:性别歧视是英语及其它许多语言中普遍存在的问题,近数十年来越来越引起女权主义者的不满和抗争,也引起一些有识之士的关注。本文通过对英语语言中性别歧视现象的剖析,探讨了女权运动对英语语言文化的影响,论述了女权主义者为争取妇女的平等地位所做出的贡献。
1英语语言文化中的性别歧视
1 . 1男尊女卑的宗教思想
在英语国家,重男轻女,男尊女卑的偏见长期存在,这与英语国家社会长期处在父权制的统治之下密切相关。在基督教盛行的英美社会中,女性从属地位更是从“ 精神法典” 角度被固定下来。在《圣经》的创世篇中,上帝首先创造了男性———亚当,亚当从此便被看成是“ 人类的始祖” 。动物与女人是作为男人的帮手被创造出来。上帝把所创造出来的各种生物的命名权交给了亚当,从此,用语言符号来界定各种植物、动物等的权力便落在了男人的手中。上帝创造性别的手段也很奇特:他在亚当熟睡后从亚当身上取下一根肋骨,创造出了夏娃。既然女性是男性的骨中骨、肉中肉,既然她只是作为男人的帮手来到这个世界上,那么她对男性的从属似乎便成了上帝的意志。英语中泛指人时可用he或man而不用woman,专指性别的词被称为Adam2rib words,也是从这里来的。两百多年前,托马斯?杰佛逊( Thomas Jeffers on)在《独立宣言》(The Declarati on of I ndependence)中写道:“We hold thesetruths t o be self2 evident, that allmen are created equal . . . ” ,毫无疑问,这里的men泛指所有的人,包括men和women。这种状况表明男性是这个世界的主宰,忽略了女性角色的存在。
1 . 2英语语义变化中的性别歧视
man与woman语义的发展也不对称。man可指“有身份、有地位的人” 或“ 重要人物” ,而对应的woman则不具有。man在使用中含有“ 勇气” 、“坚强的毅力” 、“控制” 、“主宰”之意,这在动词化的man中尤为明显。如:①Well, Imustman it out . ( t o bear up manfully)②Happy is your soul if Christ man the house . . . and com2mand it .Collins English Dicti onary在对woman解释时没有一条释义可以表明woman具有“ 重要人物” 之意。往往提起woman,就一定“ 缺乏勇气” ,“胆小如鼠” 。在英语中woman不仅可指“ 女佣人” 和“情妇” ,甚至可指“妓女”(woman of thestreet)。这种语义的贬义化也发生在其他与男性相对应的性别词上。例如:①king国王; queen王后;在男性同性恋中扮演性别角色的同性恋者(male homosexualwho acts like a woman)②master男主人;mistress女主人;情妇③mister先生;madame女士;鸨母指代女性性别的词在其语义上的发展上逐渐染上淫秽或其他消极语义,而指代男性性别的词却没有沿着同样的方向发展。这样的例子在英语中十分常见,再以mother为例:mother虽具有“母亲” 这一高尚的语义,却也没有避免贬义化。Mother可用来指“下层社会的上了年纪的妇女” ,而Shakes peare 《李尔王》中Mother成了“ 歇斯底里” ( hysteria)的代名词。如Oh how thisMother s wels up t oward my heart! 在英语中还保存着习语“the fits of the mother” 。尽管男人似乎比女人更易发脾气。另一方面,相反, father仍然保留“ 父亲”的尊严,还可用来指“ 有社会地位的长者” 。[ 2 ]性别歧视不仅表现在语义的变化中,它也表现在词的选择和搭配之中。在英语中有些词可以去形容男子,对女人则不行,有一些专门的词去修饰女人,而它们无不带有歧视的意义。如:强有力的男人可用charismatic (具有超凡魄力的)修饰,对强有力的女人则用另外一词“domineering (盛气凌人的) ” ;固执的男人用的是strong willed (意志坚强的) ,固执的女人则用“stubborn (执拗的) ” ;幽默的男人用的是“witty (机智的) ” ,对女人则说“sarcastic (好挖苦人的) ” ;爱唠叨的男人用“articulate (表达力强的) ” ,对女人用“garrul ous” (喋喋不休的)。语言不仅反映人们的社会观念及成见,而且还传播、记录这种观点和成见。在历史上,社会地位、身份显赫的都是男人。干比较低劣工作的都是女人。p r ofessi onal的词义演变说明了这一点。当它与不同的性别连用时,语义也不同。①He is a p r o .他是专业人员。(p r ofessi onal)She is a p r o .她是妓女。(p rostitute)这种同义语义场中的性别用词多为贬义。还可以从以下数例中得到证实。②He is a tramp.他是个
流浪汉。She is a tramp.她是个荡妇。③He is going t o fight t o defend his honour .他打算为保护他的尊严而斗争。She is going t o fight t o defend her honour .她打算为保护她的贞操而斗争。
1 . 3男性为中心的婚俗
人类从母系社会发展到父系社会,男女角色进行了再分配:“ 男主外,女主内” ,妇女的主导地位也随之失去。男性在社会、政治、经济、文化等一切领域中都占着绝对的主宰地位,而女性的天地则缩小到家庭。我们知道,语言是一种特殊的社会现象,它是从劳动中创造出来的,与人的生产活动有着密切的关系,因此,当社会形成了男性占统治地位和女性居附庸地位的局面时,语言会有突出的反映。例如在以男性为中心的英语社会的婚俗中,一位女士嫁给一位男士后就会失去自己的姓名而变成“某某夫人” ,就会从Miss 变成Mrs . ,或失去姓而只留下名,该女士也随着这种“附庸” 关系而获得其社会地位。即使这位男士已经过世,她仍然是他的遗孀(如: Tompwidow)。[ 3 ]女性的从属性还表现在姓氏的变化上。未婚用父姓,结了婚用夫姓。这不能不说是男尊女卑的赤裸裸的表现。婚姻状况是p rivacy,英美人都不愿轻易把自己的婚姻状况告诉别人,但男人用Mr . 一词,结婚与否都可以,故人们不会由此知道他的婚姻状况。而女性一结婚就成为“Mrs . …” (某某夫人) ,这样就向他人公开表白了自己是个已婚的女人,不再是一个“Miss” (小姐)了。在以男性为主体的社会中,阳性为尊的思想体现在语言使用中不足为奇。英语中除了客套语“Ladies and Gentl e2men” 以外,其它阴阳称呼语的并列几乎无一例外地遵循阳性在前,阴性在后的规则。如: boys and girls, men and woman,males and females, he and she,Mr . and Mrs . , John and Mary,host and hostess,Adam and Eve, husband and wife等等。描述或称谓中的性别歧视
在英语中,经常出现对女性带有歧视性的描述或称谓。女人经常被说成食物、植物或弱小、温驯的小动物。下面的词常在男人的口中指代女人: vixen (雌狐)、bitch (母狗)、chick(小鸡)、cow (母牛)、cr one (老母羊)、dog (狗)、hen (母鸡)、g oose (雌鹅)、bird (鸟) ……。用这些词称呼女性,实际上是对女性的侮辱、嘲弄,甚至是不怀好意,调戏妇女。世界各国女性一般在操持家务方面要比男人多得多,但不幸的是由此引出许多食物的名称去代指女人。如: Cheese cake (奶酪蛋糕)、ookie (小甜饼)、dish (一道菜)、sugar (糖果)、peach (桃子)、iece (点心)、t omat o (西红柿)、p lum (李子) ……。野餐时可能会有人说: Good food . Delici ous women! 女性互相称赞时也常说: You l ook g ood enough t o eat或You have a peach and creamomp lexi on . 西方国家,尤其是英语国家历来自我标榜人权、男女平等,但他们的母语—英语中所流露出的事实上的男女不平等,往往使他们难以自圆其说。例如美国人常用“ 鸡” 来比喻女性的一生。“I n her youth she is a chick (“ 小鸡” ,喻为“少女” ) , then she marries and begins feeling cooped up (“圈养” ,喻为“ 思想行动被禁锢” ) , so she goes t o hen parties (喻为“ 妇女聚会” ) ,where she cackles (鸡下蛋后“ 咯咯叫” ,喻为“ 嘀嘀咕咕地讲话” )with her friends . Then she has her br ood (” 母鸡孵蛋” 喻为“ 生儿育女” ) and begins t o henpeck (喻为“使丈夫惧内” 、“母老虎” ) her husband . Finally she turns int o an oldbiddy (“ 老母鸡” ,喻为“老女佣” )。在美国俚语中,女大学生宿舍被称为hen coop (鸡棚) ; a wet hen不是落汤鸡;而是指讨厌的人,泼妇。[ 4 ]
2女权运动与英语语言的改造
受压于男权统治和歧视下的妇女为争取平等的地位,从来也没有停止过抗争, 20世纪的妇女解放运动和女权主义运动就是一个例证。女权主义运动起源于欧洲的法国, 60年代盛行于整个欧洲和美洲。一批著名的女权主义者、女性主义文学批评家,如法国的西蒙?波伏娃( Si mone de Beauvoir)、克里斯多娃(J . Kristeva)、西苏(H. Cixous)、英国的弗吉尼亚? 伍尔夫(VirqiniaWoolf)、美国的肖瓦尔特( E . Showalter)等都非常重视对男性语言的批判。她们认为英语中各种对女性歧视性的词、词组或习惯表达法不仅玷污了妇女在语言社区中的形象,同时它们所表达的思想潜移默化驻留于语言库中,直接或间接地影响着人们对女性的价值判断。她们在为妇女权益斗争的同时,也对英语语言进行了革新、改造,目的是为
了从语言上颠覆男权的统治。女权运动对英语词汇的影响大致可以分为以下几个步骤:
2.1改变以阳性代词或名词的无标记使用对词法上含有阳性成分、语义上无性别标志的词,一律把阳性的词尾改为中性词尾,并且创造出与阳性词尾相对应的阴性词尾词,使原来阳性词尾的词成为有标记词,专指男性。例如:男性词性别词中性词chairman chair woman chairpers oncogress man congress woman congress one /memberof congress foreman for womansupervis or post man post womanpost worker mankind womankind
2.2慎用含有man(men)的词汇或短语当这些词汇或者短语所指的对象不能确定为男性,或者包含两种性别的时候,一般使用下面的词汇或者短语来替换,例如:man (人) →humanbeing, human, person, individucalmankind, man (人类) → humanbeings, humans,humankind, humanitymanmade (人造的,合成的) →synthetic, artificialmanpower (人力) →workforces, staff, pers onnel, labourt o man→t o staff, t o run, t o work, t o organize
2.3用无性别标记的中性词指代带“女子气” 的后缀如2 ess、2 ette、2trix等(带有这类后缀的词所指的对象往往给人以“ 浅薄” 或者“地位低下” 的感觉,有些还含有道德上和性行为方面不贞洁之意)。例如:waitress→serverstewardesses→flight attendantsaviatrix→aviat orpoetess→poetp rop rietress→p r op riet orscul p tress→scul p t orusherette→usher 2.4避免使用有意贬低,轻视女性的词语例如:避免把女性称为the distaff (母系)或the fair / s oft /weak / second sex(美丽/温柔/软弱/从属的性别) ;避免把妻子称为the little woman (小妇人) ;把lawyer and theirwives更改为lawyers and their s pouses,把a secretary and her boss更改为asecretary and his or her boss或a secretary and a boss。在英国,商店的女营业员被称为salesladies与sales men相对应。女士服装被称为ladiespwear与menp swear相对应。另外,在称呼一位婚姻状况不明的成年性别的时候,最好使用中性的称谓Ms . 。
2.5在同时提及男女两性时用平行称谓例如:man and wife (夫妻) →husband and wifemen and girls (男女) →men and women /boys and girlsPresident Bush and Mrs . Thatcher→President Bush andPri meMinisterMrs . Thatcher / Mr . Bush andMrs . Thatcher人称代词的使用是英语中最易带歧视性的,因为英语这种语言缺少一个清楚明了的中性的第三人称去表达男女们。女权主义者通过采用复数形式、去掉代词、用冠词代替、不同的句法结构、第二人称、被动语态或者重复名词等方法来解决这些问题。(由于they 没有单数反身代词形式,女权主义者就创造了themselves作为无标记单数人称反身代词。现在, them2selves已在加拿大政府文件及其法律条文中广泛使用。)例如:(1) He had t o think for hi m
self . →They had t o think forthemselves . (复数代换)(2) Through discussi on each member can find others havesi milar p r oblems and that theirmethods of s olving these could beuseful t o hi m.→……and that theirmethods of s olving these could be use2ful . (去掉不必要代词)(3) The reader must take a number of variables int o ac2count in p lanning his app r oach . →……in p lanning the / an ap2p r oach . (用冠词代替代词)
3结束语
性别歧视问题与其说是一个语言现象,不如说是社会历史文化问题。社会进步了,妇女的社会地位确实提高了,那么语言性别歧视的现象也会确实日趋减少。也就是说,一种语言中的性别歧视程度越高,就说明这个社会或民族的文明程度越低,反之则亦然。但文明总是在不断发展和提高的,作为文明和文化载体的语言,也是在不断发展的。在这一发展过程中,适应发展潮流的成分就保留下来了,而不适应的部分就会得到遗弃,这也是由适者生存定理所决定的。当然,有遗弃,就必然有新生。要想遗弃语言中的性别歧视的成分,必须有相应的替代成分形成,这便是摆在语言学家面前的一项光荣而艰巨的任务。
参考文献:
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[ 2 ]朱跃.英语与社会[M ].合肥:安徽大学出版社, 1995 .
[ 3 ]潘建.英汉传统文化中的性别歧视与女权运动[ J ].湖南大学学报(社科版) , 2001, (4) : 86 . [ 4 ]李剑波.英语语言与性别歧视法律文化传统[ J ].法律英语世界, 1999, (2) : 10 .
词典用英语怎么说 词典的英语说法1： dictionary 词典的英语说法2： lexicon 词典相关英语表达： concise dictionary; 简明词典 bilingual dictionary; 双语词典 pocket dictionary; 袖珍词典 consult the dictionary 查词典 词典的英语例句： 1. the dictionary is a vast treasure trove of information. 那本词典是个巨大的信息宝库。 2. the translations were carried out with the assistance of a medical dictionary. 这些翻译是借助一本医学词典完成的。 3. the examples are unique to this dictionary.
这些例证是这部词典独有的。 4. english textbooks and dictionaries are on sale everywhere. 英语教材和词典到处都有卖的。 5. a dictionary of mathematics 数学词典 6. this dictionary is available in electronic form. 本词典有电子版。 7. the example sentences in this dictionary are printed in italic type. 本词典中的例句都是用斜体排印的。 8. examples in this dictionary are in italics. 本词典中的例子用斜体显示。 9. definitions in this dictionary are printed in roman type. 这本词典里的释义是用罗马体印刷的。 10. we are working all round the clock to finish this dictionary! 我们在为完成这本词典而昼夜不停地工作着! 11. this dictionary is just what i want for my study. 这部词典正是我学习要用到的. 12. this phrase is labelled as an americanism in this dictionary. 这本词典把这个短语称为美国特有的语言现象.
Your Excellencies, UN secretary general, president of the general assembly, executive director of UN Women, and distinguished guests. Today, we are launching a campaign called HeForShe. I'm reaching out to you because we need your help. We want to end gender inequality and to do this, we need everyone involved. This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN. We want to try and galvanize as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for change and we don't just want to talk about it. We want to try and make sure that it's tangible. I was appointed as Goodwill Ambassador for UN Women six months ago and the more I've spoken about feminism, the more I have realized the fighting for women's rights has too often become synonymous with man-hating. If there is one thing I know for certain it is that this has to stop. For the record, feminism, by definition, is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. It is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. I started questioning gender-based assumptions a long time ago. When I was 8, I was confused being called "bossy" because I wanted to direct the plays that we would put on for our parents. but the boys were not. When at 14, I started to be sexualized by certain elements of the media When at 15, my girlfriends started dropping out of their beloved sports teams because they didn't want to appear "muscley". When at 18, my male friends were unable to express their feelings. I decided that I was a feminist. And this seems uncomplicated to me. But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word. Women are choosing not to identify as feminists. Apparently, I'm among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen as too strong too aggressive, isolating, and anti-men unattractive, even. Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I am from Britain. And I think it is right that I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body. (Applause) I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and the decisions that will affect my life. I think it is right that socially I am afforded the same respect as men. But sadly, I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights. No country in the world can yet say that they have achieve gender equality.
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语作文范文模板：分析利弊型 2018考研英语作文要多练习多背诵，好的句子模板背下来，写的时候就能够灵活套用。小编考研分享一些经典作文范文模板，速来学习吧！ 2018考研英语作文范文模板：分析利弊型 此类作文要求对某一现象或事物的优点或缺点进行正反两方面的分析，最后得出结论或发表自己的看法。注意是针对一件事物，要与比较分析类相区分。 模板1 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)_________________. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in X. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, _________________________. And secondly _________________________. Just As a popular saying goes, every coin has two sides , X is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, _____________________. In addition, ______________________________. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of X into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the X. 模板2 X now plays such an important part in so many people’s lives that _____________________. Obviously, X has both advantages and disadvantages. As is often pointed out that, X makes us know ________________ so that __________________. In addition, _________________________. Yet here again, there is a danger. The main problem with it is that _______________________________. It is criticized on the grounds that it contributes to ______________________. Besides, _________________________. In any case, whether the ultimate of X is good or not, one thing is certain that __________________. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society. 模板3 X has many advantages. In the first place, ____________________________. Second, ___________________________. Third, ____________________________. For all these advantages, it is really worthwhile to _________________________________. However, just as everything has two sides, there are some disadvantages in _______________. The most serious problem is ________________________. Besides, __________________________. Therefore, given an opportunity to ______________________, one must consider both sides of factors carefully before making. 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
提供用英语怎么说 提供即供给。谓提出可供参考或利用的意见、资料、物资、条件等。提供所属现代词。那么你知道提供用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。 提供的英语说法1： provide 提供的英语说法2： offer 提供的英语说法3： supply 提供的相关短语： 提供自助餐Cafeteria available 提供住宿accommodate ; accommodation provided ; Need pay ; provide room accomodation 提供线索throw ; throw light on ; to provide clues ; Submissions 提供食物food ; cater ; provide food ; serve food 提供担保bond ; offering for security ; Shipping Guarantee ; tender guarantee 提供住所sheltering ; accommodate
提供的英语例句： 1. The room was quiet; no one volunteered any further information. 房间很安静，无人主动提供更多的信息。 2. Return the enclosed Donation Form today in the prepaid envelope provided. 请于今日将随函附上的捐款表格用所提供的邮资预付的信封寄回。 3. The shallow sea bed yields up an abundance of food. 浅海床提供了丰富的食物。 4. The mother provides the embryo with nourishment and a place to grow. 母亲为胎儿提供营养和成长的空间。 5. Research and technology are said to be chronically underfunded. 据说为研究和技术方面提供的经费严重不足。 6. He based his conclusions on the evidence given by the captured prisoners. 他根据被俘囚犯提供的证据得出了这个结论。 7. The service covers contraceptive advice and health checks, and is available free. 服务项目包括避孕建议和健康检查，并且免费提供。
随着科技的发展，电脑在二十一世纪成了人们必要的用品。随之而来，网络与我们的生活息息相关，给现代人的生活、工作带来了无与伦比的方便。 通过网络，我们能查寻有用的资料,了解时事动态等等.当你工作了很长时间后去玩电脑游戏，可以减缓你的精神压力，放松你的心情.并且，上网玩游戏也不完全是坏事，因为学生玩游戏可以锻炼手、脑的反应能力，满足学生娱乐需要。 但是网络也有弊。长时间的看电脑,电脑发出的辐射对人体有很大的害处。眼睛长期处于紧张状态容易造成近视。现在的电脑游戏众多,某些电脑游戏粗制滥造,甚至含有暴力等不健康内容。有的孩子由于对社会认识不足和自我保护意识缺乏，沉迷网络游戏，网络交友。 其实网络并不可怕，只要我们面对网络时多一些认识，网络就会成为我们学习上的有利助手。让我们一起创个干净的网络世界吧！ With the development of the science and technology, the computer has been becmoing the necessity for people in the 21st Century. Following, network is of close link with our life,bringing us incomparable convenience on our life and work. Through the network,we can search for useful datas and get to know the current events.When you play computer games after a long-time work,it can relieve your pressure and make you feel relaxed.Besides,playing online games is not all bad,for it can fulfil students' entertaining requests as well as practise their response ability. However,there still exists some disadvantages in the network.The radiation from the computer will do harm to people's health if you keep on watching the computer for a long time.And short sight may caused by it for your eyes stay tense.At present,there are too many games on the Internet,but some of them are not of good quality even contain some unhealthy content like violence and so on.Duo to the lack of recognizing society and self-protection awareness,some students get addicted in the games and online dating. In fact,network is not that horrible,as long as we know more about it,it will become our right hand on our studies.Let's build a clean network world together. 1)网络课堂教学的兴起，使传统的课堂教学受到了前所未有的挑战 2)网络课堂教学模式会完全取代传统课堂教学模式吗？ 3)你的看法，理由是…… 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种新兴事物，提纲第2点针对该事物提出一个有争议的观点，提纲第3点要求表明“我”的看法，由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。
请大家看看这一句怎么译成英语：“他铅笔盒里有五支笔。”别小看这么一句简单的话，实在没有办法翻译，因为英语里没有相当于汉语“笔”的词。英语里倒是可以找到各种具体的“笔”的名称： 铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan 圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush 画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen 蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk 只有弄清楚那五支具体是什么笔，才能翻译出来，如：He’s got two pencils, two ball-point pens and one pen in his pencil-box. 人们在认识事物的过程中，往往把性质或用途一样或类似的东西归为一类，表示某一类事物的总名称被叫做“上义词”(superordinate)，一个“上义词”的概念包含许多“下义词”(hyponym)。汉语中的“笔”就是前几行所列各种笔的“上义词”。有些分类是各种语言基本一样的，如世界上的东西分成生物(living things)和无生命物(non-living things)，或者有机物(organic matters)和无机物(inorganic matters)，而生物里有植物(plants)和动物(animals)，但有些分类是某种语言特有的。“笔”在英语里就构不成一类。再比如汉语中的“车”(包括各种汽车、自行车、人力车、手推车、童车等)、“牛”(包括水牛、黄牛、牦牛、奶牛等)、“果品”(包括鲜果、干果、蜜饯等)、“皮”(包括各种兽皮、树皮、果皮等)之类的词在英语里都没有对应的说法，因为它们在说英语的人心目中并不构成一个“类”，所以翻译时必须弄清具体东西用不同的下义词代替，有时也可用上义词取代。 就连She is my sister. 这样的句子，如果不了解说话人指的是“姐姐”还是“妹妹”，也无法译。这里也有文化上的原因，因为西方强调家庭成员的平等，兄弟姐妹的地位是平等的。因此，西方人在介绍自己的兄弟姐妹时一般说He/She is my brother/sister. 并不分长幼。而英语里sibling这个词在汉语里没有对应的词。有些分类和名称和汉语不一样，如half brother/sister可以指同父异母也可以指同母异父的兄弟姐妹。至于cousin可以指“堂/表兄/弟/姐/妹”；而长一辈中男/女的亲戚除了父/母亲之外都是uncle/aunt.。这些都会造成翻译的困难。 难办的是，有时候分类是交叉的。例如，英语的table和desk在汉语里都是“桌子”，但这并不等于“桌子”所含的概念(semantic range)一定比table大，例如coffee table和end table 都是table，但在汉语中却是“茶几”，当然不能归在“桌子”一类里。汉语里的“绿”、“蓝”、“青”是三个颜色，相对而言，英语里只有green和blue两个词，所以“青”字到底应该译为green还是blue要看情况而定(如“青天”是blue sky，“青菜”却是green vegetables，而the Blue Nile习惯上译为“青尼罗河”。)。 不光是名词有这样的情况，从某种意义上说，动词分类粗细也有不同，如汉语中的“切”、“割”、“截”、“剁”、“斩”、“砍”、“劈”、“剖”、“剪”、“裁”、“刻”等都可以用一个cut翻译(要区分动作可以加上介词短语表示工具，如“剪”是cut with scissors，或加上补语表示
The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet 翻译：随着科技的发展，电脑在二十一世纪成了人们必要的用品。随之而来，网络与我们的生活息息相关，给现代人的生活、工作带来了无与伦比的方便。 With the development of the science and technology,the computer has become the necessity for people in the 21st Century. Following,network is of close link with our life,bringing us incomparable convenience on our life and work. necessity[n??ses?ti] n.必需品; 必要（性） incomparable[?n?k?mpr?bl] adj. 无与伦比; 无可比拟; 无双的; 无敌的，无比的 convenience[k?n?vi:ni?ns] n. 方便，便利; 便利设施; 补充：The Internet is becoming more and more important in our daily life.
The Internet is playing a more and more important part in modern society. Nowadays, Internet is becoming very popular in all walks of life. 通过网络，我们能查寻有用的资料,了解最新的新闻等等.当你工作了很长时间后去玩电脑游戏，可以减缓你的精神压力，放松你的心情... Through the network,we can search for useful datas and get to know the latest news.When you play computer games after a long-time work,it can relieve your pressure and make you feel relaxed.Besides... relieve[r??li:v] vt. 缓解; 解除; 补充： Internet brings us both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are as the following. Firstly, we can communicate with our friends more rapidly and quickly. Secondly, Internet brings us fun. For example, many websites open chatrooms where we can talk
以下为艾玛.沃森演讲全文（中英对照），感谢译者@HathorOfDendera的贡献： Emma Watson: Gender equality is your issue too 艾玛沃森：性别平等也关乎你 Speech by UN Women Goodwill Ambassador Emma Watson at a special event for the HeForShe campaign, United Nations Headquarters, New York, 20 September 2014 联合国妇女亲善大使艾玛沃森在2014年9月20日纽约联合国总部为“他为她”运动举行的特别活动上的演讲 Today we are launching a campaign called “HeForShe.” I am reaching out to you because I need your help. We want to end gender inequality—and to do that we need everyone to be involved. This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN: we want to try and galvanize as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for gender equality. And we don’t just want to talk about it, but make sure it is tangible. 今天，我们启动了一项名为“他为她”的运动。 我向你伸出手，因为我需要你的帮助。我们希望终结性别不平等——为此，我们需要所有人都参与其中。 这是联合国同类运动中的第一项：我们希望努力并激励尽可能多的男人和男孩倡导性别平等。而且希望这（性别平等）不只是空谈，而是确确实实的看得见摸得着。 I was appointed six months ago and the more I have spoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women’s rights has
无语这个词语用英语怎么表达 “无语”英语怎么说 “无语”英语怎么说 Jessica在北京学汉语，她的中国朋友要是遇到了不知道用美语怎么说的词，免费学习英语的网站，就会来请教她。今天是小北要问的：无语。 Jessica; Xiaobei! You look upset. What happened? Yiru: 别提了！我有个朋友欠钱不还，拖了好长时间了，每次都找各种理由搪塞我！气死我了，以前我还和她理论，现在我简直是…简直是…无语了我！ Jessica: I see. You're so tired of your friend's excuses that you are speechless. XB: Speechless？原来这就是无语的意思。 Jessica: Yes. For example, you can say "she was speechless after learning her boyfriend was dating another woman." XB: 哦，免费学习英语的网站，学英语的好网站，知道男友跟别的女生交往后，她气得说不出话来。 Jessica: Exactly. Basically, you can use "speechless" to mean something so bad or so surprising that you don't know what to say.
XB: I see. 跟你说，我认识一个女生，她特别虚伪，总是假惺惺地称赞别人，转过头来就说人坏话。Every time I see her being so fake, I'm speechless! Jessica: I bet you also roll your eyes! XB: Roll my eyes? Jessica: If you roll your eyes, you're showing that you don't believe someone or you aren't interested in what they're saying. XB: 哦，就是因为不相信或者不耐烦而翻白眼。这个说法真形象! 就在今天早上，I got an email saying I was selected to win 5 million dollars. It also asked for my bank account. Jessica: That's fishy! It must be a scam! XB: 我当然知道这是诈骗邮件了！I rolled my eyes when I read it! 不过你说，要是我哪天我真中了500万… Jessica: That would blow me away! Meaning I'd be really amazed! XB: 哦，to blow someone away就是使人大吃一惊，不过，这应该是用在形容什么好事儿的时候吧？ Jessica: Exactly. For example, My new computer ran so fast it blew me away! XB: Or Jessica has so much cash hidden under her
求一篇英语作文关于网络的利弊提示词语：可以帮助我们更好地了解外面的世界开阔我们的视野 （一） Now many of my classmates like to surf the Internet in their free time.I think Internet can bring us both advantages and disadvantages. For example，if I have some trouble studying， I can surf the internet to find more helpful information. And I can make more friends on it. Some of my classmates say they feel happy when they talk with more friends with many similar hobbies. However, Internet can make some problems at the same time. If you spend too much time on it ,you will becaome lazy and can't put your heart on study. It will be even worse if you feel you can't live without Internet. So we must be careful when we use the Internet. 翻译：现在，我的很多同学都喜欢在闲暇的时间里上网，我认为网络既给我们带来了好处，又有不好的地方。 例如，如果我在学习上又困难，我就能上网搜索一些有帮助的信息。并且我还能够在网上交到更多的朋友。我有一些同学说，当他们找到了一些拥有相当兴趣的朋友来聊天时，会觉得开心 然而，网络同时也会造成一些问题。如果你花太多时间在上面，你就会变懒而且不能够专心学习。如果你觉得你的生活已经离不开它了那就更糟了所以，当我们在使用网络的时候一定要小心。
艾玛·沃特森(Emma Watson)， 0年4月15日出生于法国巴黎，英国女演员。以下是整理了艾玛沃森联合国演讲稿，希望你喜欢。 Emma Watson: Gender equality is your issue too 艾玛沃森：性别平等也关乎你 Speech by UN Women Goodwill Ambassador Emma Watson at a special event for the HeForShe campaign, United Nations Headquarters, New York, 20 September 20xx 联合国妇女亲善大使艾玛?沃森在20xx年9月20日纽约联合国总部为“他为她”运动举行的特别活动上的演讲 Today we are launching a campaign called “HeForShe.” I am reaching out to you because I need your help. We want to end gender inequality —and to do that we need everyone to be involved. This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN: we want to try and galvanize as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for gender equality. And we don’t just want to talk about it, but make sure it is tangible. 今天，我们启动了一项名为“他为她”的运动。 我向你伸出手，因为我需要你的帮助。我们希望终结性别不平等——为此，我们需要所有人都参与其中。 这是联合国同类运动中的第一项：我们希望努力并激励尽可能多的男人和男孩倡导性别平等。而且希望这(性别平等)不只是空谈，而是确确实实的看得见摸得着。 I was appointed six months ago and the more I have spoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often be e synonymous with man-hating. If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop. For the record, feminism by definition is: “The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. It is the theory of the political, economic and social equality of the sexes.” 六个月前，我被任命为联合国妇女亲善大使。而随着我谈论女权主义越多，我越发现，“争取女性权益”太容易被当作是“憎恨男人”的同义词。如果说有一件事是我确实知道的，那就是，这样的误解必须停止。 必须郑重声明，女权主义的定义是：“相信男性和女性应该拥有平等权利和机会。它是性别间政治、经济和社会平等的理论。”
中考英语作文万能模板：说明利弊题型 中考英语作文万能模板：说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测) 1. 说明事物现状 2. 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面) 3. 你对现状(或前景)的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally，its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(A的优点之一)。Besides -------------------(A的优点之二)。 But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse，------------------(A 的第二个缺点). Through the above analysis，I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore，I would like to ---------------(我的看法). (From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A，we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way，---------------(对前景的预测).)中考英语作文万能模板：议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型) There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows：in the first place，___原因一_______.Furthermore，in the second place，___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____. People，however，differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view，on the one hand，___原因一_______. On the other hand，____原因二_____. Therefore，there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned，I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________，but also because _________. The more _______，the more ________. (2)利弊型的议论文
英语单词翻译 I may be the world’s worst writer, but I’m the world’s best rewriter. 在所有的作家中，我可能不是写得的，但在反复修改上却是做得的。 In handling the materials of history, each act of selection is also an act of judgement. 在处理历史资料时，每选一项资料就是做出一种判断。 Some suggest that Smith himself is a reluctant reformer. 有人认为，史密斯本人就不太情愿改革。 词— I.词性转换法 Examples： It seems that most countries of the world have a strong desire to mutually expand their trade. 世界上绝大部分国家似乎都有一种强烈的相互扩大贸易市场的渴望。 世界上绝大部分国家似乎都强烈希望扩展彼此之间的贸易。 I admire your decision to fight against the difficulties in preparing the examination. 你决定战胜复习考试中的困难，这个点我很羡慕。 A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. 仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。
Conversations with him always has a serious content, for his commitment to his life’s work was always there. 每次与他交谈，内容往往是严肃谨慎的，因为他总是以事业为重。 Another important goal in this meeting is increased educational opportunities for girls and women. 另外一个主要目标是扩大女孩和妇女受教育的机会。 Note his emphasis on looking better. 注意他强调的是更有希望。 These traditions (of Japanese companies) include lifetime employment for all workers. 这些传统包括所有员工终身受雇。 She came to China as a missionary. 她来中国传教。 His whole family were religious. 他全家都是虔诚的教徒. He was eloquent and elegant—but soft. 他有口才、有风度，但性格软弱。 The cutting tools must be strong, tough, and wear resistant. 刀具须有充足的强度、硬度、而且要耐磨。 Premature marriages have statistically proved to end prematurely. 统计数字表明，不成熟的婚姻容易夭折。