建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

法语建筑工程类词汇法语建筑工程类词汇法语中的建筑工程类词汇为以下几种：1、Bâtiment: 建筑，建筑物，包括房屋、大楼等。

2、Architecture: 建筑学，建筑艺术。

3、Ingénieur: 工程师，在建筑工程领域中指负责设计、规划和监督工程的专业人员。

4、Architecte: 建筑师，负责设计建筑物的专业人员。

5、Assistante de construction: 建筑助理，协助建筑师或工程师进行设计、规划和监督工作。

6、Batiment public: 公共建筑，如学校、医院、政府大楼等。

7、Batiment résidentiel: 住宅建筑，如房屋、公寓等。

8、Batiment commercial: 商业建筑，如商场、办公楼等。

9、Batiment industriel: 工业建筑，如工厂、仓库等。

10、Batiment religieux: 宗教建筑，如教堂、寺庙等。

11、Batiment à durée de vie limitée: 临时建筑，如展览馆、临时工房等。

12、Batiment à durée de vie indéterminée: 永久建筑，如住宅楼、商业大厦等。

以上为一些常见的法语建筑工程类词汇，了解这些词汇对于学习建筑工程专业的同学或者从事建筑工程行业的朋友都是非常有帮助的。

法语建筑工程词汇法语建筑工程词汇对于从事建筑行业的人来说，掌握法语建筑工程词汇是非常重要的。

以下是一些常见的法语建筑工程词汇及其翻译：1、Architecture - 建筑设计2、Bâtiment - 建筑3、Plan - 图纸4、Matériau - 材料5、Concepteur - 设计师6、Entrepreneur - 承包商7、Maçon - 石匠8、Elevage - 建筑支撑9、Murs - 墙壁10、Plafond - 天花板除此之外，还有一些与建筑工程相关的短语和表达，例如：1、Le plan de construction - 施工图2、La construction d'un bâtiment - 建造建筑3、Les détails de construction - 施工细节4、La conception architectural - 建筑构思5、Le design moderne - 现代设计6、La maçonnerie traditionnelle - 传统石匠技术7、Les murs pré-fabricés - 预制墙壁8、Le plafond à poutres - 梁架天花板总之，掌握法语建筑工程词汇和相关的短语和表达对于从事建筑行业的人来说是非常重要的。

新疆大学各个学院各个专业的英语翻译。

希望能够对大家有所帮助。

水平有限，希望大家在浏览的同时帮忙校正，不甚感激……化学化工学院College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering化学工程与工艺Chemical Engineering and Technics材料化学Materials Chemistry高分子材料Multimolecular Materials环境工程Environmental Engineering化学Chemical应用化学Applied Chemical过程装备与控制工程Processing Units and Control Engineering新闻与传播学院College of Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism广告学Advertising广播电视新闻学Radio and TV Journalism生命科学与技术学院College of Life Science and Technology生物工程Bioengineering生物技术Biotechnology生物科学Biological Science食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering数学与系统科学学院College of Mathematics and Systems Science数学与应用数学Mathematics and Applied Mathematics信息与计算科学Information and Computation Science资源与环境科学学院College of Resources and Environmental Science地理信息系统Geographic Information System资源环境与城乡规划管理Resources Environment and the Management of Urban and Rural Planning地理科学Geography生态学Ecology环境科学Environmental Science物理科学与技术学院College of Physical Science and Technology物理学Physics应用物理学Applied Physics信息科学与工程学院College of Information Science and Engineering电子信息科学与技术Sience and Technology of Electronic Information电子信息工程Electronic and Information Engineering通信工程Communication Engineering计算机科学与技术Computer Sience and Technology外国语学院College of Foreign Languages英语English俄语Russian日语Japanese人文学院College of Humanities文学Literature中国少数民族语言文学（维汉双语翻译）Chinese Minority Languages and Literatures (Uigur-Chinese Interpretation & Translation)中国少数民族语言文学（哈文学方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Kazakhstan Literature)中国少数民族语言文学（维文学方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Uigur Literature)中国少数民族语言文学（维现代文秘方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Uigur Modern Secretary)中国少数民族语言文学（维吾尔语言）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature(Uigur)汉语言文学（现代文秘方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Modern Secretary)汉语言文学（文学方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Literature)汉语言文学（影视文学方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Television Literature)汉语言Chinese地质与勘察工程学院 College of Geosciences and Reconnaaissance Engineering资源勘察工程Resource Reconnaissance Engineering机械工程学院 College of Mechanical Engineering工业工程Industrial Engineering机械设计制造及其自动化 Mechanical Designing and Manufacturing Automation机械类Mechanical交通工程Traffic Engineering工业设计Industrial Designing电气工程学院College of Electrical Engineering电气工程及其自动化Electrical Engineering and Automation电子信息工程Electronic Information Engineering热能与动力工程Heat Energy and Dynamical Engineering自动化Automation建筑工程学院College of Civil Engineering and Architecture工程管理Engineering Management城市规划Urban Planning建筑学Architecture土木工程（交通土建）Civil Engineering(Civil Traffic)建筑环境与设备工程 Architectural Environment Equipment Engineering土木工程（建筑工程方向）Civil Engineering(Architecture Engineering)艺术设计学院Colleage of Arts Design服装设计与工程（服装设计）Fashion Design and Engineering(Fashion Design) 艺术设计（装潢艺术设计）Arts Design (Decorative Painting Arts Design)艺术设计（电脑艺术设计）Arts Design (Computer Arts Design)软件学院College of Software计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology高等职业与技术学院College of Altitude V ocation and Technology汉语Chinese计算机网络技术Computer Network Technology旅游管理Tourism Management社区管理与服务Community Management and Services文秘Secretary英语English市场营销Marketing经济与管理学院College of Economic and Management工商管理Business Administration国际经济与贸易International economic and trade金融学Finance经济学Economics信息管理与信息系统Information Management and Information System市场营销Marketing法学院College of law法学Law Study政治与公共管理学院College of Politics and Public Management行政管理Administration公共管理Public Management社会工作Social Work社会学Sociology政治学Political Science旅游学院College of Tourism旅游管理Tourism Management。

建环专业英语词汇ahu air hundling unit 空调箱 air conditioning load空调负荷air distribution气流组织air handling unit 空气处理单元air shower 风淋室air wide 空气侧压降aluninum accessaries in clean room 洁净室安装铝材as-completed drawing 修改竣工图ayout 设计图blass stop valve 铜闸阀canvas connecting termingalclean bench 净化工作台clean class 洁净度clean room 洁净室无尘室correction factor修正系数dcc dry coll units 干盘管district cooling 区域供冷direct return system异程式系统displacement ventilation置换通风drawn No.图号elevation立面图entering air temp进风温度 entering water temp进水温度 fahrenheit scale 华氏温度fan coil unit 风机盘管ffu fan filter units 风扇过滤网组 final 施工图flowheating ventilating and air conditioning 供热通风与空气调节hepa high efficiency pariculate air 高效过滤网high efficiency particulate air filters高效空气过滤器horizontal series type水平串联式hot water supply system生活热水系统humidity 湿度hydraulic calculation水力计算isometric drawing轴测图leaving air temp 出风温度 leaving water temp出水温度 lood vacuum pump 中央集尘泵mau make up air hundling unit schedule 外气空调箱natural smoke exhausting自然排烟net weight 净重noise reduction消声nominal diameter 公称直径oil-burning boiler燃油锅炉one way stop peturn valve 单向止回阀operation energy consumption运行能耗pass box 传递箱particle sizing and counting method 计径计数法Piping accessaries 水系统辅材piping asembly 配管工费plan 平面图rac recirculation air cabinet unit schedule循环组合空调单元ratio controller 比例调节器 ratio flow control 流量比例控制 ratio gear 变速轮ratio meter 比率计 rational 合理性的,合法的；有理解能力的 rationale 基本原理；原理的阐述 rationality 有理性,合理性 rationalization proposal 合理化建义 ratio of compression 压缩比 ratio of expansion 膨胀比 ratio of run-off 径流系数 ratio of slope 坡度 ratio of specific heat 比热比 raw 生的,原状的,粗的；未加工的 raw coal 原煤 raw cotton 原棉 raw crude producer gas 未净化的发生炉煤气 raw data 原始数据 raw fuel stock 粗燃料油 raw gas 未净化的气体 real gas 实际气体 realignment 重新排列,改组；重新定线 realm 区域,范围,领域 real work 实际工作 ream 铰孔,扩孔 rear 后部,背面,后部的rear arch 后拱 rear axle 后轴 rear-fired boiler 后燃烧锅炉 rear pass 后烟道 rearrange 调整；重新安排布置 rearrangement 调整,整顿；重新排列布置reason 理由,原因；推理 reasonable 合理的,适当的 reassembly 重新装配reaumur 列氏温度计 reblading 重装叶片,修复叶片 recalibration 重新校准刻度 recapture 重新利用,恢复 recarbonation 再碳化作用 recast 另算；重作；重铸receiving basin 蓄水池 receiving tank 贮槽 recentralizing 恢复到中心位置；重定中心；再集中 receptacle 插座孔；容器 reception of heat 吸热recessed radiator 壁龛内散热器,暗装散热器recharge well 回灌井reciprocal 倒数；相互的,相反的,住复的reciprocal action 反复作用reciprocal compressor 往复式压缩机 reciprocal feed pump 往复式蒸汽机reciprocal grate 往复炉排reciprocal motion 住复式动作reciprocal proportion 反比例 reciprocal steam engine 往复式蒸汽机 reciprocate 往复运动,互换reciprocating 往复的,来回的,互相的,交替的reciprocating grate bar 往复式炉排片reciprocating compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocating condensing unit 往复式冷冻机 reciprocating packaged liquid chiller 往复式整体型冷水机组 reciprocating piston pump 往复式活塞泵reciprocating pump 往复泵,活塞泵 reciprocating refrigerator 往复式制冷机 recirculate 再循环 recirculated 再循环的 recirculated air 再循环空气由空调场所抽出,然后通过空调装置,再送回该场所的回流空气 recirculated air by pass 循环空气旁路 recircilated air intake 循环空气入口 recirculated cooling system 再循环冷却系统recirculating 再循环的,回路的recirculating air duct 再循环风道recirculating fan 再循环风机recirculating line 再循环管路 recirculating pump 再循环泵 recirculation 再循环 recirculation cooling water 再循环冷却水 recirculation ratio 再循环比recirculation water 再循环水reclaim 再生,回收；翻造,修复reclaimer 回收装置；再生装置 reclamation 回收,再生,再利用reclamation of condensate water蒸汽冷凝水回收recombination 再化结合,复合,恢复 recommended level of illumination 推荐的照度标准 reconnaissance 勘察,调查研究 record drawing 详图、大样图、接点图recording apparatus 记录仪器 recording barometer 自记气压计 recording card 记录卡片 recording facility 记录装置 recording liquid level gauge 自动液面计 recording paper of sound level 噪声级测定纸 recording pressure gauge 自记压力计 recording water-gauge 自记水位计 recoverable 可回收的,可恢复的recoverable heat 可回收的热量recoverable oil 可回收的油recoverable waster heat 可回收的废热 recovery plant 回收装置 recovery rate 回收率relief damper 泄压风门return air flame plate回风百叶Seat air supply座椅送风Shaft seal 轴封 Shaft storage 搁架式贮藏 Shake 摇动,抖动 Shakedown run 试车,调动启动,试运转 Shake-out 摇动,抖动 Shakeproof 防振的,抗振的Shaker 振动器 Shaking 摇摆,振动 Shaking grate 振动炉排 Shaking screen 振动筛 Shallow 浅层,浅的,表面的 Shank 柄,杆,柱体,轴 Shape 造成型,形状态模型;轮廓 Shape cutting 仿形切割 Shaped steel 型钢 Shape factor 形状因数 Sharp 尖的,急剧的,灵敏的,准确的,明显的 Sharp bend 小半径弯头 Sharp freezer 快速冻结器,低温冻结间接受未经降温的货物并使之冻结的冷藏间,其温度通常维持在-29° C到-15° C之间 Sharp freezing 快速冻结,低温冻结在低温库内冻结产品Sharp freezing room 急冻间 sheath 外壳,复板,外套 Sheathe 覆盖,装鞘,包,套 Sheave 滑车轮,凸轮盘 Sheet lead 铅皮 Sheet metal 金属片,金属薄板Shell and coil condenser 壳管式冷凝器盘管装置在壳内的一种冷凝器,冷却液在管内鞫淠闹评浼猎诳枪苤鋆 Shell and coil evaporator 壳管式蒸发器 Shell and coil heat exchanger 壳管式热交换器 Shell and tube condenser 壳管式冷凝器冷凝器的一种,冷却液在管内流动,而冷凝的制冷剂在壳内 Shell and tube cooler 壳管式冷却管 Shell and tube evaporator 壳管式蒸发器管束浸在沸腾的制冷剂中,而被冷却的流体则在管内流动的蒸发器 Shell and tube exchanger 壳管式换热器组管速装置在壳体内,一种流体在管内流动,另一种流体在管壳之间流动 Shell and tube heat exchanger 壳管式热交换器 Shell and tube type condenser 壳管式冷凝器 Shell type attemperator 立式表面减温器,壳管减温器 Shield carbon-dioxide arc welding 二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊Shielded arc welding 保护电弧焊 Shifting bearing 活动支座,移动式轴承Shifting spanner 活络扳手 Shrinkage 收缩；收缩量 Shunt regulator pipe 旁路调节管 Shunt valve 旁通阀 Shutoff damper 截止挡板,关闭风门 Shutoff valve 关闭阀,截止阀Shutter grate 百叶炉篦,可调节的炉篦Siamese connection 复式连接 Side opening with slide plate 插板式侧面风口 Side spacer 过热器定距梳形管夹,梳形间隔,梳形卡子 Side wall 侧墙,侧水冷壁Side wall inlet 侧墙进风口 Side wall register of horizontal and vertical louvers and shutters 带垂直和水平百叶的侧墙送风品 Side wall register of vertical louvers and shutters 带重直百叶的侧墙送风口 Sightglass 观察窗Signal 信号符号,信号 Signal alarm 信号报警,警报器 Signal bell 信号铃Signal call device 信号呼叫装置 Signal equipment 信号设备 Signal light 信号灯 Simultaneous 同时的,同时发生的,联立的 Simultaneous factor 同时系数 Single-acting air pump 单动气泵 Single-acting compressor 单作用压缩机 Single-acting pump 单动泵 Single admission 单侧进风 Single and doubledeflection grille 单层及双层百叶风口 Single branch pipe 单支管 Single collar pipe 单盘直管 Single column manometer 单管式压力计 Single column radiator 单柱散热器 Single duct air conditioning system 单风道空调系统空气经过集中设备调节后,由单风道分送至各不同区域的系统 Single-inlet fan 单进风通风机 Single lead 单管线 Single leaf damper 单页风口只有一个叶片的,并以铰链接于开口一侧的方形或矩形风门 Single package 单独整体式Single-pass 单程的,单流的 Single path 单通路 Single-phase kilowatt hour meter 单相电度表 Single-phase motor 单相马达Single-phase three wire system 单相三线制 Single pipe district heating system 单区域供热系统 Single-range 单量程的 Single seated valve 单座阀Single shell type absorption refrigerating machine 单筒吸收式制冷机Single sided heating panel 单侧供暖辐射板 Single side draft hood 单面吸风罩 Single sleeve valve 单套阀 Single-stage absorption refrigerator 单极吸收式制冷机 Single-stage air compressor 单极空气压缩机 Single-stage centrifugal blower 单级离心鼓风机 Single-stage centrifugal pump 单级离心泵 Single-stage compression 单级压缩 Single-stage cyclone 单级旋风除尘器 Single-stage plate type ionizing electronic air cleaner 单级极板型静电空气过滤器 Single-stage pump 单级泵 Single-stage radial compressor 单级离心压缩机 Single vane rotary compressor 单叶回转式压缩机,在压缩机中,转子沿定子的内圆周转动,在静止槽内滑动的一个叶片与转子不断接触,而使吸入口和排出口隔开 Single way suction 单向吸入 Singular 单一的,奇异的,单数的 Sintered metallic filter 金属陶瓷过滤器 Siphon action 虹吸作用Siphonage 虹吸作用 Siphon barometer 虹吸式气压计 Siphon head 虹吸压头Siphon trap 虹吸水封Sirocco fan 西洛可风机,多叶片前弯离心机Site-assembled 现场装配的 Site plan 总平面图 Site planning 总平面设计Situation 地点,位置,形势,情况 Skating rink 溜冰场 Skeleton diagram 轮廓图 Sketching board 绘图板 Sketch plan 草图,初步设计 skin-load 外围护结构负荷Skin temperature 皮肤温度,外壳温度Skirtboard 侧护板,侧壁；踢脚板Skirting air inlet 踢脚板进气口Skirting heater 踢脚板放热器Sky radiation 天空辐射Steam heating pipe蒸汽供热管道System accessaries 设备安装辅料System testing 系统调试费title 图名trasportation 设备吊运费two-speed motor双速电机ultra low penetration air filter 超高空气效过滤器unidirectional air flow clean rooms单向流洁净室vacuum 真空valve and sub-asembly handing 阀门及配件安装工费vibration isolation减振virbrate free double poles terminal防震双球软接头water flow水流量water piping fittings 水管吊支架water to water plate heat exchangers板换water wide 水侧压降建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary. 一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域;周围环境包括一切外部系统,系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界;这些边界可以是动产或固定的,真实的或想象;The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念,在任何热力学系统操作;熵措施分子系统紊乱;更为复杂的系统,其熵值越大,反之,有序或纯配置是低熵之一;能源已经产生效果的能力,并在下面的章节中所述,可以存储或短暂形式分类;Heat Q is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature. Heat is positive when energy is added to the system.Work is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing pressures or force of any kind, always toward the lower pressure. If the total effect produced in the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight, then nothing but work has crossed the boundary. Work is positive when energy is removed from the system. 热量Q与不同的温度,跨系统的边界传输能量总是向温度较低的机制;热是积极的,当能量被添加到系统中;功是指通过存在压差任一种力的系统边界传递能量的作用过程,总是指向低压,如果系统中产生的总效果能被简化为一个重物的提升,那么只有功通过了边界,当能量从系统中一出时,功是正的;A property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system. The state of a system is defined by listing its properties. The most common thermodynamic properties are temperature T, pressure p, and specific volume v or density ρ. Additional thermodynamic properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy.Frequently, thermodynamic properties combine to form other properties. Enthalpy h, a result of combining properties, is defined as: h=u+pv where u is the internal energy per unit mass系统属性是系统的任何观察到的特征;系统状态的定义是通过列出其属性;最常见的热力学性质的温度T,压力P,和特定的体积V或密度ρ;其他热力学性质包括熵,能量储存形式,和焓;通常情况下,热力学性质相结合,形成其他属性;焓H,一个属性相结合的结果,被定义为：H = U + PV其中u是每单位质量的内部能量Each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any propertyalways has the same value for a given state, regardless of how the substancearrived at that state.A process is a change in state that can be defined as any change in the properties of a system. A process is described by specifying the initialand final equilibrium states, the path if identifiable, and the interactions that take place across system boundaries during the process.一个给定的状态的属性只有一个定值,和任何财产总是有相同的值给定的状态,不管物质如何达到那种状态;一个进程是一个状态的改变,在系统属性的任何改变,可作为定义;一个过程是指定的初始和最终的平衡状态,路径如果识别,并采取跨系统的边界,在这个过程中发生的相互作用;A pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition.It can exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is thesame in all phases 一个周期进程的一个过程或一个系列,其中系统的初始和最终状态是相同的的;因此,在一个周期结束时,所有属性具有相同的价值纯物质具有均匀的和不变的化学成分;它可以存在于超过一个阶段,但在各个阶段的化学成分是一样的liquid. If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the existing pressure, it is called either a subcooled liquid the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature for the given pressure or a compressed liquid the pressure is 如果一种物质在饱和温度和压力的液体,它被称为饱和液体;如果液体的温度低于现有的压力的饱和温度,它被称为是过冷液体温度低于给定压力的饱和温度或压缩液体压力大于饱和为给定的温度压力;exists as a vapor at saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated vapor. When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is a superheated vapor. Pressure and temperature of a superheated vapor are independent properties, because the temperature can increase while pressure remains constant. Gases such as air at room temperature and pressure are highly 如果一种物质在饱和温度和压力的蒸气存在,它被称为饱和蒸气;当蒸汽温度大于饱和温度,它是一个热蒸气;过热蒸汽压力和温度是独立的属性,因为温度增加,而压力保持不变;如在常温常压下空气的气体是高度过热蒸汽;and the irreversibility associated with the process. The concept of irreversibility provides added insight into the operation of cycles.热力学第二定律的区别和量化,只有在某一个方向,是可逆的不可逆进行的过程;第二定律可能在几个方面;一种方法是使用在一个开放的系统,并与进程关联的不可逆性的熵流的概念;不可逆转的概念到周期的运作提供额外的洞察力;The Carnot cycle, which is completely reversible, is a perfect model for a refrigeration cycle operating between two fixed temperatures, or between two fluids at different temperatures and each with infinite heat capacity. Reversible cycles have two important properties: 1 no refrigerating cycle may have a coefficient of performance higher than that for a reversible cycle operated between the same temperature limits, and 2 all reversible cycles, when operated between the same temperature limits, have the same coefficient of performance 卡诺循环,这是完全可逆的,是一个完美的模型之间的两个固定的温度,或在不同温度和热容量无限每个的两种流体之间的制冷循环的运行;可逆循环有两个重要的属性：1无制冷循环的性能系数之间相同的温度限制经营的可逆循环高于,2之间相同的温度极限运行时,所有可逆循环,同样的性能系数Flowing fluids in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems can transfer heat, mass, and momentum. This chapter introduces the basics of fluid mechanics related to HVAC processes, reviews pertinent flow processes, and presents a general discussion of single-phase fluid flow analysis.流动的液体在加热,通风,空调和制冷系统,可以传递热量,质量和动量;本章介绍有关暖通空调过程的流体力学,评论相关的流程,基础知识,并提出了一种单相流体流动分析的一般性讨论;Fluids differ from solids in their reaction to shearing. When placed under shear stress, a solid deforms only a finite amount, whereas a fluid deforms continuously for as long as the shear is applied. Both liquids and gases are fluids. Although liquids and gases differ strongly in the nature of molecular actions, their primary mechanical differences are in the degree of compressibility and liquid formation of a free surface. In general, liquids are considered incompressible fluids; gases may range from compressible to nearly incompressible.流体与固体区别在于他们对剪切力的反应作用;在施加剪切力时,固体只发生有限的变形,而只要有剪切力的作用流体就会连续变形;流体不同于固体剪切他们的反应;当剪切应力下了坚实的变形量只有有限的,而流体的剪切变形;液体和气体都是流体;虽然液体和气体的分子运动特性有着很大的区别,但是他们的主要的力学区别在于可压缩性的程度和液体自由表面界面的形成;在一般来说,液体被认为是不可压缩的流体,气体可能范围从可压缩到几乎不可;Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to shear. Viscous effects are taken into account by categorizing a fluid as either Newtonian or non-Newtonian. In Newtonian fluids, the rate of deformation is directly proportional to the shearing stress; most fluids in the HVAC industry ., water, air, most refrigerants can be treated as Newtonian. In non-Newtonian fluids, the relationship between the rate of deformation and shear stressis more complicated.粘度是流体的抗剪切的措施;考虑采取分类流体为牛顿或非牛顿粘性的影响;在牛顿流体,变形率是成正比的剪应力;在暖通空调行业如,水,空气,大部分制冷剂牛顿流体可以作为治疗;在非牛顿流体,变形和剪切应力率之间的关系更为复杂; Heat is energy in transit due to a temperature difference. The thermal energy is transferred from one region to another by three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat transfer is among a group of energy transport phenomena that includes mass transfer, momentum transfer or fluid friction and electrical conduction.热是由于温差在传输过程中的能量;热能是从一个地区转移到另一个传热的三种模式：传导,对流和辐射;传热之间的能源运输的现象,其中包括传质,动量传递或流体摩擦和导电;Thermal conduction is the mechanism of heat transfer whereby energy is transported between parts of continuum by the transfer of kinetic energy between particles or groups of particles at the atomic level. In gases, conduction is caused by elastic collision of molecules; in liquids and electrically nonconducting solids, it is believed to be caused by longitudinal oscillations of the lattice structure. Thermal conduction in metals occurs, like electrical conduction, through the motion of free electrons. Thermal energy transfer occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature. In solid opaque bodies, thermal conduction is the significantheat transfer mechanism because no net material flows in the process and radiation is not a factor.热传导传热,使能量是连续部分之间的运输粒子在原子水平上的颗粒或团体之间的动能转移的机制;气体中,分子的弹性碰撞引起的传导;电导电液体和固体,它被认为是造成晶格结构的纵向振荡;金属的热传导时,如导电,通过自由电子的运动;热能量转移发生在温度降低的方向;在坚实的不透明机构,热传导是显着的传热机制,因为没有净物资流动的过程中,辐射是不是一个因素;When fluid currents are produced by external sources for example, a blower or pump, the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. If the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.When fluid currents are produced by external sources for example, a blower or pump, the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. If the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.当流体的电流是由外部来源例如,一个鼓风机或泵,固 - 液传热被称为强迫对流;如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动,传热称为自然对流或自然对流;当流体的电流是由外部来源例如,一个鼓风机或泵,固 - 液传热被称为强迫对流;如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动,传热称为自然对流或自然对流;Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient dt/dx and the cross-sectional area A normal to the heat flow. The proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. The minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given in other units,but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 . Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient dt/dx and the cross-sectional area A normal to the heat flow. The proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. The minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given in other units,but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 . 公式1在x方向的热流率q是成正比的温度梯度DT/ DX和横截面积一个正常的热流;比例系数,导热系数K;减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极;电导率值有时在其他单位,但一致的单位,必须在使用公式1;公式1在x方向的热流率q是成正比的温度梯度DT/ DX和横截面积一个正常的热流;比例系数,导热系数K;减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极;电导率值有时在其他单位,但一致的单位,必须在使用公式1;Basic ParametersHumidity ratio W alternatively, the moisture content or mixing ratio of a given moist air sample is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air in the sample: W = Mw/Mda 7The humidity ratio W is equal to the mole fraction ratio xw/xda multiplied by the ratio of molecular masses:W = 98 xw /xda 8Specific humidity γ is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total mass of the moist air sample: γ = Mw/Mw + Mda 9a基本参数湿度比W另外,水分含量或比例混合,一个给定的潮湿空气样品是干燥的空气质量比样品中的水蒸汽的质量定义为：W = MW/ MDA7湿度比W是相等的摩尔分数比XW/ XDA分子群众的比例乘以：W = XW/ XDA8具体的湿度γ潮湿的空气样本的总质量之比是水汽质量：γ= MW /MW + MDA9AIn terms of the humidity ratio,γ = W/1 + W 9bAbsolute humidity alternatively, water vapor density dv is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total volume of the sample:dv = Mw/V 10Density ρ of a moist air mixture is the ratio of total mass to total volume:ρ = Mda + Mw /V = 1/v1 + W 11where v is the moist air specific volume, m3/kgda, as defined by Equation 27. 湿度比例方面,γ= W /1+ W9B绝对湿度另外,水蒸气密度DV的水蒸气的质量样品总量的比例： DV = MW/ V10 潮湿的空气混合物的密度ρ总量的比例是总质量：ρ=MDA+ MW/ V =1 / V1+ W11其中V是潮湿的空气中特定卷,m3/kgda,由方程27定义;Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature t is the temperature at which water liquid or solid, by evaporating into moist air at a given dry-bulb temperature t and humidity ratio W, can bring air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature t while the total pressure p ismaintained constant. This parameter is considered separately in the section on Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature.热力学湿球温度T 是在水液体或固体,潮湿的空气中蒸发,在一个给定的干球温度t和湿度比W的温度,可以使空气饱和绝热在同一温度T而总压力p保持不变;此参数是在热力学湿球和露点温度的部分分开考虑;A principal purpose of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems is to provideconditions for human thermal comfort. A widely accepted definition is, “Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”. This definition leaves open what is meant by condition of mind or satisfaction, but it correctly emphasizes that the judgment of comfort is a cognitive process involving many inputs influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, and other processes.供暖,通风和空调系统的一个主要目的是提供人体热舒适的条件;一个被广泛接受的的定义是,“热舒适性,心理状况,与热环境表示满意”;这个定义叶开放的心态或满意的状况是什么意思,但它正确地强调,舒适的判断是一个认知的过程,涉及物理,生理,心理,和其他进程影响了许多投入;The conscious mind appears to reach conclusions about thermal comfort and discomfort from direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, deep body temperatures, and the efforts necessary to regulate bodytemperatures. In general, comfort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges, skin moisture is low, and the physiological effort of regulation is minimized.意识的头脑似乎达到热舒适性和不适的结论,直接从皮肤,深部体温,以及必要的努力来调节体温的温度和水分的感觉;在一般情况下,舒适性发生时体温都在窄幅内举行,皮肤水分低,调节生理努力最小化;Air contaminants are generally either particles or gases. The distinction between particles and gases is important when determining removal strategies and equipment. Although the motion of particles is described using the same equations used to describe gas movement, even the smallest of particles approximately 1 nm are much larger than individual gas molecules, have a much greater mass, and a much lower diffusion rate. 空气污染物一般是颗粒或气体;确定搬迁战略和设备时,粒子和气体之间的区别是重要的的;尽管粒子的运动是用相同的方程用来描述气体运动,甚至最小的粒子约1纳米,远远高于单个气体分子较大,有更大的质量,扩散速率低得多; ;The particulate class covers a vast range of particle sizes, from dust large enough to be visible to the eye to submicroscopic particles that elude most filters. Particles may be liquid, solid, or have a solid core surrounded by liquid. They are present in the atmosphere at颗粒类,涵盖了从粉尘颗粒大小广阔的范围,足够大的眼睛躲避大多数过滤器的微观粒子,可见;粒子可能是液体,固体或液体包围了坚实的核心;他们中的浓度每立方厘米在受污染的城市环境的范围在清洁的环境中从100 particles/cm3百万的气氛;Also a central cooling and heating plant provides higher diversity and generally operates more efficiently with lower maintenance and labor costs than a decentralized plant. However it does require space at a central location and a potentially large distribution system.This lesson address the design alternatives that should be considered when centralizing the cooling and heating sources in a facility.此外,中央制冷和供热厂提供更高的多样性和一般的运作,更有效地与降低维护和劳动力成本比分散的工厂;然而,它需要在一个中央位置的空间和一个潜在的大分配制度;这节课的地址设计时应该考虑的替代品集中在设施的冷却和加热源; Many electric utilities impose very high charges for peak power use or, alternatively, offer incentives for off-peak use. This policy has renewed interest in both water and ice thermal storage. The storage capacity installed for summer load leveling may also be available for use in the winter, making heat reclaim a more viable option.许多电力公司施加非常高的峰值功率使用收费,或者也可以提供非高峰期使用的激励机制;这一政策已重新在水和冰蓄冷的兴趣;存储容量为夏季负荷平衡安装,也可能是在冬季使用,高热不退更可行的选择;With ice storage, the low-temperature ice water can provide colder air than that available from a conventional system that supplies air at 10 to 13℃. The use of a higher water temperature rise and a lower supply air temperature, lowers the required pumping and fan energy and, in some instances, offsets the energy penalty due to the lower temperature required to make ice.冰蓄冷,低温冰水比,可提供从传统的系统提供在10至13℃的空气较冷的空气;使用较高的水温度上升和较低的送风温度,降低了所需的泵和风扇能源在某些情况下,抵消,由于冰所需温度较低的能量损失;Water from condensers is usually cooled by the atmosphere. Either natural draft or mechanical draft cooling towers or spray ponds are used to reject the heat to the atmosphere.Air-cooled condensers pass outdoor air over a dry coil to condense the refrigerant.Evaporative condensers pass outdoor air over coils sprayed with water. Water from condensers is usually cooled by the atmosphere. Either natural draft or mechanical draft cooling towers or spray ponds are used to reject the heat to the atmosphere.Air-cooled condensers pass outdoor air over a dry coil to condense the。

Lesson 6热舒适主要目的的供暖，通风，空调系统是提供人体热舒适条件。

一个被广泛接受的定义是，“热舒适性，心理状况，与热环境表示满意”（ASHRAE标准55）。

这个定义什么是满意的条件，但它正确强调舒适的判断是一个认知过程中涉及到许多物理，生理，心理的影响输入，和其他方面。

头脑似乎从直接的温度和水分的感觉从皮肤达到热舒适性和不适的结论，深度体温，以及必要的努力来调节体温（Hensel 19731981；哈代等人。

1971；加奇1937老；1995）。

一般来说，舒适性发生时身体温度保持在，皮肤水分低，和调节生理努力最小化的狭窄范围内。

舒适还取决于开始有意识或无意识的意识和热湿感觉引导，以减少不适行为。

一些可能的行为以减少不适是改变服装，改变活性，改变姿势或位置，更换温控器的温度设置，打开了一扇窗户，抱怨，或留下空间。

令人惊讶的是，虽然区域气候条件，生活条件，文化差异很大，在全世界，人们选择舒适的服装在同样条件下，温度，湿度，和空气的运动活性，已被发现是非常相似的。

这一课有用于工程师操作系统对人体热调节和舒适的基本面方面和建筑物的居住者的舒适度和健康设计。

人的温度调节身体的新陈代谢导致身体必须不断消耗热量，才能维持正常的体温调节。

不足的热损失导致的过热,也称为体温过高,过多的热损失导致身体冷却,也称为体温过低。

皮肤温度大于45℃或低于18℃会引起疼痛。

静坐时人的舒适温度为33-34℃，随着运动量增加，体温降低。

相反，内部温度会增加。

静坐时，大脑控制温度约为36.8℃，走路时增加到37.4℃，慢跑时为37. 9℃。

内部温度低于28℃可以导致严重的心律失调和死亡，温度高于46℃会导致不可逆的大脑损伤。

因此,仔细调节体温是舒适和健康的关键。

静坐的成年人产生大约100W的热量。

因为大部分的热量通过皮肤转移到环境,它常常是方便描述代谢活动时每单位面积皮肤所产生的热量。

对于静坐的人，产生的58 W / m2的热量,称为1met。

建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献篇一：建筑环境与设备工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Ground Source Heat PumpAt present,energy is the most important element for the development of states’economy.Because of the good energy-saving effect,using regenerate resource of energy,and no pollution,the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION is used more and more popular now.In the system of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,the terminal devices what include the fan,the deep well pump,the circulate pump are the biggest energy-consumed part except the inner device as well as the compressor motor, etc.So it is very important and significant to make the terminal devices running in the mostenergy-saving condition.In this paper,the author founded on the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION in Guangxi University,based on the actual project condition, made the redesign through the way of frequency conversiontechnology for the old system of GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION.At first, the equipments’ running control system were improved following the energy-saving principle of fan and pump,choused Mitsubishi FR series frequency transducer with vector-controlfunction,Mitsubishi FX2N series PLC and other auxiliary parts to make up of the auto-control system for the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,and then did the emulating analysis for the vector-control mode in the frequency conversion process.In the next based the auto-control system,made the PLC control system designing.This system monitor the temperature and flux in accurate and real time,then input feedback to the plc,finally the terminal device running status will correspond to the customer’s demanded-load,it can wellmeet the goal for saving energy and prolong the life of the motor and other device.At the same time,designed the PLC control process,according to this transformation of the specific programme,programmed for the PLC by using the FX-GP/WIN-C programme software.Researched and analyses the PIDalgorithm and its improved algorithm for the PID Operational module in the PLC.At last,through detailed analysis and accounted for energy-saving effect and the cost of thesystem-reforming,validated the profitability of this redesigned-project,and showed its feasibility and worthBe using renewable geothermal energy in shallow ground layer, a ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology is known as one of air conditioning techniques which have the greatest developmental. The GSHP has great potentials in energy reduction and in reducing CO2emissions to conventional HVAC systems. In China, energy shortage and environmental issues pose a seriouschallenge accompanied by rapid economic growth. GSHP has been spotlighted as both energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Generally, the initial investment for a GCHP system is higher than that of a conventional system. GCHP energy savings will offset the higher installing cost in future. However, there are many aspects affecting the actual amount of energy saved, such as climate, building load, ground heat exchanger, heat pump, control, etc. Recently, a lot of research on the energy performance of GCHP has been carried out. However, most of these previous research projects evaluated the performance of GCHP system based on a laboratory scale or a small capacity system. There is little data documenting the long-term performance of a large-sized GCHP. Evalution and research on real world installed GCHP will provide a more accurate understanding of the current technology’s performance.The paper presented that the energy performance evaluation of two types of GSHPs based on actual operational data. The two types of GSHPs were ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) and groundwater heat pump system (GWHPs) which were,respectively, installed in two apartment buildings of Wuhan, China. In one year, we monitored various operating parameters, including the outdoor temperature, the flow rate, electrical consumption, and the water temperature. The coefficient of performance (COP) values of system and chiller were determined based on a series of measurements. During residential GCHP system operation, the heat injection rate into soil is larger than the heatextraction rate out of soil. The COP of chillers of the GCHPs decreased significantly during the heating season due to the lowering of ground soil temperature. The system power consumption exhibited a strong linear relationship with outdoor temperature in both seasons and this suggests that normalizing power consumption against degree-days is a highly practical index in energy analysis in resident buildings, especially in winter.Some research topics were studied on the two actual cases. An exergy analysis of a ground water heat pump system on the actual operation was conduced. The energy efficiency and exergy loss and efficiency in each of the components of the system are detemined forthe average measured parameters obtained from the monitored results of the hottest month and the coldest month. Inefficient facts are found out and increased energy efficiencies of two proposed improvement measures were estimated. Lower approachtemperature is effective energy saving. In addition to the energy analysis, a full exergy analysis helps to identify the components where inefficiencies occur. An economic analysis model forGWHP was established to calculate energy consumption and operating cost based on a baseline condition. Plate heat exchanger flow rate and groundwater flow rate were optimization parameters according to different water price of the groundwater:GWHP survey data shows the impact of water price on groundwater flow rate in design. The long-term energy performances of theGWHPs and the GCHPs were investigated and compared with conventional HVAC systems and other GSHPs on literature data. A performances model was established base on the two cases to constrast the predictedperformance with the actual performance.Based on superposition theorem of geothermal heat exchangers (GHE), a inverse model for GHE, G-functions interpolationapproach was proposed. Linear interpolation method was adopted to fit G-functions. The method presented here uses the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm as part of a parameter estimation algorithm to estimate G-function. For verification of G-functions interpolation approach, anumerical experimentation had been conducted where synthetic load on GHE was established. The simulation results with error and no error, were inversely modeled by G-functions interpolation approach and DST calibrated approach. The actual dataset of a small sized and a large sized GSHPs were also used in inverse modeling to verify the results from the G-functions interpolation approach. The small sized GSHPs was from literature. The large sized vertical GSHPs was the monitored case in the paper. A detailed DST model of a GHE has been calibrated to monitored data. The secondyear predicted temperatures calculated by the two models were compared with the measured. The results show the two approaches are reliable and have good performance of error tolerance. The error of GHE water temperature calculated by G-functions interpolation approach was less than DST calibrated approaches. The data error inversely modeled was mainly from recorded day data. As a extension study of the G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions approach was proposed. The model was based on degree-day prediction load and can be applied on the residential buildings. The standard deviation of GHE water temperature by degree-day G-functions approach was larger than DST calibrated approaches. The result shows the appropriateness of degree-day G-functions interpolation approach for the quantitative modeling of GHE.This paper shows that the research on actual performance according measured data and presents two inverse models:G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions model approach, which provides new methods for GHE inverse modelingWith the sustainable development theory being put forward in recent years, people pay more and more attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment. This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHPAir-conditioning System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger, which provide helpful suggestion to engineers.First, this paper gives an overview of the history of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system, thecharacteristics of three circulations have been proposed, which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly, etc. hi terms of technology economy, the GSHPair-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system, the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioningsystem. Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of the GSHP air-conditioning system.A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent from other traditional air-conditioning systems. This paper gave detailed designing method of Ground-loop heat exchanger, including load calculation, pipe layout, choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop, etc. Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering as an example, its design was analyzed and the optimization design of ground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.The people attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection,which decide thesustainable development of the country.The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment.This paper gives an overview of technologyeconomy analysis on GSHP Air-condition System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger,which provide helpful suggestion toengineersFirst,this paper gives an overview of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system,the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed,which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly,etc.In teams of technology ,the GSHP air-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system,the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system.Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of GSHP air-conditoning篇二：建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete is formed by a sand and gravel aggregate,cement,water and other materials but mixed heterogeneous brittle materials.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, impermeable and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete besubjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Component all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. materialcreation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and impermeable ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.Thereinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Shrinkage crack and preventionShrinkage crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation Shrinkage, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Shrinkage crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface Shrinkage transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relativehumidity is more low, cement syrup body Shrinkage more big, Shrinkage crack be more easy creation.Shrinkage crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Shrinkage crackusually the impermeability of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete Shrinkage be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of Shrinkage be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, Shrinkage more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use waterquantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and brushing protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.Plastic shrinkage cracking and preventionPlastic shrinkage is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Plastic shrinkage crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends of the thin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almosthaving no strength or strength before the final setting very small, perhaps concrete just eventually final setting but strength very hour, be subjected toheat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Plastic shrinkage of the main factors of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use dry compression value smaller higher silicate of the earlier period strength or common the portland cement.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually beforethe final setting surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink tosink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack widthunder the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in bigsurface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge or cooling dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under constructionperiod.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind篇三：建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译毕业论文（设计）题系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学指导教师：教师职称：外文翻译目：浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗号：XX11014233 讲师 1浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。

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建筑工程专业英语词汇（1）建设建筑,修建to build, to con struct 建筑学architecture 修筑,建筑物buildi ng 房子house 摩天大楼skyscraper 公寓楼block of flats （美作：apartment block）纪念碑monument 宫殿palace 庙宇temple皇宫，教堂basilica 大教堂cathedral 教堂church 塔塔楼tower 十层办公大楼ten-storey office block柱column 柱列colonnade 拱arch 市政town planning （美作:city planning）营建许可证，建筑开工许可证buildi ng permissi on绿地greenbelt 建筑物的三面图elevati on设计图plan 比例尺scale 预制toprefabricate 挖土，掘土excavation 基foundations, base, subgrade 打地基to laythe foundations 砌好的砖歹U course ofbricks 脚手架scaffold, scaffolding 质量合格证书certificatio n of fitn ess原材料raw material 底板bottom plate 垫层cushion 侧壁sidewall 中心线center line 条形基础strip foot ing 附件accessories 型辛钢profile steel 钢板steel plate 熔渣slag 飞溅welding spatter 定位焊tacking 弓丨耳弧generating of arc 建筑工程专业英语词汇（2）充水试验filli ng water test 错边量unfitness of butt joint 底圈foundation ring 真空度检漏vacuum degree leak test 丁字焊缝tee welding 渗透探伤oil whiti ng test 充水试验filli ng water test 内侧角焊缝接头interior angle welding line joi nt 基础沉降foundation settlement 测量基准点datum mark 稳定性试验stability test 排气阀outlet valve 角钢angle steel 构件component part 机械损伤mecha ni cal damage 缩孑L shrinkage cavity 折迭enfoldment 碳钢管carb on steel tube 公称直径nominal diameter 预埋件embedded part 轴测图axonometric drawing 布置图arrangement diagram 氧乙炔气割oxyacetyle ne gas cutt ing 低合金钢管low alloy steel 热影响区heat affected area 修磨polish 砂轮片grinding wheel 等离子plasma panel 重皮coldlap 凹凸unevenness 缩口necking down 端面head face 倾斜偏差dip deviation 夕卜径external diameter 砂轮grinding wheel 管件pipe casting 单线图single line drawing 平齐parallel and level 两端two terminals 满扣buckle 螺栓紧固bolt on熄弧quenching of arc 焊道welding bead 坡口beveled edges 夕卜观检查visual in spect ion 重皮double-skin 水平方向弧度radia n in horiz on tai directio n成型molding直线度straightness accuracy 焊缝角变形welding line angular distortio n水平度levelness 铅垂度verticality 翘曲变形buckli ng deformation 角尺angle square 对接焊缝butt weld 母材pare nt metal 法兰密圭寸面flange seali ng surface夹层in terlayer 表面锈蚀浓度surface corrosion concen trati on挠曲变bending deformation 超声波探伤ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic exam in ati on压力容器pressure vessel 预制下料prefabricati on bait ing 排版直径set-typediameter 焊缝welding line 中幅板centerplate 测量方法measuri ng method 基准点datum mark 跳焊skip welding 允许偏差allowable variati on 补强板stiffening plate开孑L tapping对接接头banjo fixing butt jointing 角钢angle iron安装基准圆in stallati on fun dame ntal circle吊装立柱hoisti ng upright colu mn 焊接钢管welded steel pipe 向心斜拉筋cen tripetalcanting pull rope带板band plate 槽钢胀圈cha nnel steelexpa nsion ring 环口collar extension 局部变形local distortion 周边periphery 附加应力additio nal stress 同轴度axiality 平行度parallelism 随机stochastic 允许偏差allowable variati on 重直度verticality 水平度levelness 隔离盲板bli nd plate 氩弧焊argon arc welding 压盖螺栓gla nd bolt 间距spaci ng 有效期period of validity 担任take charge of undertake 焊条welding rod 碳钢焊条carbon steel 焊丝welding wire 熔化焊melting 钢丝steel wire 气体保护焊gas shielded arc weldi ng 烘干drying 清洗ablution 制度s ystem 焊接工艺weld ing procedure 相应corresponding 手工电弧焊manual electric arc weldi ng 手工钨极man ual tun gste n electrode 打底render 电源power source 交流alternating current 焊件weldment 管壁厚度pipe thick ness 对接焊缝butt weld 工件壁厚workpiece 飞溅物splash 沾污smirch 油污oil stain 细锉smooth file 铳刀milling cutter 氧化膜oxide film 脱脂处理un grease treatme nt] 棉质纤维cotton fibre 丙酮acet one 硫sulfur环缝circumferential weld顶板top plate 拱顶vault 顶板加强肋stiffening rib 对接butt joint 胎具clamping fixture卷板机plate bending rolls 中心支架cen terbeari ng bracket 椭圆度ovality 等分线bisectrix 搭接宽度lap width 点焊spotwelding 搭接焊overlap welding 对称symmetrically 螺旋爬梯cockle stairs 放料阀baiting valve 液位计content gauge 芬兰维萨拉Vailsla OY 美国美科"Met-coil, USA" 集中式空调系统centralized air con diti oning system裙房annex 热源heat source 平面位置的空间space of planimetric positi on密圭寸性能seali ng performa nee机房machine room 节点timing专业"profession or discipline 都可以，要根据上下文”连体法兰coupli ng flange 垂直井笼verticalwell cage 变风量variable air rate 施工面展开con struct ion un folds 违约行为non complia nee合同交底-contract presentation 管理承包商Manageme nt Con tractor party工程量work amount实施的形象进度progress of impleme ntation完工资料as-built docume ntatio n文整clear-up 审核review 汽车式起重机Autocra ne 深化图纸deepe n draw ing焊齐U welding flux 钢板steel plate 纵向焊缝Iongitudi nal weld Ion gitudi nal seam 筒节shell ring 圭寸头end socket 卷管reelpipe 强度试验stre ngth test 起弧arc starting 穿堂风draught 熔合fusion 反面reverse side 整体integral 圭寸堵block up 焊口weld bond 医用胶布medical proof fabric 高频high frequency 焊炬welding torch建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译（4）综合分析判断comprehensive analysis and judgeme nt变压器transformer 扌由芯loose core 过道aisle三相电容three phase capacitanee 芯棒core rod都市规划与土地开发Urban g and Land Developme nt社区开发及工业区开发Community Development and Industry Park Developme nt开发许可申请Developme nt Permit土地使用变更计划La nd Use Rezo ning Pla n 主要计划及细部计划Master Plan and Detail Pla n都市计划更新计划Urban Ren ewal Pla n都市设施Urban Desig n 建筑设施Architecture Desig n 大地工程Geotech ni cal Engin eeri ng 工址调查Site In vestigati on 现地试验与室内试验In-Situ and Laboratory Test 基础工程Foun dati on Desig n设备配置计戈U equipment furnishment pla n结构预埋配合阶段Structure pre-embedme nt assista neestage精装修阶段Fi ne fitme nt stage 工程施工阶段Con struct ion stage 工程竣工阶段Completio n stage 台钻Bench drill 冲击钻Churn drill手电钻Electric portable drill 砂轮切割机Abrasive cutt ing off mach ine 角钢卷圆机An gle iron rolli ng mach ine 管道切断器Pipe cutt ing mach ine 铜管调直机Copperpipe straighteningmach ine管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes角向磨光机An gle polishi ng mach ine 电动套丝机Electric threadi ng mach ine 电动卷扬机Electric winch电动试压泵Motor-drive n pressure test pump手动试压泵Manual pressure test pump 阀门试压机Valve pressure test device 阀门试压机Valve pressure test device TDC(F)风管加工流水线TDC(F)air ductwork fabricati onstream line等离子切割机Plasma cutt ing mach ine TDC(F)法兰条成型机TDC(F) flange strip shap ing mill勾码成型机Forming machine for flange clampTDC(F)风管加工成型机TDC(F) duct fabrication shaping mill多普勒超声波流量检测仪Doppler ultras onic flow detector温、湿度传感器"Temperature, humidity sen or"精密声级计Precisi on sound level meter 风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置"Duct airleakagetester, airchamber air leakage testing深开挖工程及建物保护Deep Excavation and Building Protection新生地及软弱地层改良Reclamation and Soft Ground Improveme nt山坡地开发与水土保持Slope land Developme nt, Soil and Water Con servati on 潜盾隧道与岩石隧道Shield Tunnel and RockTu nnel大地工程施工顾问Geotech nical Co nstructio n Con sulta nt土壤材料试验Soil and Material结构工程Structural Engin eeri ng 各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢骨钢筋混凝土结构Structures of R.C.,Prestressed Con crete, Steel, and SRC 桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开挖挡土结构Bridges, High-Rise Buildings, Underground Structures, Tunnels, Retaining Structures for Deep Excavatio ns桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强BridgeIn spect ion, Assessme nt, and Rehabilitati on 钢结构细部设计及制造图Steel Structural Detail Desig n and Shop Draw ings 厂房工程In dustrial Pla nt工业厂房-石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、科技工业厂房、一般性厂房In dustrialPlants--Petroleum and Chemical, Steel, Power, Gas, High-Tech nical and Gen eral Pla nts 环保设施工厂-垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污水处理厂及相关管线Environment Protecting Plants--Incineration Plants, Garbage Disposal Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants and Pipi ng System设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台Equipme nt Supporting Structures, Pipe Racks, Operating Platforms设备基础Equipme nt Foun dati ons 厂区一般土木及公共设施Ge neral Civil Works and Utilities of Pla nts运输工程Tran sportati on Engin eeri ng 运输规戈U Transportation Planning停车场设施工程规划、设计Engineering Planning & Desig n for Parking Facilities建筑交通维持计划Traffic Co ntrol &device"风卓式风量测试仪Air hood air rate tester微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪"Microma no meter ,pitot tube, hot bulb （electrical）an emoscope"潜水泵Submerged pump 电动弯管机Electric pipe ben der 铜管弯管机Copper pipe ben der 液压弯管机Hydraulic pipe ben der 电动剪刀Electric clipper 液压铆钉钳Hydraulic rivet ing clamp 线槽电锯Trunking electric saw 开孑L器Tapper 电动空压机Electric air compressor 液压千斤顶Hydraulic jack 液压手推车Hydraulic trolley 焊条烘干箱Weldi ng rod dryi ng box 手拉胡户Chai n block 道（垫）木Sleeper 转速表Tachometer 电流钳型表Clip-style ammeter 压力表Pressure gauge 接地电阻测试仪Earth ing resista nee testi ng device氧气表Oxygen gauge 乙炔表Acetylene gauge 对讲机Walkie talkie 文件和资料docume nts and in formati on? 建设单位Con struct ion un it 安装单位In stallation unitz 建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译（3）送气air supply 电流衰减装置curre nt atte nu ati on 气体延时保护装置time delay熄弧quenching of arc 成型molding 钢印代号steel seal 质量分析quality an alysis 负责人principal 审批examine and approve 补焊工艺repair weldi ng 压缩机compression pump 平焊法兰welded flan ge 测试流程图test flow chart Man ageme nt duri ng Con struct ion水利及港湾工程Hydraulic and Harbor Engin eeri ng营建管理Con struct ion Man ageme nt估价及工程预算制作Estimates and Engin eeri ng Budget Works营建管理Con struct ion Man ageme nt 工程监造Con struct ion Supervisi on 施工计划Con struction Pla n 工程进度控管Schedule Control during Con struct ion施工规戈U Con struct ion Specificati ons 环境工程En viro nmen tal Engin eeri ng 环境影响评估Environment ImpactAssessme nt环境监测En viro nmen tal Mon itori ng地下水监测系统Grou ndwater Mon itori ng污水处理厂Wastewater Treatme nt Pla nt 污水下水道Sewage System 噪音振动防治Noise and Vibratio n垃圾焚化厂兴建工程Waste Incin erator废弃物处理系统工程Waste Treatment & Disposal共同管道Com mon Ducts管道及附属设施之规划设计Planning and Design of Common Ducts Structures and Subsidiary Facilities经济效益分析Economic and Efficiency An alysis财务评估Fi nan cial Evaluation 管理维护办法及组织订定Regulation for the Man ageme nt. Maintenance and Orga ni zati on电力复合脂electric force compo un ded grease 电缆敷设cable layi ng 电缆槽架cable channel主干线trunk line 弯头angle fitting 录9落处exfoliation 银粉aluminum powder 支持点support point 拆装disassembly and assembly 畅通smooth 电压等级electric pressure 通断实验on off加固措施rei nforceme nt measure 校验verify 升压boost pressure 读数off scale reading 满刻度值full-scale value 盲板blind plate 压力表pressure meter 强度intensity 目测eye survey, visiual inspection 半径radius 公式formula 管路pipeline 严密性leakproofness 导电膏conductive paste 压接compression joint 地上连接overgr ound 埋深buried depth 接地线earth wire 说明description 分线盒junction box 接地装置earth ing deivce 交叉across 塑料保护管protection tube 塑料带plastic tape 防腐处理preservative treatme nt 接地极earthing pole 接地电阻测试earth resista nee 防雷接地light ning protect ion 遵守comply with 避雷网light ning conduction 引下线down lead 搭接焊overlap welding 避雷针lightning rod 镀锌制品zinc coat ing 断接卡break ing of con tact 电阻resista nee 配电装置power distribution equipment 集中接地装置cen tralized串联cascade connection 干线联接main line 并歹U paratactic 单独solely 机组machine set 终端头terminals 余度remaining 标记牌notice plate 表册statistical forms 电缆桥架cable test ing bridge 电机electric machine 相对湿度relative humidity 杂物sun dries 耐压试验withstand voltage test 照明器具ligth ing parapher nalia 铭牌nameplate 验收规范accepta nee specificati on 接线wire splice 试运test run 进线口incoming line 带电electrified 盘车转子jigger rotor 二次回路sec ondary circuit 中心线center line 触头contactor 配电power distribution 成套whole set 楼板floor slab 备件duplicate part, spare part 包装packing 器材equipment 导线con duct ing wire 脱落fall off 规范specification 电器electrical applianee 断路器line breaker 机械联锁mecha ni cal in terlock ing 碰撞collision 轻便portable。

第八课用于加热和冷却许多建筑物的能源通常来自一个在工厂的中心位置。

能量输入可以是任何电力，石油，天然气，煤炭，结合太阳能，地热等。

这种能量通常是转换成热水或冷冻水或蒸汽，在整个采暖和空调设施的分布。

集中这种功能使转化设备保持在一个位置用更加容易可用的方式分配加热和冷却。

另外，中央制冷和供热设备提供更高的多样性，与分散式相比在一般更有效地运行下有更低的维修与劳动力消耗。

但是它需要在中心位置的空间和一个尽可能大的输配系统。

这一课的替代方案，解决了设计时，应考虑集中在机房的冷却和加热源。

P165。

与冰蓄冷，与传统系统相比低温冰水能够提供比现有的空气较冷的空气，传统的系统提供10到13度。

制冷设备大型系统的制冷设备的主要类型使用往复式压缩机，螺旋旋转式压缩机，离心式压缩机和吸收式制冷机。

这些大型的压缩机由电机、燃气和柴油发动机及燃气和蒸汽轮机所驱动。

可购买的压缩机作为制冷机组，包括压缩机，驱动器，冷却器，冷凝器，以及必要的安全和操作控制的一部分。

往复式和旋转式螺旋压缩机机组经常现场组装，包括用于远程安装的风冷或蒸发式冷凝器。

离心式压缩机通常包含在组装式冷水机中吸收式制冷机是水冷式。

他们使用溴化锂/水或水/氨周期，一般都在以下四种配置可供选择：（1）直燃式（2）间接产生的，由低气压流或热水，（3）间接产生的，由高压蒸汽或热水，（4）间接产生的热废气。

小型直燃型冷水机组是单效机，具有12至90千瓦的能力。

大，直燃，双效制冷机，在350至七千千瓦范围也可用。

低压力100kpa或低温热水蒸汽加热的单效吸收式制冷机，容量从180至五六零零千瓦。

双效机使用高压蒸汽可达1000kpa或等效的高温热水。

这种类型吸收式制冷机可从1200到7000千瓦在大型装置中，吸收式制冷机有时与蒸汽涡轮机驱动的离心压缩机相结合。

从涡轮机的蒸汽冷凝输送到吸收机发电机。

当离心装置是有一个燃气涡轮或者一个发动机组成，一个吸收器的动力可能来自于有外壳的发电机提供的蒸汽或高温热水。

A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。

周围环境包括一切外部系统，系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。

这些边界可以是动产或固定的，真实的或想象。

The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念，在任何热力学系统操作。

熵措施分子系统紊乱。

更为复杂的系统，其熵值越大，反之，有序或纯配置是低熵之一。