poly材料

一一一一一一一

一语言学研究ISSN1009-5039OverseasEnglish海外英语hwsy@Tel:+86-551-6569081165690812

本栏目责任编辑：谢媛媛1IntroductionHomonymyandpolysemyareverycommoninEnglish,butthesetwoconceptsareeasilytobeconfused,notonlybringingtrou⁃blestothelexicographerinwordclassification,butalsotomanyEnglishlearnersinunderstandingtheexactwords.Thedistinctionbetweenpolysemyandhomonymyisadifficultprobleminsemanticresearch.Somebooksandmanualsonlinguistictermsjustgiveasimpleexplanationofpolysemyandhomonymyrespectivelywithoutadetaileddescriptionofthem.Therefore,thetwoarealwaysbeingconfusedtobecalledPolysemy.Despitethecloserelationshipbe⁃tweenthetwoterms,itisstilldifficulttodistinguishthemfromeachother.However,theyaretwodifferentconcepts.Polysemyisdefined:whentherearetwoormorethantwomeaningsofaword,andsomeinternalrelationexistsbetweenthemeanings,thewordispolysemous.SomeEnglishdictionariesalsomadetheexplanationofpolysemy.2Definition2.1HomonymyHomonymsaretraditionallydefinedthatthedifferentwordshavethesameform.(Lyons,1995:55)Homonymsareunrelatedsensesofthesamephonologicalword.(Saeed,2004:63)Homonymsaredifferentwordswhichhavesimilaritiesinspell⁃ingandpronunciation,buthavedifferencesinmeaning.(Gove,1976:1085)Asamatteroffact,nowadaysHomonymscanbedividedintocompletehomonym,homophoneandhomograph.Thefirstcompletehomonymreferstothewordswhicharetotallysameinpronuncia⁃tionandspelling,butdifferentinmeanings.Whenthiskindofwordsappearinasinglesentence,itisdifficulttofindoutthemeaning,whichbecomesaproblemintheprocessofEnglishlearn⁃ing.Forexample,airhasthemeaningof“amixtureofgases(espe⁃ciallyoxygen)requiredforbreathing“,andthemeaningof"tune";ballhasthemeaningof“roundobjectthatishitorthrownorkickedingames",andthemeaningof“dancingparty";datehasthemeaningof“theparticulardayspecifiedasthetimesomethinghappens"and“sweetediblefruitofjujubetree”.Secondly,homo⁃phonesarethewordshavingsamephoneticformbutnoapparentconnectioninwordmeaningandspelling.Forexample,beandbeearehomophones,theformer’smeaningis“havethequalityofbe⁃ing",thelatteris“akindofinsects";cellis“anysmallcompart⁃ment”andsellis“exchangeordeliverformoney".Thirdly,homo⁃graphbelongstothewordswhicharespelledinasameformbutarepronounceddifferently,sodoesitmean.Forinstance,themeaningofleadisnotonlyanoun"Pb"butalsoaverb“guide”.Ifthemean⁃ingofthewordisnotthesame,thepronunciationisnotthesame.2.2PolysemySincethereareexistingmanysimilaritiesbetweenpolysemyandhomonymy,manyexpertsdefinepolysemybyacomparisonwithhomonymy."Thesetwokindsofwordsrefertothewordswiththesamepronunciationbutdifferentmeanings,whilethemeaningsofpolysemouswordsarerelated"(Saeed,2004)."Homonymy(com⁃pleteorpartial)referstotherelationshipbetweentwoormorethantwodifferentwords,whilepolysemyreferstoasinglewordwithcharacteristics"(Lyons,2000).Similarly,polysemycanbeclassi⁃fiedintotwocategories.AccordingtotheclassificationofPierreFrath,akindisreferentialpolysemy,andtheotherislexicalpolyse⁃my.“Piano"asaexampleofreferentialpolysemymeansdifferent⁃lyindifferentcontexts:the“piano”of“Shecouldhearthepiano."referstothesoundofpiano,butof"Shepolishedthepiano."referstoamusicalinstrument.Inaddition,“break”asaverbislexicalpol⁃ysemy,havingthemeaningof“interrupt,separate,fallapart,termi⁃nate,splitup,comepart,etc."3DiscriminationPrinciples1)EtymologicalPrinciple.Distinguishingbetweenpolysemy收稿日期：2017-01-05修回日期：2017-01-16作者简介：张希希（1994—），女，湖北荆门人，硕士，研究方向为外国语言文学（外语教学研究）。AnAnalysisofHomonymyandPolysemyZHANGXi-xi(GuangxiUniversity,Nanning540004,China)Abstract:Vocabularyisveryimportantforlanguagelearning,anditisanimportantpartofhumancommunication,thusmasteringvocabu⁃laryisessentialforlanguageacquisition.Toexplorethesimilaritiesanddifferencesofwordmeaning,todistinguishthedifferencesbe⁃tweenpolysemyandhomonymyandtoenlargestudents’vocabulary,arethesignificantpartofclassteaching.Itmainlydiscussesthehomonymyandpolysemyfromthedefinition,theprinciplesofdistinctionandsemanticambiguity,furtherclarifyingthedifferencesbe⁃tweenthetwoaswellasleavingsomeimplicationsforthefutureapplicationoflearning.Keywords:homonymy;polysemy;semanticambiguity;difference中图分类号：H043文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5039(2017)06-0196-02

1

Poly system Theory

1. Historical and Theoretical Backdrop of Poly system

Theory

Early in 1969, Israeli scholar and professor at Tel Aviv

University Itamar Even-Zohar suggested polysystem theory

while working on Israeli literature. Later in 1978 he collected

his articles and papers written from 1970 till 1977 as Papers in

Historical Poetics, covering main ideas of polysystem theory in

details. Since then, Even-Zohar has been developing polysystem

theory, designed to deal with dynamics and heterogeneity in

culture. In his collection of works Polysystem Studies in 1990,

he continued to reformulate and improve his ideas of

polysystem theory. Since polysystem hypothesis was proposed,

a number of Israeli scholars notably Gideon Toury and Lambert

had discussed, tested its applicability and developed the theory.

.

- 各种塑料的英文缩写

选自《塑编及相关标准汇编》之第二章引用标准

《中国塑编》杂志社

【浙江来电】请问各种塑料的英文如何缩写？

【答疑参考】国家标准GB/T 16288-2008《塑料制品的标志》的附录A（规范性附录）可供参考。全文如下：

表A.1材料术语、对应的缩略语和代号一览表

材料术语 缩略语 代号

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯 poly（ethylene terephthalate） PET 01

高密度聚乙烯 polyethylene，high density PE-HD 02

聚氯乙烯 poly（vinyl chloride） PVC 03

低密度聚乙烯 polyethylene，low density PE-LD 04

聚丙烯 polypropylene PP 05

聚苯乙烯 polystyrene PS 06

丙烯腈-丁二烯塑料 acrylonitrile-butadiene plastic AB 07

丙烯腈-丁二烯-丙烯酸酯塑料acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate plastic ABAK 08

丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯塑料acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic ABS 09

丙烯腈-氯化聚乙烯-苯乙烯塑料acrylonitrile-chlorinated acrylonitrile-

styrene ACS 10

丙烯腈-（乙烯-丙烯-二烯）-苯乙烯塑料 acrylonitrile-（ethylene-propylene-

diene）- styrene plastic AEPDS 11

丙烯腈-甲基丙烯酸甲酯塑料acrylonitrile-methyl methacryate plastic AMMA 12

丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯塑料acrylonitrile- stytene-acrylate plastic ASA 13

Poly制程探索

一. poly生產流程

雕模——做母模——做模种——再做生产模——灌浆——磨胚——补胚——彩绘——包装——验货

雕模：

1.三种泥土可以用来雕模

木雕土：适合大型外表粗糙的产品，价位低

油泥：容易硬化，要用风筒吹软了才能雕刻，所以只使用于小件产品，造型可以比较精致

石膏：适用于用转台车雕，制作对称型工整的产品

2.雕模基本是一次性的，因为材质比较软，容易变形

根据客人的图样来做的（新开发的设计）实物模型，就是根据这个雕模来做模具的

母模：

1.母模的内模用的是矽利康，也就是硅胶

在雕模的表面涂一层矽利康，干后再涂第二层，干了以后第三层放纱布（因为矽利康是很软的，需要增加韧性，以便拆模拿出成品），再涂第四层、第五层的矽利康

自然风干之后准备做外模

2.外模用的是石膏

因为刚才说过了矽利康很软，所以需要用比较硬的东西来固定成型

用瓦楞纸板将内模围起来（留1"的距离），倒入石膏，自然风干六小时

3.内模＋外模＝母模

母模用于制作模种

模种：

用母模倒出来的又一个实物样板，用于制作生产模具就是把石膏灌进母模，风干成型，然后按照母模的制作方法制作生产模具

生产模具

模具的数量根据订单数量来定

因为每个模具的寿命只能灌出60个成品（以12"大的成品计算）

所以对于厂家来说，一般最小订单量要达到600pc

由于灌浆的时候，会将硬化剂加到poly浆料里面，这个过程产生热量（可以升温至70摄氏度），矽利康遇热会“发胖”变形，作出来的产品就走样咯，所以寿命不长

灌浆

1.就是把poly浆料倒入模具里面

poly浆料＝poly水＋石粉，基本上都是1：1的，不过根据需要来调整，透明的poly就不加石粉，要感觉粗糙的话就多一点石粉。由于poly是石油产品，所以透明poly比不透明poly要贵.

然后可以在浆料里面加入色精或者色粉，做成色胚，那么就有底色了。这些颜色比较容易有偏差，不过可以在后来的彩绘中补救