初二英语下册知识点总结多
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八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结如下:一、动词时态一般现在时:描述经常发生的动作或状态。
主语为第三人称单数时,动词要加-s或-es。
例子:She often reads books in the evening. (她晚上经常看书。
)一般过去时:描述过去发生的动作或状态。
动词要用过去式。
例子:I went to the park last Sunday. (我上周日去了公园。
)现在进行时:描述正在进行的动作或状态。
结构为“be动词(am/is/are)+动词-ing”。
例子:They are playing football now. (他们现在正在踢足球。
)过去进行时:描述过去某个时间点正在进行的动作。
结构为“was/were+动词-ing”。
例子:When I called you, you were studying. (我打电话给你时,你正在学习。
)二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级比较级:用于比较两个事物或人的特征。
一般在形容词或副词后加-er。
例子:This book is cheaper than that one. (这本书比那本便宜。
)最高级:用于比较三个或更多事物或人的特征。
在形容词或副词后加-est,或在前面加the most。
例子:She is the tallest girl in her class. (她是她班级里最高的女孩。
)三、情态动词can/could:表示能力或可能性。
例子:I can swim. (我会游泳。
)may/might:表示可能性或请求。
例子:You may borrow my book. (你可以借我的书。
)must:表示必须或义务。
例子:You must finish your homework tonight. (你今晚必须完成家庭作业。
)四、被动语态被动语态用于描述事物的状态或描述被动发生的动作。
结构为“be动词(am/is/are/was/were)+动词的过去分词”。
八年级下册人教版英语笔记一、Unit 1 What's the matter?1. 重点单词。
- matter:n. 问题;事情。
常用搭配:What's the matter (with sb.)? = What's wrong (with sb.)? = What's the trouble (with sb.)?(某人)怎么了?- sore:adj. 疼痛的;酸痛的。
例如:a sore throat喉咙痛。
- stomachache:n. 胃痛;腹痛。
- foot:n. 脚;足。
复数形式是feet。
- neck:n. 脖子;颈部。
- fever:n. 发烧。
have a fever发烧。
- lie:v. (lay - lain)躺;平躺。
lie down躺下。
- rest:v. & n. 放松;休息。
take breaks/take a break = have a rest休息。
- cough:v. & n. 咳嗽。
have a cough咳嗽。
- toothache:n. 牙痛。
2. 重点短语。
- have a cold:感冒。
- have a stomachache:胃痛。
- lie down and rest:躺下休息。
- drink some hot tea with honey:喝些加蜂蜜的热茶。
- see a dentist:看牙医。
- get an X - ray:拍X光片。
- take one's temperature:量体温。
3. 重点句型。
- What should I do? 我应该做什么?- You should see a dentist and get an X - ray. 你应该去看牙医并拍X光片。
- Should I put some medicine on it? 我应该在上面敷些药吗?- Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn't. 是的,你应该。
八年级下册仁爱英语知识点八年级下册仁爱英语知识点大全go out for dinner 出去吃饭stay out late 在外面待到很晚go to the movies 去看电影get a ride 搭车work on 从事finish doing sth. 完成做某事clean and tid y 干净整洁do the dishes 洗餐具take out the rubbish 倒垃圾fold your/the clothes 叠衣服sweep the floor 扫地make your/the bed 整理床铺clean the livng room 打扫客厅no problem 没问题welcome sb. 欢迎某人come home fro m school/ work放学/下班回家throw down 扔下sit down 坐下come over 过来take sb. for a walk 带某人去散步all the time 一直;总是all day/evening 整曰/夜do housew ork 做家务shout back 大声回应walk away 走开.share the housework 分担家务a com fortable home 一个舒适的家in surprise 惊讶地get som ething to drin k 拿点喝的东西watch one show 观看一个节目hang out 闲逛pass sb. sth. 把某物传给某人lend sb. sth. 把某物借给某人get sth. wet 使某物弄湿hate to do sth. 讨厌做某事do chores 做杂务help sb. (to ) d o /with sth帮助某人干某事bring a tent带顶帐篷来buy some snacks买些小吃go to the store去商店invite sb. to a party邀请某人参加聚会make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事enough stress足够的压力awaste of tim e浪费时间in order to为了get good grades取得好成绩m ind doing sth. 介意做某事depend on依赖;依靠develop c h ild re n ’ s independence发展孩子的独立性look after/take care of 照顾;照看do one’ s part in (doin g ) sth.做某人分内的事八年级英语Unit3单元知识点:重点句型1. Could you please…..do sth. ?Could you please clean your room?你能整理一下你的房间吗?2. I have to do some work.我必须干些活。
一、词汇:1.名词:可数名词和不可数名词的用法,如单数、复数形式、所有格等。
2.代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词等的用法。
3. 动词:be动词、实义动词、情态动词的用法,以及时态、语态等的变化。
4.介词:表示时间、地点、方向、方式等的常见介词的使用。
5.数词:基数词、序数词、分数等的用法。
6.冠词:定冠词和不定冠词的用法。
7.形容词和副词:形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化,以及修饰位置的特殊情况。
8.前缀和后缀:常见的前缀和后缀的构词法。
二、语法:1.句子的基本结构:主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主语从句、宾语从句等。
2.时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时等时态的用法。
3.被动语态:被动语态的构成和用法。
4.祈使句:祈使句的用法,以及一些常用的祈使句句型。
5.条件句:零条件句、一般条件句、虚拟条件句等条件句的用法。
6.定语从句和状语从句:定语从句和状语从句的引导词和连接词的用法。
三、阅读理解:1.判断事实和推理:阅读短文,根据所读内容判断事实的真伪,以及进行简单的推理。
2.理解细节:从短文中找出相关细节,回答问题或完成任务。
3.推断意义:通过猜测词义、上下文推断等,理解隐含在短文中的意义。
4.主旨归纳:根据短文的内容,概括出短文的主旨或中心思想。
5.信息归纳:将短文中的信息按照一定的组织方式进行归纳。
以上是八年级下英语知识点的大致归纳,涵盖了词汇、语法和阅读理解等方面。
当然,具体的知识点还需要结合具体教材和学校的教学要求来确定。
希望以上内容对您有所帮助。
初二下册英语语法知识点总结归纳在初二下册的英语学习中,语法知识点是非常重要的一部分。
掌握好这些知识点不仅能够帮助我们更好地理解英语语言,还能够提高我们的语言表达能力。
下面我将对初二下册英语中常见的语法知识点进行总结和归纳。
一、时态1. 一般现在时:表示现在的情况、经常发生的动作或习惯。
例如:I play football every day.2. 一般过去时:表示过去发生的动作或状态。
例如:She watched a movie yesterday.3. 一般将来时:表示将来要发生的动作或情况。
例如:They will go to the park tomorrow.4. 现在进行时:表示现在正在进行的动作。
例如:He is reading a book.5. 过去进行时:表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
例如:I was sleeping when you called me.6. 现在完成时:表示过去某个时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在。
例如:I have lived here for five years.7. 过去完成时:表示在过去的某个时间点之前发生的动作。
例如:She had already finished her homework when her mother came back.二、名词1. 可数名词和不可数名词:可数名词可以用数目来计算,不可数名词则不能。
例如:apple(可数名词)、water(不可数名词)。
2. 单数名词和复数名词:单数名词表示一个,复数名词表示多个。
例如:cat (单数名词)、cats(复数名词)。
3. 物主代词:my, your, his, her, its, our, their。
例如:This is my book.三、形容词和副词1. 形容词:修饰名词,描述事物的特征。
例如:a beautiful flower。
2. 副词:修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示时间、地点、方式等。
英语八下知识点总结英语八下的学习内容涵盖了诸多方面,包括词汇、语法、阅读、写作等。
为了帮助大家更好地巩固所学知识,本文将为大家总结英语八下的重要知识点。
一、词汇1.动词短语:本学期学习了大量的动词短语,如:turn off、turn on、get up、go on、put on、take off等。
2.形容词和副词:掌握了一些常用的形容词和副词,如:happy、sad、tall、short、fast、slow等。
3.名词:学习了各类名词,包括人物、动物、物品、地点等,如:teacher、doctor、policeman、student、cat、dog、pen、pencil、school、park等。
二、语法1.现在进行时:表示正在进行的动作或状态,如:I am watching TV.2.一般将来时:表示将来要发生的动作或状态,如:I will go to the park tomorrow.3.现在完成时:表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,如:I have finished my homework.4.情态动词:学习了can、may、must等情态动词的用法,如:Can I go out now? May I come in?三、阅读1.短文阅读:通过阅读短文,提高阅读理解能力,掌握文章的主旨大意。
2.故事阅读:学习了一些有趣的故事,如《灰姑娘》、《小红帽》等。
3.信息匹配:根据文章内容,完成相应的信息匹配题。
四、写作1.书信:学习了书信的格式和写作方法,如:感谢信、邀请信、道歉信等。
2.看图作文:根据图片内容,发挥想象力,完成作文。
3.故事续写:根据给定故事的开头,发挥想象力,完成故事续写。
总结:英语八下的学习内容丰富多样,希望同学们在掌握以上知识点的基础上,多加练习,不断提高自己的英语水平。
同时,也要注意培养良好的学习习惯,如:按时复习、多做练习、积极参加课堂活动等。
初二下册英语知识点归纳1. 时态:- 一般现在时:表示经常性的动作、习惯、真理等。
- 现在进行时:表示正在进行的动作。
- 一般过去时:表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 过去进行时:表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 将来时:表示将要发生的动作。
2. 名词:- 可数名词:可以单独表示一个或多个的名词。
- 不可数名词:不能用于复数形式的名词,只能作为整体来看待。
- 所有格:表示所属关系的名词形式,一般在名词后面加's。
3. 形容词:- 基本形容词:用于修饰名词。
- 比较级形容词:用于表示两者之间的比较。
- 最高级形容词:用于表示三者或三者以上的比较。
4. 副词:- 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,用于表示程度、方式、时间等。
5. 代词:- 主格代词:作主语的代词形式。
- 宾格代词:作动词或介词的宾语的代词形式。
- 形容词性物主代词:表示所属关系的代词形式。
- 名词性物主代词:作为名词的代替。
6. 数词:- 基数词:表示数量的词。
- 序数词:表示顺序的词。
7. 冠词:- 定冠词:表示特指的冠词形式,即“the”。
- 不定冠词:表示泛指的冠词形式,即“a/an”。
8. 动词:- 及物动词:需要带宾语才能完成意义的动词。
- 不及物动词:不需要带宾语就能完成意义的动词。
- 动词不定式:由“to”加动词原形构成的短语。
9. 介词:- 用于连接名词、代词或动词与其他词语的词。
10. 连词:- 表示并列关系的连词,如“and, but, or”等。
- 表示选择关系的连词,如“either…or, neither…nor”等。
- 表示因果关系的连词,如“because, so, therefore”等。
11. 疑问句:- 一般疑问句:以助动词、情态动词或be动词开头的陈述句,问句式为“助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+谓语?”- 特殊疑问句:用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句,如“what, when, where, who, which, why, how”等。
八年级英语下册知识点总结归纳Unit 1 What’s the matter?【重点短语】1.have a fever 发烧2.have a cough 咳嗽3.have a toothache 牙疼4.talk too much 说得太多5.drink enough water 喝足够的水6.have a cold 受凉;感冒7.have a stomachache 胃疼8.have a sore back 背疼9.have a sore throat 喉咙痛10. take risks 冒险11.hot tea with honey 加蜂蜜的热茶12.see a dentist 看牙医13.get an X-ray 拍X 光片14.take one’s temperature 量体温15.put some medicine on sth. 在……上面敷药16. give up 放弃17. sound like 听起来像18. all weekend 整个周末19. in the same way 以同样的方式20. go to a doctor 看医生21. go along 沿着……走22. on the side of the road 在马路边23. shout for help 大声呼救24. without thinking twice 没有多想25. get off 下车26. have a heart problem 有心脏病27. to one’s surprise 另某人惊讶的是28. thanks to 多亏了;由于29. in time 及时30. make a decision 做出决定31. get into trouble 造成麻烦32. right away 立刻;马上33. because of 由于34. get out of 离开;从……出来35. keep on doing sth. 继续或坚持做某事36. put a bandage on sth. 用绷带包扎37. fall down 摔倒38. feel sick 感到恶心39. have a nosebleed 流鼻血40. cut his knee 割伤他的膝盖41. put her head back 把她的头向后仰42. have problems breathing 呼吸困难43. mountain climbing 登山运动44. be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事45. run out (of) 用完;用尽46. so that 以便47. so...that... 如此……以至于...…48. be in control of 掌管;管理49. in a difficult situation 在闲境中【重点句型】1. What's the matter with you?= What'the trouble with you?= What's wrong with you? 你怎么了?2. What should she do? 她该怎么办呢?3.Should I take my temperature? 我应该量一下体温吗?4.You should lie down and rest. 你应该躺下休息一会儿。
八年级下册英语知识点第一篇:八年级下册英语知识点初二(下)英语知识点总结I.重点短语1.on time 2.out of 3.all by oneself 4.lots of 5.no longer 6.get back 7.sooner or later 8.run away 9.eat up 10.take care of 11.turn off 12.turn on13.after a while 14.make faces15.teach oneself 16.fall off 17.play the piano 18.knock at 19.to one's surprise 20.look up 21.enjoy oneself 22.help yourself 23.tell a story / stories 24.leave....behind …… e along 26.hold a sports meeting 27.be neck and neck 28.as...as 29.not so / as...as 30.do one's best 31.take part in 32.a moment late 33.Bad luck!34.fall behind 35.high jump 36.long jump 37.relay race 38.well done!39.take off 40.as usual 41.a pair of 42.at once43.hurry offe to oneself 45.after a while 46.knock on 47.take care of 48.at the moment 49.set off50.here and there 51.on watch 52.look out53.take one’s placeII.重要句型1.We’d better not do sth.2.leave one.oneself3.find one’s way to a place4.stand on one’s head5.make sb.Happy6.catch up with sb.7.pass on sth.to somebody8.spend time doing sth.9.go on doing sth.10.get on well with sb.11.be angry with sb.12.be fed up with sth.13.not…until…14.make room for sb.III.交际用语1.We’re all by ourselves.2.I fell a little afraid.3.Don’t be afraid.4.Help!5.Can’t you hear anything?6.I can’t hear anything / anybody there.7.Maybe it’s a tiger.8.Let’s get it bac kbefore they eat the food.9.Did she learn all by herself? 10.Could she swim when she was …years old? 11.She didn’t hurt herself.12.He couldn’t buy himself many nice things.13.Did he enjoy himself? 14.Help yourselves.15.Bad luck!e on!17.Well done!Con gratulations(to…)!18.It must be very interesting.19.I don’t think you’ll like it.20.It seems to be an interesting book.21.I’m sure(that)… I’m not sure if… I’m not sure what to… 22.I hope so.23.What was he/she drawing when…?24.I’m sorry to trouble you.25.Would you please…? 26.What were you doing at ten o’clock yesterday morning? 27.You look tired today.28.You’d better go to bed early tonight, if you can.29.How kind!30.Let’s move the bag, or it may cause an accident.31.It’s really nice of you.32.Don’t mentio n it.33.Don’t crowd around him.IV.重要语法1.不定代词/副词的运用;2.反身代词的用法;3.并列句;4.形容词和副词的比较等级;5.冠词的用法;6.动词的过去进行时;【名师讲解】 1.bring/takeBring表示“带来、拿来”,指从别处朝说话人所在或将在的地方“带来、拿来”。
初二英语下册重要知识点归纳初二英语下册重要知识点归纳初二是提高英语成绩的最佳时期,这个时候将英语学好了,有利于初三的英语学习。
下面是店铺为大家整理的初二英语下册知识点,希望对大家有用!初二英语下册重要知识点归纳篇11.would like =want , would like to do sth=want to do sth . 想要做某事would like sb. to do sth .=want sb. to do sth 想要某人做某事would you like ...? 其后用some 不用any . 句子:Would you like to do sth .肯定回答:Yes ,please ./sure ,thanks ./Yes ,I’d like to./Yes ,I’d love to 否定回答:No,thanks .But…/Sorry ,I’m afraid I can’t .2.try to do sth .尽力做某事;试图做某事;设法做某事,但不一定成功.否定式:try not to do sth.try doing sth .试着做某事,看看会发生什么情况. have a try 试一试3.a bit 与a little1)两者修饰动词,形容词,副词或比较级,2)a little 可以直接修饰不可数名词,相当于a bit of4.have a try 试试看, have a look 看一看 have a headache头疼 have a rest 休息have a meeting 开会 have a good time 玩得愉快 have a fever 发烧5.lots of =a lot of 很多,大量,常用于肯定句中.既可修饰可数相当于many ,又可修饰不可数,相当于much . a lot 相当于very much ,多与动词连用,修饰形容词,副词的比较级.6.提出建议:1)Let’s do sth.让我们做…吧.2)How about /what about doing sth ?做..怎么样3)Why not do sth ?为什么不…?4)Would you like to do …?你愿意做….吗?5)Shall we do …?我们做…好吗?6)You’d better(not) do ..你最好(不)做某事.7.Thanks for sth. =Thank you for sth. 因…而感谢.后V+ing . Thanks to 幸亏,由于,归功于.8.leave a message留个口信, take/have a message for sb.给某人带个口信.9.hear from sb.=get /receive a letter from sb . 收到…的来信hear about /of 得悉,听说Hear out 听完 hear to 同意10.can’t wait to do sth .迫不及待做某事 wait for 等候…,后接等待的对象,名词或代词wait to do sth .等着做某事初二英语下册重要知识点归纳篇2交际用语1. We’re all by ourselves.2. I fell a little afraid.3. Don’t be afraid.4. Help!5. Can’t yo u hear anything?6. I can’t hear anything / anybody there.7. Maybe it’s a tiger.8. Let’s get it back before they eat the food.9. Did she learn all by herself?10. Could she swim when she was …years old?11. She didn’t hurt herself.12. He couldn’t buy himself many nice things.13. Did he enjoy himself?14. Help yourselves.15. Bad luck!16. Come on!17. Well done! Congratulations (to…)!初二英语下册重要知识点归纳篇31. How often do you exercise? 你(你们)多久锻炼一次身体?How often + 助动词do(does或did) + 主语 + do sth.? 疑问词how often是问频率(多久一次),(在这里助动词do(does或did) 是起帮助构成疑问的`作用)与一般现在时或一般过去时连用,回答一般是用表示频率的副词,如:once,twice,three times,sometimes,often,quite,often,never,every day,once a week ,twice a month , three times a month , three or four times a month 等。
初二英语下册知识点总结多Unit 1 Past and present1. I used to go to school by bike.used to do sth.是一个固定结构,意思是“过去经常做某事”,后面用动词原形,表示过去的某种经常性、习惯性的行为或者动作,并意味着这种动作目前已经不存在.肯定句:I used to play with my friends after school. 过去放学后我常常和朋友们一起玩.否定句:You didn’t use to like pop songs.=You usedn’t to like pop songs.你过去不喜欢流行歌曲.一般疑问句:Did your sister use to be quiet? = Used your sister to be quiet?你的妹妹过去常常是很安静吗?there be句式:There used to be a lot of fishes in this river. 过去这条小河常常有许多鱼.【拓展】(1) be used to do something意思是“被用来做某事”,是动词短语use …to do的被动语态结构.例如:Knives are used to cut things.小刀是用来切东西的.(2) be used to doing something意思是“习惯于做某事”,to后接动词-ing形式.例如:My father is used to living in the village. 我爸爸习惯于住在小山村.2. Yes, I’d like to.would like意为“想要”,语气非常委婉.具体用法如下:(1) would like后接名词或代词,表示“要”某样东西.例如:I would like a cup of coffee. 我要一杯咖啡.My mother would like an apple. 我的妈妈想要一个苹果.(2) would you like后接动词不定式(to do形式),表示意愿、喜爱,常用于有礼貌地提出邀请、请求或建议.例如:Would you like to help me?你愿意帮助我吗?Would you like to drink some tea? 你要喝茶吗?(3) would like sb. to do sth. 意为“想要某人做某事”. 例如:I’d like you to meet them. 我想要你见他们.【注意】它的肯定回答多用Yes, please./Yes, I’d (We’d) like (love) to./Certainly./Yes, thank you.等;I’d love /like to.的to不能省略.否定回答常用No, thanks./No, thank you.等.例如:— Would you like some coffee? 你要点儿咖啡吗?—No, thanks.不要了,谢谢.— Would you love to go to the movies with me? 你愿意和我一起去看电影吗?—Yes, I’d love to. 是的,我很愿意.3. I hope I can visit it again.本句是hope 后加了一个宾语从句,省略了连接词that.hope有如下用法:(1) 从说话语气上讲,hope 用于表示可能实现的事情,后接从句时,用陈述语气.例如:I hope I shall see him again. 我希望再见他一次.I hope you haven’t hurt yourself. 但愿你没有受伤.(2)从含义上讲,hope 多用于指对好事的盼望、预想;对坏事的预想则多用“I’m afraid...”. 例如:I hope it will be fine tomorrow. 我希望明天天气好.I’m afraid it will rain again. 恐怕还要下雨.(3) 从时间上看,hope 所希望的一般指将来或现在的事情,不用于指过去的事情. 例如:(4) 从句型上看,hope 可用hope to do sth.句型,而不能用hope sb. to do sth.句型.例如:I hope to watch the football match again. 我希望再看一次那场足球赛.(5) 要表示“希望如此”时,常用“I hope so.”其否定形式用“I hope not.”.hope后面还可以接that 从句,意为“希望……”. 例如:She hopes that I will pass the exam. 她希望我能通过考试.4. The new shopping mall is a good place to have fun.句中动词不定式短语to have fun作定语,修饰place.动词不定式短语作后置定语,可修饰名词、符合不定代词等.例如:Simon is always the first student to get to school. Simon总是第一个到校的学生.We must find a person to do the work. 我们必须找个人做这项工作.I have something to tell you. 我有一些事情要告诉你.I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间屋子住.5. I spend more time on my homework than before.spend是动词,意为“花费(时间或金钱)”.其过去式为spent.用法如下:时间/金钱 + (in) doing sth. 花费时间或金钱做某事spend +时间/金钱 + on sth. 花费时间或金钱在某物上例如:I spend two hours reading every day. 我每天花两个小时阅读.He spends 20 yuan on books every month. 他每月花20元买书.拓展:表示“花费”的spend、take、cost和pay的辨析:词语主语结构spend人(sb.)sb. spends + 时间或金钱+ (in) doing sth. /on sth.take it作形式主语It takes sb. some time to do sth.(真正主语)pay人(sb.)sb. pays + 金钱+ for sth.cost sth.(物)sth. costs sb. + 金钱例如:I spent 3 hours (in) doing /on my homework yesterday. 昨天我花了三个小时做作业.It took me four hours to go to Wuhan by bus. 乘公共汽车去武汉花了我四个小时.I paid six yuan for the pen. 我花了六元钱买这支笔.My English book cost me five yuan. 我的英语书花了我五元钱.Unit 2 Traveling1. My parents and I left for the airport in the early morning.leave作动词,意为“离开(某处)”,常与for连用,后接要去的地方.leave的过去式和过去分词都是left.He is leaving for Beijing next week. 他下周打算离开去北京.Mr S mith left the room at two o’clock. 史密斯先生两点离开了房间.【拓展】(1)leave还意为“离开(某人)的身边;离弃”.Her husband has left her. 她的丈夫把她遗弃了.(2)动词短语leave something at/in +表示地点的名词,意为“把某物忘在某地”.I left my key at home. 我把钥匙忘在家里了.Tom left his English book at school, so he didn’t do his homework.汤姆把英语书落在学校了,所以没有做英语作业.(3)leave还意为“听任,使处于某种状态”.He left the windows open. 他让窗子开着.2. My dad has been to Chengdu on business twice.have been to+地点名词,表示“曾经去过某地”,但现在不在那里, 后可接次数,如once,twice,three times 等,表示“去过某地几次”,也可和 just,never,ever等连用.My father has been to Beijing twice.我父亲去过北京两次.I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城.Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗?【拓展】have gone to和have been to是现在完成时的两个典型句式.have gone to+地点名词, 表示“去了某地”,可能已经达到或者在路途中,不在说话的现场.如果have gone to后接地点副词时,要省略to.Mr. Wang isn’t here.He has gone to Qingdao.王先生不在这里.他去青岛了.—Where is Jim?吉姆在哪里?—He has gone to England.他去英国了.3. I see Andy playing on the sand too.see sb. doing sth.意为“看到某人正在做某事”(表示正在进行的动作).例如:We saw some young people running wildly in the street.我们看见一些年轻人正在街上狂跑.【拓展】辨析see sb. doing sth.与see sb. do sth.see sb. doing sth.意为“看见某人正在做某事”,强调动作正在进行.例如:I saw a monkey eating bananas.我看见一只猴子正在吃香蕉.see sb. do sth.意为“看见某人做过某事”,强调动作自始始终的全过程.例如:I saw them get on the bus.我看见他们上了公共汽车.4. At the end of the day, we watched the fireworks…(1)end 作为不及物动词,意为“结束;终止”,其主语通常是物.例如:Our morning classes end at 11:50 a.m. 我们上午的课程在11:50结束.(2)end 作为及物动词,意为“结束;终止”,其主语通常是人.例如:She ended her email. 她写完了电子邮件.(3)end 作为名词,意为“结束;结尾”.常用于句型:at the end of意为“在……末尾”.例如:The bank is at the end of the street.银行在这条街的尽头.5. What do you think was the best part of the day?do you think作插入语,其位置较为灵活,可以放在句首、句中或句尾,在句尾时,常用逗号隔开,在句首时,要用陈述句语序.例如:What do you think the robot will do? 你认为这个机器人将会做什么?Where do you think he will be? 你认为他会在哪里?Unit 3 Online tours1. how oftenhow often意为“多久一次”,常用于对时间频率的提问.例如:How often do you watch TV? 你多久看一次电视?How often do your parents visit your grandparents? 你的父母多久看一次你的祖父母?【拓展】词语词义用法答语特征how long多久询问时间多久for/about+一段时间how often多久一次询问动作的频率often, twice a week等how soon多快,过多久询问时间多快in+ 一段时间how far多远询问距离多远ten minutes’ walkhow many多少询问可数名词数量数词+可数名词复数how much多少询问不可数名词数量数词+表示量的词+不可数名词多少钱询问价格数词+钱2. It looks like a TV.look like意为“看起来像……”应用范围最广,除了描述人、物之外,也能抽象表达事件或现象.例如:He looks like a famous movie star. 他看起来像一个电影明星.That bicycle looks just like the one I used to have. 那个自行车看起来像我曾经拥有的那个.It looks like it's going to rain soon. 天看起来要下雨.【拓展】(1)What does/do sb/sth look like? 这个句式是询问某个人或物的外貌特征.例如:—What does the girl look like? 那个女孩长什么样?—She is short and thin. 她又矮又瘦.(2)be like意为“像……”.例如:—What is the old man like? 那个老人怎么样?—He is kind. 他很和蔼.3. I agree.本句中的agree常见用法如下:(1)agree单独使用,表示“同意、答应”等.例如:I asked him to help me and he agreed. 我请求他帮忙,他答应了.(2)agree with表示“同意;赞成”,常用搭配为:agree with +sb. / what sb. said 例如:Do you agree with me about the need for more schools?关于多建一些学校一事, 你同意我的意见吗?I quite agree with what you said. 我很同意你说的话.(3)agree to表示“同意;赞成(提议、安排、计划等)” .例如:Do you agree to this arrangement?你赞成这个安排吗?I quite agree to their suggestions. 我很同意他们的建议.(4)agree to do sth“同意做某事”.例如:He agreed to get someone to help us. 他同意找人来帮我们的忙.4. Have you noticed the “tour” icon at the top of the page?(1)此处noticed是notice的过去分词.notice此处用作及物动词,意为“注意,注意到”.notice后可以接名词,也可以接从句.例如:Did you notice the man in black? 你注意到那个穿黑衣服的人了吗?I noticed that you had made great progress. 我注意到你取得了很大的进步.(2)notice作动词,意为“注意到,留心,看到”.常用于notice sb. do sth.和 notice sb. doing sth.结构中.例如:Didn’t you notice? He has dyed his hair. 你没注意?他染了头发.He was too proud to notice me. 他太傲慢了,理都不理我.Did you notice his hand shaking? 你有没有注意到他的手在抖?5. Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world without passport?dreamt是dream的过去分词,dream 此处用作动词.dream作动词时常用于dream of/about结构中,主要有以下含义:(1)做梦,梦见,梦到.例如:I dreamt of / about you. 我梦见了你.(2)向往,渴望,想象. 例如:I have dreamed of visiting America. 我曾经渴望参观美国.【拓展】dream 作名词,意为“梦,愿望,心愿”等.例如:It’s my dream to win a Nobel Prize.我的理想是获得诺贝尔奖.6. Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour?Would you mind doing sth.? 这一句型通常用来表示请他人做某事,常意为“可否请你做……”或“劳驾你做……”.如果同意、不反对别人做某事,答语用否定形式;例如:Of course not. / Certainly not. 等.如果不同意、反对别人做某事,答语用肯定形式.一般多用I am sorry...或I’m afraid...等以缓和语气.例如:-Would you mind making some room for the patient? 请你给这位病人让点地方出来行吗?-Of course not. 当然不介意.【拓展】(1)Do (Would) you mind if...句型用来表示请求对方的许可,即询问对方“是否介意(说话人)做某事”.答语与Would you mind doing sth.?相同.例如:—Do you mind if I smoke? 你介意我抽烟吗?—Not at all, please. 一点也不.—Would you mind me opening that door? 你介意我开门吗?—I’m sorry,but it’s not allowed. 对不起,这是不允许的.(2)mind作可数名词,意为“脑子;想法;记性”.例如:(3)mind的常用短语:change one’s mind 改变主意make up one’s mind 作决定keep...in mind 记住never mind 不要紧Unit 4 A good read1. Have you decided what to do with these books, Hobo?what to do是“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”,在句子中作动词decided的宾语.相当于特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句.例如:I don’t know what to do =I don’t know what I can do next.我不知道下一步做什么.【拓展】疑问词what,which,how,where,when等可以和动词不定式连用,构成不定式短语.“疑问词+动词不定式”可以做主语、宾语、表语等.例如:When to start off hasn’t been decided yet. 什么时候出发还没决定.(做主语)The question is which bus to take. 问题是乘哪辆公共汽车.(做表语)“疑问词+动词不定式”可以由名词从句简化而来.I don’t know what I should say. → I don’t know what to say.我不知道我该说些什么.2. I’m interested in history books.be interested in…结构,意为“对……感兴趣”,后面跟名词或动名词作宾语.例如:I am very interested in the interesting story.我对这个有趣的故事很感兴趣.他们对玩电脑游戏感兴趣.【拓展】辨析:interesting 与interested这两个词都是形容词.interesting表示某物本身有趣,强调主动,在句子中可以作定语、表语,多用来修饰物.interested着重于被动意义,其主语一般是人.常做表语,后接介词in,一起构成be interested in…结构,意为“对……感兴趣”.例如:3. After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could.as…as one can/could表示“尽某人所能……”,相当于as…as possible.例如:请尽可能早来.Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as she can.= Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as possible.玲玲尽可能多地用英语与同学们交谈.4. I shouted at them—the loud noise made them all fall over.make在此处是使役动词,后接省略to的动词不定式,make sb. do sth.意为“使/让某人做某事”,类似的动词还有let,have等.被动语态中,为sb. be made to do sth.,意为“某人被迫做某事”.例如:They made us forget past. 他们使我们忘记了过去.The boss made him work for 15 hours a day.→He was made to work for 15 hours a day by the boss.老板让他一天工作15个小时.【拓展】make作“使……”讲时,还可用make + 宾语 + 形容词/名词(作宾补),即make sb. / sth. + adj./n..类似的词还有keep等.例如:What he said makes us happy. 他所说的话使我们很高兴.Don’t keep the door open. 别把门开着.We made John our monitor. 我们选约翰当班长.5. Sandy is wondering where to ask for help.wonder作及物动词,意为“想知道;对……感到怀疑”,常见的用法有:(1)后接who, what, why, where 等引导的宾语从句.例如:I wonder who she is. 我想知道她是谁.She wondered what the child was doing.她感到疑惑,孩子究竟在干什么.I wonder why Ann is late. 我想知道安为什么迟到了.I wonder where they have gone. 我想知道他们去哪儿了.(2)后接 that 引导的宾语从句,表示“对……感到惊讶”, that常可省去. 例如:I wonder (that) she has won the race.我对她赢了比赛感到惊讶.(3)后接 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句,常用来表示一种委婉的请求或疑问.例如:She wondered whether you were free that morning.她想知道你那天上午是否有空.I wonder if he will succeed.我不知道他会不会成功.Unit 5 Good manners1. You’re old enough to learn about manners now, Hobo.(1) enough是形容词,意为“充足的,充分的,足够的”,可作表语或定语,作定语时,可放在名词的前面或后面.例如:The food is enough for the trip. 用于这次旅行的食物足够了.I have enough time to watch TV. 我有足够的时间看电视.(2) enough还可作副词,意为“足够得”,这时enough需放在所修饰的形容词或副词后面.例如:The young man is strong enough to carry the heavy bag.那个年轻人足够强壮能搬重包.【拓展】(1) enough…to do sth. “有足够的……做某事”.例如:I don’t have enough time to eat lunch. 我没有足够的时间吃午饭.(2) …enough to do…可以同too…to…或so…that…结构互相转换.例如:He isn’t old enough to go to school.= He is too young to go to school.= He is so young that he can’t go to school.他太小而不能上学.2. What do you means?(1)mean作及物动词,表示“打算,意味着”,后接名词,动词不定式短语或从句.例如:The red light means “Stop”. 红灯表示停止.I mean to go shopping. 我打算去购物.The sign means that the road is blocked. 这个标志表示此路不通.(2)mean的名词形式是meaning,表示“意思、含义”.例如:What’s the meaning of the word?这个单词的是什么意思?(3)What do / did you mean by...? 该句型的意思是“你……是什么意思?” 例如:What do you mean by acting like this? 你这样做是什么意思?It was too heavy for me to carry the bag alone. 我独自背这个袋子,真是太重了.3. If you’re in their way, they won’t touch you or push past you.这是含有if引导的条件状语从句的复合句,要注意:条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来.另外,主句也可以用祈使句或含有情态动词的句子.if译为“如果”.例如:If the rain doesn’t stop, we will stay here.如果这场雨不停的话,我们就呆在这儿.If you work hard, you can speak English well.只要你努力,你的英语就会讲得很好4. British people are very polite at home as well, aren’t they?as well是副词短语,意为“也,还”,相当于too,一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but 搭配使用.例如:为什么你不也一起来呢?He does other important work as well.他也从事其它的重要工作.【拓展】(1) also意为“也”,用于肯定句中,置于be动词/助动词/情态动词之后,行为动词之前.例如:He can also play the piano. 他也会弹钢琴.(2) too有“也”的意思,too用于肯定句且置于句末,其前一般用逗号隔开.Jack is a worker, too. Jack也是工人.(3) either表示“也”时,用于否定句且置于句末,其前用逗号隔开.He can’t swim. I can’t swim, either. 他不会游泳,我也不会.5. I’m sure they’re helpful to us.be sure意为“确定,有把握”.be not sure意为“不确定;没有把握”.例如:If you are not sure how to do it, ask me.如果你不能确定怎样做,就问我.that从句意为“相信……;确信……”.be sure + of… 意为“一定会获得,赢得某物,后接名词或动词-ing形式”.to do sth. 一定要做某事,肯定要做某事.例如:We are sure that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的.It’s sure to rain tomorrow. 明天一定会下雨.Unit 6 Sunshine for all1. It’s meaningful to do something for the Olympics.本句用了“It is/was + adj. + to do sth.”的结构,It is/was + adj. + to do sth.意为“做某事是……的”,to do sth.为句子的真正的主语,而it为形式主语,形式主语不能用别的词来代替,句中可在形容词后加forsb.,意为“对于某人来说,做某事是……的”.例如:It’s important for us to learn a foreign language.对我们来说,学习一门外语是相当重要的.It’s necessary for us to eat more fruit and vegetables.对我们来说,多吃蔬菜和水果是必要的.【拓展】这个句型中的for sb.有时也可以用of sb. 二者意义有区别:(1)在It’s + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 中,for sb.意为“对某人来说”,句中的形容词是用来说明to do sth.的,形式主语只能用it.例如:It’s necessary for the students to do some housework.对于学生们来说,做些家务是十分必要的.(2)在It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 中of sb. 意为“某人……”,句中形容词可与逻辑主语sb. 构成系表结构,即形容词是用来说明或形容sb.(某人)的.例如:It’s very kind of you to help us. 你能帮助我们真是太好了.2.They include many events similar to those in the Olympics.be similar to意为“与……相似”,一般用在相近似的物品和情境的对比上.其中to为介词,其后多接名词或者代词.be similar in…意为“在……方面相似”.例如:His problem is similar to yours. 他的问题和你的相似.Our cars are similar only in colour.我们的车只是颜色相似.【拓展】 same 与similar(1)same意为“相同的,同样的”,其前常用定冠词the.例如:We have lunch at the same table. 我们在同一张桌子上吃午饭.(2)similar 意为“相似的,类似的”,并不完全一样.例如:Lily is similar to Lucy in many ways. 在好多方面莉莉同露西相似.3. Maybe that’s why this event is so different from other usual games.different 形容词,意为“不同的”.其名词形式为“difference”.The two answers are different. 这两个答案是不同的.Can you tell me the differences between them? 你能告诉我他们的不同之处吗?be different from意为“与……不同”.其反义词组为the same as意为“和……一样/相同”例如:Saying a thing is very different from doing it. 说一件事和做一件事很不相同.I am in the same school as my younger sister. 我和我的妹妹在同一所学校.4. What are the Special Olympics World Games for?w hat…for意为“有什么用,为什么”.是不理解对方动机或询问对方目的和用途时的用语,for位于句末,一般用动词不定式或for的介词短语回答.例如:What did you hit him for? 你为什么打他?— What did you do that for? 你为什么做那件事?—To finish the work early. 为了早完成这项工作.— I’m going to Paris. 我要去巴黎.— What for? (= What are you going to Paris for?) 去做什么?【拓展】why也表示“为什么”,但重在询问原因,一般用because回答.例如:(1)— Why do you like P.E.? 你为什么喜欢体育?— Because it’s interesting. 因为它有趣.(2)— What do you like P.E. for? 你为什么喜欢体育?— To keep healthy. 为了保持健康.5. Do you have any trouble talking to people with intellectual disabilities?have trouble doing sth. 意为“做某事有困难”,这时trouble可以用difficulty来代替.例如:I had no trouble finding his phone number.我毫不费力就找到了他的电话号码.Did you have any trouble getting there?你到那里有没有遇到什么困难?【拓展】in trouble/get into trouble/get sb. into trouble 意为“遇到困难;遇到麻烦”.例如:He was in trouble with the Customs. 他在海关那里有了麻烦.This will get you into trouble. 这件事将给你带来麻烦.Unit 7 International charities1. Eddie, more money is needed for charity.句子用的是一般现在时的被动语态,表示“钱被慈善机构需要”,即“慈善机构需要钱”.被动语态的结构是:主语+be done(及物动词的过去分词),be是随人称和时态变化而变化的.例如:The desk is cleaned by me. 我每天擦桌子(桌子每天被我擦).【拓展】(1)一般现在时的被动语态:am/ is/ are done 例如:The blackboard is cleaned by the students every class.黑板每节课都要被学生擦干净.(2)一般过去时的被动语态:was/ were done 例如:(3)一般将来时的被动语态:shall/will be done 例如:A new school will be built in our village next year.明年一所新的学校将在我们村庄建设.(4)现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are being done 例如:A sports meeting is being held in our school now. 运动会正在我们学校举行.(5)现在完成时的被动语态:have/has been done 例如:All of the work has been finished since I came here.自从我来这里以来,所有的工作都已经完成.(6)含有情态动词的被动语态:can/may/must/should be done 例如:Your homework must be handed in after school.你们的家庭作业必须在放学后交上.2. The plane is also used as a training centre.used常与for或as连用,构成短语use...for,意为“用来做……;为了……而使用”, use...as意为“作为……使用;用作……之意”. 例如:Bamboo can be used for carrying water. 竹子可以用来运水.【拓展】例如:He used to be a quiet boy. 他过去是个安静的男孩.He came from the north, s o he wasn’t used to living in the south.他来自北方,所以不习惯于住在南方.2. Many of our patients can’t afford to go to hospital.afford在此意为“买的起,支付的起”; 常与can, could, be, be able to 连用,表示“为某目的有足够的钱、时间、地方等负担,承担”.常接名词、代词或者动词不定式,多用于否定句中.例如:这种电脑太贵了,我买不起.At last I can afford a watch.我终于买得起一只手表了.I could not afford so much money for a bicycle.我出不起那么多钱买一辆自行车.3. I’m proud to help people see again and improve their lives.proud 是形容词,be proud to do sth.意为“为做某事而骄傲”.例如:We are proud to be a league member. 我们为成为团员而骄傲be proud of sth. 意为“以……而骄傲”.例如:I am very proud of being a Chinese. 作为一名中国人我很自豪【拓展】pride是名词,意为“骄傲,自豪”.常用的结构:take pride in sth. 意为“为某事骄傲”.They take great pride in her daughter who is now a famous scientist.他们为成为科学家的女儿而感到自豪.He is the pride of our city. 他是我们城市的骄傲.5. You’ll be all right in a few days.in后接一段时间,经常用在一般将来时,表示一段时间后的行为状态.对一般将来时句子中的“in+一段时间”提问,要用how soon,表示“多久将做某事”.例如:He will arrive in Beijing in three days. 他将在三天后到北京.How soon will he arrive in Beijing?他将多久到北京?【拓展】(1)after和in均可与一段时间连用,表示“在……之后”,但 after 表示以过去时间为起点的一段时间以后,因此通常与过去时连用;而 in 则表示从现在算起的一段时间以后,因此通常用于将来时或含有将来意义的句子.例如:He came back after three days. 三天后他回来了.我三天后回来.我想他三天后可以回来.(2)after 除与一段时间连用外,还可与一点时间连用,此时可用于将来时(in 不能与点时间连用).例如:He will arrive after five o’clock. 他五点钟以后到.Unit 8 A green world1. treat something used so that it can be used again(1) so that的意思是“为了;以致”,它引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句.例如:They opened a technical training course so that the managers and clerks could attend it during their spare time.他们开了一个技术训练班,为了经理和职员们在业余的时间可以去上课.Please switch the light on so that we can see what it is.请开灯,让我们看一下它是什么东西.I took an early bus so that I got there in time.我乘了早班公共汽车,及时到了那里.【拓展】so… that…的意思是“如此……以至于……”,它引导结果状语从句.在口语中,so…that…的that常被省去.例如:She felt so sad that tears came to her eyes.她非常悲伤,泪水盈眶.John was so drunk(that)he could not stand still.约翰醉得站也站不住了.He spoke so rapidly(that)we could hardly follow him.他说得很快,我们很难听清楚他在说什么.2. Really? What do they do to keep their country clean?keep + 名词 / 代词+ 形容词,意为“使……保持某种状态”.例如:Keep the door open, please. 请让门开着.Keep the window closed. 关着窗户.Coats can keep you warm. 外套能使你暖和.【拓展】(1) keep sth.意为“保存某物,保管某物”.例如:How long can I keep the book? 这本书我能借多长时间?(2) keep sb. doing sth.使(某人)不停做某事.例如:I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long. 对不起,让你久等了.3. Coal, oil and natural gas are not only useful for families, but have a wider use for factories.(1) not only...but (also)的意思是“不但……而且……”,连接两个并列成分,如果连接两个主语的时候,谓语动词和后面的主语保持一致.例如:Not only my mother but (also) I like to go to the garden.不仅妈妈而且我也喜欢去公园.He can play not only the piano but also the violin. 他不仅会弹钢琴,还会拉小提琴.He was not only a writer but (also) an actor. 他不仅是一位作家,而且是一位演员.(2) 以not only…but also 开头的句子往往引起倒装.Not onl他不仅抱怨饭不好吃,而且拒绝付饭钱.4. …so it is time for us to go green!It’s time to+动词原形,意为“该到做某事的时间了”;It’s time for后接名词或动词-ing形式,也表示“该到做某事的时间了”. 例如:It is time to leave. = It is time for leaving. 该是离开的时候了.It’s time for school. 该上学了.【拓展】It’s time to…中间也可以加上for sb,表示“该到某人该做某事的时间了”. 例如:It is time for us to go to bed. 该是我们睡觉的时候了.5. Here are the results of the survey.在英语中,副词here,there等放于句首时常使用倒装语序.例如:在此结构中,当主语是名词时完全倒装,即:强调部分+谓语+主语;当主语是代词时不倒装.例如:。