cirrhosis of the liver

肝胆之父相关的英语作文英文回答：The father of hepatology is a title attributed to several prominent physicians who made significant contributions to the understanding and treatment of liver disease. Among the most notable are:Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BC), often referred to as the father of Western medicine, described jaundice and other liver conditions in his writings and recommended a variety of treatments, including herbal remedies and bloodletting.Galen of Pergamon (129-216 AD), a Greek physician who established the humoral theory of medicine, believed that liver disease was caused by an imbalance of four bodily fluids, or humors. He advocated for the use of bloodletting and purging to restore balance.Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865-925 AD), a Persianphysician known as Rhazes in the West, wrote extensively on liver disease and its treatment. He described cirrhosis of the liver and ascites, and recommended using a variety of herbal and mineral remedies.Albucasis (936-1013 AD), also known as Abulcasis, was an Andalusian surgeon who wrote about liver disease in his medical encyclopedia, "The Surgery." He described surgical techniques for draining abscesses and removing tumors from the liver.William Harvey (1578-1657), an English physician, discovered the circulation of blood, which revolutionized the understanding of liver function. He described the role of the liver in producing blood and filtering toxins from the body.Thomas Willis (1621-1675), an English physician, described the hepatic portal system, which transports blood from the intestines to the liver. He also introduced the term "hepatitis" to refer to inflammation of the liver.Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771), an Italian anatomist and pathologist, performed autopsies thatrevealed the pathological changes associated with liver disease. He described cirrhosis, hepatitis, and other liver conditions.Jean-Nicolas Corvisart (1755-1821), a French physician, was the first to recognize the role of the liver indigestion and metabolism. He introduced the term "hepatic insufficiency" and described the symptoms of liver failure.Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a German pathologist, described the pathological changes associated withcirrhosis of the liver. He also introduced the concept of cellular pathology, which revolutionized the understandingof liver disease.中文回答：肝胆之父称号授予了多位对肝脏疾病的理解和治疗作出重大贡献的著名医生。

The Analysis of O. Henry’s “The Last Leaf” And His Writing StyleLiu JuhongSchool of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Northwestern normal UniversityAbstract: This thesis is based on the dissection of O. Henry’s short novel ―The Last Leaf” and his writing style. Firstly, a brief introduction is made to review his life experience and his great works. Secondly, the construction of ―The Last Leaf‖is included. It consists of analysis of characters’ traits and novel’s setting and theme. Through it, the aim is to conclude the writing style of O. Henry. Finally, the ending part will be composed by summary of the whole thesis and let us blend in the great works of O. Henry. Then, a fair evaluation of his works and influences will be involved.Key-words: O. Henry , ―The last leaf‖ , Writing Style1.Introduction1.1.The Basic Information of O. HenryWilliam Sydney Porte，whose pen name was O. Henry, was born on September 11, 1862 and died on June 5, 1910. He had also other pen name, such as Olivier Henry, Oliver Henry. William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) was born in Greensboro, North Carolina.He was famous American critical realism writer and one of the world's top three writers of short stories. As we all known, he have been praised by the critics as Manhattan prose writer and the father of the American modern short story.His father, Algernon Sidney Porter, was a physician and editor, his mother sometimes wrote poetry. When William was three, his mother died, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother and aunt. ―He got little education, but he was much entertained as a boy by his maiden aunt who taught him a little, but read stories to him much. Sometimes the teacher and a group of youngsters would start a game of story-telling; one began a story，the next person would take it up and add a little, then a third went on with it. Young O. Henry’s part was always interesting.‖［1］As a child, Porter was always reading, everything from classics to dime novels and was an avid reader..1.2.The Experience of O. HenryPorter graduated from his aunt Evelina Maria Porter's elementary school in 1876. He then enrolled at the Lindsey Street High School. His aunt continued to tutor him until he was fifteen. In 1879, he started working in his uncle's drugstore and in 1881, at the age of nineteen, he was licensed as a pharmacist. At the drugstore, he also showed off his natural artistic talents by sketching the townsfolk.When he was eighteen years old, Porter traveled with Dr. James K. Hall to Texas, a land of ranches and cowboys and flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, and hoped that a change of air would help alleviate a persistent cough he had developed. ―He was fond of country life, and loved to hear the birds sing and the brooks babble.‖［2］While on the ranch, he learned bits of Spanish and German from the mix of immigrant ranch hands. He also spent time reading classic literature. Porter's health condition did improve.He traveled with Richard to Austin in 1884, where he decided to dwell in. He was a good singer and belonged to a quartette which sang regularly in the churches of Austin, Texas. Porter took a number of different jobs over the next several years, first as pharmacist then as a draftsman, bank teller and journalist.He also began writing as a sideline. ―He was always careful in his work and wad successful as a business employee.‖［3］Porter led an active social life in Austin, including membership in singing and drama groups. He married Athol Estes in 1887; they had a son and a daughter. His wife died from tuberculosis in 1897.However, he longed for more independence and so together with a friend bought a newspaper and they published the news of the week in humorous fashion, and also short sketches, drawings, and verse. It was from this time that he began his career as a writer. He wrote stories for different magazines, and when there came a big demand for his stories.―He made a contract with the New York world to write a story a week, and in addition to that he wrote stories for other magazines. He was very sociable and friendly, especially which children and poor people, and even with tramps and thieves. He would often walk and talk at all hours of the night with such people and invite them into a restaurant with him to drink a coffee.‖［4］Therefore, he developed a close bond with them and these really add materials to his novels.In 1897 he was convicted of embezzling money, although there has been much debate over his actual guilt. In 1898 he entered a penitentiary at Columbus, Ohio. While in prison O. Henry started to write short stories. It was believed that he has found his writer pseudonym there.O. Henry’s last years were shadowed by alcoholism, ill health, and financial problems. He married Sara Lindsay Coleman in1907, but the marriage was not happy, and they separated a year later. O. Henry died of cirrhosis of the liver on June 5, 1910, in New York.1.3 Main Works of O. HenryIn his life, he wrote more than 300 short stories. Some of them are famous, such as,―An unfinished‖―The Cop and the Anthem‖―The Gift of the Maqi‖―The Furnished Room‖―The Last Leaf‖―Two Thanksgiving Day‖―The Sphinx Apple‖―Gentleman‖―The Four Million(which indicates that he considered all the people of New York ‖―City worth writing about, and not simply the upper ―Four hundred‖.‖―The Cabbages and Kings‖―Love of Sacrifice‖［5］It is hard to tell which are his best stories, as different writers have such different opinions. Nearly every story he writes grips the attention and interest from the beginning, and all are wholesome reading. Probably his best volume is ―The Four Million‖, ―The Gift of Magi‖, ―A Municipal Report‖, ―An Unfinished Story‖, ―Phoebe‖, ―A Lickpenny Lover‖, ―The Furnished Room‖.［6］2.“The Last Leaf” And O. Henry’s Writing Style2.1 The Aesthetic ValueThe short story ―The Last Leaf‖ portraits two young women named Sue and Johnsy living together in New Y ork. Pneumonia has hit the area they are living in and Johnsy, not being used to the climate - as she is from California, is suffering from the disease. Sue takes on the role as the caretaker of Johnsy. Because Johnsy is terminally ill, she is therefore in need of medical help.The unnamed doctor, who is called in to Johnsys aid, is portrayed as a presumptuous and nonchalant man. He seems presumptuous by stating that he could increase Johnsys survival. He gives Johnsy a ten-to-one chance to survive the illness in her current state. According to him she needs to have the will to live, to survive. On the grounds that Johnsy has started the countdown to her own death by the use of the falling last leafs of an ivy vine, one could declare that will basically non-existent.Sue convinces Johnsy to stop counting the falling leafs so Sue can paint to make money instead of watching over her beloved for a while. Sue – in the need of comfort and a model for her artwork - seeks Mr. Behrmans help and guidance. He is a sixty year old man who lives on the ground floor, directly beneath the girls. Mr. Behrman is also a painter, though he still has not managed to paint his masterpiece. The old man expresses great concern about Johnsys condition and initially, he helps Sue by posing for her portrait. He thereafter spends the rest of that night painting his masterpiece on the brick-wall. Day after day, Johnsy saw that the last leaf did not fall down and she was alive. However, the doctor found that the old man Mr. Behrmans died of pneumonia and his shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold.It’s Behrman’s masterpiece—he painted in there the night that the last leaf fell.2.2. The Theme of “The Last Leaf”2.2.1. The CharactersJohnsy was a prominent and fragile girl. Indeed, she was looking forward to romantic and happy life. She had a miserable disease and totally was depended on the unreliable thing, that is the last leaf.Sue was portrayed as a smart, optimistic, kind and friendly painter. She looked after Johnsy all the time and backed up her to defeat the disease.On the beginning, readers may unconsciously considered Behrman as a sluttish and conceited people. He always wanted to finish his masterpiece and achieved nothing on that moment. However, he painted the last leaf and established the courage to survive for Johnsy, which was totally surprised. In a word, he was kind and enthusiastic.Honestly, the doctor’s character was selfish. He played a trivial role in the recover y of Johnsy.2.2.2. The ThemeIn this novel, the author described a little about Behrman and almost used side foil, even the most impressive part that Behrman painted the leaf was not written. However, the enthusiasm and sacrifice of him penetrated throu gh the novel. It really conveys to readers Behrman’s kindness and his excellent skills in painting.Secondly, the recovery of Johnsy is not only relies on the last leaf, but also her will and power. It reflects that as long as people build confidence they could win.Then, the relationship between two girls is worthy of praising. Under difficult situation, they encouraged and helped each other. Sue’s careful tending play a important role in the recovery of Johnsy.At length, to an extent, the author condemned the social condition, ignoring the skillful people, such as Behrman. They were all the outcasts of the society.2.3. The Social Background of “The Last Leaf”—Realism2.3.1. The Cause of RealismRealism in the 19th century is a great literary movement history. After the Civil War, the literary had been different from before. The brutal real life and the pain memories those left by the Civil War, made the Americans no longer believe romantic. They were tired of sentiment reflected in Romanticism. Then some new writers appeared. They abandoned the Romanticism view of elders’ and endowed the literary new experiences. Showed concern for the real life was the main character of this new literary. This new literary aimed at explaining the real life from every field, without prejudice, without the colors of Idealism and Romanticism. They no longer take care of live or died and individualism of heroes. They changed the notice to reality, described all the wild and foul things, and portrayed the class struggle directly. This period called ―The Age of Realism‖.The period between the end of the civil war and the beginning of World War 1is was a time of steeland steam, electricity and oil. It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called ―The gilded Age,‖ an age of extremes: of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope-an age of gaudy excesses that one historian described as ―The Great Barbecue.‖―From 1870 to 1890 the total population of the United States doubled. Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Harwthorne and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. A host of new writers appeared, among them Bret Harte, Mark Twain and O. Henry, whose background and training, unlike those of the older generation they displaced, were middle-class and journalistic rather than genteel or academic. Influenced by such Europeans as Zola, Flawbert, America’s most noteworthy new authors established American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and the local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. The realist had what Henry James called ―a powerful impulse to mirror the unmitigated realities of life.‖The arbiter of nineteenth-century literary realism in America was William Dean Howells. He defined realism as ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖［7］2.3.2. Realism Embodied in Works by O. HenryO. Henry was from the lower rank of society. He worked in various jobs. Including a bookkeeper, a drugstore clerk, a Texas ranger, an accountant, a draftsman, a bank teller and a newspaper columnist. So he knew the common people’s life style well. In his story, he portrayed a wide range of common people we can easily run into in the streets, such as white-collar men and women, art students, waiters, factory girls and millionaires to cops and crooks. He entitled his second book which was a collection of short stories about New Y ork City. The Four million, in his eyes, the four million swarming multitudes of the high ways and by ways were the social basis of New Y ork City. In contradiction to ―the four hundred‖ of the City’s aristocratic social register.O Henry’s short stories mainly described the daily life of common people, no matter how you analyze from any angles, you can find the strength of Realism.In The Four Million, it indicates that O. Henry considered all the people of New York City worth writing about, and not simply the upper ―Four hundred‖. He sympathized with their lot and hated those rich who exploited and despised them. This is especially in his An Unfinished Story.3.The Writing Style of O. Henry And The Conclusion3.1.The Writing StyleHe was noted for his numerous short stories. O. Henry's short stories are well known for their wit,wordplay, warm characterization and clever twist endings.In his life, he wrote more than 300 short stories. Each of his stories was famous for his humorous tone and ingenious plot, with the e ndings always contrary to reader’s expectations. In addition, as his work described numerous characters and gifted with life interests. Someone said his works ―the humor encyclopedia of American life‖. Actually, some critics called him ―the father of Ameri can modern short stories‖.He used to wander about New Y ork City, drifting into conversation with strangers on the streets or in the parks observing with an acute eye and ear, sights and sounds nuances of day and night on Broadway, in Greenwich V illage, or on Wall Street. He was very familiar with ordinary people and the way he represents them in his stories gives the readers the impression that they meet these characters every day. They haven’t any striking characteristics, they would not be easy to find in a large multitude of people and they had a same feature ―common‖.In language, O. Henry uses the civilian language, therefore readers can easily understand what he wants to express. However, it was hard to be understood by people out-side of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local color, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described. O. Henry’s own speech, both spoken and written, was always chaste and clear. Another characteristic of his language is implicated. His sense of humor expresses indirectly .Readers can still recall after reading.In rhetoric, O. Henry uses a large number of figures of speech, such as exaggeration, irony and pun. It makes readers experience his sense of humor incisively and vividly.In plot, O. Henry’s novels develop fast and in the end suddenly appear an unexpected ending. His stories are always short. The plots are exceedingly clever and interesting: humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Often there are two endings: first an unexpected ending, then another, which is quite a different one and a still better surprise. The Soviet author Suman panov said that the art strike should put on the end. The so-called ―O Henry-type ending,‖ usually refers that at the end of the n ovel suddenly the character’s mind changes in an unexpected situation ,or the fate of the main character reverses sharply, the result is unexpected ,but reasonable ,in line with the reality of life ,resulting in a unique artistic charm.―It is said that O. Henry imitated De Maupassant as a model. There is much in common between these two writers. Both are gifted with a clear style and a keen observation of details, and both write about the people in the poorer walks of life. But O. Henry’s outlook upon lif e was not involved in such bitter gloomas the Frenchman’s, and his works abound in good-natured humor.‖［8］The success of O. Henry is that he was good at grasp the typical scene in life. In each situation, characters being dilemma must make their choice, which can not only express characters’ mind but also show us the contradiction existed in life. Adding O. Henry’s ability of suitable pruning down to the plot, the short article can achieve the perfect combination of thought and art, which make readers impressive. Meanwhile, it’s the hinge to writing novel better.［9］3.2.ConclusionO. Henry treated himself as a humorist and written in Confession of Humorist that his nature of joke is kind, amiable and never involve irony and make people angry. His own estimate of himself was always a very modest one, and he was shy and retiring in the presence of friends yet his fame, which was great in his lifetime, so that over a million volumes of his stories were said in America alone but is destined to become more widespread.―The most prominent short story writer in France is surely Maupassant, in Russia is KeFu and in America is O. Henry. His special conception, humorous language and suspense writing style vividly represented the American society in the early 20s. He opened up the road for American short stories. His works are full of humor and he was called the humor encyclopedia of American life.In 1918, the United States established the reward in honor of O. Henry. It is used to award the most excellent short novel in America every year.‖［10］Notes1.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,1990：662.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,1990：663.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,1990：674.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,1990：675.Niu, Zhenhua. A Short Story Collection of O. Henry. Shanghai: Sanlian Bookstore of Shanghai：2010.6.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,1990：677.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,1990：3(The literature of Realism)8.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,1990：679.Wei, Hongwei.《读了一百年的书还要再读一百年》.Hei Longjiang: Harbin Press, 2007：39110.Wei, Hongwei.《读了一百年的书还要再读一百年》.Hei Longjiang: Harbin Press, 2007：393Bibliography1.Wu,Weiren. History and Anthology of American. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press, 1990.2.Niu, Zhenhua. A Short Story Collection of O. Henry. Shanghai: Sanlian Bookstore of Shanghai, 2010.3.Chang Y aoxin. A Survey of American Literature. Tianjin: Nankai University, 2009.4.Wei, Hongwei.《读了一百年的书还要再读一百年》.Hei Longjiang: Harbin Press, 2007.5.Zhen, Kelu.《外国文学史》.Beijing: High Education Press,1999.6.Li Jihong.《美国经典小说精华欣赏》.Beijing: World Book Press, 2001.7.Y ang Guiqing. 《英美文学选读》.Beijing: China Translation Press, 1985.8.Ruan Wenlin. 《走进迷宫—欧亨利的艺术世界》.Beijing: China Social Science Press9.Zhu wen. 《欧亨利名作欣赏》.Beijing: China Peace Press, 1996.。

消化科常用医学英语词汇总结1. digestive endoscope消化内镜2. digest 消化3. Gastric mucosa 胃粘膜4. Helicopbacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌5.gastric pits 胃小凹6.gullet 食管7.Castroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD) 胃食管反流病8.Barrett’s esophagus，Barrett食管9.lower esophageal sphincter 食管下括约肌10.reflux esophagitis 反流性食管炎11.lower esophageal sphincter LES 下食管括约肌12.non-erosive reflux disease（NERD）非糜烂性反流病13.oesophagoscopy 食管镜检查14.Hiatal Hernia, 食管裂孔疝15.oesophagoscope 食管镜,食道镜16.transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation 一过性食管下括约肌松弛17.leiomyoma of esophagus.食管平滑肌瘤18.Esophageal Cancer 食管癌19.corrosive burn of esophagus腐蚀性食管灼伤20.achalasia of cardia 贲门失驰症21.stomach 胃22.gastritis胃炎23.pangastritis 全胃炎24.acute hemorrhagic gastritis 急性出血性胃炎25 Chronic gastritis慢性胃炎26.Chronic atrophic gastritis 慢性萎缩性胃炎27.27.autoimmune gastritis 自身免疫性胃炎28.Chronic superficial gastritis 慢性浅表性胃炎29.superficial gastirtis 弥漫性胃窦炎30.Functional gastrointestinal disorder 功能性胃肠病31.functional dyspepsia 功能性消化不良32.multi-focal atrophic gastritis多灶萎缩性胃炎33.dysplasia 异型增生34.parietal cell autoantibody 壁细胞自体抗体35.intrinsic factor antibody,IFA 内因子抗体36.intestinal metaplasia of gastric epithelium 胃粘膜肠上皮化生37.Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD), 消化性溃疡病38.ZollingerEllison syndrome 胃泌素瘤.39.kissing ulcer 对吻溃疡40.acute stress ulcer 急性应激性溃疡41.Gastrointestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma 胃粘膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤42.Stomach cancer 胃癌43.gastric bleeding 胃出血44.gastric canal 胃管45.gastric juice 胃液46.gaseous distention 胃胀气47.hematemesis 呕血48.gastralgia 胃痛49.gastroenteritis 胃肠炎50.Gastric Acid胃酸51.achlorhydria胃酸缺乏症52.gastrospasm 胃痉挛53.intestine肠54.tuberculose intestinale 肠结核55.Appendicitis 大腸炎56.tuberculated peritonitis结核性腹膜炎57.Intussusception 肠套叠58.Volvulus 盲腸炎59.intestinal cancer肠癌60 ileus.肠闭塞61.Enterovirus肠病毒62.intestinal hemorrhage肠出血63.intestinal perforation肠穿孔64.intestinal obstruction肠梗阻65. intestinal colic 肠绞痛66.inflammatory bowel disease 炎症性肠病67.Regional Enteritis (Crohn)克隆氏病68.Ulceratie Colitis 溃疡性结肠炎69. Dierticular Disease, 肠憩室疾病70.carcinoid of large intestine 大肠类癌71. colorectal lymphoma 大肠恶性淋巴瘤72. Polyposis 息肉病73.family polyposis coli 家族性结肠息肉病74.irritable bowel syndrome 肠易激综合征75.bacterial translocation from intestine肠道细菌移位76.enteral nutrition肠道营养77.arteriovenous malformation of bowel肠动静脉畸形78.enteric cyst肠囊肿79.radiation injury of intestine肠放射性损伤80.end-to-side intestinal anastomosis 肠端侧吻合术81.volvulus肠扭转82.end-to-end intestinal anastomosis肠端端吻合术82.bowel disturbance肠紊乱，83.intestinal lymphangiectasia肠淋巴管扩张84 intestinal bypass肠旁路术85.肠内引流式胰腺移植enteric drainage pancreas transplantation86肠袢淤滞综合征stagnant loop syndrome87.肠切除术intestinal resection88.肠切开术enterotomy89.肠缺血ischemia of intestine90.肠缺血综合征intestinal ischemic syndrome91.肠外瘘enterocutaneous fistula92.肠外营养parenteral nutrition93.肠外置术intestinal exteriorization94.肠吻合术intestinal anastomosis95.肠系膜动脉闭mesenteric arterial occlusion96.肠系膜动脉栓塞术mesenteric artery embolization97.肠系膜动脉血栓形成mesenteric artery thrombosis98.肠系膜静脉血栓形mesenteric venous thrombosis99.肠系膜囊肿mesenteric cyst100.肠系膜疝mesenteric hernia101.肠系膜上动脉综合征superior mesenteric artery syndrome102肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome 103.肠狭窄intestinal stenosis104.肠旋转不良malrotation of intestine105.肠血管病vascular disease of bowel106.肠血管发育异angiodysplasia of bowel107.肠血管异常vascular abnormality of intestine108.肠易激综合征irritable bowel syndrome109.肠源性感染enterogenic infection110.肠造口术enterostomy111.肠胀气intestinal tympanites112.肠重复畸形duplication of intestine113.肠子宫内膜异位endometriosis in bowel114.乙状结肠膀胱sigmoid conduit115.乙状结肠膀胱扩大sigmoid augmentation cystoplasty116.乙状结肠结核tuberculosis of sigmoid colon117.乙状结肠镜检查［术］sigmoidoscopy118.回肠膀胱扩大术ileum augmentation cystoplasty119.回肠膀胱尿流改道术ileal conduit diversion120.回肠膀胱术ileal conduit Bricker operation121.回肠肛管吻合术ileoanal anastomosis122.回肠横结肠吻合术ileotransversostomy123.回肠憩室ileal diverticulum124.回肠造口术ileostomy125.回盲部结核ileocecal tuberculosis126.直肠膀胱一结肠腹壁造口术rectal bladder and abdominal colostomy 127.直肠固定术proctopexy，rectopexy128.直肠后脓肿retrorectal abscess129.直肠后拖也吻合巨结肠根治术duhamel procedure130.直肠环钳吻合术ring clamp anastomosis of rectum131.直肠肌鞘拖出吻合巨结肠根治术soave procedure132直肠镜检查［术］proctoscopy133.直肠瘘rectal fistula134.直肠膨出rectocele135.直肠切除术proctectomy136.直肠烧灼rectal burning137.直肠损伤rectal injury138.直肠脱垂rectal prolapse139.直肠狭窄stricture of rectum140.直肠炎proctitis141.直肠乙状结肠镜检查［术］proctosigmoidoscopy142.直肠阴道瘘rectovaginal fistula143.直肠指检digital rectal examination144.直肠周围脓肿perirectal abscess145.直视下活检［术］direct vision biopsy145.肛管癌cancer of anal canal146.肛裂anal fissure，147.肛门闭锁会阴瘘anal atresia with perineal fistula148.肛门闭锁尿道瘘anal atresia with urethral fistula149.肛门闭锁前庭瘘anal atresia with vestibular fistula150.肛门闭锁阴道瘘anal atresia with vaginal fistula151.肛门镜anoscope152.肛门镜检查［术］anoscopy153.肛门溃疡anal ulcer154.肛门瘙痒［症］pruritus ani155.肛门狭窄anal stenosis156.肛门直肠瘘anorectal fistula157.肛门直肠脓肿anorectal abscess158.肛乳头炎anal papillitis159.肛周脓肿perianal abscess160.肝脏liver161肝癌liver cancer162.阑尾Appendicitis163.肝性脑病Hepatic encephalopathy164.肝昏迷hepatic coma165.原发性肝癌primary carcinoma of the liver166.病毒性肝炎virus hepatitis167.传染性肝炎infectious hepatitis168.急性病毒性肝炎acute viral hepatitis169.慢性腹泻chronic diarrhea170.酒精性肝病alcoholic lier171.自身免疫性肝炎autoimmune hepatitis172.肝硬化cirrhosis of lier173.腹膜炎Peritonitis174.干呕retch175.肝［性］昏迷前期hepatic precoma176.肝被膜下出血subcapsular hemorrhage of liver177.肝病性口臭fetor hepaticus178.肝肠联合移植combined liver and intestine transplantation179.肝大hepatomegaly180.肝淀粉样变性amyloidosis of liver181.肝动脉造影［术］hepatic arteriography182.肝梗死infarction of liver183.肝结核tuberculosis of liver184.肝静脉梗阻hepatic venous obstruction185.肝慢性阻性充血chronic passive congestion of liver186.肝毛细线虫病capillariasis hepatica187.肝门肠吻合术portoenterostomy188.肝内胆管结石calculus of intrahepatic duct189.肝内胆管结石病hepatolithiasis190.肝内胆汁淤积intrahepatic cholestasis191.肝脓肿liver absces192.肝脾大hepatosplenomegaly193.肝片吸虫病fascioliasis hepatica194.肝肾联合移植combined liver and kidney transplantation195.肝肾综合征hepatorenal syndrome196.肝素辅因子heparin co-factor197.肝细胞移植hepatocyte transplantation198.肝下垂hepatoptosis199.上消化道出血upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage200.壁细胞parietal cell201.质子泵proton pump202.痔疮Hemorrhoids203. 胆囊gall bladder胰腺pancreas204.内镜逆行胰胆管造影endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ,ERCP 205.胆石症/胆囊炎Cholelithiasis/Cholecystitis206.急性胰腺炎Acute Pancreatitis207.胰腺癌carcinoma of the Pancreatitis208.胰空肠吻合术pancreaticojejunostomy209.胰瘘pancreatic fistula210.胰肾联合移植combined pancreas and renal transplantation211.胰十二指肠切除术pancreaticoduodenectomy212.胰十二指肠移植术pancreas-duodenal transplantation 213.胰石pancreatolith，pancreatic calculus214.胰石病pancreatolithiasis215.胰腺创伤pancreatic trauma216.胰腺分裂pancreas divisum217.胰腺钙化calcification of pancreas218.胰腺假囊肿pancreatic pseudocyst219.胰腺囊肿pancreatic cyst220.胰腺脓肿abscess of pancreas221.胰腺外瘘external fistula of pancreas222.胰腺炎pancreatitis223.胰腺移植pancreas transplantation224.胰腺异位heterotopic pancreas225.胰腺周围脓肿peripancreatic abscess226.胰源性腹水pancreatic ascites227.移动性盲肠mobile caecum228.移植胰假性囊肿graft pancreatic pseudocyst229.移植胰胰瘘graft pancreatic fistula230.移植胰胰腺炎graft pancreatitis231.胆道闭锁biliary atresia232.胆道测压［术］manometry of biliary tract233.胆道出血hemobilia234.胆道感染infection of biliary tract235胆道梗阻obstruction of biliary tract236.胆道蛔虫病biliary ascariasis237.胆道贾第虫病giardiasis of biliary tract238.胆道减压术decompression of biliary tract239.胆道闪烁显像［术］cholescintigraphy240.胆道运动障碍biliary dyskinesia241.胆固醇结石cholesterol calculus242胆管癌carcinoma of bile duct243.胆管测压造影［术］manometric cholangiography 244.胆管肝炎cholangiohepatitis245.胆管空肠吻合术cholangiojejunostomy246.胆管扩张cholangiectasis247.胆管内置管扩张［术］biliary stent dilatation248.胆管腺瘤cholangioadenoma249.胆管炎cholangitis250.胆管造影［术］cholangiography251.胆管周围炎pericholangitis252.胆红素脑病bilirubin encephalopathy，kernicterus 253.胆红素尿bilirubinuria254.胆绞痛biliary colic255.胆瘘biliary fistula256.胆囊癌carcinoma of gallbladder257.胆囊肠瘘cholecystoenteric fistula258.胆囊超声显像［术］cholecystosonography259.胆囊穿孔perforation of gallbladder260.胆囊钙化calcification of gallbladder261.胆囊积脓empyema of gallbladder262.胆囊积气pneu-gallbladder263.胆囊积水hydrops of gallbladder264.胆囊积血hemocholecyst265.胆囊镜检查［术］cholecystoscopy266.胆囊空肠吻合术cholecystojejunostomy267.胆囊扭转torsion of gallbladder268.胆囊切除术cholecystectomy269.胆囊切除术后综合征postcholecystectomy syndrome270.胆囊十二指肠吻合术cholecystoduodenostomy271.胆囊收缩素cholecystokinin272.胆囊炎cholecystitis273.胆囊造口术cholecystostomy274胆囊造影术cholecystography275.胆囊周围脓肿pericholecystic abscess276.胆石性肠梗阻gallstone ileus277.胆总管结石calculus of common bile duct278.胆小管炎cholangiolitis279.胆血症cholemia280.胆总管梗阻obstruction of common bile duct281.胆汁反流性胃炎bile reflux gastritis282.胆总管端端吻合术choledochocholedochostomy283.胆汁浓缩综合征inspissated bile syndrome284.胆汁性腹膜炎biliary peritonitis，choleperitoneum285.胆汁性肝硬化biliary cirrhosis286.胆总管十二指肠吻合术choledochoduodenostomy287.胆汁引流biliary drainage288.胆汁淤积cholestasis289.胆汁粘稠综合征biliary hyperviscosity syndrome290.［内镜］操纵部, ［endoscopic］control section291.［内镜］插入管, ［endoscopic］insertion tube292.［内镜］充气/水阀, ［endoscopic］air/water valve293.［内镜］导光连接部, ［endoscopic］light guide connector section 294.［内镜］导光束, ［endoscopic］light guide bundles295. ［内镜］导像束, ［endoscopic］image guide bundles296.［内镜］光导纤维, ［endoscopic］optical fibers297.［内镜］活检管道开口, ［endoscopic］biopsy channel opening 298.［内镜］角度锁钮, ［endoscopic］locking knob299.［内镜］角度旋钮, ［endoscopic］angulation knob300.［内镜］冷光源, ［endoscopic］cold light source301.［内镜］弯曲部, ［endoscopic］bending section302.［内镜］吸引阀, ［endoscopic］suction valve---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------消化学名词［内镜］操纵部, ［endoscopic］control section［内镜］插入管, ［endoscopic］insertion tube［内镜］充气/水阀, ［endoscopic］air/water valve［内镜］导光连接部, ［endoscopic］light guide connector section［内镜］导光束, ［endoscopic］light guide bundles［内镜］导像束, ［endoscopic］image guide bundles［内镜］光导纤维, ［endoscopic］optical fibers［内镜］活检管道开口, ［endoscopic］biopsy channel opening［内镜］角度锁钮, ［endoscopic］locking knob［内镜］角度旋钮, ［endoscopic］angulation knob［内镜］冷光源, ［endoscopic］cold light source［内镜］弯曲部, ［endoscopic］bending section［内镜］吸引阀, ［endoscopic］suction valve阿米巴［性］肝脓肿, amebic liver abscessEhlers-Danlos综合征, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome嗳气, belch凹陷性病变, excavated lesion, depressed lesionOddi括约肌成形术, plastic repair of Oddi sphincterOddi括约肌切开术, sphincterotomy of OddiOddi括约肌狭窄, stenosis of Oddi sphincterOsler-Weber-Rendu病, Osler-Weber-Rendu diseaseBudd-Chiari综合征, Budd-Chiari syndromeBarrett's食管, Barrett's esophagus板状强直, board-like rigidity半成形便, semiformed stool半乳糖耐量, galactose tolerance伴有先天性综合征的毛细管扩张, telangiectasia associated with congenital syndrome 贝尔西食管裂孔疝修补术, Belsey hiatal hernia repair背驮式肝移植, piggyback liver transplantation贲门成形术, cardioplasty贲门肌切开术, cardiomyotomy鼻胆管引流［术］, nasobiliary drainageBillroth II式吻合［术］, Billroth II anastomosisBillroth I式吻合［术］, Billroth I anastomosis闭袢性肠梗阻, closed loop intestinal obstruction闭塞性肝静脉内膜炎, endophlebitis hepatica obliterans壁外性压迫, extrinsic compression of wall壁细胞迷走神经切断术, parietal cell vagotomy便血, hematochezia变应性直肠炎, allergic proctitis丙型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type C病毒性腹泻, viral diarrhea病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis病毒性胃肠炎, viral gastroenteritisPeutz-Jegher's综合征, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome剥脱活检, strip biopsy博尔德莫尔食管吻合术, Beordmore anastomosis of esophagus Braun’s吻合［术］, Braun anastomosis部分肠梗阻, partial intestinal obstruction擦拭法细胞学检查［术］, abrasive cytologic examination残留结石, residual stone, retained stone残胃, gastric remnant藏毛病, pilonidal disease侧侧吻合［术］, side-to-side anastomosis侧视内镜, side-viewing endoscope产毒性腹泻, toxigenic diarrhea肠闭锁, intestinal atresia肠壁囊样积气, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis肠壁囊样积气［症］, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis肠侧侧吻合［术］, side-to-side intestinal anastomosis肠穿孔, perforation of intestine肠道细菌内毒素移位, endotoxin translocation from intestine肠道细菌移位, bacterial translocation from intestine肠道营养, enteral nutrition肠动静脉畸形, arteriovenous malformation of bowel肠端侧吻合［术］, end-to-side intestinal anastomosis肠端端吻合［术］, end-to-end intestinal anastomosis肠放射性损伤, radiation injury of intestine肠梗阻, intestinal obstruction, ileus肠结核, tuberculosis of intestine肠淋巴管扩张, intestinal lymphangiectasia肠内引流式胰腺移植, enteric drainage pancreas transplantation 肠囊肿, enteric cyst肠扭转, volvulus肠袢淤滞综合征, stagnant loop syndrome肠旁路术, intestinal bypass肠切除术, intestinal resection肠切开术, enterotomy肠缺血, ischemia of intestine肠缺血综合征, intestinal ischemic syndrome肠套叠, intussusception肠外瘘, enterocutaneous fistula肠外营养, parenteral nutrition肠外置术, intestinal exteriorization肠吻合［术］, intestinal anastomosis肠紊乱, bowel disturbance肠系膜动脉闭塞, mesenteric arterial occlusion肠系膜动脉栓塞术, mesenteric artery embolization肠系膜动脉血栓形成, mesenteric artery thrombosis肠系膜静脉血栓形成, mesenteric venous thrombosis肠系膜囊肿, mesenteric cyst肠系膜疝, mesenteric hernia肠系膜上动脉综合征, superior mesenteric artery syndrome肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征, superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome 肠狭窄, intestinal stenosis肠旋转不良, malrotation of intestine肠血管病, vascular disease of bowel肠血管发育异常, angiodysplasia of bowel肠血管异常, vascular abnormality of intestine肠易激综合征, irritable bowel syndrome肠源性感染, enterogenic infection肠造口术, enterostomy肠胀气, intestinal tympanites肠重复畸形, duplication of intestine肠子宫内膜异位, endometriosis in bowel超声腹腔镜, ultrasonic laparoscope超声内镜, ultrasonic endoscope成形便, formed stool冲洗法细胞学检查［术］, lavage cytologic examination虫蚀样边缘, eroded edge出血性胃炎, hemorrhagic gastritis出血性胰腺炎, hemorrhagic pancreatitis穿孔, perforation穿孔性阑尾炎, perforating appendicitis穿透, penetration穿透性溃疡, penetrating ulcer大便失禁, fecal incontinence大肠梗阻, large bowel obstruction, colonic obstruction大网膜及肠系膜囊肿, omental cyst and mesenteric cyst单纯性集群性憩室病, simple massed diverticulosis单极电凝［术］, monopolar electrocoagulation胆［结］石, gallstone胆道闭锁, biliary atresia胆道测压［术］, manometry of biliary tract胆道出血, hemobilia胆道感染, infection of biliary tract胆道梗阻, obstruction of biliary tract胆道蛔虫病, biliary ascariasis胆道贾第虫病, giardiasis of biliary tract胆道减压术, decompression of biliary tract胆道闪烁显像［术］, cholescintigraphy胆道运动障碍, biliary dyskinesia胆固醇结石, cholesterol calculus胆管癌, carcinoma of bile duct胆管测压造影［术］, manometric cholangiography 胆管肝炎, cholangiohepatitis胆管空肠吻合术, cholangiojejunostomy胆管扩张, cholangiectasis胆管内置管扩张［术］, biliary stent dilatation胆管腺瘤, cholangioadenoma胆管炎, cholangitis胆管造影［术］, cholangiography胆管周围炎, pericholangitis胆红素脑病, bilirubin encephalopathy, kernicterus胆红素尿, bilirubinuria胆绞痛, biliary colic胆瘘, biliary fistula胆囊癌, carcinoma of gallbladder胆囊肠瘘, cholecystoenteric fistula胆囊超声显像［术］, cholecystosonography胆囊穿孔, perforation of gallbladder胆囊钙化, calcification of gallbladder胆囊积脓, empyema of gallbladder胆囊积气, pneu-gallbladder胆囊积水, hydrops of gallbladder胆囊积血, hemocholecyst胆囊镜检查［术］, cholecystoscopy胆囊空肠吻合术, cholecystojejunostomy胆囊扭转, torsion of gallbladder胆囊切除术, cholecystectomy胆囊切除术后综合征, postcholecystectomy syndrome 胆囊十二指肠吻合术, cholecystoduodenostomy胆囊收缩素, cholecystokinin胆囊炎, cholecystitis胆囊造口术, cholecystostomy胆囊造影术, cholecystography胆囊周围脓肿, pericholecystic abscess胆石性肠梗阻, gallstone ileus胆石症, cholelithiasis胆小管炎, cholangiolitis胆血症, cholemia胆胰管汇合异常, choledochopancreatic junction anomaly胆汁反流性胃炎, bile reflux gastritis胆汁尿, choleuria, choluria胆汁浓缩综合征, inspissated bile syndrome胆汁性腹膜炎, biliary peritonitis, choleperitoneum胆汁性肝硬化, biliary cirrhosis胆汁胸, cholothorax胆汁引流, biliary drainage胆汁淤积, cholestasis胆汁粘稠综合征, biliary hyperviscosity syndrome胆总管端端吻合术, choledochocholedochostomy胆总管梗阻, obstruction of common bile duct胆总管结石, calculus of common bile duct, choledocholith胆总管结石病, choledocholithiasis胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y形吻合术, choledochojejunostomy Roux-en-Y 胆总管扩张, choledochectasia胆总管囊肿, choledochal cyst胆总管囊肿切除术, choledochocystectomy胆总管切开术, choledochotomy胆总管十二指肠吻合术, choledochoduodenostomy胆总管狭窄, stricture of common bile duct胆总管炎, choledochitis胆总管造口术, choledochostomy弹性假黄色瘤, pseudoxanthoma elasticum蛋白丢失性肠病, protein-losing enteropathyDevine结肠造口术, Devine colostomy电子内镜检查［术］, electronic endoscopy, videoendoscopy淀粉酶-肌酸酐清除率之比, amylase-creatinine clearance ratio淀粉酶清除率, clearance of amylase丁型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type D，delta hepatitis动脉胆道瘘, arteriobiliary fistula痘疮样胃炎, gastritis varioliformisDubin-Johnson综合征, Dubin-Johnson syndrome端侧吻合［术］, end-to-side anastomosis端端吻合［术］, end-to-end anastomosis端式结肠造口术, terminal colostomy短肠, short gut短肠综合征, short-bowel syndrone多发性静脉扩张, multiple phlebectasia,多极电凝［术］, multipolar electrocoagulation多囊肝, polycystic liver二期小肠移植, two-stage intestine transplantation翻出型肛门外吻合巨结肠根治术, Swenson procedure翻转法内镜检查［术］, reverse method of endoscopy反流性食管炎, reflux esophagitis反跳痛, rebound tenderness反胃, regurgitation放大腹腔镜检查［术］, magnifying laparoscopy放大内镜检查［术］, magnifying endoscopy放射性结肠炎, radiation colitis放射性小肠炎, radiation enteritis非闭塞性肠梗死, nonocclusive intestinal infarction肥厚性胃炎, hypertrophic gastritis肥厚性幽门狭窄, hypertrophic pylorostenosis肥皂性结肠炎, soap colitis粪便嵌塞, fecal impaction粪瘘, fecal fistula蜂窝织炎性阑尾炎, phlegmonous appendicitis蜂窝织炎性胃炎, phlegmonous gastritis缝线肉芽肿, suture granuloma弗纳-莫里森综合征, Verner-Morrison syndrome辅助性肝移植, auxiliary liver transplantation腐蚀性食管狭窄, caustic stricture of esophagus腐蚀性胃炎, corrosivegastritis复发性胆总管结石病, recurrent choledocholithiasis复发性溃疡, recurrent ulcer复发性阑尾炎, recurrent appendicitis复合性胃和十二指肠溃疡, combined gastric and duodenal ulcers腹部结核, abdominal tuberculosis腹鸣, borborygmus腹膜刺激征, peritoneal irritation sign腹膜炎, peritonitis腹膜粘连, peritoneal adhesion腹腔穿刺［术］, peritoneocentesis, abdominal paracentesis腹腔动脉压迫综合征, celiac artery compression syndrome腹腔灌洗, peritoneal lavage腹腔积血, hemoperitoneum腹腔镜胆囊切除［术］, laparoscopic cholecystectomy腹腔镜检查［术］, laparoscopy腹腔镜治疗［术］, therapeutic laparoscopy腹腔内引流式胰腺移植, free-drainage intraperitoneal pancreas transplantation 腹腔脓肿, peritoneal abscess腹水, ascites腹主动脉瘤, abdominal aortic aneurysm改良的黑勒贲门肌切开术, modified Heller operation钙乳胆汁, milk of calcium bile干呕, retch肝［性］昏迷, hepatic coma肝［性］昏迷前期, hepatic precoma肝被膜下出血, subcapsular hemorrhage of liver肝病性口臭, fetor hepaticus肝肠联合移植, combined liver and intestine transplantation 肝大, hepatomegaly肝淀粉样变性, amyloidosis of liver肝动脉造影［术］, hepatic arteriography肝梗死, infarction of liver肝结核, tuberculosis of liver肝静脉梗阻, hepatic venous obstruction肝慢性阻性充血, chronic passive congestion of liver肝毛细线虫病, capillariasis hepatica肝门肠吻合术, portoenterostomy, Kasai procedure肝内胆管结石, calculus of intrahepatic duct肝内胆管结石病, hepatolithiasis肝内胆汁淤积, intrahepatic cholestasis肝脓肿, liver abscess肝脾大, hepatosplenomegaly肝片吸虫病, fascioliasis hepatica肝肾联合移植, combined liver and kidney transplantation 肝肾综合征, hepatorenal syndrome肝素辅因子, heparin co-factor肝素化, heparinization肝素化逆转, heparinization reversal肝细胞移植, hepatocyte transplantation肝下垂, hepatoptosis肝纤维化, hepatic fibrosis肝心联合移植, combined liver and heart transplantation肝性昏迷, hepatic coma肝性脑病, hepatic encephalopathy肝炎后肝硬化, posthepatitic cirrhosis肝胰联合移植, combined liver and pancreas transplantation 肝移植, liver transplantation肝硬化, cirrhosis of liver肝周炎, perihepatitis感染性腹泻, infectious diarrhea感染性胃炎, infectious gastritis肛管癌, cancer of anal canal肛裂, anal fissure,肛门闭锁会阴瘘, anal atresia with perineal fistula肛门闭锁尿道瘘, anal atresia with urethral fistula肛门闭锁前庭瘘, anal atresia with vestibular fistula肛门闭锁阴道瘘, anal atresia with vaginal fistula肛门镜, anoscope肛门镜检查［术］, anoscopy肛门溃疡, anal ulcer肛门瘙痒［症］, pruritus ani肛门狭窄, anal stenosis肛门直肠瘘, anorectal fistula肛门直肠脓肿, anorectal abscess肛乳头炎, anal papillitis肛周脓肿, perianal abscess高胆红素血［症］, hyperbilirubinemia高淀粉酶血［症］, hyperamylasemia高峰酸排出量, peak acid outputGrey Turner征, Grey Turner sign膈膨升, eventration of diaphragm膈疝, diaphragmatic hernia膈下脓肿, subphrenic abscess梗阻性阑尾炎, obstructive appendicitis孤立性非特异性溃疡, isolated nonspecific ulcer骨盆直肠窝脓肿, pelvirectal abscess管探查［术］, exploration of common bile duct光动力学治疗［术］, photodynamic therapy光凝固［术］, photocoagulation果糖不耐受［症］, fructose intolerance黑粪, melena黑勒贲门肌切开术, heller operation,横结肠造口术, transverse colostomy呼气试验breath test糊状便, mushy stool滑动性食管裂孔疝, sliding hiatus hernia滑管, sliding tube化脓性腹膜炎, purulent peritonitis化脓性阑尾炎, suppurative appendicitis化脓性胰腺炎, purulent pancreatitis化生性息肉, metaplastic polyp化学性腹膜炎, chemical peritonitis坏疽性胆囊炎, gangrenous cholecystitis坏疽性阑尾炎, gangrenous appendicitis坏死后肝硬化, postnecrotic cirrhosis坏死性胰腺炎, necrotizing pancreatitis环状胰腺, annular pancreas黄疸, jaundice, icterus黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis磺溴酞钠试验, bromsulphalein test回肠膀胱扩大术, ileum augmentation cystoplasty, ileocystoplasty回肠膀胱尿流改道术, ileal conduit diversion回肠膀胱术, ileal conduit, Bricker operation回肠肛管吻合术, ileoanal anastomosis回肠横结肠吻合术, ileotransversostomy回肠憩室, ileal diverticulum回肠造口术, ileostomy回盲部结核, ileocecal tuberculosisWhipple病, Whipple disease混合性结石, mixed stone, mixed calculus混合性毛细血管-海绵状血管瘤, mixed capillary-cavernous hemangioma 活动性肝炎, active hepatitis活体部分肝移植, partial living liver transplantation获得性巨结肠, acquired megacolon机械性肠梗阻, mechanical intestinal obstruction, mechanical ileus基础酸排出量, basal acid outputKillian憩室, Killian diverticulum激光治疗［术］, laser therapy急腹症, acute abdomen急性肠系膜淋巴结炎, acute mesenteric lymphadenitis急性出血性胰腺炎, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis急性腐蚀性食管炎, acute corrosive esophagitis急性肝［功能］衰竭, acute hepatic failure急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎, acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis急性坏死性胰腺炎, acute necrotizing pancreatitis急性间质性胰腺炎, acute interstitial pancreatitis急性卡他性阑尾炎, acute catarrhal appendicitis急性弥漫性腹膜炎, acute diffuse peritonitis,急性水肿性胰腺炎, acute edematous pancreatitis急性胃扩张, acute dilatation of stomach急性胃扩张, acute gastric dilatation急性应激性溃疡, acute stress ulcer急性重型肝炎, acute severe hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis急诊肝移植, emergency liver transplantation继发性巨结肠, secondary megacolon寄生虫性腹泻, parasitic diarrheaGardner综合征, Gardner syndrome家族性肠息肉病, familial intestinal polyposis家族性结肠息肉病, familial polyposis coli甲胎蛋白测定, alpha-fetoprotein detemination甲型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type A假膜性结肠炎, pseudomembranous colitis假膜性小肠结肠炎, pseudomembranous enterocolitis假憩室, pseudodiverticulum假息肉, pseudopolyp假性感染性直肠炎, pseudoinfectious proctitis假性结肠梗阻, false colonic obstruction, Ogilvie syndrome减体积肝移植, reduced-size liver transplantation碱性反流性胃炎, alkaline reflux gastritis浆液性腹膜炎, serous peritonitis胶原性结肠炎, collagenous colitis绞窄性肠梗阻, strangulated intestinal obstruction节段小肠移植, segmental small intestine transplantation节段性肠扩张, segmental dilatation of intestine节段胰腺移植, segmental pancreas transplantation结肠癌, cancer of colon结肠癌Dukes分类法, Dukes classification for colon cancer结肠膀胱瘘, colovesical fistula结肠穿孔, colonic perforation结肠次全切除术, subtotal colectomy结肠非特异性溃疡, nonspecific ulcer of colon结肠孤立性溃疡, colonic solitary ulcer结肠黑色素沉着病, melanosis coli结肠后胃空肠吻合术, retrocolic gastrojejunostomy结肠回肠侧吻合术, Martin procedure结肠结核, tuberculosis of colon结肠镜检查［术］, colonoscopy结肠憩室病, diverticular disease of colon结肠前胃空肠吻合术, antecolic gastrojejunostomy结肠切除术, colectomy结肠切开术, colotomy结肠缺血, colonic ischemia结肠息肉, polyp of colon结肠息肉病, polyposis coli结肠腺瘤, adenoma of colon结肠造口术, colostomy结肠直肠切除术, coloproctectomy结核性腹膜炎, tuberculous peritonitis结石性胰腺炎, calcareus pancreatitis近侧胃迷走神经切断术, proximal gastric vagotomy经腹骶直肠切除术, abdominosacral resection, anterior resection经颈静脉胆管造影［术］, transjugular cholangiography经口胆管镜检查［术］, peroral cholangioscopy经皮经肝胆管镜检查［术］, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy 经皮经肝胆管造影［术］, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 经皮经肝胆囊镜检查［术］, percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopy 经皮经肝栓塞, percutaneous transhepatic embolization经皮内镜胃造瘘［术］, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy经直肠活检, transrectal biopsy精神性便秘, psychogenic constipation颈部食管胃吻合术, cervical esophagogastrostomy痉挛性肠梗阻, spastic intestinal obstruction痉挛性肛部痛, proctalgia fugax痉挛性结肠憩室病, spastic colon diverticulosis静脉闭塞性病, veno-occlusive disease静脉胆管造影［术］, intravenous cholangiography静脉胆囊造影［术］, intravenous cholecystography静脉切开术, venesection, phlebotomy静脉曲张, varicosis, varix静脉曲张性溃疡, varicose ulcer静脉造影［术］, phlebography酒精性肝炎, alcoholic hepatitis酒精性肝硬化, alcoholic cirrhosis酒精性胰腺炎, alcoholic pancreatitis局限性肠炎, regional enteritis, Crohn disease局限性腹膜炎, localized peritonitis巨大肥厚性胃炎, giant hypertrophy gastritis巨大皱襞, giant folds, giant ruga巨结肠, megacolon巨十二指肠, megaduodenum菌群失调性肠炎, flora imbalance enteritisCullen征, Cullen signCanada-Cronkhite综合征, Canada-Cronkhite syndrome可控性回肠膀胱术, continent ileal reservoirCrigler-Najjar综合征, Crigler-Najjar syndromeCruveilhier-Baumgarten综合征, Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome 克罗恩病, Crohn’s disease空肠回肠旁路术, jejunoileal bypass空肠间置代胆道术, choledochoplasty by jejunal interposition空肠移植, jejunum transplantation空肠造口术, jejunostomy口服胆囊造影［术］, oral cholecystographyCourvoisier征, Courvoisier sign溃疡性结肠炎, ulcerative colitis拉埃内克肝硬化, Laennec’s cirrhosis阑尾残端, appendiceal stump阑尾粪石, appendiceal fecalith阑尾切除术, appendectomy阑尾炎, appendicitis阑尾粘液囊肿, appendiceal mucocele阑尾周围脓肿, periappendiceal abscess类癌, carcinoid类癌综合征, carcinoid syndrome里急后重, tenesmus隆起性病变, protrusion lesion鲁氏Y形吻合［术］, Roux-en-Y anastomosisRotor综合征, Rotor syndrome麻痹性肠梗阻, paralytic ileusMallory-Weiss综合征, Mallory-Weiss syndrome慢性非化浓性破坏性胆管炎, chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis慢性溃疡性结肠炎, chronic ulcerative colitis慢性重型肝炎, chronic severe hepatitis盲肠膀胱扩大术, cecum augmentation cystoplasty盲肠后位阑尾, retrocecal appendix盲肠炎, typhlitis, cecitis盲肠造口术, cecostomy盲袢综合征, blind loop syndrome毛石, trichobezoar毛植物石, trichophytobezoarMeckel憩室, Meckel diverticulumMenetrier病, Menetrier disease门静脉高压, portal hypertension门静脉脓血症, portal pyemia门静脉血栓形成, thrombosis of portal vein门静脉炎, pylephlebitis门脉性肝硬化, portal cirrhosis门体脑病, portosystemic encephalopathy弥漫性腹膜炎, diffuse peritonitis弥漫性食管痉挛, diffuse spasm of esophagus迷走神经干切断术, truncal vagotomy迷走神经切断术, vagotomy糜烂性胃炎, erosive gastritis米库利兹结肠造口术, Mikulicz colostomy面团感, doughy sensationMurphy征, Murphy sign内镜, endoscope内镜超声检查［术］, endoscopic ultrasonography内镜胆管引流［术］, endoscopic biliary drainage内镜复位［术］, endoscopic reduction内镜检查术, endoscopy内镜逆行胰胆管造影［术］, endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography 内镜取石［术］, endoscopic stone extraction technique内镜碎石［术］, endoscopic lithotripsy内镜胰管引流［术］, endoscopic drainage of pancreatic duct内镜粘膜下肿瘤切除［术］, endoscopic enucleation of submucosal tumor。

第八章肾系统的功能复习思考题一、单项选择题：1．下列关于肾锥体的叙述请指出何者是错误的？A．肾锥体位于肾髓质B．肾锥体含有肾小球C．肾锥体具有集合管D．肾锥体将尿液排空到肾盏2．下列肾脏何种结构主动转钠，而水则随着被动重吸收? A．近端小管B．髓襻降支C．髓襻升支D．远端小管C．髓质收集管3．原尿和血浆相比较，在成份上不同的是A．K+含量B．蛋白质含量C．葡萄糖含量D．Na+含量4．肾小球的有效滤过压等于A．肾小球毛细血管血压－（血浆胶体渗透压-囊内压）B．肾小球毛细血管血压+血浆胶体渗透压-囊内压C．肾小球毛细血管血压－（血浆胶体渗透压+囊内压）D．肾小球毛细血管血压－血浆胶体渗透压+囊内压5．肾小管不同节段重吸收Na+的最大部位是A．近端小管B．髓袢升支细段C．髓袢升支粗段D．远端小管6．毁损下丘脑视上核，尿浓缩和尿量将出现下列何种现象？A．尿稀释，尿量减少B．尿浓缩，尿量增加C．尿稀释，尿量增加D．尿浓缩，尿量减少7．应用下列何种物质能够准确测出肾小球滤过率？A．果糖 B．对氨基马尿酸C．菊粉 D．尿素8．营养不良的患者尿量增多的可能原因是A．肾小球滤过率增加B．抗利尿激素分泌减少C．醛固醇分泌减少D．尿素生成增加9．肾素是由下列哪种细胞分泌的？A．肾小球旁器的球旁细胞B．肾小管近端小管上皮细胞C．肾血管内皮细胞D．集合管上皮细胞10. 引起肾素分泌的因素是A．肾小球滤过K+的减少B．肾循环血量减少，动脉压降低C．肾循环血量增加，动脉压增高D．肾小球滤过葡萄糖增多11. 肾小球进行滤过的直接动力是A．肾小球毛细血管血压B．肾小囊内压C．血浆胶体渗透压D．集合管内压12. 在近端小管，全部被重吸收的是A．葡萄糖、维生素 B．肌酐 C．尿素 D．氨13. 心房钠尿肽的主要作用是A．重吸收Na+ 排K+，使血量增加B．重吸收K+ 排Na+，使血量增加C．排H2O 排Na+，使血量降低D．重吸收Na+ 排H2O，使血量增加14. 肾髓质组织间隙液渗透压的特点是A．和血浆比有很高的蛋白质B．和血浆渗透压相等C．比血浆渗透压低D．越向肾髓质深部渗透压越高15. 重吸收肾小球滤过的葡萄糖的部位在A．髓袢B．近端小管C．远端小管D．集合管16. 血中醛固酮增加对泌尿的影响是A．尿中Na+增加B．尿中K+增加C．尿中尿素增加D．尿中水增加17. 肾脏内髓部高渗尿的形成与下列何种因素有关A．K+ B．NaCl C．NaCl和尿素 D．NaCl和KCl18. 大量饮水后尿量增多，即所谓的水利尿，主要原因是A．醛固酮分泌减少 B．ADH分泌减少C．血浆胶体渗透压增加 D．肾小囊压力减少19. 菊粉的血浆消除率为A．200ml/min B．75ml/min C．125ml/min D．600ml/min 20. 正常条件下的终尿约占肾小球滤过液量的A．10% B．20% C．30% D．1%21. 肾小球滤过液中氨基酸被重吸收的部位是A．近端小管 B．髓袢降支细段C．髓衬升支粗段 D．远端小管22. 某物质在肾动脉中具有某种浓度，而在肾静脉中其浓度为零，其血浆清除率等于多少A．血浆清除率大于125ml/min B．血浆清除率等于125ml/minC．血浆清除率小于125ml/min D．血浆清除率等于零23. 血浆清除率是零的物质为A．尿素 B．葡萄糖 C．菊粉 D．碘锐特24. 调节远端小管与集合管对水重吸收的主要因素是A．醛固酮 B．肾上腺素 C．抗利尿激素 D．肾素25. 下丘脑视上核受损引起A．水利尿 B．尿崩症 C．尿失禁 D．尿潴留26. 剧烈运动时，尿量减少的原因是A．肾小囊内压增高 B．肾血流量减少C．血浆液体渗透压降低 D．肾小球滤过膜通透性降低27. 用家兔做尿生成影响因素的实验，请指出下列实验结果何者是错误的A．放血后血压下降尿量减少B．静脉注射生理盐水50ml，尿量增多C．静脉注射垂体后叶激素2μl，尿量增加D．静脉注射20%葡萄糖10ml，尿量显著增加28. 近端肾单位的主要功能是A．分泌醛固酮 B．释放抗利尿激素C．释放肾素 D．尿液的浓缩和稀释29. 某患者尿素的清除率为80ml/min，菊粉清除率为125ml/min，两者有差异，其原因为A．肾小球滤过率增加B．肾小管可以对尿素进行重吸收C．肾小球滤过率减少D．肾小管重吸收功能减弱30. 给某患者静脉注射25%葡萄糖溶液100ml，患者倾刻尿量显著增加，测定尿糖为阳性，分析患者尿量增多的主要原因是A．肾小管容质浓度增加，血浆胶体渗透压减少B．肾小管对水的通透性增加C．肾小球滤过率增加D．肾小管对Na+重吸收减少二、问答题1．皮质肾单位和近髓肾单位在结构和功能上有什么差异？2．肾脏滤过大量的液体，然后又将其99％的重吸收，这是为什么？有什么生理意义。

肝硬化一、定义肝硬化（cirrhosisofliver）是一种常见的由不同病因引起的肝脏慢性、进行性、弥漫性病变，是在肝细胞广泛变性和坏死基础上产生肝脏纤维组织弥漫性增生，并形成再生结节和假小叶，导致正常肝小叶结构和血管解剖的破坏。

病变逐渐进展，晚期出现肝功能衰竭、门静脉高压和多种并发症。

它是严重和不可逆的肝脏疾病，我国城市50～60岁年龄男性组肝硬化年死亡率为112/10万。

二、临床表现在我国本病患者以20～50岁男性多见，青壮年患者的发病多与病毒性肝炎有关。

肝硬化的起病和病程一般缓慢，可能隐伏数年至十数年之久（平均3～5年）。

起病时可无症状，病情逐渐发展，到后期出现两大类主要症状，即肝功能衰退和门静脉高压症。

此时可出现黄疸、腹水及消化道出血和肝性脑病等并发症。

临床分类也以是否出现上述表现将肝硬化划分为代偿和失代偿期。

（一）代偿期肝硬化无上述临床表现。

无症状者占30%～40%，常在体格检查或因其他疾病行剖腹术时，甚至尸体解剖时才被发现。

其他一部分患者症状无特异性，如低热、乏力、恶心、体重减轻、白细胞及血小板低下，在求诊时怀疑此诊断。

部分慢性肝炎患者行肝活检时诊断此病。

（二）失代偿期肝硬化1.一般症状包括食欲减退、乏力和体重减轻。

前者常伴恶心呕吐，多由于胃肠瘀阻性充血、胃肠道分泌与吸收功能紊乱所致。

腹水形成、消化道出血和肝功能衰竭更加重此症。

由于进食、吸收消化功能障碍引起体重减轻。

有时由于腹水和水肿，体重减轻并不明显，但可见患者有明显的肌肉萎缩。

乏力常与肝病活动程度一致，除由于摄入热量不足外还与肝功能损害导致胆碱酯酶减少影响神经肌肉正常功能以及乳酸转化为肝糖原过程障碍，肌肉活动时乳酸蓄积有关。

2.腹水患者主诉腹胀，少量腹水常由超声或CT诊断，中等以上腹水在临床检查时可发现，后者常伴下肢水肿。

5%～l0%腹水者可出现肝性胸水，见于右侧，但也有双侧甚至仅为左侧胸水者。

这是由于胸腔负压导致腹水经过隔肌缺损处进入胸腔有关。

禁止吸烟英语作文（7篇）禁止吸烟英语作文篇一The Non-Smoking Act comes into effect on January 1st, 2023, and covers everywhere in the country. It targets all indoor public places, and signs prohitbiting smoking will be put up. This act is out of the concern for public health. Statistics show that the smoking population is about 300 million, but the population affected by second-hand smoking is 540 million 75 percent of the smokers are male, and the people who die of second-hand smoking exceeds 100 thousand people.禁止吸烟英语作文篇二Nowadays, many school students smoke, and the number is growing increasingly, which makes school and parents worried.According to a survey, more than two fifths of the students smoke in a school. They often get extra money from their parents to pay for cigarette, but their parents usually do not realize it. Even, some students steal money to buy cigarette, which is really a serious event. For middle school students, smoking do more harm to them than to adults, which is not only harmful to the body, but also detrimental to thinking. Furthermore, smoking is also harmful to others. Experts say that the second-hand smoke do more harm to others than the smoker.In short, smoking is a bad habit which wastes of money as well as do harm to health.禁止吸烟英语作文篇三Smoke is ubiquitous in our lives. The number of people who die of pneumonia and cirrhosis of the liver is reported to be on the rise every year. Smoking becomes a "killer"！may 31 is world no tobacco day. But the holiday seemed to fade away. The "clutches" of smoking also extend to junior and middle school students. my father is an old smoker.Ha ha. my status will give my father at least one day in a year.i was born on may 31, and my father would be very interested in "smoking" a day on my birthday. But one day is so small, so small.i decided to take action against my father. one, all day long in front of the father, the harm of smoking, what carcinogenic substance. A handful of their defects. Two, take fathers cigarette lighter, ashtray, smoke to be put together, let him cannot find, then he cant absorb smoke! i watch on TV that people who smoke for more than 20 years have black, black, and very scary lungs.Three months ago, my father said, "smoking has been smoking for twenty years and you cant quit." when i heard it, i retorted, "as long as you are willing to quit, you will be successful. As the saying goes," as long as there is perseverance, the iron will grind to a needle. "my father want to use that even if the meaningless words briefly, but it has no effective! Dad talk when i am busy make" yanju away? "dad finished, ha ha, i already finished, even dads hands the fulcrum of the smoke i also secretly use scissors to cut it. when dad to react when it was too late. im rob before dads openings:" i know you are not easily be dead, "i took out prepared photos," stunned, once infected with the bad habit of smoking, fate is like that. You have to remember my birthday, and remember the meaning behind my birthday. "now, dads smoking has been changed from a pack of cigarettes a day to a half-pack of cigarettes a day, and the frequency of the cough has slowed down. my father also gradually realized the benefitsof quitting, and the enthusiasm for giving up smoking was getting higher and higher.Perhaps, in the near future, the smoke is not peoples necessities, but the accessories of people, people would feel to have or have negative tired, sick!禁止吸烟英语作文篇四Some of my classmates think that smoking does harm to our health.Many people become ill and die of the other hand,you must spend much money on cigarettes.Whats more,many fires are caused by careless smokers.Some others take the different view that smoking will not only make you feel better but help you think especially when you are writing.They also hold that smokers seem to have an easy manner.Above all,Smoking can increase tax for our country.Im against smoking.In my opinion,its better for those who have got into the habit of smoking to give it up.(106)禁止吸烟英语作文篇五The Chinese government has decided that smoking be banned in indoor public places all over the country.This decision ，which will be carried out from January 1st ， 2023, aims to bring a complete smoke-free indoor environment. In order to achieve this goal, no-smoking signs will be put up in all indoor public places.Statistics show that China has approximately 350,000,000 smokers, among whom 75% are men and 25% are women. Around 540,000,000 people are affected by second-hand smoke,causing 100,000 deaths a year.禁止吸烟英语作文篇六Some businesses now say that ao one call smoke cigarettes in any of their offices. Some governments have banned smoking in all publicplaces. This is a good idea though it takes away some of our freedom. As we know, smoking is harmful not only to our health but also to the environment. Smoking can lead to many diseases, such as lung cancer. Smoking affects non smokers more than it does smokers. Ratio of passive smokers getting ill is higher than that of smokers. So, many nonsmokers are against smoking.In public places, the harm of smoking is greater. This is connected with another effect of smoking. That is, smoking pollutes environment by giving much poisonous vapour off into the air.Therefore, that the government ban smoking is very necessary and important to us. It is a measure to protect our health and environment. So many people, especially nonsmokers are for the polic （）y.Some people say that it takes away some of our freedom. I thinkit is a one-sided view. If one wants to smoke, he may smoke in private, not in the public places. In fact, smokers still have the freedom of smoking.But, I think, smokers had better give up smoking, not only in private places, but also in the public places, everywhere. It will be beneficial to ail of us.禁止吸烟英语作文篇七The Chinese government has decided to ban smoking in publicplaces across the country. This decision, which aims to make all indoor public places smoke-free, will come into effect from the first of January, 2023. To this end, no-smoking signs will be put up in all indoor public places.Currently China has about 350 million smokers, among whom 75 percent are men and 25 percent are women. Around 540 million people are influenced by second-hand smoke, which causes100,000 deaths per year.。

关于爱看电视剧的危害行为改变英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考关于爱看电视剧的危害行为改变英语作文篇1now, many people like drinking. they think it’s cool, but i don’t agree with the i think drinking is bad for us. drinking is bad to our health. it’s the cause of some diseases. some people even die of drinking. besides, we must remember not drivingaft er drinking. it’s illegal. the most important is that it could cause car accidents. therefore, driving after drinking would be punished. every body should not drink or drink less. after all, it’s not good to us.现在,许多人喜欢喝酒。

他们认为这很酷,但是我不同意他们的观点。

我认为喝酒对我们是不好的。

喝酒对我们的健康是不好的。

这是一些疾病的原因。

有些人甚至死于饮酒。

此外,我们必须记住不能酒后开车。

这是非法的。

最重要的是,它可能导致车祸。

因此,酒后开车会受到惩罚。

每个人应该不喝或少喝酒。

毕竟,这对我们并不好。

关于爱看电视剧的危害行为改变英语作文篇2大人说，小孩喝酒会晕倒的。

我听了想：爸爸在冰箱里放那么多珠江啤酒，不如我找一个机会喝一口酒吧！adults say that children will faint when they drink. i thought: dad put so many zhujiang beer in the fridge, why don't i have a chance to have a drink!碰巧，晚上爸爸要喝酒，我也提前尝了尝，不苦不甜，没有什么味道。