Release of fuel-nitrogen during the gasification of

煤气热值计算公式Calculating the calorific value of gas is an essential process in the energy industry, as it helps determine the energy potential of the fuel. The calorific value, also known as the heating value or energy content, is the amount of heat released during the complete combustion of a specific quantity of fuel. This value is critical for various applications, including industrial process heating, electricity generation, and residential heating.计算天然气热值是能源行业中的一个重要过程，因为它有助于确定燃料的能量潜力。

热值也被称为热量值或能量含量，是在完全燃烧特定数量燃料时释放的热量量。

这个值对于各种应用至关重要，包括工业过程加热、发电和居民供暖。

There are different methods to calculate the calorific value of gas, depending on the type of gas being analyzed. For natural gas, the higher heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) are commonly used. The HHV includes the heat released from condensing the water vapor in the combustion products, while theLHV does not account for this heat. The LHV is typically used for practical purposes, as it represents the heat available for use.有不同的方法来计算天然气热值，取决于所分析的气体类型。

小学下册英语第6单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 My brother collects ____ (coins) from around the world.2 A ____(data analysis) informs strategy and planning.3 I like to pick _____ from the garden.4 Which fruit is red and often associated with teachers?A. BananaB. OrangeC. AppleD. Grape答案: C. Apple5 Which planet is known for its rings?A. EarthB. SaturnC. MarsD. Venus答案:B6 A ____(community resilience framework) guides recovery efforts.7 Dissolving sugar in water is an example of a _____ change.8 What do you call a person who studies botany?A. BotanistB. HorticulturistC. FloristD. Gardener答案: A9 Which season comes after winter?A. FallB. SummerC. SpringD. None of the above答案:C10 The _______ of sound can be perceived through our sense of hearing.11 A group of wolves is called a ______.12 I like to visit ______ during the holidays.13 I find ________ (人类学) very fascinating.14 The ancient pyramids were built as ________ (墓葬) for pharaohs.15 The pyramids were built in __________ (古埃及).16 The swan glides gracefully on the ______ (水面).17 I love going to ______ (夏令营) during the summer. It’s a chance to make new friends and try new activities.18 What do you call a person who helps sick people?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. NurseD. Scientist答案:A19 How many planets are in our solar system?A. EightB. NineC. TenD. Seven答案: A20 What do we call the frozen form of water?A. SteamB. LiquidC. IceD. Snow答案:C21 My sister enjoys __________ (舞蹈) classes after school.22 My dad is a ________ driver.23 The first man on the moon was ________ (尼尔·阿姆斯特朗).24 The iguana can be green or ______ (棕色).25 My sister has a best ____ (friend) in her class.26 The ______ (小鱼) swims with its friends.27 My cousin enjoys __________ (滑板).28 An exothermic reaction releases _____ into the surroundings.29 The ______ is a predator of many small animals.30 My favorite animal is a ___ (dog/cat).31 What is the opposite of 'night'?A. DawnB. DayD. Sunset答案:B32 What do you call the process of turning liquid into gas?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporationD. Condensation33 The _____ (植物生长周期) includes various stages.34 The sun _____ (rises/sets) in the east.35 My grandma loves to tell __________ (传统) stories.36 A polymer is a large molecule made up of many ________.37 I have a _______ (question/answer) for you.38 The _____ (蘑菇) is a type of fungus, not a plant.39 I saw a _______ (蛇) slithering in the grass.40 What do you call the largest country in the world?A. CanadaB. United StatesC. RussiaD. China答案:C41 I found a _____ (shell/stone) on the beach.42 What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. YeastD. Water答案: C43 What is 3 + 5?A. 7B. 8C. 9D. 1044 I want to ___ a pilot. (become)45 The invention of the microscope advanced the field of _____.46 Which fruit is yellow?A. AppleB. BananaC. GrapeD. Cherry47 What do you call the study of the human mind and behavior?A. SociologyB. PsychologyC. AnthropologyD. Biology答案:B48 My house has _______ (two/three) bedrooms.49 She is ___ her homework now. (doing, done, do)50 The __________ (全球历史) includes many interconnected stories.51 I believe in setting goals. This year, my goal is to __________.52 What is the name of the famous scientist who developed the theory of relativity?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. Nikola TeslaD. Galileo Galilei答案: B53 My sister is a ______. She loves to volunteer at shelters.54 She loves to play ___. (games)55 My brother is always ready to __________ (帮助别人).56 What is the capital of Finland?A. OsloB. StockholmC. HelsinkiD. Tallinn答案: C57 The _____ (stem) supports the leaves and flowers.58 What is the name of the fairy tale character who had long hair?a. Rapunzelb. Cinderellac. Sleeping Beautyd. Snow White答案:A59 What do we call a person who designs buildings?A. ArchitectB. EngineerC. ContractorD. Builder答案：A60 What is the name of the famous clock in London?A. Big BenB. Tower BridgeC. The ShardD. London Eye答案:A61 The ______ (植物的多样性) is celebrated in many cultures.62 What is the name of the famous wizarding school in Harry Potter?A. HogwartsB. DurmstrangC. BeauxbatonsD. Ilvermorny答案:A63 What do we call a group of stars that form a recognizable pattern?a. Constellationb. Galaxyc. Clusterd. Nebula答案:a64 The _____ (花束) is a gift for special occasions.65 The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games every ________ (四年).66 The ancient civilization of ________ is celebrated for its innovations in art.67 I see a _____ (狐狸) in the forest.68 What is the result of 8 x 2?A. 14B. 15C. 16D. 1769 We have a _____ (会议) scheduled.70 I believe that sharing is ______ (重要的). When we share, we can all be ______ (快乐).71 sustainability ambassador) promotes eco-friendly behaviors. The ____72 What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?A. ParisB. LondonC. BerlinD. Rome答案:B73 She has a _____ (新) dress.74 A __________ is a landscape shaped by the movement of water.75 How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SevenC. TenD. Twelve76 The ancient Persians were known for their ______ (建筑) and gardens.77 What do you call the person who studies stars?A. BiologistB. AstronomerC. GeologistD. Chemist78 I have a ________ (魔法玩具) that can change colors.79 The ice cream is ________ and sweet.80 What is 8 times 7?A. 54B. 56C. 58D. 60答案:B81 The gas released during photosynthesis is ______.82 A reaction that releases gas is called a ______ reaction.83 The main purpose of fiber is to aid _____.84 What is the capital of Spain?A. LisbonB. MadridC. BarcelonaD. Seville答案: B85 What instrument is used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. SpeedometerD. Altimeter86 What is the name of the famous American national park known for its geothermal features?A. YellowstoneB. YosemiteC. Grand CanyonD. Zion答案:A87 What do you call water that falls from the sky?A. CloudsB. RainC. SnowD. Hail答案:B88 The ______ is good at solving puzzles.89 We have a ______ (new) puppy at home.90 The capital of South Korea is __________.91 Which sport uses a bat and ball?A. SoccerB. BasketballC. BaseballD. Tennis92 The _______ (Nazi regime) was responsible for the Holocaust during World War II.93 What do we call the act of exploring new places?A. TravelingB. ExploringC. AdventuringD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above94 The ________ has a beautiful pattern on its wings.95 What is the main source of energy for plants?A. WaterB. SoilC. SunlightD. Air96 The _____ is the area around a star where planets can form.97 Which instrument is known for its strings and bow?A. TrumpetB. GuitarC. ViolinD. Flute98 What is the term for an animal that hunts other animals for food?A. PredatorB. PreyC. ScavengerD. Herbivore答案:A99 A ____ is a curious animal that likes to sniff around.100 He is ______ a letter. (writing)。

汽车尾气英语作文The Harmful Impact of Car Exhaust EmissionsIn today's world, the automobile has become an essential part of our daily lives. It has revolutionized the way we commute, travel, and transport goods. However, the widespread use of cars has also brought about a significant environmental concern – the issue of car exhaust emissions. These emissions, which are the byproducts of the combustion process in vehicle engines, have a detrimental impact on our health and the environment, and it is crucial that we address this problem.One of the primary pollutants emitted from car exhausts is carbon monoxide (CO). This odorless and colorless gas is highly toxic to humans and other living organisms. When inhaled, it binds to the hemoglobin in our blood, reducing the ability of our cells to absorb oxygen. Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can lead to headaches, dizziness, nausea, and in severe cases, even death. Additionally, carbon monoxide contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, which is a key component of smog and canexacerbate respiratory problems, particularly in individuals with pre-existing conditions such as asthma.Another significant pollutant found in car exhaust is nitrogen oxides (NOx). These compounds, which include nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are formed during the high-temperature combustion process in vehicle engines. Nitrogen oxides can have a range of adverse effects on human health, including respiratory irritation, decreased lung function, and an increased risk of respiratory infections. Moreover, these pollutants play a crucial role in the formation of acid rain, which can damage ecosystems, infrastructure, and cultural heritage sites.In addition to carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, car exhaust also contains particulate matter (PM), which are tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. These particles can vary in size, with the smaller ones (PM2.5 and PM10) being particularly harmful to human health. Exposure to particulate matter has been linked to a range of respiratory and cardiovascular problems, including lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Furthermore, these particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, potentially causing inflammation and other health issues.The environmental impact of car exhaust emissions extends beyond just human health. These pollutants can also have a significantimpact on the natural environment. For instance, the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), from vehicle emissions contributes to global climate change. This can lead to rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and the increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, all of which can have devastating consequences for ecosystems, agriculture, and human communities.Moreover, the deposition of pollutants from car exhaust can also have a detrimental effect on local ecosystems. Nitrogen oxides and particulate matter can accumulate in soil and water, disrupting the delicate balance of nutrients and causing harm to plants, animals, and aquatic life. This can lead to the degradation of habitats, the loss of biodiversity, and the disruption of important ecological processes.In response to the growing concerns over car exhaust emissions, governments and regulatory bodies around the world have implemented various policies and regulations to address this issue. These include the introduction of stricter emission standards for vehicles, the promotion of alternative fuel sources (such as electric or hybrid vehicles), and the implementation of urban planning strategies that encourage the use of public transportation, walking, and cycling.However, the success of these efforts largely depends on the activeparticipation and cooperation of both the automotive industry and individual consumers. Automakers must continue to invest in the development of cleaner and more efficient engine technologies, while consumers must be willing to make eco-friendly choices when it comes to their transportation options.Additionally, the general public can play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of car exhaust emissions through simple lifestyle changes. This includes reducing the number of unnecessary car trips, properly maintaining their vehicles to ensure optimal fuel efficiency, and supporting policies and initiatives that promote sustainable transportation solutions.In conclusion, the issue of car exhaust emissions is a complex and multifaceted problem that requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach to address. By raising awareness, implementing effective policies, and encouraging individual and collective action, we can work towards a future where the benefits of personal transportation are balanced with the need to protect our health and the environment. Only by addressing this challenge can we ensure a sustainable and livable future for generations to come.。

高中英语真题:2015一轮英语阅读理解练习（2）及答案（精品）阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Rivers may be a significant source of the greenhouse gas nitrou s oxide (一氧化二氮), scientists now find.Their calculation suggests that across the globe the waterways contribute three times the amount of nitrous oxide to the atmos phere as had been estimated by the International Panel on Clim ate Change (IPCC), the United Nations scientific body charged with reviewing climate change research. They found that the a mount of nitrous oxide produced in streams is related to human activities that release nitrogen (氮) into the environment, such a s fertilizer use and sewage discharges.“Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion and intensive agriculture, have increased the availability of nitrogen in the en vironment,” said Jake Beaulieu of the University of Notre Dame and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in , , and lead a uthor of the paper published this week in the journal Proceeding s of the National Academy of Sciences.“Much of this nitrogen is transported into river and stream netw orks,” Beaulieu said. There, microbes (微生物) convert the nitrogen into nitrous oxide (also called laughing gas) and an inert gas called dinitrogen (二氮).The finding is important, the researchers say, because nitrous o xide is a powerful greenhousegas that contributes to climate change and destruction of the str atosphere’s ozone layer, which protects us from the sun’s harm ful ultraviolet (紫外线) radiation. Compared with carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide is 30 0-fold more powerful in terms of its warming potential, though car bon dioxide isa far more common greenhouse gas. Scientists estimate nitrou s oxide accounts for about 6 percent of human-induced climate change.Beaulieu and colleagues measured nitrous oxide production rat es in 72 streams. When summed across the globe, the results s howed rivers and streams are the source of at least 10 percent of human-caused nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere. “Changes in agricultural and land-use practices that result in less nitrogen being delivered to streams would reduce nitrous oxide emissions from river networks,” Beaulieu said.1. From the second paragraph we can learn .A. actually rivers give off much more nitrous oxide than expecte dB. scientists’ calculation is totally wrongC. human activities release nitrous oxide in to the riversD. there is no nitrogen in fertilizer2. Which of the following is NOT the source of nitrogen?A. Fertilizer use.B. Sewage discharges.C. Fossil fuel combustion.D. Climate change.3. Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas because .A. it can protect us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiationB. it is to blame for most of human-induced climate changeC. it is a far more common greenhouse gasD. it has much more warming potential than carbon dioxide4. What does the passage mainly tells us?A. Rivers may be a source of the greenhousegas nitrous oxide.B. It’s human activities that release nitrogen into the environme nt.C. How to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from river networksD What to do with the climate change caused by nitrous oxide. 【参考答案】1—4、ADDA较难题目特训：节能环保类阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

人与自然和谐相处英语作文人与自然和谐相处英语作文（通用20篇）在日常学习、工作抑或是生活中，大家都有写作文的`经历，对作文很是熟悉吧，作文是通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。

那么，怎么去写作文呢？下面是小编为大家收集的人与自然和谐相处英语作文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

人与自然和谐相处英语作文篇1Nature, the environment which human beings live by, is magnificent and unique. There si only one earth with super living conditions in the universe. We should have cherished nature and preserved it. Conversely, however, we have been continually spoiling it, even to a shocking degree. Now let's see what we have dong. Thousands of trees have been cut down per year, which has caused soil erosion. Hundreds of thousands of tons of CFCS have been left in the higher sky in the last decade which has led to the ozone layer leak above the South Pole that covers an area of that of the United States. Million tons of fuel containing nitrogen and sulphur have been consumed per year, which has eventually resulted in acid rain throughout the world.Similarly, ecology has been affected as well. And considerable number of species have been extinct as the years go by many creatures which were common in the past are becoming less and less, even rare. The Tibet antelope, for instance, is a good example. Since the antelopes of Tibet have a part of fur on their body which can be made into a precious cape, driven by some lawless dealers many villagers killed antelopes excessively and shocking for the large suns of fortune. Because of this, the number of the antelopes of Tibet has sharply fallen from over one million to less than one hundred thousand. Andwhat's more, the number has now decreased by 20 thousand per year.Qing Zang Platean, which was their homeland, is their tombs now. This is how nature has suffered what we have done to it. However, nature and suffer any more. She lost her temper and could no longer possibly put up with humans. She gave humans harsh punishment, which she thought they deserved. The acid rain has caused the less of more than 100 billion dollars throughout the world per year. And because of desertisation, soil is becoming more and more barren. The soil of many planes is now until for growing plants. The air is less fresh, and a lot of people even get many stranger diseases.Those are all the punishment of nature to human's pollution. On the other hand, human being suffer a lot as well. So it leads to a serious of questions-- Why can't we live harmoniously with nature? Why can't we set a balance between human and nature? Why can't we pay more attention to nature and try to reserve it? Therefore, before we take immediate measures to do something, we should be aware of the fact that "Conquering the nature" will never be our goal, instead, we should take the nature as our intimate friend. Preserving nature is not only preserving our home, but the civilization of human community as well.人与自然和谐相处英语作文篇2We often say that the earth is our homeland and human society comes from nature. Therefore, I think our society is a part of nature. People should live harmoniously with nature.All the materials we need to live with come from nature, but we should also repay the nature, rather than blindly solicit. For example, we should plant more trees and take actions to protect the environment. In addition, we have to control population.Due to excessive population growth, human beings require much more natural resources than before, which lead to excessive pressure on nature. In order to long-term development, the population growth must be controlled.We all come from nature which is our homeland, so we must try best to protect it.人与自然和谐相处英语作文篇3can people live in harmony with nature man and nature are interactiveforces.looking back along the river of history, we may find that harmony used to eist between people and nature. at that time nature was pure field to be ploughed, sown and harvested. man respected nature and was one part of nature.it seems that people today are masters of natureg nature is torn into pieces. while we are disrupting(破坏) the order of the natural world, we are the ultimate victims, for nature is seeking its revenge(报复). disappearing forests, drying rivers, polluted soil and worsening climate have punished greedy human beings. we have taken too much from nature, and given back too little.looking forward to the future, when we gain reasoning, when we remember the deep interdependent relationship between people and nature, when citizens of the world work persistently to protect nature, then nature will be our friend instead of our slave or servant. sure, people can live in harmony with nature, with commitment, hard work and new technology.人与自然和谐相处英语作文篇4Looking back along the river of history, we may find that harmony used to exist between people and nature. At that time nature was pure field to be ploughed, sown and harvested. Peopel respected nature and was one part of nature.It seems that people today are masters of Nature 。

2010Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft. The 787 and350 respectively . Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference .But a group of researchers at Stanford University , led by Ilan Kroo , has suggested that airlinescould take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buynew aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo , lies with birds . Since 1914, scientists have known that birdsflying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird ’w sings curlsupwards behind the wingtips . a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwashexperience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves . Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different . Dr Kroo and his teammodeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Franciscoand I as Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation occasionally changeplaces so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions , and proceed to London. Theyfound that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction incarbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell byaround a quarter.There are , of course , knots to be worked out . One consideration is safety , or at least theperception of it . Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr Kroo points outthat the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles , and would not be in the intimategroupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows , A passenger peering out of thewindow might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved wouldsatisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in ablueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flightmore efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes ’wakes will decay more quickly andthe effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. Itmight also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passengeraircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast,might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flight.As it happens, America ’asrmed forces are on the on case already. Earlier this year thecountry ’D sefence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing toinvestigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin . There are reports that somemilitary aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War ,butDr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “Myfather was an RAF pilot and my cousin theskipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin, ”he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing andAirbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other plans.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America ’s armed forces once triedformation flight to save fuel.2011Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting publichealth by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes ”on unhealthy food and-i-ntroduce cigarette style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley,who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to freebusinesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrictadvertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fastfoodproducers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy foodand help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.Professor Terence Stephenson,president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption ofunhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking inthe workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now.Are we willing to be just ascourageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be, ”said the leader of the UK'schildren's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather thangovernment to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a centralrole in the Chang for Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eatingand fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improveschool lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing ”people was not the best way tochange their behavior.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements forfoods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or i n cinemas. “If wewere really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way ascigarettes—by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sportsevents，”he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Association. Fast food chains should also stop offering “inducements ”such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Di nesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childreare taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at leastinformation is available up front. ”He also argues councils to impose -food-f“r e e f a z s o t nes ” around schools andhospitals— areas within which takeaways cannot open.A department of Health spokesman said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new‘responsibility, deal with business, built on social responsibly, not state regulation. Later this year,we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. ”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves,especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking overthe last decade.A “fat taxes ” should be imposed -ofonofda sptrod ucers such asMcDonald ’sB the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood ofschools46.Andrew Lansley held that C “lecturing ” was an effective way to improve school lunches inEngland47.Terence Stephenson agreed that D cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about thedangers of a poor diet48.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that E the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly tothe Change4Life campaign49.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that F parents should set good examples for their children by keeping ahealthy diet at home50.A Department of Health spokesperson G the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among proposed that businesses2012“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom theHistory of the Great Men who have worked here, ”wrote the Victorian Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approachthe past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De VirisIllustribus —On Famous Men , highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarchcelebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographicaltradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince , he championed cunning,ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist ’s personal experienthan public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Helpas a catalogueof the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which thfurnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity,issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit, ”wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. ”His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josian Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficultlife.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figuresrepresented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than meremortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles, ”wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no i mmense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that. ”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, Assuch, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations inwhich each epoch stood. For: “M en make their own history, but they do not make it just as theyplease; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstancesdirectly found, given and transmitted from the past. ”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History frombelow stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —fromgender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lostsocieties. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.51. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leadingartists.52. Niccolo Machiavellli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were53. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding thegreat men in history.54. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of themasses and their record of struggle.55. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successfulleaders.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineerindustrialists and explorers2013[A] Shopkeepers are your friends[B] Remember to treat yourself[C] Stick to what you need[D] Live like a peasant[E] Balance your diet[F] Planning is everything[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes onfood, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130，000 a year working in corporate communicationsand eating at London's best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his careerburned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life.And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gaveme the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by- day thing. ”Now he's living ina council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry onblogging —not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many peoeplin a much worsestate, with barely any money to spend on food b”u t—eating well on a budget. Here's his advice foreconomical foodies.41.________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast,lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It'salso a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes changeyour mind about what you fancy.42.________This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly,you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whateverweight is prepacked in the supermarket chiller.43.________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer —that's not good enough.Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage,but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “gooff ”w ill be cooked or juiced.56.________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable askingif they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fishheads for stock which, more often than not, they'll let you have for free.57.________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treatyourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant —￡1.75 a week for three months givesyou ￡21—more than enough for a threecourse lunch at Michelinstarred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95there—or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.2014Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of arange of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, whichpushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portrayinglandscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British Land Art, typified by Long's piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but alot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition ofLand Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long'sphotograph of his work is the work. Since his “action ”is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains alot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain's bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocksfrom Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of theform. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artistsMark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the Britishlandscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is oneof the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experienceof the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very funny Across thePark, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittinglyassaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towardslandscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the WiltshireDowns. While it probably wasn't apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spiritof romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman's yellowtinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshirelandscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to PaulNash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found away of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a singlebeautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of daystaken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestlyscaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientatedlight conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the resultswere as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took58. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art59. Olaf StreetStudy [C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.60. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land art61. Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art62. Seven days [F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.2015[A] You are not alone[B] Don ’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences.Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house.Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but youshould remember that t hey won ’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understandingand respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us towardfuture opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I ’ve learned along the way.63._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us bysignaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers witha help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is aproduct of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is achoice. ”I do completely agree that fears a j u r e s t the product of our luxuriant imagination.64._____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus onthe present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. Youmay feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstancesyou cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive.Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you.Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can bedesigned into the present.65.______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can beeasily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have.Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining aboutsomething.66.________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should alwaysremember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants tohelp you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearestpeople. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help andcompanionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities,full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.67.________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gainingobjectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you areincapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something importantyou should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin,think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.2016[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C] Ask for help[D] Express your emotions[E] Don't overthink it[F] Be easily pleased[G] Notice thingsAs adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yetchildren appear to have it down to an art —and for the most part they don't need self-help books ortherapy. instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively, and usually more effectively than wedo as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41.______________What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageableand don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. that's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then —again like children —move.42.____________A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43.______________________Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies , increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection. All of which, of course, have a positive effect on happiness levels.44.__________________The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with —work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room, anyone?) —it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45.___________________Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of strivingfor happiness."And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.2017The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. “W e don't make anything anymore,”he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners arenow grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up withtoo few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers －and upward pressure on wages. “T hey’r e harder to find and they have job offers,”says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “T hey may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing, ”Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating." he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 millionin 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in thehigh-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.“T he gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is.”Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “O vertime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives, ”she says.。

42CHINA TODAYWHILE stepping up the development of new materials, innovative drugs, and other cutting-edge sectors, China will also focus on hydrogen in its quest forclean, safe, and efficient energy for industry and transportation, according to the 2024 Report on the Work of the Government. Hydrogen is a clean, safe, and efficient energy source that can power industries and transportation, which makes it an attractive fuel for the future. Consequently, devel-oping hydrogen power was one of the focal points of the discussions at the recent “Two Sessions.”Building a Hydrogen Ecosystem“Hydrogen leads the new round of global en-ergy transformation,” NPC deputy and President of Beijing Yihuatong Technology Co. (SinoHytec) Zhang Guoqiang told China Today in an exclusive interview. It is a key direction for strategic emerg-ing industries and crucial for promoting green and low-carbon energy transition, driving industrial upgrading, and shaping new quality productive forces, whose nature is green development, Zhang added.China’s first guideline on accelerating the green development of the manufacturing industry, released on March 1, 2024, focuses on the energy revolution and industrial transformation under the dual carbon goals – achieving carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. The objective is to build a complete industrial chain of technolo-gies and equipment for hydrogen production, stor-age, transportation and utilization, and to improve the economic efficiency.By staff reporter ZHOU LINFuel of the FutureLawmakers call for stepping up hydrogenpower production to facilitate China’s clean and low-carbon energy transformation and create a new engine of growth.Special Report43April 2024hydrogen energy, and about 20 percent to transportation.Currently, there are over 1,000hydrogen refueling stations worldwide.SinoHytec is a national hi-tech enterprise focused on research and industrializationof hydrogen and fuel cells. Zhang said its two majorbusinesses are hydrogen and fuel cells for land transporta-tion. SinoHytec products havepowered over 4,900 vehicles whose cumulative operating mileage is over 200 million kilometers. The company has been holding the largest market share in China for seven consecutive years. Hebei Province has become a significant player in the industry. Last year it issued an action planfor accelerating the development of new energy as well as seven special plans to promote green andlow-carbon transformation of energy, with the goal of forming an integrated system for wind, solar,water, nuclear, and hydrogen energy production and storage. By 2023, a technology research and devel-opment, inspection and testing system covering the entire hydrogen energy industry chain had been formed. Core technologies such as purification ofindustrial by-product hydrogen are being promoted in fields such as transportation, steel and chemical industries, and communication base stations.Zhang said SinoHytec has created a hydrogen ecosystem in Zhangjiakou in Hebei, building the first plant in China that produces hydrogen from renewable sources and Zhangjiakou’s first hydro-gen refueling station. During the Olympic Win-ter Games Beijing 2022, over 700 fuel cell vehiclesequipped with SinoHytec’s products provided transportation for athletes as well as visitors. Zhang said Zhangjiakou already has 35 hydrogen enterprises, which have formed a preliminary hydrogen energy industrial chain.Energizing the Path to Net ZeroThe green hydrogen chemical industry is an-other important area where hydrogen energy can be used.Major countries across the globe have all rolled out national policies for hydrogen energy, with increased investment to boost advanced technol-ogy research and industrialization. According to Hydrogen Insights 2023, released by the Belgium-headquartered Hydrogen Council and McKinsey & Company, the global hydrogen economy is growing rapidly with accelerated development momentum. By 2030, direct investment in hydrogen energy is expected to reach US $320 billion. About half of the projects funded by these investments will be related to large-scale industrial employment of The global hydrogeneconomy is growing rapidly with accelerated development momentum.By 2030, direct invest-ment in hydrogen energy is expected to reachUS $320 billion.ZhangGuoqiang, an NPC deputy and president of Beijing Yi-huatong Tech-nology Co. (SinoHytec).A fuel cell vehicleequipped with Sino-Hytec’s productsprovides transpor-tation for athletesduring the OlympicWinter Games Bei-jing 2022.44CHINA TODAYXu Zixia, an NPC deputy and chief engineer of China National Chemical Engineering No. 13 Con-struction Co., said the chemical industry is both high-energy-consuming and emission-intensive. It is one of the eight key industries covered by the national carbon market. “The chemical industry needs urgent technological and industrial upgrad-ing to accelerate transformation and reach the goal of carbon reduction,” Xu said.In 2022, China’s chemical industry produced over 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon emissions, ac-counting for nearly 15 percent of the country’s total amount, she said. However, the chemical industry is a pillar of the national economy, with a large economic output, a long industrial chain and multiple products. It is key to the security and stability of the industrial and supply chains and people’s well-being. Therefore green and low-carbon development of the industry is of critical importance.“Hydrogen energy is an important part of production in the chemical industry. Using green hydrogen generated via water electrolysis for production can achieve carbon reduction at the source, during the process, and at the end of the production,” Xu pointed out. It is estimated that 10,000 tonnes of green hydrogen can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 100,000 tonnes.“Green hydrogen” means conducting electrolysis by using renewable sources such as wind, hydro, solar, and nuclear power to produce hydrogen, with no carbon emissions produced during the process. Hebei, for example, has a large amount of renewable energy resources and industrial by-product hydrogen resources, which can be tapped to develop hydrogen energy. Zhangjiakou, Chengde, and regions along the Taihang Moun-tains in Hebei have abundant wind and solar pow-er, which in turn means abundant green hydrogen resources.In April 2022, a guideline was issued for high-quality development of the petrochemical and chemical industry, urging enterprises in the two sectors to develop and utilize green hydrogen in accordance with local conditions, and promote the coupling of refining and coal chemical industries with green electricity and green hydrogen.Key enterprises and projects have started using hydrogen energy. In June 2023, the first10,000-tonne hydrogen production project in China – the Narisong Photovoltaic Hydrogen Produc-tion Industry Demonstration Project in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia – began operation. Two months later, China’s largest photovoltaic green hydrogen project – the Xinjiang Kuche Green Hydrogen Demonstration Project – was launched. Xu called them a breakthrough in the industrial applicationof green hydrogen in China.Guo Jianzeng, an NPC deputy and director of the Science and Technology Committee of the 718th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation.Special Report“The chemical industry needs urgent technolo-gical and indus-trial upgrading to accelerate transformation and reach the goal of carbon reduction.”UPGRADING45April 2024Green Hydrogen as a National StrategyGuo Jianzeng, an NPC deputy and director of the Science and Technology Committee of the 718th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding In-dustry Corporation, said green hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of water is a major solution to tackle global decarbonization. “It is vital to master the key technologies in this field,” Guo said.Water electrolysis uses renewable energy such as offshore wind energy and tidal energy for the mass production of green hydrogen. Advanced technologies are required for high-density stor-age and transportation of high-pressure hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, and metallic hydrogen. Besides enabling large-scale production, storage, and transportation, they also help lower costs. The hydrogen produced can be used in many scenarios – as fuel for ships, in the chemical industry, trans-portation, and construction.Guo pointed out the multiple advantages of having a marine hydrogen industry. It is an effec-tive way of meeting the carbon peaking and car-bon neutrality goals; it boosts the consumption ofoffshore renewable energy; it meets international green shipping requirements; and finally, it is vital to have independent and controllable technology and equipment throughout the hydrogen energy industrial chain.“Oceans are a source of abundant renewable en-ergy, which can be tapped through offshore wind, floating solar photovoltaic, and other emerging ocean energy technologies. Hydrogen obtained from these renewable energy sources is sustain-able and clean, which makes it a key component in the global energy transition,” Guo said. Hydro-gen can also be used for large-scale energy storage and peak shaving, which effectively addresses the challenges of long-term and large-scale storage of electricity, increases the flexibility of the power system, and promotes high-proportion consump-tion of renewable energy.Moreover, hydrogen is an effective intermedi-ate agent for producing green and clean fuels for ships that meet the decarbonization standards. Various forms of hydrogen energy consumption can be created, such as adding carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen into hydrogen to make ammonia and methanol, which can be an alternative fuel for the shipping industry to achieve large-scale decarbonization.“Hydrogen energy covers numerous products in preparation, storage and transportation and appli-cation, and is an important component of China’s strategic emerging industry chain. It is also a key field in China’s high-end equipment manufacturing industry,” Guo said. The electrolysis water hydro-gen production technology of the 718th Research Institute is a premier technology in China. By de-veloping hydrogen energy and promoting the local-ization of its equipment, China can both enhance its international competitiveness and ensure the security and stability of the entire hydrogen energy industry chain.After discussing all the pros and cons, the NPC deputies were unanimous that the development of hydrogen power should be stepped up so that it becomes a new engine of economic growth. It would facilitate China’s clean and low-carbon en-ergy transition and contribute to the development of new quality productive forces. CThe hydrogen stor-age tank installation area of Sinopec Xin-jiang Kuqa Green Hydrogen Pilot Project in Aksu, Xinjiang, China, on October 28, 2023.。

动植物的作用英语作文The Vital Roles of Flora and FaunaOur world is teeming with a diverse array of living organisms, each playing a crucial role in the intricate web of life. From the towering trees that grace our landscapes to the tiny microbes that inhabit the soil beneath our feet, the dynamic interplay between the plant and animal kingdoms is essential for the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants.One of the most significant contributions of the plant kingdom is its ability to harness the power of sunlight through the process of photosynthesis. Green plants, such as trees, shrubs, and grasses, capture the sun's energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This glucose serves as the primary source of fuel for the plant itself, allowing it to grow, thrive, and reproduce. But the benefits of this process extend far beyond the plant world. The oxygen released during photosynthesis is vital for the respiration of all aerobic organisms, including humans and animals, ensuring the delicate balance of gases in our atmosphere.In addition to their role in oxygen production, plants also play acrucial part in the regulation of the global climate. Through the process of transpiration, plants release water vapor into the atmosphere, contributing to the formation of clouds and the distribution of precipitation. This water cycle is essential for maintaining the Earth's temperature, as well as providing the necessary moisture for the growth and survival of both plant and animal life.The importance of plants extends beyond their direct contributions to the environment. Many species of plants have been cultivated and domesticated by humans for food, medicine, and other essential resources. Crops such as wheat, rice, and corn provide the staple foods that sustain human populations around the world, while herbs and medicinal plants have been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments. The loss of these valuable plant resources would have a devastating impact on human well-being and survival.The animal kingdom, too, plays a vital role in the delicate balance of our ecosystems. Herbivores, such as deer, bison, and rabbits, serve as primary consumers, converting the energy stored in plants into a form that can be utilized by higher trophic levels. These animals, in turn, provide sustenance for carnivores, such as wolves, lions, and bears, who play a crucial role in maintaining the population dynamics of their prey species.Beyond their role as consumers, animals also contribute to the dispersal of plant seeds and the pollination of flowering species. Many birds, bees, and other insects act as pollinators, carrying pollen from one plant to another, facilitating the reproduction and genetic diversity of the plant kingdom. This symbiotic relationship between plants and animals is essential for the continued existence of both.The interconnectedness of the plant and animal kingdoms is further exemplified by the crucial role that decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, play in the cycling of nutrients. These organisms break down the remains of dead plants and animals, returning essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the soil, where they can be absorbed by living plants and continue the cycle of life.The loss of biodiversity, caused by factors such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, poses a grave threat to the delicate balance of our ecosystems. When one species is lost, it can have a cascading effect on the entire food web, leading to the disruption of essential ecological processes and the potential collapse of entire ecosystems.In conclusion, the plant and animal kingdoms are inextricably linked, each playing a vital role in the maintenance of a healthy, functioning environment. From the production of oxygen to the regulation of the climate, from the provision of food and medicine to the cycling ofnutrients, the contributions of flora and fauna are essential for the well-being of our planet and all its inhabitants. As stewards of the Earth, it is our responsibility to protect and preserve the rich diversity of life that sustains us, ensuring that future generations can continue to reap the benefits of these remarkable living systems.。

500个汽修英文缩写In the vast and intricate world of automotive repair, a myriad of specialized terms and abbreviations have emerged to streamline communication and enhance efficiency. As technicians navigate the ever-evolving landscape of vehicle maintenance and diagnostics, mastering this linguistic code has become a crucial skill. This essay delves into the world of 500 common automotive repair English abbreviations, exploring their meanings, applications, and the vital role they play in the industry.One of the most prevalent abbreviations in automotive repair is OBD or On-Board Diagnostics. This system, mandated in modern vehicles, monitors various vehicle subsystems and reports any malfunctions or potential issues through a diagnostic trouble code (DTC). Technicians can then use specialized tools to interpret these codes and identify the root cause of the problem, allowing for targeted and effective repairs.Another essential abbreviation is HVAC, which stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. This system is responsible formaintaining the desired temperature and air quality within the vehicle's cabin, and technicians must be well-versed in the various components and troubleshooting procedures associated with HVAC systems.The term TPMS, or Tire Pressure Monitoring System, is another widely used abbreviation in the automotive industry. This system monitors the air pressure in each of the vehicle's tires and alerts the driver when the pressure falls below a predetermined threshold. Maintaining proper tire pressure is crucial for safety, fuel efficiency, and tire longevity, making TPMS a critical component in modern vehicle design.ABS, or Anti-lock Braking System, is a technology that prevents the wheels from locking up during emergency braking situations, allowing the driver to maintain better control of the vehicle. Technicians must be adept at diagnosing and repairing ABS-related issues to ensure the safety and reliability of the braking system.The term EGR, or Exhaust Gas Recirculation, refers to a mechanism that redirects a portion of the engine's exhaust gases back into the intake system. This process helps to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, which are harmful to the environment. Understanding the functioning and maintenance of EGR systems is crucial for technicians working on emissions-related repairs.Another essential abbreviation in the automotive industry is PCV, or Positive Crankcase Ventilation. This system helps to regulate the pressure within the engine's crankcase, preventing the buildup of harmful combustion byproducts and promoting better engine performance and longevity.The term SRS, or Supplemental Restraint System, encompasses the various airbag and seatbelt systems within a vehicle. Technicians must be highly trained in the proper diagnosis, repair, and replacement of these safety-critical components to ensure the protection of the vehicle's occupants in the event of a collision.One of the more complex abbreviations in the automotive industry is ECM, or Engine Control Module. This onboard computer is responsible for managing various engine functions, including fuel injection, ignition timing, and emissions control. Technicians must possess a deep understanding of ECM programming, diagnostics, and repair to effectively troubleshoot and resolve engine-related issues.The term CVT, or Continuously Variable Transmission, is a type of automotive transmission that provides a seamless and efficient power transfer from the engine to the wheels. Technicians working on vehicles equipped with CVTs must be familiar with the uniquemaintenance and repair procedures associated with this technology.Finally, the abbreviation EVAP, or Evaporative Emission Control System, refers to the components and processes that prevent the release of fuel vapors from the vehicle's fuel system into the atmosphere. Proper diagnosis and repair of EVAP-related issues are essential for maintaining compliance with environmental regulations and ensuring the overall health of the vehicle's fuel system.These are just a few examples of the countless automotive repair English abbreviations that technicians must understand and master to provide comprehensive and effective vehicle maintenance and repair services. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, with the integration of advanced technologies and stringent environmental regulations, the need for skilled technicians who can navigate this linguistic landscape will only grow. By familiarizing themselves with these 500 common abbreviations, technicians can enhance their problem-solving abilities, improve communication with colleagues and customers, and ultimately deliver superior automotive repair services.。