银行风险管理外文翻译文献

商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字Credit risk management is a XXX business。

financing ns。

payment and settlement。

and other XXX。

credit XXX risk factor for commercial banks。

XXX such as life risk and uncertainty.Effective credit risk management is essential for commercial banks to minimize the impact of credit losses。

This involves identifying and assessing potential risks。

XXX strategies。

XXX。

By doing so。

commercial banks XXX the potential for credit losses.One of the key components of credit risk management iscredit analysis。

This involves evaluating the orthiness of borrowers to determine the likelihood of default。

Credit analysis XXX's financial history。

credit score。

collateral。

XXX credit analysis。

commercial banks can make informed lending ns and minimize the risk of default.Another important aspect of credit risk management is credit XXX can also help commercial banks XXX.In n。

金融风险管理外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Enterprise Risk Management in InsuranceEnterprise Risk Management (hereinafter referred as “ERM”) interests a wide range of professions (e.g., actuaries, corporate financial managers, underwriters, accountants,and internal auditors), however, current ERM solutions often do not cover all risks because they are motivated by the core professional ethics and principles of these professions who design and administer them. In a typical insurance company all such professions work as a group to achieve the overriding corporate objectives.Risk can be defined as factors which prevent an organization in achieving its objectives and risks affect organizations holistically. The management of risk in isolation often misses its big picture. It is argued here that a holistic management of risk is logical and is the ultimate destination of all general management activities.Moreover, risk management should not be a separate function of the business process;rather, managing downside risk and taking the opportunities from upside risk should be thekey management goals. Consequently, ERM is believed as an approach to risk management, which provides a common understanding across the multidisciplinary groups of people of the organization. ERM should be proactive and its focus should be on the organizations future. Organizations often struggle to see and understand the full risk spectrum to which they are exposed and as a result they may fail to identify the most vulnerable areas of the business. The effective management of risk is truly an interdisciplinary exercise grounded on a holistic framework.Whatever name this new type of risk management is given (the literature refers to it by diverse names, such as Enterprise Risk Management, Strategic Risk Management, and Holistic Risk Management) the ultimate focus is management of all significant risks faced by the organization. Risk is an integral part of each and every action of the organization in the sense that an organization is a basket of contracts associated with risk (in terms of losses and opportunities). The idea of ERM is simple and logical, but implementation is difficult. This is because its involvement with a wide stakeholder community, which in turn involves groups from different disciplines with different beliefs and understandings. Indeed, ERM needs theories (which are the interest of academics) but a grand theory of ERM (which invariably involves an interdisciplinary concept) is far from having been achieved.Consequently, for practical proposes, what is needed is the development of a framework(a set of competent theories) and one of the key challenges of this thesis is to establish the key features of such a framework to promote the practice of ERM. Multidisciplinary Views of RiskThe objective of the research is to study the ERM of insurance companies. In line with this it is designed to investigate what is happening practically in the insurance industry at the current time in the name of ERM. The intention is to minimize the gap between the two communities (i.e., academics and practitioners) in order to contribute to the literature of risk management.In recent years ERM has emerged as a topic for discussion in the financial community,in particular, the banks and insurance sectors. Professional organizations have published research reports on ERM. Consulting firms conducted extensive studies and surveys on the topic to support their clients. Rating agencies included theERM concept in their rating criteria. Regulators focused more on the risk management capability of the financial organizations. Academics are slowly responding on the management of risk in a holistic framework following the initiatives of practitioners.The central idea is to bring the organization close to the market economy. Nevertheless,everybody is pushing ERM within the scope of their core professional understanding.The focus of ERM is to manage all risks in a holistic framework whatever the source and nature. There remains a strong ground of knowledge in managing risk on an isolated basis in several academic disciplines (e.g., economics, finance, psychology,sociology, etc.). But little has been done to take a holistic approach of risk beyond disciplinary silos. Moreover, the theoretical understanding of the holistic (i.e., multidisciplinary)properties of risk is still unknown. Consequently, there remains a lack of understanding in terms of a common and interdisciplinary language for ERM.Risk in FinanceIn finance, risky options involve monetary outcomes with explicit probabilities and they are evaluated in terms of their expected value and their riskiness. The traditional approach to risk in finance literature is based on a mean-variance framework of portfolio theory, i.e., selection and diversification. The idea of risk in finance is understood within the scope of systematic (non-diversifiable) risk and unsystematic (diversifiable)risk. It is recognized in finance that systematic risk is positively correlated with the rate of return. In addition, systematic risk is a non-increasing function of a firm’s growth in terms of earnings. Another established concern in finance is default risk and it is argued that the performance of the firm is linked to the firm’s default risk. A large part of finance literature deals with severa l techniques of measuring risks of firms’ investment portfolios (e.g., standard deviation, beta, VaR, etc.). In addition to the portfolio theory, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was discovered in finance to price risky assets on the perfect capital markets. Finally, derivative markets grew tremendously with the recognition of option pricing theory.Risk in EconomicsRisk in economics is understood within two separate (independent) categories,i.e.,endogenous (controllable) risk and background (uncontrollable) risk. It is recognized that economic decisions are made under uncertainty in the presence of multiple risks.Expected Utility Theory argues that peoples’ risk attitude on the size of risk (small,medium, large) is derived from the utility-of-wealth function, where the utilities of outcomes are weighted by their probabilities. Economists argue that people are risk averse (neutral) when the size of the risks is large (small).Prospect theory provides a descriptive analysis of choice under risk. In economics, the concept of risk-bearing preferences of agents for independent risks was described under the notion of “ standard risk aversion.” Most of the economic research on risk is originated on the study of decision making behavior on lotteries and other gambles. Risk in PsychologyWhile economics assumes an individual’s risk preference is a function of probabilistic beliefs, psychology explores how human judgment and behavior systematically forms such beliefs. Psychology talks about the risk taking behavior (risk preferences).It looks for the patterns of human reactions to the context, reference point,mental categories and associations that influence how people make decisions.The psychological approach to risk draws upon the notion of loss aversion that manife sts itself in the related notion of “regret.” According to Willett; “risk affects economic activity through the psychological influence of uncertainty.” Managers’ attitude of risk taking is often described from the psychological point of view in terms of feelings.Psychologists argue that risk, as a multidisciplinary concept, can not be reduced meaningfully by a single quantitative treatment. Consequently, managers tend to utilize an array of risk measurers to assist them in the decision making process under uncertainty. Risk perception plays a central role in the psychological research on risk, where the key concern is how people perceive risk and how it differs to the actual outcome. Nevertheless, the psychological research on risk provides fundamental knowledge of how emotions are linked to decision making.Risk in SociologyIn sociology risk is a socially constructed phenomenon (i.e., a social problem) and defined as a strategy referring to instrumental rationality. The sociologicalliterature on risk was originated from anthropology and psychology is dominated by two central concepts. First, risk and culture and second, risk society. The negative consequences of unwanted events (i.e., natural/chemical disasters, food safety) are the key focus of sociological researches on risk. From a sociological perspective entrepreneurs remain liable for the risk of the society and responsible to share it in proportion to their respective contributions. Practically, the responsibilities are imposed and actions are monitored by state regulators and supervisors.Nevertheless, identification of a socially acceptable threshold of risk is a key challenge of many sociological researches on risk.Convergence of Multidisciplinary Views of RiskDifferent disciplinary views of risk are obvious. Whereas, economics and finance study risk by examining the distribution of corporate returns, psychology and sociology interpret risk in terms of its behavioral components. Moreover, economists focus on the economic (i.e., commercial) value of investments in a risky situation.In contrast, sociologists argue on the moral value (i.e., sacrifice) on the risk related activities of the firm. In addition, sociologists’ criticism of economists’concern of risk is that although they rely on risk, time, and preferences while describing the issues related to risk taking, they often miss out their interrelationships(i.e., narrow perspective). Interestingly, there appears some convergence of economics and psychology in the literature of economic psychology. The intention is to include the traditional economic model of individuals’ formal rational action in the understanding of the way they actually think and behave (i.e., irrationality).In addition, behavioral finance is seen as a growing discipline with the origin of economics and psychology. In contrast to efficient market hypothesis behaviour finance provides descriptive models in making judgment under uncertainty.The origin of this convergence was due to the discovery of the prospect theory in the fulfillment of the shortcomings of von Neumann-Morgenstern’s utility theory for providing reasons of human (irrational) behavior under uncertainty (e.g., arbitrage).Although, the overriding enquiry of disciplines is the estimation of risk, they comparing and reducing into a common metric of many types of risks are there ultimate difficulty. The key conclusion of the above analysis suggests that there existoverlaps on the disciplinary views of risk and their interrelations are emerging with the progress of risk research. In particular, the central idea of ERM is to obscure the hidden dependencies of risk beyond disciplinary silos.Insurance Industry PracticeThe practice of ERM in the insurance industry has been drawn from the author’s PhD research completed in 2006. The initiatives of four major global European insurers(hereinafter referred as “CASES”) were studied for this purpose. Out of these four insurers one is a reinsurer and the remaining three are primary insurers. They were at various stages of designing and implementing ERM. A total of fifty-one face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted with key personnel of the CASES in between the end of 2004 and the beginning of 2006. The comparative analysis (compare-and-contrast) technique was used to analyze the data and they were discussed with several industry and academic experts for the purpose of validation. Thereafter,a conceptual model of ERM was developed from the findings of the data.Findings based on the data are arranged under five dimensions. They are understanding;evaluation; structure; challenges, and performance of ERM. Understanding of ERMIt was found that the key distinction in various perceptions of ERM remains between risk measurement and risk management. Interestingly, tools and processes are found complimentary. In essence, meaning that a tool can not run without a process and vice versa. It is found that the people who work with numbers (e.g.,actuaries, finance people, etc.) are involved in the risk modeling and management(mostly concerned with the financial and core insurance risks) and tend to believe ERM is a tool. On the other hand internal auditors, company secretaries, and operational managers; whose job is related to the human, system and compliance related issues of risk are more likely to see ERM as a process.ERM: A ProcessWithin the understanding of ERM as a process, four key concepts were found. They are harmonization, standardization, integration and centralization. In fact, they are linked to the concept of top-down and bottom-up approaches of ERM.The analysis found four key concepts of ERM. They are harmonization,standardization,integration and centralization (in decreasing order of importance). It was also found that a unique understanding of ERM does not exist within the CASES, rather ERM is seen as a combination of the four concepts and they often overlap. It is revealed that an understanding of these four concepts including their linkages is essential for designing an optimal ERM system.Linkages Amongst the Four ConceptsAlthough harmonization and standardization are seen apparently similar respondents view them differently. Whereas, harmonization allows choices between alternatives,standardization provides no flexibility. Effectively, harmonization offers a range of identical alternatives, out of which one or more can be adopted depending on the given circumstances. Although standardization does not offer such flexibility,it was found as an essential technique of ERM. Whilst harmonization accepts existing divergence to bring a state of comparability, standardization does not necessarily consider existing conventions and definitions. It focuses on a common standard, (a “top-down” approach). Indeed, integration of competent policies and processes,models, and data (either for management use, compliance and reporting) are not possible for global insurers without harmonizing and standardizing them. Hence, the research establishes that a sequence (i.e., harmonization, standardization, integration,and then centralization) is to be maintained when ERM is being developed in practice (from an operational perspective). Above all, the process is found important to achieve a diversified risk culture across the organization to allocate risk management responsibilities to risk owners and risk takers.ERM: A ToolViewed as a tool, ERM encompasses procedures and techniques to model and measure the portfolio of (quantifiable) enterprise risk from insurers’ core disciplinary perspective. The objective is to measure a level of (risk adjusted) capital(i.e., economic capital) and thereafter allocation of capital. In this perspective ERM is thought as a sophisticated version of insurers’ asset-liability management.Most often, extreme and emerging risks, which may bring the organization down,are taken into consideration. Ideally, the procedure of calculating economic capital is closely linked to the market volatility. Moreover, the objective is clear, i.e., meetingthe expectation of shareholders. Consequently, there remains less scope to capture the subjectivity associated with enterprise risks.ERM: An ApproachIn contrast to process and tool, ERM is also found as an approach of managing the entire business from a strategic point of view. Since, risk is so deeply rooted in the insurance business, it is difficult to separate risk from the functions of insurance companies. It is argued that a properly designed ERM infrastructure should align risk to achieve strategic goals. Alternatively, application of an ERM approach of managing business is found central to the value creation of insurance companies.In the study, ERM is believed as an approach of changing the culture of the organization in both marketing and strategic management issues in terms of innovating and pricing products, selecting profitable markets, distributing products, targeting customers and ratings, and thus formulating appropriate corporate strategies. In this holistic approach various strategic, financial and operational concerns are seen integrated to consider all risks across the organization.It is seen that as a process, ERM takes an inductive approach to explore the pitfalls (challenges) of achieving corporate objectives for broader audience (i.e.,stakeholders) emphasizing more on moral and ethical issues. In contrast, as a tool,it takes a deductive approach to meet specific corporate objectives for selected audience(i.e., shareholders) by concentrating more on monitory (financial) outcomes.Clearly, the approaches are complimentary and have overlapping elements. 作者：M Acharyya译文：保险业对企业风险管理的实证研究企业风险管理涉及各种行业(如保险精算师、公司财政经理、保险商、会计和内部审计员)，当前企业风险管理解决方案往往不能涵盖所有的风险，因为这些方案取决于决策者和执行则的专业道德和原则。

银行财务风险的外文文献银行财务风险的外文文献：1. Bank Financial Risk Management: A Practical Guide to Managing and Mitigating Financial Risks本书是由银行财务风险管理专家写的一本实践指南，介绍了银行在管理和缓解金融风险方面的具体策略和方法。

包括了市场风险、信用风险、利率风险、流动性风险等方面的内容。

2. Managing Financial Risks: From Global to Local该书是一本汇集了全球各地知名专家的讲座，内容涵盖了银行金融风险的最新研究成果。

从宏观经济风险到信用风险等方面，对银行金融风险管理提供了全面的视角和思路。

3. Financial Risk Manager Handbook该书是由全球金融风险管理协会GARP撰写的指南手册，涵盖了金融风险管理的理论、实践和案例研究。

介绍了金融风险的识别、量化、监控和管理等重要方面。

4. Risk Management and Financial Institutions该书是一本行业标准教材，由两位金融风险管理领域的权威合著，涉及了金融风险定义、评估和管理的关键内容。

书中还包括了现代金融和银行业的最新发展和趋势等方面的内容。

5. Financial Risk: Theory, Evidence and Implications该书是一本由多位学者合著的金融风险研究专著，旨在为银行业和投资机构等金融市场从业者提供有关金融风险识别和管理的理论和实践指南。

通俗易懂的语言介绍了金融市场的基本原则，包括风险、收益、投资组合构建和风险管理等重要方面。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)估计技术和规模的希腊商业银行效率：信用风险、资产负债表的活动和国际业务的影响11.介绍希腊银行业经历了近几年重大的结构调整。

重要的结构性、政策和环境的变化经常强调的学者和从业人员有欧盟单一市场的建立，欧元的介绍，国际化的竞争、利率自由化、放松管制和最近的兼并和收购浪潮。

希腊的银行业也经历了相当大的改善，通信和计算技术，因为银行有扩张和现代化其分销网络，其中除了传统的分支机构和自动取款机，现在包括网上银行等替代分销渠道。

作为希腊银行（2004 年）的年度报告的重点，希腊银行亦在升级其信用风险测量与管理系统，通过引入信用评分和概率默认模型近年来采取的主要步骤。

此外，他们扩展他们的产品/服务组合，包括保险、经纪业务和资产管理等活动，同时也增加了他们的资产负债表操作和非利息收入。

最后，专注于巴尔干地区（如阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚）的更广泛市场的全球化增加的趋势已添加到希腊银行在塞浦路斯和美国以前有限的国际活动。

在国外经营的子公司的业绩预计将有父的银行，从而对未来的决定为进一步国际化的尝试对性能的影响。

本研究的目的是要运用数据包络分析（DEA）和重新效率的希腊银行部门，同时考虑到几个以上讨论的问题进行调查。

我们因此区分我们的论文从以前的希腊银行产业重点并在几个方面，下面讨论添加的见解。

首先，我们第一次对效率的希腊银行的信用风险的影响通过检查其中包括贷款损失准备金作为附加输入Charnes et al.(1990 年)、德雷克（2001 年）、德雷克和大厅(2003 年)，和德雷克等人（2006 年）。

作为美斯特(1996) 点出"除非质量和风险控制的一个人也许会很容易误判一家银行的水平的低效；例如精打细算的银行信用评价或生产过高风险的贷款可能会被贴上标签一样高效，当相比银行花资源，以确保它们的贷款有较高的质量"(p.1026)。

互联网银行风险管理外文及翻译1. Introduction本文目的是探讨互联网银行风险管理的外文资料，并提供翻译。

以下是一些与互联网银行风险管理相关的文献，供参考。

2. 外文文献1Author: John SmithYear: 20152.1 翻译：标题：互联网银行风险管理：综述作者：约翰·史密斯年份：2015年摘要：本文全面回顾了互联网银行风险管理的实践。

涉及的风险类型包括网络安全风险、欺诈风险和运营风险。

文章讨论了在互联网银行环境中管理这些风险的不同策略和最佳实践。

3. 外文文献2Title: Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques for Internet Banking SystemsAuthor: Jane DoeYear: 2018Summary: This paper focuses on the assessment and mitigation of risks in internet banking systems. It presents a framework for identifying and evaluating risks specific to internet banking and suggests various techniques for mitigating these risks. The paper also discusses the importance of continuous monitoring and updating of risk management strategies.3.1 翻译：标题：互联网银行系统的风险评估与缓解技术作者：简·多伊年份：2018年摘要：本文侧重于互联网银行系统中风险的评估和缓解。

它提出了一个针对互联网银行特定风险的识别和评估框架，并提出了各种缓解这些风险的技术。

“RISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS”(A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS) - ABSTRACT ONLY1. PREAMBLE:1.1 Risk Management:The future of banking will undoubtedly rest on risk management dynamics. Only those banks thathave efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. The effective management of credit risk is a critical component of comprehensive risk management essential for long-term success of a banking institution. Credit risk is the oldest and biggest risk that bank, by virtueof its very nature of business, inherits. This has however, acquired a greater significance in the recentpast for various reasons. Foremost among them is the wind of economic liberalization that is blowing across the globe. India is no exception to this swing towards market driven economy. Competition from within and outside the country has intensified. This has resulted in multiplicity of risks both in numberand volume resulting in volatile markets. A precursor to successful management of credit risk is a clear understanding about risks involved in lending, quantifications of risks within each item of the portfolioand reaching a conclusion as to the likely composite credit risk profile of a bank.The corner stone of credit risk management is the establishment of a framework that defines corporate priorities, loan approval process, credit risk rating system, risk-adjusted pricing system, loan-review mechanism and comprehensive reporting system.1.2 Significance of the study:The fundamental business of lending has brought trouble to individual banks and entire banking system. It is, therefore, imperative that the banks are adequate systems for credit assessment of individual projects and evaluating risk associated therewith as well as the industry as a whole. Generally, Banks in India evaluate a proposal through the traditional tools of project financing, computing maximum permissible limits, assessing management capabilities and prescribing a ceilingfor an industry exposure. As banks move in to a new high powered world of financial operations and trading, with new risks, the need is felt for more sophisticated and versatile instruments for risk assessment, monitoring and controlling risk exposures. It is, therefore, time that banks managements equip themselves fully to grapple with the demands of creating tools and systems capable of assessing, monitoring and controlling risk exposures in a more scientific manner.Credit Risk, that is, default by the borrower to repay lent money, remains the most important riskto manage till date. The predominance of credit risk is even reflected in the composition of economic capital, which banks are required to keep a side for protection against various risks. According to one estimate, Credit Risk takes about 70% and 30%remaining is shared between the other two primary risks, namely Market risk (change in the market price and operational risk i.e., failure of internal controls, etc.). Quality borrowers (Tier-I borrowers) were able to access the capital market directly without going through the debt route. Hence, the credit route is now more open to lesser mortals (Tier-II borrowers).With margin levels going down, banks are unable to absorb the level of loan losses. There has been very little effort to develop a method where risks could be identified and measured. Most of the banks have developed internal rating systems for their borrowers, but there hasbeen verylittle study to compare such ratings with the final asset classification and also to fine-tune the rating system. Also risks peculiar to each industry are not identified and evaluated openly. Data collection is regular driven. Data on industry-wise, region-wise lending, industry-wise rehabilitated loan, can provide an insight into the future course to be adopted.Better and effective strategic credit risk management process is a better way to Manage portfolio credit risk. The process provides a framework to ensure consistency between strategy and implementation that reduces potential volatility in earnings and maximize shareholders wealth. Beyondand over riding the specifics of risk modeling issues, the challenge is moving towards improved creditrisk management lies in addressing banks’readiness and openness to accept change to a more transparent system, to rapidly metamorphosing markets, to more effective and efficient ways of operating and to meet market requirements and increased answerability to stake holders.There is a need for Strategic approach to Credit Risk Management (CRM) in Indian Commercial Banks, particularly in view of;(1) Higher NPAs level in comparison with global benchmark(2) RBI’ s stipulation about dividend distribution by the banks(3) Revised NPAs level and CAR norms(4) New Basel Capital Accord (Basel –II) revolutionAccording to the study conducted by ICRA Limited, the gross NPAs as a proportion of total advances for Indian Banks was 9.40 percent for financial year 2003 and 10.60 percent for financial year 20021. The value of the gross NPAs as ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was as low as 2.26 percent. Net NPAs as a proportion of net advances of Indian banks was 4.33 percent for financial year 2003 and 5.39 percent for financial year 2002. As against this, the value ofnet NPAs ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was 0.37 percent. Further, it was found that, the total advances of the banking sector to the commercial and agricultural sectors stood at Rs.8,00,000 crore. Of this, Rs.75,000 crore, or 9.40 percent of the total advances is bad and doubtful debt. The size of the NPAs portfolio in the Indian banking industry is close to Rs.1,00,000crore which is around 6 percent of India’ s GDP2.The RBI has recently announced that the banks should not pay dividends at more than 33.33 percent of their net profit. It has further provided that the banks having NPA levels less than 3 percentand having Capital Adequacy Reserve Ratio (CARR) of more than 11 percent for the last two years will only be eligible to declare dividends without the permission from RBI3. This step is for strengthening the balance sheet of all the banks in the country. The banks should provide sufficient provisions from their profits so as to bring down the net NPAs level to 3 percent of their advances.NPAs are the primary indicators of credit risk. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is another measureof credit risk. CAR is supposed to act as a buffer against credit loss, which isset at 9 percent under theRBI stipulation4. With a view to moving towards International best practices and to ensure greaterdue’ norm for identification of NPAs transparency, it has been decided to adopt the ’ 90 days’‘ overfrom the year ending March 31, 2004.The New Basel Capital Accord is scheduled to be implemented by the end of 2006. All the banking supervisors may have to join the Accord. Even the domestic banks in addition to internationally active banks may have to conform to the Accord principles in the coming decades. The RBI as the regulatorof the Indian banking industry has shown keen interest in strengthening the system, and the individual banks have responded in good measure in orienting themselves towards global best practices.1.3 Credit Risk Management(CRM) dynamics:The world over, credit risk has proved to be the most critical of all risks faced by a banking institution. A study of bank failures in New England found that, of the 62 banks in existence before 1984, which failed from 1989 to 1992, in 58 cases it was observed that loans and advances were notbeing repaid in time 5 . This signifies the role of credit risk management and therefore it forms the basisof present research analysis.Researchers and risk management practitioners have constantly tried to improve on current techniques and in recent years, enormous strides have been made in the art and science of credit risk measurement and management6. Much of the progress in this field has resulted form the limitations of traditional approaches to credit risk management and with the current Bank for International (BIS) regulatory model. Even in banks which regularly fine-tune credit policies and Settlement’　streamline credit processes, it is a real challenge for credit risk managers to correctly identify pocketsof risk concentration, quantify extent of risk carried, identify opportunities for diversification and balance the risk-return trade-off in their credit portfolio.The two distinct dimensions of credit risk management can readily be identified as preventive measures and curative measures. Preventive measures include risk assessment, risk measurement andrisk pricing, early warning system to pick early signals of future defaults and better credit portfolio diversification. The curative measures, on the other hand, aim at minimizing post-sanction loan losses through such steps as securitization, derivative trading, risk sharing, legal enforcement etc. It is widely believed that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Therefore, the focus of the study is on preventive measures in tune with the norms prescribed by New Basel Capital Accord.The study also intends to throw some light on the two most significant developments impacting the fundamentals of credit risk management practices of banking industry – New Basel Capital Accord and Risk Based Supervision. Apart from highlighting the salient features of credit risk management prescriptions under New Basel Accord, attempts are made to codify the response of Indian banking professionals to various proposals under the accord. Similarly, RBI proposed Risk Based Supervision (RBS) is examined to capture its direction and implementation problems。

毕业论文外文翻译 外文来源Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process 中文译文商业银行表外业务风险控制2014年 3 月 15 日部 （系） 商 学 部 专 业 金 融 学 姓 名 学 号 指导老师Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis ofthe ProcessRui HeTrends and issues in Commercial Bank Risk ManagementAbstractThroughout the past year, on-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their financial risk management systems. The commercial banking analysis covered a number of North American super-regionals and quasi±money-center institutions as well as several firms outside the U.S. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management.1. . IntroductionThe past decade has seen dramatic losses in the banking industry. Firms that had been performing well suddenly announced large losses due to credit exposures that turned sour, interest rate positions taken, or derivative exposures that may or may not have been assumed to hedge balance sheet risk. In response to this, commercial banks have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems.Coincidental to this activity, and in part because of our recognition of theindustry's vulnerability to financial risk, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, with the support of the Sloan Foundation, has been involved in an analysis of financial risk management processes in the financial sector. Through the past academic year, on-site visits were conducted to review and evaluate the risk management systems and the process of risk evaluation that is in place. In the banking sector, system evaluation was conducted covering many of North America's super-regionals and quasi±money-center commercial banks, as well as a number of major investment banking firms. These results were then presented to a much wider array of banking firms for reaction and verification. The purpose of the present article is to outline the findings of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry—questions asked, questions answered, and questions left unaddressed by respondents. This report can not recite a litany of the approaches used within the industry, nor can it offer an evaluation of each and every approach. Rather, it reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. But, even the best practice employed within the industry is not good enough in some areas. Accordingly, critiques also will be offered where appropriate. The article concludes with a list of questions that are currently unanswered, or answered imprecisely in the current practice employed by this group of relatively sophisticated banks. Here, we discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management and risk control.2. What type of risk is being considered?Commercial banks are in the risk business. In the process of providing financial services, they assume various kinds of financial risks. Over the last decade our understanding of the place of commercial banks within the financial sector has improved substantially. Over this time, much has been written on the role of commercial banks in the financial sector, both in the academic literature and in the financial press. These arguments will be neither reviewed nor enumerated here.Suffice it to say that market participants seek the services of these financial institutions because of their ability to provide market knowledge, transaction efficiency and funding capability. In performing these roles, they generally act as a principal in the transaction. As such, they use their own balance sheet to facilitate the transaction and to absorb the risks associated with it.To be sure, there are activities performed by banking firms which do not have direct balance sheet implications. These services include agency and advisory activities such as(1) trust and investment management;(2) private and public placements through ``best efforts'' or facilitating contracts;(3) standard underwriting through Section 20 Subsidiaries of the holding company;(4) the packaging, securitizing, distributing, and servicing of loans in the areas of consumer and real estate debt primarily.These items are absent from the traditional financial statement because the latter rely on generally accepted accounting procedures rather than a true economic balance sheet. Nonetheless, the overwhelming majority of the risks facing the banking firm are on-balance-sheet businesses. It is in this area that the discussion of risk management and of the necessary procedures for risk management and control has centered. Accordingly, it is here that our review of risk management procedures will concentrate.3. What kinds of risks are being absorbed?The risks contained in the bank's principal activities, i.e., those involving its own balance sheet and its basic business of lending and borrowing, are not all borne by the bank itself. In many instances the institution will eliminate or mitigate the financial risk associated with a transaction by proper business practices; in others, it will shift the risk to other parties through a combination of pricing and product design.The banking industry recognizes that an institution need not engage in business in amanner that unnecessarily imposes risk upon it; nor should it absorb risk that canbe efficiently transferred to other participants. Rather, it should only manage risks at the firm level that are more efficiently managed there than by the market itself or by their owners in their own portfolios. In short, it should accept only those risks that are uniquely a part of the bank's array of services. Elsewhere (Old field and Santomero, 1997) it has been argued that risks facing all financial institutions can be segmented into three separable types, from a management perspective. These are:1. risks that can be eliminated or avoided by simple business practices;2. risks that can be transferred to other participants;3. risks that must be actively managed at the firm level.In the first of these cases, the practice of risk avoidance involves actions to reduce the chances of idiosyncratic losses from standard banking activity by eliminating risks that are superˉuous to the institution's business purpose. Common risk-avoidance practices here include at least three types of actions. The standardization of process, contracts, and procedures to prevent inefficient or incorrect financial decisions is the first of these. The construction of portfolios that benefit from diversification across borrowers and that reduce the effects of any one loss experience is another. The implementation of incentive compatible contracts with the institution's management to require that employees be held accountable is the third. In each case, the goal is to rid the firm of risks that are not essential to the financial service provided, or to absorb only an optimal quantity of a particular kind of risk.There are also some risks that can be eliminated, or at least substantially reduced through the technique of risk transfer. Markets exist for many of the risks borne by the banking firm. Interest rate risk can be transferred by interest rate products such as swaps or other derivatives. Borrowing terms can be altered to effect a change in their duration.Finally, the bank can buy or sell financial claims to diversify or concentrate the risks that result from servicing its client base. To the extent that the financial risks of the assets created by the firm are understood by the market, these assets can be sold at their fair value. Unless the institution has a comparative advantage in managing the attendant risk and/or a desire for the embedded risk which they contain, there is noreason for the bank to absorb such risks, rather than transfer them.However, there are two classes of assets or activities where the risk inherent in the activity must and should be absorbed at the bank level. In these cases, good reasons exist for using firm resources to manage bank level risk. The first of these includes financial assets or activities where the nature of the embedded risk may be complex and difficult to communicate to third parties. This is the case when the bank holds complex and proprietary assets that have thin, if not nonexistent, secondary markets. Communication in such cases may be more difficult or expensive than hedging the underlying risk. Moreover, revealing information about the customer may give competitors an undue advantage. The second case includes proprietary positions that are accepted because of their risks, and their expected return. Here, risk positions that are central to the bank's business purpose are absorbed because they are the raison of the firm. Credit risk inherent in the lending activity is a clear case in point, as is market risk for the trading desk of banks active in certain markets. In all such circumstances, risk is absorbed and needs to be monitored and managed efficiently by the institution. Only then will the firm systematically achieve its financial performance goal.4. How are these risks managed?In light of the above, what are the necessary procedures that must be in place in order to carry out adequate risk management? In essence, what techniques are employed to both limit and manage the different types of risk, and how are they implemented in each area of risk control? It is to these questions that we now turn. After reviewing the procedures employed by leading firms, an approach emerges from an examination of large-scale risk management systems. The management of the banking firm relies on a sequence of steps to implement a risk management system. These can be seen as containing the following four parts:1. standards and reports,2. position limits or rules,3. investment guidelines or strategies, and4. incentive contracts and compensation.In general, these tools are established to measure exposure, define procedures to manage these exposures, limit individual positions to acceptable levels, and encourage decision makers to manage risk in a manner that is consistent with the firm's goals and objectives. To see how each of these four parts of basic risk-management techniques achieves these ends, we elaborate on each part of the process below. In section 4 we illustrate how these techniques are applied to manage each of the specific risks facing the banking community.1.Standards and reports.The first of these risk-management techniques involves two different conceptual activities, i.e., standard setting and financial reporting. They are listed together because they are the sine qua non of any risk system. Underwriting standards, risk categorizations, and standards of review are all traditional tools of risk management and control. Consistent evaluation and rating of exposures of various types are essential to an understanding of the risks in the portfolio, and the extent to which these risks must be mitigated or absorbed.The standardization of financial reporting is the next ingredient. Obviously, outside audits, regulatory reports, and rating agency evaluations are essential for investors to gauge asset quality and firm-level risk. These reports have long been standardized, for better or worse. However, the need here goes beyond public reports and audited statements to the need for management information on asset quality and risk posture. Such internal reports need similar standardization and much more frequent reporting intervals, with daily or weekly reports substituting for the quarterly GAAP periodicity.2.Position limits and rules.A second technique for internal control of active management is the use of position limits, and/or minimum standards for participation. In terms of the latter, the domain of risk taking is restricted to only those assets or counterparties that pass some prespecified quality standard. Then, even for those investments that are eligible, limits are imposed to cover exposures to counterparties, credits, and overall positionconcentrations relative to various types of risks. While such limits are costly to establish and administer, their imposition restricts the risk that can be assumed by anyone individual, and therefore by the organization as a whole. In general, each person who can commit capital will have a well-defined limit. This applies to traders, lenders ,and portfolio managers. Summary reports show limits as well as current exposure by business unit on a periodic basis. In large organizations with thousands of positions maintained, accurate and timely reporting is difficult, but even more essential.3.Investment guidelines and strategies.Investment guidelines and recommended positions for the immediate future are the third technique commonly in use. Here, strategies are outlined in terms of concentrations and commitments to particular aras of the market, the extent of desired asset-liability mismatching or exposure, and the need to hedge against systematic risk of a particular type.4.Incentives schemes.To the extent that management can enter incentive compatible contracts with line managers and make compensation related to the risks borne by these individuals, then the need for elaborate and costly controls is lessened. However, such incentive contracts require accurate position valuation and proper internal control systems.商业银行的风险管理：一个分析的过程何瑞商业银行风险管理和相关问题摘要在过去一年里,我们通过现场参观金融服务公司来进行审查和评估其金融风险管理系统。

商业银行信用卡风险管理外文文献翻译最新译文This article discusses the importance of credit risk management for commercial banks。

Credit risk is a major concern for banks as it can lead to XXX methods used by banks to manage credit risk。

including credit scoring。

credit limits。

and loanXXX to credit risk management。

The article XXX of credit risk to ensure the long-term XXXCredit risk management is a XXX to manage credit risk XXX。

it is essential for banks to adopt us methods to manage credit risk。

These methods include credit scoring。

credit limits。

and loanXXX are used to limit the amount of credit XXXXXX credit risk management。

The credit risk management department should work XXX departments。

such as lending and complianceXXX。

XXX that they are aware of the latest developments in credit risk management。

XXX of credit risk are critical for the long-term XXX that they are effective and up-to-date。

Personal housing loan to the bank risk management researchPART I. Problem StatementIn this part, I will give a detailed introduction of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the information about the Individual housing loan. Certainly, the problem formulation is the most imp ortant one I want to discuss.1 introduction to ICBC and IssuesIndustrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd. (ICBC) is the largest bank in the world by profit an d market capitalization. It is one China's 'Big Four' state-owned commercial banks (the other three being the Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, and China Construction Bank. It was founde d as a limited company on January 1, 1984. As of March 2010, it had assets of RMB 12.55 trillion (US$1.9 trillion), with over 18,000 outlets including 106 overseas branches and agents globally. In 2011, it ranked number 7 on Forbes Global 2000 list of worlds biggest public companies Industrial and Commercial Bank of 1991 established the Department of real estate credit, for indiv idual housing credit business, and made a worker housing mortgage loan management approach.1.1 Individual housing loanIndividual housing loan of bank credit to the self is the source of funds for personal loans to prope rty buyers. Also known as the commercial individual housing loans, banks name are not the same, the Construction Bank known as the individual housing loans, industrial and Commercial Bank of China and Agricultural Bank known as the personal housing loan guarantee 1.2 the credit risk The real estate industry is a high risk industry, housing credit business hides the bigger risk.It is th e bank's own risks. Commercial banks as credit parties, in groups through the internal division of t he mutual cooperation, a part of any mismanagement may cause potential risks into reality, caused the loss of assets. Credit risk caused by characteristic is the banks themselves, but it can avoid, re duce and prevent the credit risk, which is the focus of the work2. problem formulationHow to decrease the credit risks of personal housing loan of ICBC?3.Interpretation of the problem formulationThe credit risk of individual housing loan risk is highest among species, including the borrower so lvency risk of insufficient and guarantor solvency risk two kinds. On the loan applicant for credit i nvestigation is the bank consumer credit business as an important link. Because of China's persona l credit system has not yet been established, on the personal credit status and lack of reasonable cri teria, the bank can only be to the borrower unit written proof of income and other materials as the basis of credit evaluation, its authenticity, timeliness is difficult to determine, on the personal inco me verification of high cost. Individual housing loans up to a maximum of 30 years, in such a long time span to the borrower economic status was lasting monitoring, stage of commodity housing pr ices higher, the monthly repayment of principal and interest burden is heavy, once the borrower un employment or regular income to reduce possible default risk. Due to the development of real esta te industry is a high risk, high profit industry, developers operating status, ability to pay is also ver y difficult to grasp, it is easy to produce risk.Part II. MethodologyI collect the information and data with a Individual housing loan business of ICBC. I get some fina ncial data I can use and find some theories to resolve the problems.I use the comparative analysis and the STP method to target and analyze the problems. And I use some theories such as MM theory and hedging theory to analyze the problems faced by ICBC. In additional, I use some methods to analyze how to reduce the risks.Part III. Analysis……1. Introduction of Icbc Shanghai branch personal housing loan risk management……1.1 ICBC Shanghai branch personal housing loan statusOn October 28, 2005, industry and commerce bank was renamed "industrial and commercial bank of China Co., LTD.", the overall reform of the wholly state-owned commercial Banks for joint sto ck commercial Banks. On October 27, 2006, industry and commerce bank A shares and H shares li sted on success, become China's largest assets, customer base the most extensive, informationizati on level, business growth of the highest good public joint stock commercial Banks. At the end of 2 009, industry and commerce bank total assets of 117850.53 one hundred million yuan, total liabilit ies ll 1, 06.119 billion yuan, total market capitalisation of $269 billion, the world's first listed Bank s; That year 3094.54 business income is one hundred million yuan, a net profit of 1293.50 one hun dred million yuan, the world's most profitable bank straight; Bad loans outstanding and bad loans f or the first ten years keep double down, defective rate reduced from 1.54% to; Capital adequacy ra tio and core capital ratios were 12.36% and 9.9096, in the process of rapid business growth still ke ep a good adequate capital level. China personal loans 12068.50 one hundred million yuan, up 45. 5%, with the increase of 2768.70 personal housing loan one hundred million yuan, up 46.3%, and all of the first one. Industry and commerce bank individual loan balances the proportion of the tota l outstanding balance of the loans is rising year by year, the end of 09 has reached to 21.1%, amon g them a personal housing loan balance of all personal loan balance was 72.4%.Personal housing loanThe ICBC Shanghai branch head office is one of the branch, the head office is in the system in the top of every business, in recent years the head office system comprehensive assessment has ranked top. By the end of December 2009, icbc Shanghai branch of local deposit, loan balance respective ly for $954.2 billion and $369.5 billion respectively 18.93% and 20.43% than at the growth, includ ing personal housing loan balance of 55 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of36.3%, accounting for 14.9% of all loans; All the bad loans outstanding 4.084 billion yuan, defective rate 1.11%, 12 consecutive years realized the double down, including personal housing loan defective rate 0.24%, much lower than selling loans defective rate; Middle business income is 4.818 billion yuan and th e growth rate 35%, and record the same period; Book profit is 15.184 billion yuan, overfulfilled ye ar-round. Icbc Shanghai branch to "trade leaders, optimum system, the world first-class" for strate gic development target, in recent years to the formidable strength, prudent business, of the spirit of innovation, through the reasonable layout of the marketing network, a wide range of high quality customer base, obvious advantages of innovative products, advanced electronic banking services, and realize the fast growth the scale of operation, the profit level leap in a new stage, and the quali ty of the assets reached a new level in Shanghai, Banks of in a leading level, including personal housing loan business development especially rapidly, 2009 icbc Shanghai branch personal housing l oan balance and increment of the trade in Shanghai than were 14.06% and 14.71% in the first half year of 2201 accounts for incremental than rose to 23.1 l %1.2 1.1.1 icbc Shanghai branch person al housing loan business overall development situation In the 2007 years, icbc Shanghai branch pe rsonal housing loan began to reason stabilising, But growth is not big, to the end of 2008 at the en d of 2005 to restore basic level. Beginning in 2009, as All national encourage spending and invest ment policy influence, the real estate market supply and demand and the present situation of the t wo popular, people's silverBank of individual housing loan interest rate policy further relax, therefore icbc Shanghai branch p ersonal housing loan realizedThe unprecedented growth situation, to the end of 2010 is expected to personal housing loan balan ce can reach 750One hundred million yuan, personal loans outstanding expected to exceed 80 billion yuan.1.1.2 ICBC Shanghai branch personal housing loan business features1. The individual housing loan balances the proportion of amount of personal loans is on the rise F rom the table 1.2 shows, icbc Shanghai branch personal housing loan balance personal loan balanc es of the proportion of basic between 90% ~ 95%, and since 2007 the proportion of the rising tren d. Due to personal housing loan loan USES clear, the bank loan funds can be directly into develop ers or the seller's account to control the housing loan to capital flows, and Shanghai branch has ric h real estate development loan resources, so in recent years has been the Shanghai branch of perso nal housing loan as a personal loan business development the important direction, andconstantly c ompression personal comprehensive consumer loans, personal car loans, personal business loans, and other consumer loan business.2. Second-hand housing loans fast growthIn recent years, icbc Shanghai branch second-hand housing loans to the rapid growth of the end of June by the year 2010, used a personal housing loan balance has reached nearly 31.8 billion yuan, is the end of 2005 the balance of 4.5 times, accounting for personal housing loan balance by 2005 the share of jumped from 17.7% 47.6%, already present and a basic personal housing loan divide t he world situation, and according to the trend of increase in the first half of 2010, by the end of 20 10 is likely to more than a personal housing loan balances. Icbc Shanghai branch second-hand indi vidual housing loan was partly due to the rapid growth of the Shanghai housing market in recent y ears the abnormal prosperity, on the other hand is Shanghai branch and a lot of real estate agent est ablished cooperative relations, according to statistics, until June 2010, since 2009 have loans coop eration agency has reached 185ICBC Shanghai branch of credit asset quality improving trends pre sent the year after year, especially since listing reform, icbc Shanghai branch of credit asset quality has the advanced international level of bank. The figure 3.2 shows, personal loan asset quality bet ter than corporate loans, by the end of June 2010, personal loans non-conforming rate is only 0.38 %, far below the legal person loan defective rate 1.01%, and personal loans due to high quality per sonal housing loan asset quality. Personal housing loans accounted for more than 90% of personal loans, the direct impact on the quality of the assets of the whole individual loan nonconformities.8Figure 1.2 the icbc Shanghai branch personal housing loan constitute (amount units: ten thousand yuan)ICBC Shanghai branch of credit asset quality improving trends present the year after year, especially since listing reform, icbc Shanghai branch of credit asset quality has the advanced international level of bank. The figure 3.2 shows, personal loan asset quality better than corporate loans, by the end of June 2010, personal loans non-conforming rate is only 0.38%, far below the legal person lo an defective rate 1.01%, and personal loans due to high quality personal housing loan asset quality . Personal housing loans accounted for more than 90% of personal loans, the direct impact on the quality of the assets of the whole individual loan nonconformities.Figure 1.3 the icbc Shanghai branch the quality of loan assetsFrom the table 1.3 know, icbc Shanghai branch in developing a personal housing loan business at t he same time always adhere to execute all the risk management measures, and maintain the indivi dual housing loan quality the quality of the assets, and bad loans and bad balance realize the doubl e down, and by the end of 2006 respectively the $167.57 million and 0.45% lower in 2010 to the e nd of June 137.39 million yuan and 0.21%.2. icbc Shanghai branch personal housing loan risk management present situationThe first part of a detailed analysis on the icbc Shanghai branch of individual housing loan main ri sk sources, secondly introduced the related risk assessment indexes, the last key to introduce the in dividual housing loan risk management aspects of the four marked characteristics: the organization, system construction, the overall process management, electronic information degree is higher.2．1 what are the sources of personal housing loan riskFrom the personal housing loan business process to see, this business is not only related to the sale s contract, sign a building to apply for loans, bank loan survey and examination, loans of the contr act, to deal with guaranty to register, insurance, notarization, loans, loan examination numerous lin ks, they also involve building buyers and sellers, agency, Banks, insurance companies, etc. Theref ore, many factors can cause individual housing loan risks, the causes of the complex and changeab le.2.1.1 comes from the borrowerFrom the risk of the borrower, bank individual housing loan is the most main sources of risk, is ma inly refers to the borrower of the moral risk and reimbursement ability and reimbursement intend t o change brings the risk. 1. The borrower of moral hazard.Because at present our country personal credit registry system is not perfect, asymmetric informati on, and that the individual's various dishonest behavior should not punished, so the bank loans to t he examination and approval of the phenomenon occurs when the adverse selection. Icbc Shangha i branch at present in the disposal process of bad loans personal, found that the borrower of the mo ral risk of the embodied in the following aspects: one is the borrower to provide fake documents, o r to steal other people id card or property right card for false estate trade, using the name of others to apply for a loan to malicious cheating bank loans; 2 it is the borrower to provide false proof of e arnings or tax return, intentionally improve personal income, in order to achieve the bank lending requirements; Three is the borrower malicious exploiting legal loopholes, many malicious escape bank debt borrowers and the raising of their family members have no other place, or man-made th emselves and their families live without raising the fact that other, resolute don'tmove out of their homes, the bank even win legal proceedings, the court is not the mortgage of execution. The abov e situation most by the borrower and real estate developers or property intermediary company com mon collusion operation.2. The borrower reimbursement ability to drop, also called the "forced default". In real business, the more common situation:First is the borrower unemployment or business failure. The once unable to normal servicing, will give the bank caused great risk.Second.it is the borrower's own or immediate relatives a major disease, bank loans will face can b e retrieved, and the court does not carry out the risk.Three is the borrower violate the law sentenced, once by the borrower violate the law be judicial a uthorities held or sentence, the loan default rate almost close to 100%.3. When The borrower's payments intend to change. The borrower's payments will repay the loan i s referred to the subjective initiative, is to ensure that the main factors of safety bank loans, when t he borrower malicious escape the behavior of existing debt, the Banks often need to spend a lot of manpower and time and financial resources to settle the part of the loan risk.When the borrower marriage (or love) broken relationships. Bank loans in daily demanded overdu e process, often will meet the borrower is not willing to accept the obligation of reimbursement. As long as When there is a party would not owing on the loan, and the other party in most cases is also not willing to loan payments, even if one party willing to loan payments, usually in a certain proportion owing on the loan, not a full return, so th e bank will still take greater risks. And the marriage of the property of the segmentation under gen eral is more difficult, the bank also provides borrowers can't do change, so in that case, unless the parties can talk things over solve the property right of the building belongs and loan problems, oth erwise the bank can only be resolved through legal channels. When it is rational to breach of contr act. When home prices to fall or rapidly rising interest rates to a larger extent, continue to repayme nt of cost more than give up reimbursement of income, the borrower will be rational breach. The most active breach may occur in the loan contract after thesigning of the first two years, as the def ault opportunity cost is lower, the loss of just head, transaction cost and part of the loan principal a nd interest 2.1.2 From real estate developers 1. Real estate developers fraudWhen real estate developers funds, and then can't obtain bank development loan, often used intenti onally to improve mortgage prices down to open or false starts to help borrowers receipt diddle ba nk loans.2. Real estate developers with the other bad behaviorOf course developers in addition to the fraud risk, and you may be because of his bad behavior trig ger loan risk. For example, the building lousy tail, developers of volume and walk; Developers ille gal building, which could deal with produce evidence 2.1.3 From secondhand the room the seller The risk of the seller from secondhand room, is mainly refers to the seller for bank capital fingerpr int secondhand the room and not the real business of a risk. This kind of situation commonly know n as the "real", namely "heart to the seller of secondhand the room often still lived in the house, an d the houses have loans back by the vendor rather than the borrower. This is mainly due to the cust omer manager in loan survey only paying attention to check the borrower when reimbursement abi lity, ignore understand the authenticity of transactions in the house.2.1.4 From increased risk of intermediary institutions ⑴. From the organization's risk assessment From the organization's risk assessment, is mainly refers to assess the risk of due diligence evaluat ion agency does not. Property values of assessment is correct or not, relates directly to the bank in the future when the mortgaged property can pay of full specified amount disposal loan principal a nd interest. Personal second-hand housing loan of housing, a considerable part of the need to pass real estate appraisal company for real estate evaluation, in many of the real estate appraisal institution of management strength, professional level, social credibility is different. Some evaluation inst itutions to their own interests, not abide by the industry standards and professional ethics, and with the requirements of the blind, the house prices overvalued take calculate, disrupting the market or der, give individual housing credit capital left risk potential. ⑵. From the risk of second-hand hou sing agenciesFrom the risk of second-hand housing agencies mainly refers to secondhand the room for business and intermediary made charge high placement fee, and help do not conform to the bank loan cond itions of the borrower forged material, or help borrowers are false transactions to show the bank fu nds behavior led to the risk. To the end of June 2010, icbc Shanghai branch cooperation agency re commended by the outstanding balance of the loans have accounted for 58% of our personal loans outstanding, have 14 offices of bad loans recommended appear, the highest defective rate has reac hed 19%, shall be punished by the Shanghai branch suspended.2.1.5 From the mortgaged propertyPersonal housing loan assure means in addition to developers unsecured stage, is houses mortgage guarantee. At present, icbc Shanghai branch of the risk facing the mortgaged property, particularl y prominent mainly reflects in:1. The mortgaged property is secondary mortgage and court the phenomenon of seizure increased obviously2. Mortgage guarantee the legal risk increase lift3. The current laws exist to mortgage house disposal obstacles2.1.6 From the bank's internal managementFrom the internal management of risk is bank in handling personal housing loan process, because t he bank officials operating mistakes and moral risk or bank management defects of the system of bank loans to the possibility of loss. Mainly displays in the following aspects:1. Before the risk of credit investigationIn the loan survey link, some customers manager work sense of responsibility, to the borrower and other important material not economic income according to the requirements for the door to verif y; Or business quality is not high, can't identify potential risk; Only the mortgaged property or the guarantor or on the investigation, neglecting to their own material the authenticity of the borrower s understand: also have individual customer manager out of personal interests, knowing the borro wer to provide is not false materials and pointed out that, misleading loan approval; More serious i s theindividual employee who knowingly breaks the law, and the borrower collusion inside and ou tside, falsifying the related materials, diddle bank funds.2. When the risk of loan reviewBecause of his business banking competition is intense, some branch in order to expand its busines s scope, the pursuit of the rapid growth of the size of the loan and loan review stage in reducing to mortgage project access requirements, for some not meet the conditions of the development projec t provides loan services; The examination and approval of the borrower or relaxation condition, so me do not conform to the conditions of the borrower loan of individual housing loan.3. After the credit risk managementBecause individual housing loan amount is small, pen, time limit for long, risk factors such as com plex and changeable characteristics, so give loans to bring greater later-period management difficu lties. On the one hand most common branch "replay light tubes" thought, no full-time credit mana gement, after post responsibility definition not clear, after credit management perfunctory; On theother hand, the borrower to the lack of effective tracking and monitoring method, lead to overdue l oan collection and disposal the efficiency is low, the give personal housing loan brought the big ris k potential.2．2 What is individual housing credit risk evaluation index?At present, icbc Shanghai branch for personal housing loan risk evaluation index mainly for the lo an and loan rate so migration. Now, In the loan defective rate, and a room and secondhand room, a ccording to loans years and different branches, if cooperative organization recommended four dim ensions to examine.In the loan migration rate, mainly in classifying loans into five categories, and on the basis of eval uation respectively from the normal kind of loan deterioration to attention kind, attention from cla ss to class, subprime deterioration of from subprime deterioration to suspicious kind, from the sus picious class deterioration of loss to the ratio.Branch quarterly assessment plan the finance depart ment each line of the index of the standard deviation, according to the standard deviation of where the different interval give different assessment score, finally included in the President business pe rformance evaluation. 2．3 Individual housing credit risk management characteristics 2．3．1 Ri sk management system is perfect 1. Icbc Shanghai branch risk management frameworkIn order to fully exercise the head office comprehensive risk management framework to the next le vel of risk management function branch, Shanghai branch established risk management committee , the committee form shown in figure 1.4. The committee a secretariat, by risk management depart ment bear related functions and duties, be responsible for all the professional organization and coo rdination of the routine work of the commission.2. Icbc Shanghai branch individual housing credit agency setIcbc Shanghai branch individual housing credit agency set up branch and divided into two aspects branch:From the branch level, personal finance department set up consumer credit business department re sponsible for financing market development and financing channel management; Consumer credit management center is responsible for all the branch of personal loans on examination and approva l, homework supervision and default loans process; The credit management department set up pers onal loan risk management division and monitoring analysis division, responsible for selling perso nal loans after the credit risk management and monitoring system of establishing and supervision a nd examination of the secondary branch work quality and system implementation; Legal GeDai lit igation, responsible for both sets GeDai non-performing loans lawsuit; Risk management risk mon itoring, and the business administration section of the company establish a dedicated the GeDai re sponsible for bad loans monitoring and cancel after verification work; Branch file management ce nter of archives, and the archives arrangement, establish a dedicated the GeDai responsible for the centralized management files.2．3．2 Risk management system constructionIcbc Shanghai branch in individual housing loan risk management regulations system range from marketing to cancel after verification of the whole process, loan involves personal banking, consu mer credit management center, the credit management department, accounting settlement departm ent, and other related departments2．3．3 Process management of individual housing loansIn recent years, industrial and commercial bank branches in Shanghai in terms of personal housing loan process management and constantly improve, and for credit management and after bad dispo sition process continued to be refined. From loan origination to the refinement of the process management of loan recovery, makes ICBC Shanghai Branch has been effectively controlling the risk o f personal housing loan. 1. Accept loansThe borrower loan application should be put forward according to the bank generally list, provide borrower basic material, purchased housing related material and loan guarantees material three asp ects of the material 2 the loan surveyPersonal housing loan survey by loans do responsible for handling. Loan survey implementation d ouble survey and see the guest talk system 3. Loan reviewPersonal housing loan Center is responsible for review and approval by the consumer credit mana gement. 4. Loan origination (1) sign the contract(2) carry out QianPi examination and approval and opinion (3) loan approval(4) loans(5) after the credit management (1) the loan files centralized managementBeginning in 2008, ICBC Shanghai Branch enables centralized management of all personal credit files, ensuring archive integrity and validity of the information. Meanwhile, the branch also sets st rict lending and revocation of administrative measures to ensure that outstanding loans of his perm it in time archive. (2) credit risk monitoringPersonal loan risk monitoring main means to pass the information to collect, found that the early si gns of credit risk, and the risk early warning, in time for the follow-up checks and submit the decis ion, in order to achieve the purpose of risks in time. The work required by the credit management department set risk monitoring the responsible for full-time, risk monitoring of mainl y on the following aspects:① The loan fund flow monitoring ② Personal loans cross default warning ③ After the credit chec k ④ Default loans managementIcbc Shanghai branch for personal housing loan time limit the collection process and the way to in clude: 1. SMS tip2.95588 artificial pews the centralized collection 3 send bank collection letters or the lawyers lette rs" 4 the door collection2．3．4 Risk management of electronic information degree is higherShanghai branch to develop PCRMS authority card management system in July 2008 formally put into production.On July 1, 2008 all-new personal loans all important documents through the syste m of centralized management.3. Icbc Shanghai branch personal housing loan risk management exist in what problems? Although icbc Shanghai branch in individual housing loan risk management has strong organizatio n and a complete system construction system, and realize the whole process management and elect ronic information management, but still exist in the following aspects of the deficiencies3.1 Risk management consciousness not firmWhile rapid development in housing loans to individuals, Icbc Shanghai branch line of business co ncept in individual thoughts and is unable to correctly deal with the business development and risk management of the relationshipRisk management ability is a modern commercial bank comprehensive operation force the concret e embodiment of, is the core competitiveness of the elements, is an important guarantee of the abil ity of sustainable development.3.1.1 policy system implementation does not reach the designated positionIn the risk analysis of source, we can clearly see icbc Shanghai branch is faced with a variety of ris k, especially from the borrower, real estate developers, cooperation intermediary produced by the。

Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial BanksOrder No.6 of the People's Bank of ChinaMay 15, 2002Chapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks. Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities industry. Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC. Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing. Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.Chapter II Information to be DisclosedArticle 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules. Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax. Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters ofcredit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.(11) Other key categories.Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details: (1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procedure and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-due loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal procedures, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:(1) Shareholders' meeting during the year.(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.(5) Layout of branches and function departments.Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes during the year.(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may chan ge or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.Chapter III Management of Information DisclosureArticle 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time due to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by AccountingFirms".Chapter IV Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules. Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.City commercial banks should adopt these rules gradually from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.中国人民银行令[2002]第6号2002年5月15日第一章总则第一条为加强商业银行的市场约束，规范商业银行的信息披露行为，有效维护存款人和相关利益人的合法权益，促进商业银行安全、稳健、高效运行，依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等法律法规，制定本办法。