spirit for encourage, equality and freedom . As before said, the economic independence is the material basis of human equality .Then we can also say: equality of psychology is the spiritual basis between man and woman.After re viewing a long journey of Jane‟s persuit of equality, from the readers point of view, what she gives us is not a pretty face or a transcendent temperament that make us admire deeply, but a huge charm of her personality, she is a marvelous figure, and it is safe to say that Jane Eyre gives readers treasure spirit.2.2 Jane’s Persuit of IndependentThe independent spirit is another most important aspect attracting readers. Jane Eyre is exposed to a hostile environment but continuously and fearlessly struggling for her ideal life. To some degree, the novel can be interpreted as a symbol of theindependent spirit. In Jane Eyre, mistreatment and unfairness force Jane to struggle for self-respect, while knowledge and worthwhile work provide her with enough economic supply to gain independence. Jane, casting alone on the world and fighting a solitary battle, shows her determination in pursuing her self-esteem and independence at every stage of her life, both in struggling with social pressure and resisting the temptation of passion and love. In every relationship, Jane rises from inferiority to superior, and finally gains full independence through continuous rebellion. Besides, Jane Eyre reads a lot of books, so she has a clear understanding of the society. She is passionate, but her reason always can rule her emotion. This character helps her maintaining her self-respect and independence.Jane‟s path of life, it is ceaselessly changing, but living principles remain. Firmly persisting for the rights of being independent gives people enough confidence and courage.2.3 RebellionBesides the equality and independence, rebellion is a important character in Jane‟s life.Jane, a penniless orphan girl of a poor parson‟s family is under the cruel rule of her aunt, Mrs. Reed. During the ten years of her stay there, Jane suffers many insults-all her cousins‟ proud indifference, all her aunt‟s aversion, and all the servants‟ snobbery. They often find pleasures in teasing and mocking Jane. One day Jane has a conflict with her cousin, John Reed, who often bullies and abuses her. It is the first struggle for her. At this stage her instinct for self-assertion can express itself in rebellion. Goaded by John Reed‟s bullying, she hits back on two occasions, fighting like a mad cat until she is overpowered. In order to get human basic rights, she must fight against people who make trouble in her life.Before leaving Gateshead, Jane is stung by Mrs. Reed‟s accusations that she is deceitful. Jane hits back in words, insisting on her own honesty, telling her aunt howmuch she dislikes her and making her first articulate claim for love,“ How dare I, Mrs. Reed, Mrs. Reed? How dare I? Because it is the truth. Y ou think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness; but I cannot live so; and you have no pity. Is hall remember how you thrust me back-roughly and violently thrust me back into the red-room, and locked me, up there-to my dying day, though I cried out, while suffocation with distress. Have mercy! Have mercy! Have mercy Aunt Reed! And that punishment you made me suffer because your wicked boy struck me-knocked me down for nothing. I will tell anybody who asks me questions, this exact tale. People think you a good woman, but you are bad; hard-hear teed. Y ou are deceitful!”⑦Jane directly exposes Mrs. Reed‟s ugly face, which makes Mrs. Reed very angry. No matter what happens, Jane Eyre tastes something of vengeance for the first time at Gateshead. And readers get the first impression of the rebellious.At lowood charity school, Jane‟s spirit of rebellion develops. In lowood, once she says to her best friend, Helen Buns,“ A great deal: you are good to those who are good to you. It is all I ever desire to be. If people were always kind and obedient to those who are cruel and unjust, the wicked people would have it all their own way: they would never feel afraid, and so they would never alter, but would grow worse and worse. When we are struck at without a reason, we should strike back again very hard; I am sure we should—so hard as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again.”⑧This is Jane Eyre with the spirit of rebellion. At this time she is much more mature in mind than before. Her principle of being a person is seeking freedom and equality, and protecting independence of human dignity.When Jane comes to Thornfield, she does not feel inferior to those upper-class people, and is neither obsequious nor supercilious to face them. When her master Mr. Rochester asks her to speak something to make him happy, Jane refuses. In Jane‟s eyes, she cannot be docile and obedient to him just because of his older age and noblestatus.As time goes by, Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love with each other. They‟re about to be married. On the wedding day, upon learning that Mr. Rochester has a wife, a raving lunatic who is secretly kept back under lock in the house. Shocked by the news, Jane decides to flee from Thornfield, even though Mr. Rochester begs her not to leave him. It is naturally difficult for her to make such a frightful but firm decision. After all she loves Rochester deeply and her love to him is passionate and genuine. However, Jane has her own dignity, and she tries to stand on her dignity. She says sonorously, “ I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I respect myself. I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man. I will hold to principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad-as I am now. Laws and principles are not for the times when there is no temptation; they are for such rise in mutiny against their rigour stringent are they; inviolate they shall be. It at my individual convenience I might break them, what would be their worth? They have a worth-so I have always believed; and if I cannot believe it now, it is because I am insane-quite insane; with my veins running fire, and my heart beating faster than I can court its thribs. Preconceived opinions foregone determinations, are all I have at this hour to stand by; there I plant my foot.”⑨At no time does she ever forget her yearning for liberty and equal rights. She doesn‟t want to be subordinate and obedient to men; neither does she want to sacrifice her dignity to compromise with social customs and habits. To her, to be a lover is unbearable, so she decides to rebel against her marriage.A person who can fight against outer pressure may not defeat himself. If one can fight against himself and exceed himself, he is a real strongman. Jane Eyre is the very person. The marriage event shows her rebellion reaching a climax.Chapter III The Reasons of Jane’s Rebellion3.1 The Social BackgroundThe early years of the Victorian Age is a time of rapid economic development. England developed into a rich, advanced industrial country; however, there are many social problems, for instance the sharpest contrast between the rich and the poor and rigid social hierarchy. In this period, women are still regarded as second-class hierarchy. Until in the late period of Victorian Age, English government has carried out capitalistic democratic innovation, and social productive force developed rapidly. The innovation has great influence on English society, social wealth becoming affluent and people‟s value conception changing deeply. Women start to work outside and earn their own living. Through working outside, they set up their self-confidence, find out the value of themselves and begin to think about their own situation, future and fate. At that time, they are lower ranking, having no right to claim equality. They are regarded as the slaves of family. Under that situation, English government formulates some measures and laws to ensure some rights of women, such as working and accepting education. But women still don‟t not have equal rights to men. Women in order to get equal rights to men, they start to fight the unfair social environment. Jane Eyre is a typical woman at that time.3.2 Growth EnvironmentJane Eyre undergoes four major periods: Gateshead, Lowood Charity School, Thornfield, St.John‟s Home. Her grow th environment created her self-improvement and spirit of resistance. In Gateshead, all the people treat her badly, especially her cousin：one time Jane can‟t bear him and shouted: …Wicked and cruel boy!' I said. …You are like a murderer-you are like a slave-driver- you are like the Roman emperors!'and “no just ,no just”.⑩She becomes strong in the hard life. Then in the Lowood Charity School, The cruel treatment from Mr. Brocklehurst and the poor condition there only inspires Jane to gain independence. But Helen‟s death makes Jane angrily believe her own words once more “strike back very hard, resist in justice,return dislike to dislike.” T hat is the typical rebellion. Besises, she is desires of the freedom. So when she has the ability, she left there and to be a teacher in Thornfield. As a teacher, she is better now. she feels the equality and freedom. She loves her master,Rochester. The important thing is, Rochester is attracted by her quality of mind, courage, independence and strong personality. Then in St.John‟s Home, John forces Jane to get married with him and says its intention of the God! John refuses it. At last, Rochester is blind and lost his one hand and manor house unfortunately. His mad wife is dead. Jane has a large fortune and finally marries Rochester and lives a happy life. Jane is a independent woman who constantly pursuits equality and dignity. Through the four time, her characters are formed and help her to struggle for the injustice and get the real love.3.3 FeminismThe definition of “feminism” is a collection of social theories, political movements and moral philosophies largely motivated by or concerned with the liberation of women. In simple terms, feminism is the belief in social, political and economic equality of the sexes, and a movement organized around the belief that gender should not be the pre-determinant factor shaping a person‟s social identity or socio-political or economic rights. A large portion of feminists are especially concerned with what they perceive to be the social, political and economic inequality between the sexes which favor the male gender.Feminism first appears in modern European. It is enlightened by Enlightenment thinkers‟“natural rights”. Then it produces because of the inspiration of the revolution. Later, the feminism puts the “free and equal theory” as a starting point to explain women‟s rights and gender equality, forms a liberal feminist ideology. On this basis, there appears the modern feminist movement which is put gaining participation and voting rights as the major objective and it has a huge influence to the modern Western society.The establishment and development of feminism is a process of changing and enrichment with the change and development of the society.Although the term feminism in English is rooted in the mobilization for woman suffrage in Europe and the US during the late 19th and early 20th century, of course efforts to obtain justice for woman did not begin or end with this period of activism. Therefore some have found it useful to think of the women‟s movement in the US occurring in “waves”. On the wave model, the struggle to achieve basic political rights during the period from the mid-19th century until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 counts as “First Wave” feminism. Feminism wanted between the two world wars, to be “revived” in the late 1960‟s and 1970‟s as “Second Wave” feminism. In this seco nd wave, feminists pushed beyond the early quest for political rights to fight for great equality across the board, for example, in education, the workplace and at home. More recent transformations of feminism have resulted in a “Third Wave”. Third Wave fe minists often critique Second Wave feminism for its lack of attention to the differences among women due to race, ethnicity, class, nationality, religion, and emphasize “identity” as a site of gender struggle. Feminist theory emerged from these feminist movements.It is manifest in a variety of disciplines such as feminist geography, feminist history and feminist literary criticism.Feminism has altered predominant perspectives in a wide range of areas within Western society, ranging from culture to law. Feminist activists have campaigned for women's legal rights (rights of contract, property rights, voting rights); for women's right to bodily integrity and autonomy, for abortion rights, and for reproductive rights (including access to contraception and quality prenatal care); for protection from domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape;for workplace rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; and against other forms of discrimination.During much of its history, most feminist movements and theories had leaders who were predominantly middle-class white women from Western Europe and North America. However, at least since Sojourner Truth's 1851 speech to American feminists, women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms. This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the Civil Rights movement in the United States and the collapse of European colonialism in Africa, the Caribbean, parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia. Since that time, women in former European colonies and the Third World h ave proposed “Post-colonial” and “Third World” feminisms. SomePostcolonial feminists, such as Chandra Talpade Mohanty, are critical of Western feminism for being ethnocentric. Black feminists, such as Angela Davis and Alice Walker, share thisview.Since the 1980s Standpoint feminists argued that feminism should examine how women's experience of inequality relates to that of racism, homophobia, classism and colonization.In the late 1980s and 1990s postmodern feminists argued that gender roles are socially constructed,and that it is impossible to generalize women's experiences across cultures and histories.To sum up, Feminism is woman‟s self-consciousness of status, influence and value as the subject in the objective world. It is a personal motive to stimula te women‟s pursuit for independence, freedom, initiative and creativity. Concretely speaking, feminism means women wake up and fulfill her historical mission, social responsibility and personal obligation, meanwhile they know their self-feature well and take part in social activities in their own ways.Conclusion:The paper through conducts the research and the analysis about Jane Eyre‟s family background, the growth environment as well as the individuality formation, unscrambles the 19th century feminine society and take Jane Eyre as a representative feminist. it subverted the male power society the female to take “object” t he traditional ideas, expressed one latent feminine principle consciousness and the rebel spirit, has manifested the female regarding the self-vale and the independent consciousness pursue.From Jane‟s path of life we can learn that Jane‟s life is full of tears, misery and starvation, but why she still keep her faith? Why she never gives up the determination in struggle for recognition, equality and freedom all the time? It's because of her characters,she has a great rebellious spirit for freedom and equality, she is pure, independent, kind and brave. she almost embrace all lofty characters, which are admired by modern women. These are great significance to her to live. We can no doubt to say that she is pioneers of feminism.Nowdays, women own some rights, they can work, they can be leader, they have right to say no to unequal from the world, but there are some country, some places, they still look down to women. Men and women are still not completely equal in the society. Sometimes we have similar environment to Jane's times. So how to protect ourselves, what characters should the modern women possess? How can women base themselves upon in the modern society? From the text, we learn they should learn some Jane, the independence and feminism are the flickering points.。

论《简爱》中的女权主义思想作者：银盈来源：《科学与财富》2014年第13期摘要：《简爱》的问世曾轰动了十九世纪的文坛，是一部兼具浪漫主义和现实主义的小说，被称为英国文学史的一部经典传世之作。

它成功地塑造了英国文学史上第一个对爱情、生活、社会以及宗教敢于反抗压迫、要求独立自主、积极争取自由平等地位的女性形象，体现出了强烈的女权主义思想。

关键词：简爱；自由平等；女权主义1 《简爱》简述《简爱》是19世纪英国批判现实主义女性小说家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的经典之作。

夏洛蒂·勃朗特笔下的女主人公简爱是一个心地善良、善于思考、倔强和勇于追求的新女性，她在成长过程和爱情、婚姻的选择上都有着自己独特的看法和追求，她人生中的每一次反抗都是一次成长，是对传统爱情婚姻观的一种反抗，是对当时男权社会的一种反抗，也是生活在男性阴影下女性的呐喊。

简爱是个生长在贫穷牧师家庭的孩子，自小就父母双亡。

在舅舅家过着寄人篱下的凄凉生活，饱受舅妈及表兄、表姐的欺辱。

十岁时，她被只身送到罗沃德寄宿学校，在那里，简爱遇到了同自己一样命运悲惨的好友海伦。

十八岁时，来到了桑菲尔德庄园，成为了一名家庭教师。

在那里，她遇到了一生的挚爱——庄园男主人罗切斯特，两人醉入爱河。

就在举行婚礼之际，突然得知罗切斯特已有妻室，简爱备受打击但还是坚定地选择离开了罗切斯特。

在贫困潦倒的境遇下，简爱遇到了她的传教士表兄圣·约翰。

表兄向简爱求婚，但遭到了拒绝。

在内心情感的推动下，简爱又重新回到了桑菲尔德庄园，可是一切早已物是人非。

庄园毁于一场大火，罗切斯特也因大火眼睛瞎了，前妻堕楼身亡。

简爱矢志不渝，在经历了岁月的磨砺与感情的积淀后，简爱终于收获了自己满意的爱情和理想的婚姻生活，与罗切斯特幸福地生活在了一起。

2 女权主义论述女权主义是近代资产阶级启蒙思想运动和妇女运动的产物，是妇女要求平等权利的社会思潮。

早在1791年法国大革命的妇女领袖奥兰普·德古热（法语：Olympe de Gouges）发表《女性与女性公民权宣言》的时候，女权主义运动就已经拉开序幕。

论《简·爱》中女权主义思想的表现形式《简·爱》是英国作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作之一，该小说不仅是一部感人的爱情故事，更是探讨女权主义思想的经典之作。

在小说中，勃朗特通过主人公简·爱的塑造以及情节的展开，充分展现了女性追求独立自主、追求平等地位的强烈愿望，体现了女权主义的核心理念。

主人公简·爱是一个充满女权意识的角色。

故事中，简·爱从小就在一个贫穷的家庭中长大，并且被送去学校臣服于富家人的女儿。

在这个过程中，她不仅经历了物质上的穷困和不公平待遇，还受到了同学们的欺负和歧视。

简·爱并没有向这些不公平低头，她坚持自己的信念和原则。

她在学校中表现出优秀的才智，以及强烈的渴望获得独立自主的欲望。

这种追求独立和自由的态度正是女权主义思想的核心。

小说中的爱情线索也展现出女权主义思想的表现形式。

在故事中，简·爱与罗切斯特相爱并最终结为夫妻。

在这段感情中，简·爱并没有放弃自己的个人追求和自主权利。

当她发现罗切斯特已经有妻子时，她毅然离开了他，拒绝了他的求婚。

这种拒绝反映了简·爱的女权意识，她不愿意成为一个被束缚和依附他人的女人。

最终，当她得知罗切斯特的妻子已经死亡并失去了财产时，她才回到他的身边。

这表明她的选择并不是为了依附于他人，而是因为她真正爱着罗切斯特，并希望建立一个基于平等和尊重的婚姻关系。

这种坚持自我和追求平等的态度是女权主义思想的核心价值。

小说中还有一些情节和角色展示了女权主义思想的表现形式。

在小说的结尾部分，简·爱继承了一个财产，成为一个独立自主的女性。

她用这笔财产去帮助那些受苦的人，并且在自己的家乡建立了一所学校。

通过这样的设定，勃朗特向读者展示了女性应当具备独立和作为成员为社会做贡献的能力。

女性角色在小说中的表现也是女权思想的具体体现。

简·爱的朋友黛安娜和玛丽，她们都是独立自主、有自己职业和事业追求的女性，她们崇尚自由和平等，与传统的女性角色相比具有鲜明的女权意识。

[作者简介]黄艳春,女,内蒙古农业大学外国语学院助教。

Charlotte ’s Feminist Declaration-On Jane Eyre ’s Fem ale Consciousness○HuangYanchun(I nner M ongoli a A g ricult ural Uni versit y ,Hohhot ,I nner M on goli a 010018)　[Abstract]　The Victorian Age was men 2centered and men 2controlled times.Women were discriminated a 2gainst by men at that time.However ,the ahead 2of 2age female consciousness of Jane Eyre ,the main character of J ane Ey re written by Charlotte Bronte ,challenged men ’s authority.In this novel of the Victorian Age ,Charlotteexposed and denounced men ’s oppression of and discrimination against women.On the other hand ,Charlotte is re 2markable in portraying J ane Eyre as a self 2respecting and rebellious girl ,desiring equality ,bravely showing her love and deciding on her own marriage.Through the portrayal ,Charlotte sets a new rote model for women of Victorian times as well as modern age.　[K ey w ords]　female consciousness ;self 2respect ;equality　[中图分类号]I10613 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]167228610(2006)022******* When G.K.Chesterton said ,“The novel of t he19t h cent ury was female ”[1]174,he must have been re 2ferring to t he emergence of a number of brilliant woman writers whose works gave voice to t he feelings and aspirations of t he educated women of t heir age.Charlotte Bronte is one of t he greatest women writers ,and her J ane Ey re is undoubtedly an out standing women ’s declaration of independence and love.It is J ane Eyre ’s female consciousness that awakens women and voices women ’s aspiration for liberation.J ane Eyre ’s female consciousness is far beyond Victorian times.In 19t h cent ury ,women did not have any stat us.They were discriminated against and con 2ceived of as people inferior to men.Alt hough women ’s colleges were established at Cambridge in 1869and at Oxford in 1879,women could not take degrees at t he university until 192021921.At t hat time ,almost t he only occupation open to women of good families was teaching as school mistress or more likely serving as governess in a private family.The Victorian moral code for women was t hat t hey should remain ignorant and uneducated.So ,novels about young girls who went out alone into t he world ,suffered various trials ,miser 2ies and temptation ,and emerged chaste and triumphant had been popular in England for over a century.Char 2lotte Bronte and her J ane Ey re challenged the old com 2mandment and traditional discrimination to women.That is why J ane Ey re was criticized by some people.Lionel Stevenson said ,“Jane Eyre was an intolerable renegade from all t he standards of behavior expected ofrespectable girls.”[1]I:103W. A.Craik t hought ,“The Bronte biography does them a disservice wit h t he read 2er ,may prevent him from seeing properly are air indi 2vidual merit s or indeed what is her purpose in writingit.”[1]II:109However ,t he praise of J ane Eyre by far outweighs criticism.Most people regarded t his book as one of t he greatest novels of t hat time.It was Jane ’s rebelliousness ,her dislike of servility ,her insistence on equality wit h her master and her claim t hat she had a right to feelings and passions t hat gave t he book it s uniqueness and force ,shocked many of it s early readers and earned popularity among most women.The book also encouraged women to be independent and fight for t heir own right s.Luo Jingguo said ,“J ane Ey re is the first English novel even t he most powerful and popular novel ,which present s t he modern view of women ’s po 2sition in society.”[1]III:176J ane Eyre ’s female consciousness ,which runs t hrough t he whole story ,can be viewed in two aspect s.One is t he exposure and denunciation of man ’s oppres 253语文学刊(外文版) 2006年第2期sion.The ot her is t he portrayal of J ane Eyre’s out2 standing character.J ane Eyre’s stories taking place in different stages of her life can be seen as connected by men’s oppression to her.The first oppressor is Jane Eyre’s cousin,John Reed.John,at t he age of14,has become particularly obnoxious,a fat,greedy,unwholesome bully.He re2 gards himself as t he fut ure owner of t he house.He beat s and insult s Jane at will.G oaded by John Reed’s bullying,she hit s back on two occasions,fighting like a mad cat until she is overpowered.Then,she is locked up alone in t he red room.Terror as well as an2 ger is always wit h her when she is in t he red room where her own vivid imagination frightens her into a frantic fit.J ane experiences t he first crisis in life and nearly dies.In t he clash between J ane and her cousin, t he writer emphasizes Jane’s feelings of dread,loat hing and despair as t he weak when facing unreasonable,ill2 mannered merciless even brutish t hreat.This descrip2 tion shows exactly small and weak female’s general sentiment under male’s maltreat ment.When we read t he part from Chapter I to Chapter IV,we will sympa2 t hize wit h Jane’s miserable experience.The second oppressor is Mr.Brocklehurst,t he headmaster of Lowood orphanage.The first impression he gives Jane is“What a great nose!And what a mouth![1]III:32”,just like a brutal bloodsucking animal. Here,Brocklehurst is portrayed as a very severe and hard2hearted person who not only keep s t he children half2starved but prevent s them from having normal mental growt h.He is meddling,loveless and hypocrit2 ical.Brocklehurst t hinks it is his duty to punish t he eighty girls’bodies in order to save their immortal souls.He does not let t hem have enough rest.He forces t hem to cut t heir long hair and makes t hem wear t he worst quality,t he most ugly clothes.He attempt s to kill t hese poor girls nat ure of pursuing beauty.He is hostile to women.He calls t hese girls’bodies“vile bodies”[1]III:63and t heir nat ural curled hair“excres2 cence”[1]III:63.He strangles t hese girls’vigor and vitali2 ty.These girls almost become machines which can only work and read B ible.Brocklehurst’s devastation to t hese girls is far beyond people’s toleration.Brockle2 hurst makes t he life condition much worse,which cau2 ses a lot of deat hs including t hat of Jane’s best friend, Helen Burns.Life in Lowood Orphanage may be t he most agonizing memory to J ane,but the miserable life gives J ane much more courage and determination to struggle for her right.The t hird oppressor Jane has met is Mr.Roches2 ter.Most writers agree t hat t he t heme of J ane Ey re is t he search for wrence has said,“The novel is revolutionary in it s treat ment of love.”[1]II:101Rochester’s oppression does not come from t he fact t hat Rochester want s to marry J ane wit hout telling her his mad wife’s story.Here the point is t hat Rochester’s love oppresses J ane and jeopardizes her independence. When t hey prepare t hings for marriage,Rochester says he will put t he diamond chain“round Jane neck,and circlet on her forehead,clasped t he bracelet s on t hese fine wrist s,and load her fingers wit h rings”[1]III:270.He uses visible jewelry to limit Jane invisibly.Jane feels t hat she is oppressed.She feels Rochester’s smile has “such a sultan might,bestow on a slave his gold and gems had enriched”[1]III:272,and she,herself,just like t he east allusion,is wit hout freedom.J ane knows,fa2 cing Rochester,she is no longer as independent as be2 fore.Jane’s heart is always in a state of intense strug2 gle.She willingly devotes herself to Rochester,but she still tries to grasp her own soul.When t he secret is discovered,Rochester hopes that Jane can go with her in t he name of love.Jane is nearly shaken.After all, she keeps her individual soul.In Jane’s life,she never stops struggling against miserable life and misfort une.She hasn’t a noble posi2 tion,an illustrious background,wealt h or a beautiful appearance.The only proud t hing for her is her self2re2 spect which is supported by her self2confidence and her staunch independence.She never expect s t hat Roches2 ter can love her because she t hinks t here is a big gap between t hem forever.When t hey fall in love,J ane has to keep her self2respect and independence in case of los2 ing herself.What she can give to Rochester is only her love,her infat uation,her spirit ual support and not hing else.However,what Rochester gives her is more t han hers.He can also improve Jane Eyre’s social stat us and increase her wealt h.This unequal exchange makes J ane Eyre uneasy.The sit uation makes her feel t hat t hey are not quite equal and her independence is also t hreatened.The fourt h oppressor Jane comes across is the clergyman,St.John Rivers.He is idealistic,very good2looking,religious and zealous.He t urns egotism and ambition to t he service of religion.He uses the name of obligation to oppress Jane and gives J ane spir2 it ual suffering.He does not treat Jane as a woman or as his fut ure wife,but a slave,a slave of G od as well as his.St.John says to J ane,“Simplify your complicat2 ed interest s,feelings,thought s,wishes,aims; merge all consideration in one purpose t hat of fulfilling wit h effect--with power--t he mission of your great Master.”[1]III:411Here,“Master”is capitalized.It seems that“Master”is t he G od.In fact,St.John uses t he word“Master”to refer to his own mission.He re2 gards himself as Jane’s“Master”.He deprives Jane of all her right s,especially t he right s of a woman.J ane is no longer an independent woman,but a doll,a machine63L IL ERA TU RE Huang Yanchun/Charlotte’s Feminist Declarationin his eyes.The word“Master”also delicately discov2 ers t he most important element of man’s attit ude to2 wards woman.St.John’s proposal is even more outra2 geous t han Rochester’s,for it involves a spirit ual pros2 tit ution instead of a physical one.Only when St.John involves G od’s name in support of a false idea of mar2 riage does J ane resist,“If I were to marry you,you would kill me.Y ou are killing me now”[1]III:417.J ane’s first“kill me”indicates t hat the miserable life in India would destroy her healt h and kill her.Jane’s second “kill me”refers to St John’s oppression to her spirit. J ane Eyre bravely shows her feelings,but St.John de2 nounces J ane as violent,untrue and unfeminine.But what is feminine?Should women always regard man and t heir husbands as“Master”?Shouldn’t women show t heir true feelings and be rude pendent?Man forces woman to live and behave as man want s,which really gives women a great oppression. For t housand of years,women suffer from man’s op2 pression and discrimination.John Reed,Brockcehurst, Rochester and St John oppress Jane in different ways. They are only some typical examples.By t hem,Char2 lotte exposes and denounces man’s oppression sharply. The agony women act ually suffer may be much more t han Jane’s.Should t hey always be silent or stand to fight?Jane Eyre a definitely answer.Her stories awaken women’s female consciousness.What is a woman like if she want s to fight for her proper right s? Here,Charlotte answers t he question wit h t he por2 trayal of J ane Eyre’s character.All in all,Jane is such a self2respecting,inde2 pendent and decisive woman.Her female consciousness and her struggling experience set a brilliant example for t he female worldwide.Her spirit encourages women to fight for liberation.Jane Eyre tells not only what an in2 dependent woman is like but also what a successfulwoman should do.In fact,Charlotte is presenting t hrough t he character of Jane some of her own most deeply felt convictions of permanent importance in hu2 man life such as t he right of t he humblest person to af2 fection,self2realization,honesty and integrity,the right to speak out frankly and t he claims of morality and religion.Jane’s long struggle to attain t hese values to become a person who is admired,respected and cared for wit hout compromising any of her ot her princi2 ples leaves an indelible impression on us.As a great book,J ane Ey re not only awakens it s early readers of t he Victorian Age,but also stimulates and encourages modern women’s movement.J ane Eyre has said in ChapterⅫ,“It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied wit h tranquili2 ty;t hey must have action;and t hey will make it if t hey can not find it…women are supposed to be very calm generally;but women feel just as men feel;t hey need exercise for t heir faculties,and a field for t heir effort s are much as t heir brot hers do;t hey suffer from too rig2 id a restraint,too absolute a stagnation,precisely as men would suffer It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at t hem,if t hey seek to do more or learn more t han custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.”[1]III:1102111This is Jane’s female consciousness.It is Charlotte’s as well as world wide female’s feminist de2 claration.【References】[1]L uo Jingguo.A N ew A ntholog y of English L iterature(vol umeI,I I,I I I)[M].Beijing:Beijing UniversityPress,1997.[2]Blackburn,Ruth H.Charlotte B ronte J ane Ey re[M].New Y ork:Simon&Schuster,1974.[3]Bronte,Charlotte.J ane Ey re[M].New Y ork:OxfordUniversity Press,1975.夏洛蒂・勃朗特的女权主义宣言———评简爱的女性意识黄艳春(内蒙古农业大学外国语学院,内蒙古呼和浩特　010018)[摘　要]　在男权至上的维多利亚时代,简爱超前的女性意识挑战了男性权威。