翻译考试重点
作者：style已被分享3次复制链接
经典广告语
1.Time is what you make of it。(Swatch)
天长地久。(斯沃奇手表)
2.Make yourself heard。(Ericsson)
理解就是沟通。(爱立信)
3.Engineered to move the human spirit。(Mercedes-Benz)
人类精神的动力。(梅塞德斯-奔驰)
4.Start Ahead。(Rejoice)
成功之路，从头开始。(飘柔)
5.A diamond lasts forever。(De Bierres)
钻石恒久远，一颗永流传。(第比尔斯)
6.Fresh-up with Seven-up。(Seven-up)
提神醒脑，喝七喜。(七喜)
7.Intel Inside。(Intel Pentium)
给电脑一颗奔腾的“芯”。(英特尔奔腾)
8.Connecting People。(Nokia)
科技以人为本。(诺基亚)
9.For the Road Ahead。(Honda)
康庄大道。(本田)
10.Let us make things better。(Philips)
让我们做得更好。(飞利浦)
11.Enjoy Coca-Cola。(Coca-Cola)
请喝可口可乐。(可口可乐)
12.Generation Next。(Pepsi)
新的一代。(百事)
13.The Relentless Pursuit of Perfection。(Lexus)
追求完美永无止境。(凌志汽车)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d14978293.html,munication unlimited。(Motorola)
沟通无极限。(摩托罗拉)
15.Feast your eyes。(Pond’s Cucumber Eye Treatment)
滋润心灵的窗户。(旁氏眼贴片)
16.Focus on life。(Olympus)
瞄准生活。(奥林巴斯)
17.Behind that healthy smile，there ’s a Crest kid。(Crest toothpaste) 健康笑容来自佳洁士。(佳洁士牙膏)
18.Good to the last drop。
滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。(麦斯威尔咖啡)
19.Obey your thirst。
服从你的渴望。(雪碧)
20.The new digital era。
数码新时代。(索尼影碟机)
21.We lead，others copy。
我们领先，他人仿效。(理光复印机)
22.Impossible made possible。
使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机)
23.Take time to indulge。
尽情享受吧！(雀巢冰激凌)
24.Poetry in motion, dancing close to me。
动态的诗，向我舞近。(丰田汽车)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d14978293.html,e to where the flavour is. marlboro country。
光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟)
26.To me, the past is black and white， but the future is always color。..。。对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却多姿多彩(轩尼诗酒)
27.Just do it.
只管去做。(耐克运动鞋)
28.Ask for more。
渴望无限。(百事流行鞋)
29.The taste is great。
味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡)
30.Feel the new space。
感受新境界。(三星电子)
31.Intelligence everywhere。
智慧演绎，无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机)
32.The choice of a new generation。
新一代的选择。(百事可乐)
33.We integrate, you communicate。
我们集大成，您超越自我。(三菱电工)
34.Take Toshiba, take the world。
拥有东芝，拥有世界。(东芝电子)
35.No business too small, no problem too big。
没有不做的小生意，没有解决不了的大问题。 (IBM公司)
经济发展的动力在于最终消费需求。面对国际金融危机对实体经济的影响不断加深，世界经济明显减速、外部需求大幅萎缩的形势，中央经济工作会议明确提出，要真正把经济增长的基本立足点放到扩大国内需求上，加快形成主要依靠内需特别是消费需求拉动经济增长的格局。流通是联结生产和消费的桥梁和纽带，既可以引导生产，提供更多的有效供给，又可以创造需求，促进消费，并提供大量就业岗位。因此，搞活流通对保持经济平稳较快发展，实现今年8%左右的经济增长目标有重要意义。
Economic growth is driven by final consumption demand. With an ever greater impact of the international financial crisis felt by the real economy, and with global economy noticeably decelerating and external demand drastically shrinking, the Central Economic Work Meeting of China has made it clear to anchor our economic growth on the expansion of domestic demand, thus giving rise to a pattern of economic growth driven mostly by domestic demand, in particular consumption demand. Commerce serves as the bridge linking production with consumption. While steering production and providing more effective supply, commerce could also foster demand, promote consumption and furnish a large number of jobs. Therefore, invigorating commerce is highly significant in terms of sustaining the steady and relatively fast growth of our economy and securing this year’s economic growth target of roughly eight percent.
党中央、国务院对搞活流通扩大消费工作高度重视。去年年底，国务院办公厅下发了关于搞活流通扩大消费的意见，明确了当前及今后一个时期的工作重点和政策措施。
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council pay great attention to our work of invigorating commerce and expanding consumption. At the end of last year, the General Office of the State Council has released its opinion concerning invigorating commerce and expanding consumption, in which it has identified the work priorities and policy measures for both the present and the ensuing period of time.
今年以来，各级人民政府特别是商务主管部门认真贯彻落实国务院的统一部署，按照“出手要快、出拳要重、措施要准、工作要实”的要求，从搞活流通入手，引导、服务、促进广大商贸流通企业采取一系列有利于开拓市场、扩大消费的新举措：
Beginning this year, people’s governments at all levels, especially the commercial authorities have been earnestly following through the general deployment of the State Council. Following the requirement of “rapid deployment, strong moves, targeted measures and solid work”, they proceeded from the perspective of invigorating commerce and provided the commercial enterprises with the right direction, services and promotion in coming up with a series of new measures that are favorable for market exploration and consumption expansion.
一是创新营销方式，激发居民消费热情。例如，苏宁电器联合8家银行推出“家电易购”活动，让消费者“零首付、零利率、零手续费”分期付款购买家电。许多商贸企业统筹兼顾厂家、消费者和企业的利益，在打折促销的同时，进一步提升服务质量，充分运用非价格手段刺激消费。
First, apply innovative marketing approaches to stimulate consumer interest. For example, Suning Home Appliances has joined hand with eight banks in rolling out the “easy buy” initiative, enabling consumers to buy home appliances in installments with zero down payments, zero interest and zero handling fees. A lot of trading and commercial entities have taken into account the interests of the manufacturers, consumers and their own, improving the quality of their services and fully leveraging non-price means to stimulate consumption while engaging in discount selling and promotions.
二是开发适销商品，满足新型消费需求。山东、安徽、福建等地针对居民消费特点开发物美价廉商品，尤其是面向农村开发设计功能单一、经久耐用、价格适中的商品。天津家乐福经常邀请普通消费者开圆桌会议，摸准消费心理和预期，掌握更多的基础市场数据。
Second, developing marketable commodities to satisfy new consumer demand. Places such as Shangdong, Anhui and Fujian Provinces have developed quality and inexpensive products in line with the consuming characteristics of the local residents, especially single-function and durable commodities priced moderately to fit in with the rural market. Carrefour in Tianjin regularly invited average consumers to roundtable meetings to better gauge their psychology and expectations while accruing more basic market statistics.
三是密切产需衔接，搭建多元消费平台。江苏、上海等省市通过组织“工商企业大型对接洽谈会”，积极推动工商联手开拓市场。各地通过举办多种形式的洽谈会、展销会，采取积极导购、预约洽谈、视频订货等方式扩大销售；组织商贸企业与出口企业建立联销、代理、总经销等合作方式，选择质优价廉、国内市场有需求的商品进店销售。春节期间，上海、北京、广州、杭州、南京五个城市面向城市年轻群体提供大量有针对性的商品，通过互联网开展促销，电子优惠券下载量同比增长2.5倍，对餐饮、休闲娱乐服务消费拉动效果十分明显。
Third, aligning production with demand and building a diversified consumer platform. Places like Jiangsu Province and Shanghai Municipality have been vigorously encouraging market opening moves jointly by the manufacturers and traders through large-size match-making fairs for industrial and commercial businesses. Regions in China are expanding sales through trade fairs, exhibitions and shows, introducing such measures as guided shopping, appointed business meetings and
video-assisted ordering conferences. Commercial and trading enterprises have also been organized to establish cooperation with exporters in the form of joint sales, commissioning and general dealer arrangement,
bringing selected quality and inexpensive commodities with a ready market into their shops. During the Spring Festival, the five cities of Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing put into the market a large quantity of commodities targeting the urban young consumers. And promotional efforts over the internet have generated a 2.5 times increase of electronic coupon downloads during that period year-on-year, delivering a remarkable push to consumption flowing into the catering and recreational industries.
四是降低企业成本，促进居民实惠消费。许多商贸流通企业通过深入的市场调研、精细的企业管理，加大统一采购规模，最大限度地降低商品采购成本和企业运营成本，降低价格，让利于消费者，促进实惠消费。
Fourth, reducing business cost and promoting economical consumption. A lot of commercial enterprises have increased the share of their purchase sourced from a unified platform by introducing in-depth market research and fine-tuned business management practices. They have brought to consumers more benefits and encouraged economical consumption thanks to their pursuit of maximized reduction in sourcing and operational cost that have in turn led to lower prices.
从年初以来特别是元旦、春节的市场销售情况看，上述举措已经初见成效。元旦期间，商务部重点监测的1000家零售企业销售额同比增长13%；春节期间，全国实现社会消费品零售总额2900亿元，同比增长13.8%，实现了今年市场销售的“开门红”。目前各地商品供应充裕，市场繁荣兴旺，商家促销活动灵活多样，大众餐饮市场红火，文化休闲消费丰富多彩，商贸流通企业逆市而上，为全年居民消费持续增长打下了较好基础。
Judging from the market performance beginning this year, highlighted by the New Year and the Spring Festival, the above measures have seen their initial effectiveness materialized. During the New Year holiday, the one thousand retailers that the Ministry of Commerce has been monitoring as a key focus group have witnessed a 13 percent increase in their sales volume year-on-year. And coming to the Spring Festival, the whole country has registered 290 billion RMB yuan worth of retailing volume of social consumer goods, up by 13.8 percent year-on-year, living up to this year’s “bullish opening” of the market. At present, regions in China are flush with commodities and the local markets are prospering. Businesses are putting up various kinds of promotions and the catering industry for the general public is running at full gear. There is a rich offering of cultural and recreational activities while commercial enterprises are moving on against an adverse market situation. All these have laid a rather solid foundation for residents’ continuous consumption throughout this whole year.
当前国际金融危机尚未见底，对我国经济的影响正在逐步显现。经济增长放缓使城乡居民收入增长受到影响，消费心理产生波动，一些消费热点开始降温。由于
国内市场体系特别是农村市场体系建设滞后，流通企业的竞争力和服务水平需进一步提升，城乡居民的消费条件和消费环境仍有待改善。
At present, the international financial crisis has yet to reach its bottom while its impact on the Chinese economy is being increasingly felt. A slowing economy has dented residential income increases and sent noises into consumer psychology. Some hotspots of consumption are starting to cool off. Because of an underdeveloped market system in China, particularly in the rural area, the commercial enterprises have to elevate their competitiveness and service level while improvements are expected for the conditions and the general environment underlining consumption for both urban and rural residents.
需要强调的是，促进消费的有利因素很多，近些年城乡居民收入不断提高，储蓄余额持续增长，最近党中央、国务院出台了一系列启动内需的政策措施，这些政策措施对扩大消费的积极效果将逐步显现。因此，尽管面临严峻挑战，商务系统对搞活流通扩大消费，仍充满信心。
It needs to be stressed here that there are indeed a lot of favorable factors to promote consumption. Over the years, income for urban and rural residents keeps growing and there is a continuous increase in our deposit balance. Recently, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have put forth a series of policy measures aiming at stimulating domestic demand. And the positive effects of these measures in expanding consumption will gradually become manifest. Therefore, despite the severe challenges, the commercial system has full confidence in the success of its work to invigorate commerce and expand consumption.
下一步，在各级政府和有关部门领导、支持下，商务部将进一步组织动员各级商务主管部门和广大商贸企业，用足用好搞活流通扩大消费的各项政策，采取各种有效措施，迎难而上，充分发挥流通引导生产、指导消费的功能，促进城乡居民消费扩大和消费结构升级，努力为保持经济平稳较快发展做出贡献。我们将主要采取以下政策措施：
Next, with the leadership and support of governments and relevant authorities at all levels, the Ministry of Commerce will further organize and mobilize commercial authorities and commercial and trading businesses across the board to make full and good use of the various policies for commerce invigoration and consumption expansion, adopting all available measures to move up and on against all odds. We will give full play to the role of commerce in steering production and guiding consumption, promote the expansion and upgrading of consumption by urban and rural consumers, thus contributing duly to sustaining the steady and relatively fast growth of our economy. To that end, we will be putting in place the following policy measures:
一、健全农村流通网络，拉动农村消费。全面推广家电下乡，促进农村消费结构升级。继续推进“万村千乡”市场工程，扩大农家店的覆盖面，提高统一配送能
力和综合服务功能。加快完善农产品流通网络，新建和改造一批农产品批发市场和农贸市场，开展“农超对接”，建设从产地到超市的冷链系统和快速检测系统。完善农业生产资料流通体系。
First, building up the rural commercial network and stimulating rural consumption. We will implement on a comprehensive scale the “Home Appliances into the Countryside” scheme so as to promote consumption upgrading in the rural areas. We will continue to press ahead with the “Rural Retail Market Project”, expanding the coverage of countryside stores and strengthening their ability of unified supply and distribution as well as comprehensive services. We will speed up the establishment of a commercial network for farm produce, build and renovate a number of farm produce wholesale and retail markets, engage in “directly linking the farms with the supermarkets”, and build up a cold-chain system and a rapid inspection system from the farmland to the supermarket. We also will improve the commercial system for agricultural production materials.
二、增强社区服务功能，扩大城市消费。推进“便利消费进社区、便民服务进家庭”，进一步完善城市社区便民服务设施，推进家政服务网络建设，实施菜市场标准化改造，加快大众化餐饮网点建设。促进城市耐用品消费升级换代，建设旧货流通网络和交易市场，积极促进汽车消费。
Second, strengthening service functions of communities and expanding urban consumption. We will bring convenient consumption into communities and convenient services into households. The convenient service facilities in urban communities will be improved, a home-making service network built, standard-based renovation of food markets initiated and the building of a general catering network accelerated. We will work to promote the upgrading and replacement of durable goods in the cities, set up the commercial network and market for second hand goods, and actively promote motor vehicle consumption.
三、提高市场调控能力，维护市场稳定。健全居民生活必需品储备机制，加快中央和地方储备设施建设，在完善政府储备的同时探索建立商业代储制度。完善城乡市场信息服务体系，健全产销衔接、跨区调运、储备投放等机制，增强市场应急调控能力。
Third, acquiring a better ability in market fine-tuning and ensuring market stability. We will build up a reserve mechanism for living necessities, speed up the building of warehousing facilities at the central and local levels, and explore the establishment of a business reserving for government system while improving formal government reserve arrangements. We will improve the market information service system for urban and rural areas, consolidate such mechanisms as producer-to-market connection, cross-regional transportation and reserve release into market, with an aim to enhancing our ability in market contingency responses.
四、促进流通企业发展，降低消费成本。支持大型流通企业跨区域兼并重组，做大做强，加快发展连锁经营和电子商务等现代流通方式，降低经营成本和销售价格。支持小商贸企业发展，改善相关金融服务。
Fourth, promoting the development of commercial enterprises and lowering the cost of consumption. We will support cross-regional mergers, acquisitions and re-organizations by large-size commercial enterprises so as to make them bigger and stronger. The development of chain-store operations and e-commerce will be accelerated in order to cut back on operational cost and prices. We will also support the growth of small commercial and trading enterprises and improve relevant financial services.
五、发展新型消费模式，促进消费升级。积极和培育各类消费热点。大力促进会展消费和节假日消费，引导流通企业加大促销力度、完善促销方式。协调有关部门制定对银行卡刷卡的配套支持政策，进一步扩大刷卡消费。大力发展信用销售。Fifth, developing new consumption models and promoting consumption upgrading. We will vigorously foster consumption hotspots of all sorts. Great efforts will be committed to spurring consumption at fairs and conventions as well as during holidays and festivals. Commercial enterprises will be steered to intensify their promotional efforts and improve their promotional approaches. We will coordinate with the relevant authorities in drafting out the supporting policy for using bank card for payments, thus further increasing credit and debit consumption. Credit sales will also be greatly developed.
六、切实改善市场环境，促进安全消费。配合有关部门创造产品质量安全卫生的消费环境，完善流通领域市场信息系统和监管公共服务平台。实施“放心菜”、“放心肉”和“放心酒”工程。推进商务行政执法，严厉打击销售假冒伪劣商品、商业欺诈等违法违规行为。深入开展“诚信兴商宣传月”、“百城万店无假货”行动。打破市场封锁，促进零售商供应商公平交易。
Sixth, improving the market environment in real earnest and promoting safe consumption. We will support the relevant authorities in fostering a consumption environment with quality and safe products while improving the market information system and public service platform for supervision in the commercial sector. We will implement projects in relation to providing “safe vegetables”, “safe meat” and “safe alcoholic drinks”. Continuous efforts will be dedicated to commercial administrative enforcement, with relentless crackdowns on such illicit violations as the selling of counterfeit and shoddy commodities and business fraud. We will carry into greater dimensions the “Month on Integrity for Prosperity”campaign and the nationwide “Fake Free Campaign”. Regional barriers will be removed to encourage fair dealings between the retailers and suppliers
不同点 考试设立机构人事部教育部上海市委组织部、人事局、教育局 考试名称（中文）全国翻译专业资格（水平） 考试 全国外语翻译证书考试上海外语口译证书考试 考试名称（英文）China Aptitude Test for Translators and Interpreters －CATTI National Accreditation Examinations for Translators and Interpreters -NAETI 无 考试设立 时间 2003年12月2001年11月1995年6月 考试主办机构国家人事部和中国外文局 联合举办 教育部考试中心与北京外 国语大学联合举办 上海市委组织部人事部、 教育部联合举办 出题部门中国外文局北外和其它院校的著名学 者，国际口译协会成员 上海市委人事局 评卷部门中国外文局北外和其它院校的著名学 者，国际口译协会成员 上海市委人事局 发证机构国家人事部教育部考试中心和北京外 国语大学联合颁发 由中共上海市委组织部、 上海市人事局、上海市教 育委员会和上海市成人教 育委员会统一颁发 考核语种英、日、俄、德、法、西 班牙、阿拉伯语 （现已开设英、日、法语） 英语英语、日语 考试费用（北京地区04年11月）三级笔译考试费460元 三级口译考试费630元 二级笔译考试费550元 二级口译考试费720元 初级笔译考试费400元 初级口译考试费500元 中级笔译考试费600元 中级口译考试费700元 高级笔译考试费1200元 高级口译考试费1200元 英高210元 英中180元 日语200元
考点设置2004年11月考点设置： 英语口译“交替传译"考试 试点城市为北京、天津、 上海、重庆、武汉、广州、 沈阳、哈尔滨、济南、南 京、杭州、成都、昆明、 长沙、兰州； 英语笔译考试试点城市为 北京、天津、上海、重庆、 武汉、广州、沈阳、长春、 哈尔滨、石家庄、西安、 太原、呼和浩特、济南、 南京、杭州、合肥、福州、 郑州、成都、南宁、昆明、 长沙、南昌、兰州。 法语口译和笔译考试试点 在北京、上海进行； 日语口译和笔译考试试点 在北京、上海、大连进行。 2004年考点设置： 大连外国语学院、北京语 言大学、北京外国语大学、 西安外国语学院考试管理 中心、上海外国语大学、 武汉大学师资培训中心、 四川大学出国人员培训 部、四川外语学院、广东 外语外贸大学考试中心、 黑龙江大学、吉林大学、 内蒙古工业大学、山西大 学、天津外国语学院、新 疆大学外国语学院、兰州 大学、郑州大学、解放军 外国语学院、湖南大学教 务处、山东师范大学山东 省外语培训中心、中国海 洋大学、南京大学、江西 师范大学、中国科技大学、 浙江省自考办、云南师范 大学外语学院、广西大学 外国语学院、河北师范大 学、宁夏大学、厦门大学、 辽宁教育国际交流服务中 心、青海省小岛文化教育 发展基地、天津商学院、 中山大学外国语学院、深 圳市赣冠职业培训中心、 福建省自考办、海南考试 局 上海 难易程度三级笔译部分：英译汉要 求600个单词；交替传译 要求300个单词全； 二级笔译部分：英译汉要 初级笔译考试英译汉掌握 250个单词；口译考试要 求400个单词左右；交替 传译要求掌握250个词左 -
大学英语四级考试翻译的答题要点 翻译作为语言听、说、读、写、译五大能力之一，新大纲就六级阶段的要求提出，学生应“能借助词典将难度略低于课文的英语短文译成汉语，理解正确、译文达意，译速为每小时350个英语单词。能借助词典将内容熟悉的汉语文字材料译成英语，译文达意，无重大语言错误，译速为每小时300个汉字。”英译汉是 1996年大学英语考试委员会公布的第一批新题型中的一类，属主观题，该题型从属于阅读理解部分，从阅读理解的四篇短文中选取5个片断，大部分是一个较长、较复杂的句子，但有时也有2-3个句子组成的一个段落或片断。要求考生在15分钟内将该5题译成汉语，占分10%，每题2分。根据指令提示，翻译时还可回到前面参阅所译句子的有关上下文。 两种语言的对译讲究的是“信、达、雅”，这是翻译题评分的基本原则。“信”即忠实于原文；“达”即达意，即译文与原文的语义上的一致或等同，这是评分的重要原则，考生是否理解了原文，是否忠实于原文，都要根据译文的内容来作评判，所以“达”是根本。考试意义上的翻译对“雅”的要求不同于文学翻译，要求并不太高，只是译文应通顺流畅，符合译文语言的表达习惯。 一、英译汉样题、参考答案及评分标准 英译汉题型有详细、具体的评分标准，每道题的2分被统一细化为四个0.5分，三个0.5用以判给题中的三个语言点，即每题就语言而言有三个得分点，一个0.5分判给整句译文的语言结构是否通顺流畅、符合汉语习惯。 二、答题要点与真题解析 英译汉必须以理解原文为前提，而短文中句子或段落片段的翻译还必须基于对原文上下文的理解，所以英译汉试题解题的第一要点是: 正确理解短文，精确理解所译部分，准确分析该部分的句法结构和表意逻辑关系。要将一道英译汉题做好，必须精确地理解所需翻译的那部分句子，而精确的理解必须以正确理解短文为前提，有时还须准确地对有关句子的结构作语法分析，同时，还必须理清该部分在语意方面有几个层次及各层次间的先后关系。 在准确理解原文后，要注意正确、恰当地用汉语将原文各层次的语意以与原来相同的先后关系表达出来，这又需要了解一些译文处理技巧，要不然，在英语的影响下，你的译文形似汉语，读起来仍“洋味十足”。所以解答汉译英的第二要点是: 学会用符合习惯的标准汉语表述原文。几种在翻译中经常用到的避免英式汉语的方法是: （1）拆译法。选作英译汉试题的英语句子通常都较复杂，往往从句套从句，翻成译语要把这些从句拆开，翻成一句句相对独立的汉语句子——这么做使理清各语意层次的先后关系显得非常重要。 （2）合译法。英语中定语从句、同位语从句及用作定语的介词短语、分词短语和不定短语常后置在名词中心词之后，翻译时有时需要将这些后置修饰语合并到名词中心词的前置定语之中。 （3）重组法。英语句子结构越复杂，与以短句为特点的汉语表达习惯的差距越大，这时需要采用重组概念，改变一种角度，对原文各层次的语意进行重组，以恰到好处、通顺地道的汉语正确表达原文的信息。 根据英译汉评分标准，每道题有四个得分点，所以在英译汉答题时，还要注意第三点: 分析原文各题的得分点，重点理解，重点表达。从样题及历年英译汉真题实例中，我们发现，得分点一般都是一些特定的短语、句式或与短文要点密切相关的重要词语。对于原文中的这些语言点，考生必须结合上下文反复琢磨，求得理解上的准确，而后通过上面介绍的几种翻译处理技巧，恰当地将它们用汉语表达出来。 以下是英译汉真题实例解析。
考试复习 一、选择题（每小题1分，共20分） 翻译常见的八种技巧： 1．重复repetition 在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。一般说来，重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。 We have to analyze and solve problems．我们要分析问题，解决问题。 2．增译addition/amplification 什么叫增译法?我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。 送君千里，终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles，yet the parting must come at last．
3．减译法deletion 和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面：以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话，在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英)，所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 此外，冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法就自然必不可少了。例如： A book is useful． 书(是)有用(的)。 4．词类转移法conversion 在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达
翻译考试证书比较
难易程度对应水平湖南、广东、广西、海南、武汉、广 州、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、重 庆、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新 疆、兵团、西安；法语、德语口译和 笔译考试在北京、上海进行；日语口 译和笔译考试在北京、上海、大连、 山东（济南、青岛）、天津、重庆、 福建、广东、广州、浙江、江苏、吉 林、黑龙江、湖北、武汉；俄语、 西 班牙语、阿拉伯语口译和笔译考试、 英语同声传译考试只在北京进行。 三级笔译部分：英译汉要求600 个单 词；交替传译要求300个单词全；二 级笔译部分：英译汉要求800个单 词；口译要求1000个单词。 三级，非外语专业本科毕业、通过大 学英语六级考试或外语大专毕业生水 平，并具备一定的口笔译实践经验； 二级，非外语专业研究生毕业或外语 专业本科毕业生水平，并具备3-5年 的翻译时间经验；一级，具备8-10 年的翻译实践经验，是某语种互译方 初级笔译考试英译汉掌握 250个单词；口译考试要求 400个单词左右；交替传译要 求掌握250个词左右。中级 笔译要求300个单词；口译 英译汉要求500个单词左右。 初级，北外英语专业本科二年级 或二年级以上水平；中 级，北外英语专业本科毕业或研 究生水平；高级，北外 高级翻译学院毕业生或以上 水平。 英语高级，具有大学英语六级或同 等英语能力水平；英语中级，具有 大学英语四级或同等英语能力水 平；日语口译，相当日本语能力考 试二级水平。
面的专家 证书作用翻译专业资格（水平）考试纳入国家职 业资格证书制度，统一规戈叽翻译专业 资格（水平）证书将取代传统的翻译专 业技术职务评审。 自身语言运用能力的证明地方执业资格证书 证书有效 期每3年重新注册登记一次，一次 注册有效期3年 尚无规定尚无规定 证书有效 范围全国范围内有效；在与我国签署 相互认证协议的国家有效。 全国范围内有效上海市有效 证书种类英语三级笔译证书英语三级口译证书 日语三级笔译证书日语 三级口译证书法语三级笔译证 书法语三级口译证书英语二级笔译证 书英语二级口译证书日 语二级笔译证书日语二级口译 证书法语二级笔译证书法语二级口译证 书 初级笔译证书初级口译证书中级 笔译证书中级口译证书咼级笔译 证书咼级口译证书 英语高级口译证书英语中级 口译证书日语口译证书 央语口译基础能力证书 考核语种 英、日、俄、德、法、西班牙、 阿拉伯语 英语英语、日语 成绩查询考试结束后10-12周考试结束大约10周后不详 相同点 人事部教育部 上海市委组织部、人事局、教 育局 考试等级资深翻译：长期从事翻译工作，具有广 播科学文化知识和国内领先水平的双语 互译能力，能够解决翻译工作中的重大 疑难冋题，在理论和实践上对翻译事业 的发展和人才培养作出重大贡献。 一级口译、笔译翻译：具有较为丰富的 科学文化知识和较咼的双语互译能力， 能胜任范围较广、 初级笔译证书：本证书证明持有人 能够就一般难度的材料进行英汉 互译，能够胜任一般性文件或商务 等方面材料的翻译工作。中级 笔译 证书：本证书证明持有人能够就普 通英汉原文材料进仃互译，能够胜 任一般性国际会议文件、科技或经 贸等材 英语咼级口译证书：通过该项目的 培训和考试，为国家机关、企事业、 公司和涉外单位造就一批能胜任各类 涉外项目谈判、高层次会晤、新闻发 布会、记者招待会以及国际研讨会的 翻译，并为同声翻译人才的培养打好 基础。英语中级口译证书：可从事 一般的生活翻译、
2017年11月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试 英语二级《笔译实务》试卷 备注：该参考译文来源于官方指定的新世界出版社出版发行的《英语笔译实务真题解析2级》，仅供参考。 Section 1: English-Chinese translation(英译汉)(50points) Passage 1 Y ou’ve temporarily misplaced your cell phone and anxiously retrace your steps to try to find it. Or perhaps you never let go of your phone—it's always in your hand, your pocket, or your bag, ready to be answered or consulted at a moment’s notice. When your battery life runs down at the end of the day, you feel that yours is running low as well. New research s hows that there’s a psychological reason for such extreme phone dependence: According to the attachment theory, for some of us, our phone serves the same function as the teddy bear we clung to in childhood. Attachment theory proposes that our early life experiences with parents responsible for our well-being, are at the root of our connections to the adults with whom we form close relationships. Importantly, attachment in early life can extend to inanimate objects. Teddy bears, for example, serve as “transitional objects.” The teddy bear, unlike the parent, is always there. We extend our dependence on parents to these animals, and use them to help us move to an independent sense of self. A cell phone has the potential to be a “compensatory attachment” obje ct. Although phones are often castigated for their addictive potential, scientists cite evidence that supports the idea that “healthy, normal adults also report significant emotional attachment to special objects” Indeed, cell phones have become a pervasive feature of our lives: The number of cell phone subscriptions exceeds the total population of the planet. The average amount of mobile or smartphone use in the U.S. is 3.3 hours per day. Phones have distinct advantages. They can be kept by your side and they provide a social connection to the people you care about. Even if you’re not talking to your friends, lover, or family, you can keep their photos close by, read their messages, and follow them on social media. Y ou can track them in real time but also look back on memorable moments together. These channels help you “feel less alone”.
英语翻译考试答题技巧 Document number【SA80SAB-SAA9SYT-SAATC-SA6UT-SA18】
翻译——英译汉 对于翻译部分,建议大家在学习和复习时掌握一些翻译的基本常识和一些常用方法,针对考试中经常出现的一些语言现象,仔细分析一些翻译实例,总结出一些规律性的东西,再加以必要的练习,一定能够提高自己的翻译水平。 (一词性转换 词性转换是英汉翻译过程中经常用到的情况。虽然英语和汉语的词性大多能重合,可以直接相互转换,但是,在英语句子中可以充当某个成分的词性相对较少,比如说,英语中充当主语的只有名词、代词或者相当于名词的动名词和不定式,充当谓语的只有动词;而在汉语句子中,名词、动词、形容词都可以做主语、谓语、宾语和表语。因此翻译时要灵活处理,不能一味拘泥于某些词汇在原文的词性,必要时应该采取词性转换的方法,将原词性进行适当的转换。这样翻译出来的句子才能流畅,表意确切。 (二词义引申 英语单词在不同的场合和搭配中,词义有时差别很大。如果把某些英语单词或词组按词典上的意义直译过来,就会使译文晦涩生硬,不易理解,甚至还可能引起误解。因此在翻译时,要在弄清原文意思的基础上,根据上下文和逻辑关系,并且按照汉语习惯选择适当词义加以引申。引申就是在翻译时将词义加以深化,产生新义,以确切表达原文含义。 (三增减词 英译汉过程中必须遵循的一项原则是:忠于原文。译者不能对原作者的意思加以更改,任意增加或减少内容。但是,这并不意味着译文的字数不能有任何增减,因为没有两种语言是完全对等的,尤其英汉两种语言在表达方式上差异较大。译者常常需要从全局考虑,进行必要的文字调整,使其符合汉语的习惯表达方式。在不影响原句意思表达的情况下,可以按照意境、修辞或句法的具体需要,增加或减少词语,使句子自然、流利、通畅。英译汉时增加必要的词语,省略不必要的词语,这就是增减词语的技巧。 (四正说反译和反说正译
英语B级考试翻译必备常用短句（1） ?谁会这样说呢？ ?我们什么时候出发呢？ .我们这个星期天要去打高尔夫球。 ?你想出去还是留在家里？ $200.这台电视机花了我200美元。 .听到这个好消息我很高兴。 .他坐在那儿听音乐。 'tunderstandwhattheteachersaid.他不懂老师所说的话。 .这对夫妇假期过得很快活。 这个商店从上午7点到下午8点开门营业。 ,youcancometomyoffice.如果有时间，你可以来我的办公室。.老师叫学生们安静入座。 .我对他的回答不满意。 '小时内我不能完成这个任务。 .今天我们将有一个英语聚会。 .请告诉我接下来做什么。 .请在下一站下车。 .你该在上午10点到机场。 ?你有什么要说的吗？ ?我能为您做点什么？ .我对运动很感兴趣。
?你可以告诉我去火车站的路吗？ ?你知道邮局在哪儿吗？ ?你可以告诉我如何去银行吗？ ?请你告诉我如何去你的大学，可以吗？ ,Ilikedsinginganddancing.年轻时，我喜欢唱歌跳舞。 .这个问题太难回答。 'tenoughmoneyforthecoat.我的钱不够买这件上衣。 .戴维将从他的姐姐那里得到一份生日礼物。 .请在离开前将你的作业交给我。 ?你的新电脑是什么颜色？ ?上星期你干什么了？ !你的T恤衫真漂亮！ .我的表快了五分钟。 .我们必须准时到那儿。 ?你能及时完成工作吗？ .在去上班的路上，我的钥匙丢了。 ?你昨天早上几点起的床？ .我和我的一个朋友一块吃了午饭。 .下午6点我干完了活. 英语B级考试翻译必备常用短句（2）'tsleepwell.我没睡好。 'msorrytohearthat.听到这消息我很遗憾。 .我听说她上星期结婚了。
一先要熟悉题型。 全国翻译资格（水平）考试按不同语种分别组织了由全国范围内的一流专家组成的专家委员会，制订考试原则和考试大纲。考试大纲是该翻译考试的指导性文件，是考试命题的依据，也是应试人员的重要参考指南。考生吃透了大纲和样题，就能悟出怎么准备。综合能力考试分三个部分，第一部分是词汇和语法，要求考生掌握词的含义，同义词和近义词之间的区别。语法部分，检查考生分析句子的能力。第二部分是阅读，有 50道选择题。第三部分是完形填空，是一篇短文 20 个空，每个空只能填一个单词。在实务考试中，分为外翻中和中翻外两个部分。二级和三级不同的是，有必译题和选译题。选译题二选一照顾到了专业性，一篇涉及到文科方面，一道题涉及到理科方面，考生根据自己的专业、自己的兴趣自由选择。 二根据考试题型安排复习。 1 、把扩大词汇量与注重对词汇的掌握结合起来。 综合能力检验的是对词汇量和对单词掌握的程度，就是会不会用词。掌握一定数量的词汇和具备比较扎实的语法知识是翻译的基础，没有大的词汇量根本没有办法顺利完成翻译。考试前，应该如何准备才能在短期内，让词汇量有较明显的提高呢？翻译资格考试注重实用，以考核学生对语言的综合运用能力为主。考生在掌握好基本的词汇同时，尤其值得注意的是一些固定搭配的词汇、俚语或成语，和在特定场合或在专业领域里有着不同解释的词汇。首先，可以对于词汇应先有一个大致的分类，比如，旅游类的专业词汇、政治时事方面的专业词汇等等。第二，还可以结合平时总结出来的出现频率较高的词汇作一个归类，这样复习起词汇来就更有针对性。第三，背单词合理的时间是自己的零碎时间，不是整块时间。应该理智地制定目标，我们的目的是在短期内 “ 识词 ” ，即把它熟悉到
1.Sandy is wearing a long, black, silk dress.桑迪穿了条黑色的长丝裙。 43. I came to London when I was 18. 我18岁的时候来到伦敦。 44. It takes 45 minutes to get to the city centre from the hotel. 宾馆到市中心需要花45分钟时间。 One of the biggest sporting events in the world is the Olympic Games. 奥运会是世界上规模最大的体育比赛之一 41. While she was waiting, her phone rang.她正在等待的时候，电话铃响了 42. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. We have enough money to improve the website.我们有足够的钱改进网站。 44. 1 had the windows cleaned yesterday.昨天我请人把窗户给擦了。 45. He came across an old violin at his friend's house.他在朋友家偶然发现了一把旧提琴。 41．She borrowed the book and gave it back on Monday． 她借了那本书，后来星期一把书还了。 45．He used tO play basketball every Sunday．他以前每个周日都打篮球。 41．Football is played by more than 20 million people in more than l40 countries· 超过140个国家的2000多万人都踢足球。 42．I’ve got the same sense of humour as my mum·我和我妈妈一样，有幽默感 43．He got on well with his classmates． 他和同学关系处得很好 44．He used tO work very hard when he was youn9． 他年轻的时候工作非常努力。 45．My family is putting me up at the moment，but I am thinking of buying my own flat．我现在跟家人住在一起，但是我正考虑买一套公寓自己住 41．He got on well with his sister． 他和他的姐／妹相处得很好 44．That box is too heavy for her to carry home．那个盒子太重了，她抬回家。 41. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影 非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. I need to be at the airport by 6.00 o’clock.我得在六点前到达机场。 44. I must have left the camera in a shop.我一定是把相机丢在那家商 店里了。 31. We have enough money to improve the website. 我们有足够的钱改进网站。 45. The accounts, which are in a bit of a mess, have to be ready for next month. 帐目现在有点乱，必须要在下个月清理好。 32. Do you take after your mother or father?你像你的母亲或父亲吗？ 35. I’ve been learning English for three years. 我已经学英语3年了33. I have to move out of my room on Friday because Franco has got another tenant. 我周五得从房子里搬出来，因为佛朗哥又招了一位房客。 35.would be great to see you to catch up on all our news. 到时见了面咱们把这些日子发生的事聊一聊，会多开心啊。 :33. They enjoyed themselves at the party. 他们在聚会上玩的很愉快 34.She doesn’t like swimming and neither does her sist er. 她不喜欢游泳，她妹妹也不喜欢 32. He used to play basketball every Sunday( 每个星期天他常常去打篮球 31. He studies in a university west of Beijing. 他在北京西部的一个大学学习 :32. He came across an old painting at his friend’s house. 他在他朋友家看到了一幅旧画 33. She would buy a large house if she won the lottery. 如果她中了彩票，她就买一幢大房子 :35. Both of the boys are good at singing. 这两个男孩都擅长唱歌 34. The flat was in a bit of mess. 公寓里一片狼籍 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 44. Your neighbour says your flat was burgled this afternoon. .休的邻居说你的房子今天下午被盗了。 45. I haven't got a car, and nowhere to live. My family is putting me up at the mom 我没有车，也没有地方住。现在跟家人住一起。 44. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long. 虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 1.I can’t find the key.I must have left it in the car. 我找不到钥匙了，我肯定将它丢在车上了。 2.Polly is worried about her lack of experience. 波利担心自己缺乏经验。 3.she needs to return the book by next Friday 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 42. Polly(波莉) is worried about her lack of experience. 波莉担心自己缺乏经验。 43. She needs to return the hook by next Friday. 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 41. He got on well with his sister.
翻译考试分析 全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试（China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters，CATTI）是一项国家级职业资格考试，由中国外文出版发行事业局负责管理实施。自2003年实施以来，目前已在英、日、法、阿拉伯、俄、德、西班牙语七个语种，二、三级两个级别，口笔译两个专业全面实施，累计报名达八万多人次，考试规模和影响力不断扩大。考试承担着为翻译行业提供合格人才的历史使命，考试评价标准决定了国家选人用人的标准，考试质量事关重大。对考试情况进行分析，既是改进考试的重要手段，也是收集一手信息，为翻译队伍建设献计献策的难得机会。本文采用报考数据统计分析、考生问卷调查和试卷信度、效度、区分度评估等方式对2008年上半年英语二级的考试进行了分析。选择英语二级进行分析，一是因为英语是翻译界从业人员、考试参考考生最多，实施考试时间也最长的语种；二是因为二级比三级更能代表专业水平。本次考试按照考试大纲的要求，分为口笔译开考了四个科目，共有3939名考生参考。从考试数据和考生的反馈中发现了一些值得关注的现象，并引发了对翻译人才培养、评价及使用的一些思考。 （一）基本情况统计 1、试卷结构 口笔译考试一共4份试卷，满分均为100分，结构如下： 笔译综合能力：词汇与语法50题、阅读理解50题、完型填空25题； 笔译实务：英译中和中译英各两题； 口译综合能力：判断10题、短句选项10题、篇章选项20题、听力综述1题； 口译实务：英译中和中译英各两题。 2、考生分布 3、考试结果 本次考试四科的合格标准均为60 分，同时通过综合能力和实务考试即通过此次考试，可获得证书。考试通过的情况如下表： 可知口译通过61人，通过率6.2%，笔译通过357人，通过率12.1%试题的难度是反映考试情况的一个重要指标，指的是得分率，即考生在某题上的平均分与该题满分的比值，在0-1之间取值。各题型的难度如下表：
2003年12英语二级《笔译综合能力》试题 Part1 Summary Writing 1.Read the following English passage and then write a Chinese summary of approximately 300 words that expresses its main ideas and basic information (40 points, 50 minutes) Deceptively small in column inches, a recent New York Times article holds large meaning for us in business. The item concerned one Daniel Provenzano, 38, of Upper Saddle River, N.J. Here is the relevant portion: When he owned a Fort Lee printing company called Advice Inc., Mr. Provenzano said he found out that a sales representative he employment had stolen $9,000. Mr. Provenzano said he told the man that “if he wanted to keep his employment, I would have to break his thumb.” He said another Advice employee drove the sales representative to Holy Name Hospital in Teaneck, broke the thumb with a hammer outside the hospital, and then had a car service take the man home after the thumb was repaired. Mr. Provenzano explained that he “didn’t want to set an example” that workers could get away with stealing. The worker eventually paid back $4,500 and kept his job, he said. I know that you’re thinking: This is an outrage. I, too, was shocked that Provenzano was being prosecuted for his astute management. Indeed, I think his “modest proposal” has a lot to teach managers as they struggle with the problems of our people-centered business environment. Problems such as …. Dealing with the bottom 10%. GE made the system famous, but plenty of companies are using it: Every year you get rid of the worst-evaluated workers. Many managers object that this practice is inhumane, but not dealing with that bottom 10% leads to big performance problems. Provenzano found a kinder, gentler answer. After all, this employee would have been fired virtually anywhere else. But at Advice Inc., he stayed on the job. And you know what? I bet he become a very, very —very —productive employee. For most managers Provenzano’s innovative response will be a welcome new addition to their executive tool kit. And by the way, “executive tool kit” is clearly more than just a metaphor at Advice Inc. Being the employer of choice. With top talent scarce everywhere, most companies now want to be their industry’s or their community’s most desirable. Advice Inc. understood. The employee in question wasn’t simply disciplined in his supervisor’s office and sent home. No, that’s how an ordinary employer would have done it. But at Advice Inc., another employee —the HR manager, perhaps? —took time out his busy day and drove the guy right to the emergency room. And then —the detail that says it all —the company provided a car service to drive the employee home. The message to talented job candidates comes through loud and clear: Advice Inc. is a company that cares. Setting an example to others. An eternal problem for managers is how to let all employees know what happens to those who perform especially well or badly. A few companies actually post everyone’s salary and bonus on their intranet. But pay is so one-dimensional. At Advice Inc., a problem that would hardly be mentioned at most companies —embezzlement —was undoubtedly the topic of rich discussions for weeks, at least until the employee’s cast came off. Any employee theft probably went way, way —way —down. When the great Roberto Goizueta was CEO of Coca-Cola he used to talk about this problem of setting examples and once observed, “Sometimes you must have an execution in the public square!” But of course he was speaking only figuratively. If he had just listened to his own words, Goizueta might have been an even better CEO. Differentiation. This is one of Jack Welch’s favorite concepts —the idea that managers should treat different employees very differently based on performance. Welch liked to differentiate with salary, bonus, and stock options, but now, in what must henceforth be known as the post-Provenzano management era, we can see that GE’s great management thinker just wasn’t thinking big enough. This Times article is tantalizing and frustrating. In just a few sentences it opens a whole new world of management, yet much more surely remains to be told. We must all urge Provenzano to write a book explaining his complete managerial philosophy. 2.Read the following Chinese passage and then write an English summary of approximately 250 words that expresses its central ideas and main viewpoints (40 points, 50 minutes) 越是对原作体会深刻，越是欣赏原文的每秒，越觉得心长力，越觉得译文远远的传达不出原作的神韵。返工的次数愈来愈多，时间也花得愈来愈多，结果却总是不满意。……例如句子的转弯抹角太生硬，色彩单调，说理强而描绘弱，处处都和我性格的缺陷与偏差有关。自然，我并不因此灰心，照样“知其不可为而为之”，不过要心情愉快也很难了。