正反观点对比或对立观点类书面表达2017.6.23
对同一件事情，人们常有不同的看法，即正反两种观点。在写作时，常使用一般现在时。写作格式一般是：提出问题→两种不同观点→对两种不同观点的论据（理由）逐项作对比。有时题目会要求说出自己的观点，可在结尾段加上自己的观点并简要说明理由，最好不要重复前面的已谈到的理由。
一、构思---文章结构：
开头：提出问题，建议用最直接，最简练的语言开门见山提出问题或现象，切忌拐弯抹角，且单独成段落。
1.We’ve had a discussion about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. People’s opinions about …vary
from person to person.
2.Nowadays, there has been a heated discussion about the issue of…. Different people hold different opinions.
3.We’ve had a survey on whether students should be allowed to carry mobile phones to schools.
4.With the development of IT, online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with many people.
5.There is a tendency(趋势) that some people want to attain a high degree(学位) in their education so as to prove their
competency.（attain：经过长时间努力而得到，获得，赢得）
6.Letting off firecrackers(爆竹) has long been a custom for Chinese on special occasions. However, these years the
Chinese people have different opinions about this custom.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b8454953.html,cation is valued as one of the most important aspects(方面) in almost every society. Meanwhile, it is a very
expensive operation, so it is necessary to consider carefully who should pay for it.
8.Today in China military(军队) training has found its way in the college life. Like soldiers, all undergraduates(大学生，
本科生) at universities and colleges are required to receive sort of military training, towards which people hold rather conflicting attitudes.
9.When asked what kind of living style one would choose, people differ from each other in opinion.
10.When it comes to …
【主体：陈述不同的观点及其理由】
Some people who are in favor of…maintain (主张)that …
…of them hold the opinion that ….…of them are in favor of the idea that…
People who are for/against the idea think …Some people believe that…. Others argue that …
But the advocates(提倡者) of … think …
Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. On the one hand… on the other hand…/ for one thing, … for another…
Some people object to the idea of …O thers, on the other hand, contend(声称，断言) that…
However, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion.
While those who are against … argue that …T here are some people who hold different opinions about…
People who are against it don’t think so. However, each coin has two sides.
Different from those…., …people think ….On the other hand, … people object that ….
The negative aspects are also apparent/ evident(明显的). …
One of the important disadvantages is that …To make matters worse, …
【结尾：说明自己观点】
In my opinion, …P ersonally, …M y opinion is that …As for me, I prefer to …
As far as I am concerned, I prefer the latter…From my point of view, … / From my personal point of view, I think …
As for my own idea about…A s regards me, I tend to believe/ I would rather / prefer…
In conclusion, I support the statement that …
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects of … far outweigh its negative aspects.
二、表示不同观点的套语：
并列或递进关系：first and foremost, … Besides, … Last but not least, … However,… To begin with… in addition…what’s more… (additionally, moreover, furthermore)
比较、对比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand…
写作训练：
人们的生活水平越来越高, 购买汽车的人越来越多。下面是人们对于个人购买汽车的两种不同的意见，请根据这两种看法，写一篇短文，并表达自己对于这件事情的看法。
As time goes on, people are getting richer and their life is getting better and better. As a result, more people are ready to buy cars for their own use. But different people have different ideas about whether they should buy cars for personal use.
Some people hold the belief that buying cars for personal use can help develop motor industry in our country. With the help of cars, it will be convenient for them to go to and off work. Besides, cars can make their life more colourful and beautiful.
As we all know, every coin has two sides. Some people think that more personal cars will make roads more crowded and produce more dirty gases. In addition, more cars will use more resources. Therefore, too many cars will make energy supply more demanding.
As far as I am concerned, I think it necessary for people to buy their own cars as long as they are able to.
高考英语书面表达背诵 范文25篇 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
高考英语书面表达背诵范文25篇 ---多背范文，表达加分！！ 书面表达(一) 假定你叫李华，今年六月份将从北京新华中学高三毕业，打算到美国哥伦比亚大学上学。现在请你根据下面表格的个人信息，用英语写一封 注意： 1. 信件必须包括以上内容，不能逐句翻译，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 2. 词数100左右，开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：哥伦比亚大学the University of Columbia 范文 Dear Sir or Madam， I'm writing in the hope that I can obtain a chance to further my study in computer science in your university. First, please allow me to take a brief introduction of myself. I’m Li Hua, a girl born in June, 1993. I’m graduating from Beijing Xinhua High School this coming June with each course excellent. I have a keen interest in computers and the Internet. Besides, I’m good at English. I know th at the University of Columbia ranks among the most famous universities in the USA, and that’s the very reason why I’m now applying to further my university study in your Computer Science Department. I would appreciate it if you could take the trouble to provide me with some information and send me the necessary application materials. By the way, my email address is lihua93@https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b8454953.html,. I’m looking forward to your reply. 2
应用文-----建议信 1．master＝have a good command of v．掌握 2. improve v．提高 3. pronounce v．发音 4. grateful adj.感激的 5. spelling n．拼写；拼法 6. usage n．使用；用法 7. standard n．标准 8. take notes 记笔记 9. take part in the English Corner 参加英语角 10. improve writing skills 提高写作能力 11. have a good knowledge of English 通晓英语 12. work hard at English 努力学习英语 13. step by step 逐步地；一步步地 14. be afraid of making mistakes 害怕出错 (2015·四川卷)【参考范文】 Hi Sharon, This is Li Xia. I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin. I am quite interested in it . I think I’m fit for it. As a student, I have been learning Mandarin for many years. In addition ,I am Chinese, which means Mandarin is a must for me to communicate with others in my daily life. So I’m quite confident that I can help you learn Mandarin. Learning Mandarin takes time, so if you want to learn it well ,you should spend much time practicing Mandarin everyday. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect. Besides, you can also read some books in Chinese、see some Chinese films and listen to some Chinese radio programmes. Speaking and listening are very important for a language learning, by which you are sure to make great progress. In your post, you say you can teach English as a reward. It is just what I want. I’m eager to improve my English. So, if you allow me to help you learn Mandarin, you can also help me improve my English. We can contact each other by video chat every night for half an hour in English and half an hour in Chinese, so that we can improve our oral speaking. Hope for you early reply! Yours Sincerely Li Xia (2015·淄博模拟)【参考范文】 Good morning, everyone! It's my honor to be here to make a short speech. Recently I have found that some of our classmates can't study effectively. Some can't help falling asleep in class, because they often study too late into the night. Others seldom have sports, which surely does harm to their health. As we know, enough sleep is of great importance for us senior 3 students. We can concentrate our mind in class with sufficient sleep, so we should try to make wise use of our time，striking a balance between work and leisure. Besides, doing proper exercise every day can benefit us a lot, keeping fit, reducing stress and so on. Let's spare some time to do all kinds of sports. And only in this way can we keep a good mood and study well. That's all. Thank you for listening! 应用文-----邀请信 1．ancestor n．祖先 2．discovery n．发现 3．imagination n．想象力 4．technology n．技术 5．benefit n．益处；利益 6．ancient adj.古代的 7．vivid adj.生动的；形象的 8．civilized adj.文明的 9．fascinating adj.魅力无穷的 10．invent v．发明 11．present v．呈现 12．be located in... 坐落在…… 13．attract one's attention 吸引某人的注意力14．beyond imagination 超出想像 15．It is universally acknowledged that... 众所周知…… (2015·全国新课标Ⅰ卷) 【参考范文】 Dear Peter, I’d like to ask you to write an article for our school’s English newspaper. The “Foreign Cultures” section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries. Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States?And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals,and the life of American high school students. You can write anything relevant so long as it’s interesting and informative.400 words would be fine.Could we have your article before June 28?
2011届高三书面表达讲评5 正反观点类作文之Living on Campus or Off? 一、常见问题 1.结构混乱。尽管Writing Help中对正反观点类的作文的结构已经做了详细的规定，包括要分几段，每段的内容是 什么。但不知道为什么，仍然有许多喜欢玩“躲猫猫”同学完全抛弃正宗的结构，或者另起炉灶，长篇大论，或者东一句，西一句地闲扯，看似要点齐全，其实完全不知所云。这种考验评卷人的智商的作文注定只能考验低分的极限！切记：无论什么体裁的文章，一定要先分好段，拟好清晰的结构再动笔写！ 2.观点模糊。部分同学在最后一段表达自己观点的时候模棱两可，比如：In my opinion, living on campus has both advantages and disadvantages. 还有的说：It’s really hard for me to decide whether to live on campus or not. 等等。这种骑墙的观点貌似客观，其实说了等于没说，不符合出题人的要求。切记：在书面表达和面试中的口头表达中，表达自己观点一定要明确，不可吃着碗里的望着锅里的！ 3.几个常见的语言错误： a.Wrong: There are 70% of students approve of living on campus. （不规范的说法，大多数中学老师无法接受） Right: There are 70% of the students approving / who approve of living on campus. Right: 70% students approve of living on campus. （简约不简单） b.Not only…but also… Wrong: Not only the quieter, less social environment at home may be more beneficial for studying as a busy social life on campus may be a distraction, but also the supportive environment at home my help you concentrate and study harder. (这个很强，我都不会改了) Right: Living on campus not only saves a lot of time but also makes it possible for us to form study groups. Right: Not only does living on campus save a lot of time, but also it helps students concentrate and study harder. (1.not only与but also后面所连接的词的词性必须对等。2 not only放在句首，后接句子时要用倒装结构。). C. on one hand…on the other hand…. Wrong：On one hand, you make much use of university facilities when you live on campus. On the other hand, living on campus makes it possible for us to form study groups. (中文可以，不代表英文也可以！) Right：For one thing,you make much use of university facilities when you live on campus. For another,living on campus makes it possible for us to form study groups. Right：On the one hand I enjoy the conveniences of the city. On the other hand, I really appreciate the quiet life in the countryside. （诸君看看你们的两只手，方向是不是相反的。） d.Wrong: Those who insist on the idea that living on campus makes it possible to form study groups. （貌似完整的句 子，其实缺谓语！四肢不全是一个常见病） Right: Those who insist on living on campus believe that it makes it possible to form study groups. (Tips:那些你没有绝对把握的词汇和句型，考试时请高抬贵手，放他们一马，然后代之以你比较熟悉的用法；平时写作时，则要先求教牛津和朗文两位仁兄然后再用之于你的大作！) living on develop a degree of interpersonal skills which might help them fit in society better in the near future. They also argue that living on campus ensures roommates. 2. When going to the colleges, many students choose to live on campus while some others prefer to live at home. In my highly competitive society in the near future.
高考英语书面表达背诵文25篇 ---多背文，表达加分！！ 书面表达(一) 假定你叫华，今年六月份将从北京新华中学高三毕业，打算到美国哥伦比亚大学上学。现在请你根据下面表格的个人信息，用英语写一封信，申请 注意： 1. 信件必须包括以上容，不能逐句翻译，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 2. 词数100左右，开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：哥伦比亚大学the University of Columbia 文 Dear Sir or Madam， I'm writing in the hope that I can obtain a chance to further my study in computer science in your university. First, please allow me to take a brief introduction of myself. I’m Li Hua, a girl born in June, 1993. I’m graduating from Beijing Xinhua High School this coming June with each course excellent. I have a keen interest in computers and the Internet. Besides, I’m good at English. I know that the University of Columbia ranks among the most famous universities in the USA, and that’s the very reason why I’m now applying to further my university study in your Computer Science Department. I would appreciate it if you could take the trouble to provide me with some information and send me the necessary application materials. By the way, my email address is lihua93@sina.. I’m looking forward to your reply.
邀请信 一、分类 1.普通英文邀请函 第一种邀请信邀请的对象一般是朋友、熟人，所以内容格式上的要求都比较松，可以写得随便一些。只要表明邀请的意图，说明活动的内容、时间、地点等等。但既然是邀请信，那么就一定要在信中表达非常希望对方能够参加或者出席的愿望。 2.正式英文邀请函 第二种邀请信一般由会议或学术活动的组委会的某一个负责人来写，以组委会的名义发出，而且被邀请者通常也是属于比较有威望的人士。因此，这类邀请信的措辞要相对正式一些，语气要热情有礼。 这一类邀请信通常要包括以下内容：首先表明邀请对方参加的意图以及会议或学术活动的名称、时间、地点；然后要对被邀请者的威望和学术水平等表示推崇和赞赏，表明如果被邀请者能够接受邀请，会给会议或者活动带来很好的影响；接着要说明会议或活动的相关事宜，最好是能引起对方兴趣的事宜；当然不能忘了表达希望对方能够参加的诚意；最后还要请收信人对发出的邀请做出反馈，如确认接受邀请。 二、谋篇布局 邀请信通常包括以下三部分： 1、首段： 说明事由，发出邀请。 表明邀请对方参加的意图以及活动的名称、时间、地点等简要信息。 2、主体： 介绍活动，陈述理由。 要对被邀请者的威望和学术水平等表示推崇和赞赏，表明如果被邀请者能够接受邀请，会给会议或者活动带来很好的影响；接着要说明会议或活动的相关事宜，最好是能引起对方兴趣的事宜。 3、尾段： 作总结，期待回复或参与 三、常见句型 【首段】说明事由，发出邀请。 1.It’s our honor to invite you to participate in a surprising party which will be held on Monday,March 26, 2018 in our dinning hall that is not very far from your home. 我们将为…...举办惊喜派对。我们想邀请/我们非常荣幸地邀请你...... 2.I’m *** from **** School，the president of the Student Union. An English speaking contest of our school will be held on August 6. I am wondering whether you are available and able to share the important moment with us.
请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。 Cleanliness is important to academic success at one Chinese university where compulsory labor is part of a program designed to award class credits while teaching students with proper moral values. During winter, the sky is still dark at 6：30 a．m. when the first－year students in Trade and Management College in Zhengzhou begin sweeping the 165－acre campus and it can take up to an hour. Mr. Sun, the university official, said labor is good for building character and promotes “the spirit of hard work.”Some students also claim that they are always proud of the clean campus. They never litter because they've been through the labor and understand that they should respect the fruits of labor of others. Some students, however, are against it because they feel the demands of the cleaning program are a distraction. Some often show up late and hungry to their morning classes after rushing to sweep the campus and clean their rooms. 【写作内容】 1. 用约30个单词写出上文概要。 2. 用约120个单词发表你的观点，内容包括：(1) 支持或反对这个学校的做法；(2) 用2～3个理由或论据支撑你的观点。 【写作要求】 1. 可以支持文中任一观点，但必须提供理由或论据。 2. 阐述观点或提供论据时，不能直接引用原文语句。 3. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 4. 不必写标题。 【评分标准】 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。 支持： One university in Zhengzhou designs a program where students must clean the campus every day and relates it to class credits. Some people support the program while others do not.(30) Generally, I am in favor of the practice. To begin with, through their effort, students provide a clean and comfortable environment, which, as a result, is an assurance of their successful academic life. Moreover, cleaning and labor can not only serve to build students' character but also contribute positively to students developing healthy routines and good sanitation habits. Last but not least, by enjoying the fruits of others' labor, students will develop the awareness of gratitude and regard labor as a matter of honor. In short, carrying out the cleaning program is crucial. The significance for students of participating in it means more than academic success. It is part of moral education and benefits students as well as the campus. (120) 反对： It is required by one university in Zhengzhou that students should clean the campus every morning to achieve class credits. Opinions on the practice vary widely from person to person.(30) I am strongly opposed to the practice for the following reasons. First of all, cleaning tends to take up too much time, which becomes a distraction for students and discourages them from focusing on their academic performances. Then, students can be encouraged to maintain clean living areas but it's unreasonable to relate the cleaning with the academic credits. As students, they should put more efforts into their studies to achieve class credits instead of sweeping the campus. Furthermore, though someone claims labor can contribute to developing the spirit of hard work, it should by no means be achieved through daily floor－sweeping. In conclusion, there is no sense in students sweeping the campus, for it benefits neither their character nor study.(120)
高考英语对比类作文写作（正反观点类） Teaching Procedures Step1. The importance of writing about contrast（写作教学定位背景） Step2 How to arrange a good composition 1) article structure 2) words and sentence structure 3) conjunction and transitional words 4) handwriting Step3. Introduction to the structure of the argumentative writing 1) Dissusion: How to organize a good structure of the contrast composition ( 通过让学生把一篇打乱顺序的高考作文按比较好的结构排序活动实现) 三班的同学进行了一场有关英语学习的讨论。讨论的题目是：学习英语要不要从儿童时期开始？请你根据下表中的提示写一篇短文，介绍讨论的情况。 一些同学认为另一些同学认为 1．应从儿童时期开始学习英语2．儿童时期记忆力好，可以记住很多单词 3．能为以后的英语学习打下坚实的基础1.不应从儿童时期开始学习英语 2.儿童时期既要学汉语拼音又要学英语，易混淆 3.会影响汉语学习和今后的英语学习 1．Opinions are divided on this issue. 2．The students of class 3 had a discussion about whether it is necessary to start learning English from childhood. 3. In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet. 4. But others do not agree. Young children have to learn Chinese pinyin at school. If they study Chinese pinyin and English at the same time, it will be very likely for them to mix them up. This will do a lot of harm not only to their Chinese learning but also to their future English learning. 5．Some of them think that English learning should start from childhood. As little boys and girls have a very good memory, they can learn a lot of English words by heart. This will help them lay a solid foundation for their future English learning. ___________→____________ → __________→ __________→ _____________. 2）Summary: What should be included in the argumentative writing? Topic sentence For the opinion Ending sentence Against the opinion
申请信 一、申请信写作技巧 二、常用句型 （一）开头——自我介绍和写信目的 1.I’m a student who is studying in …… School. 自我介绍 2. I’m glad to learn that you want a……我很高兴得知你们需要一名…… 3. I am writing to apply for the job/position. 我写信的目的是申请这个工作/职位。 4. I’m quite interested in this job. 我对这个工作非常感兴趣。 5.I am writing this letter to recommend myself. 我写信推荐自己。 （二）中间——介绍个人优势 1.I graduated from ……university three years ago/just now. 毕业于… 2.I major in English/Computer/Chinese medicine… so I have a good command of… 优势一：专业对口 3.Additionally, no one can deny I get along well with all my classmates, enjoy a harmonious interpersonal relationship and am always ready to help others. 优势二：情商高 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b8454953.html,st but not least, I have some relevant experience before, considering that I once worked in a similar company/for a similar activity as a….优势三：有相关经验
图表及漫画类作文 一写作模板 (1) 组图写作模板 The story took place 时间和地点. 事件起因(要点一，图片一的内容). 事件的发展(要点二、三……，图片二、三……的内容). 事件结局(最后一个要点，最后一张图片的内容) From the story, I feel自己的看法或感想． （2）对比图写作模板 Great changes have taken place in地点since时间． In the past, 描述过去的情景(图片一的内容). But now our village/school/city is taking on a new look. 描述现在的情景(图片二的内容). There are many reasons for the great changes. First, 变化的第一个理由. Second, 变化的第二个理由. Third, 变化的第三个理由…Last but not least, 变化的最后一个理由. I think自己的感想． （3）单张图写作模板 As can be seen in the picture, 图画内容. The picture tells us概括图片大意． The implied meaning of this picture should be taken into consideration seriously. To begin with, 揭示涵义/原因/结果1. Second, 揭示涵义/原因/结果2. In my opinion/ As for me, we should take some measures to deal with the problem. First , we should具体措施1. Second, we must具体措施2. Only in this way can we solve the problem of 图画内容． (4)图表作文模板 As is shown/ indicated/ illustrated by the figure/ percentage in the table/ graph/ chart/ pie, _____________ (作文题目的议题）has been on rise/ decline, significantly/ dramatically/steadily rising/ decreasing from ________ to _______. From the sharp/ marked decline/rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ____________________. There are at least two reasons accounting for _______________. On the one hand, ______________. On the other hand, ___________ is due to the fact that ______________. In
高中英语书面表达——正反观点类作文 1、假如你是某中学学生李华。最近，你班同学正在参加21世纪英文报“大家谈”栏目的一个讨论。本次话题为：“父母有没有必要陪读? 请你根据下表所列情况给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论的情况。 1．信的形式已经为你写好。2．词数150左右。3．参考词汇：陪读 accompany sb. studying at school 督促 urge Dear editor, I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether our parents should accompany us studying at school. _______________________________________________________________________ 2、 5月5 日，张学友（Jacky Cheung ）终于来扬州了，人气爆棚。针对当前中学生中的追星现象，你班同学展开了一次热烈的讨论，有很多同学赞同，也有不少同学反对。请你根据 注意：1. 对所给要点，不要简单翻译，可适当发挥。 2. 字数150左右。短文的开头已给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：追星star worshiping On May 5th, Jacky Cheung came to Yangzhou, bursting with popularity. Recently, your class has held a heated discussion about the phenomenon of star worshiping. The opinions are different. \
高三英语复习---书面表达高分技巧（20120307） By Zhang Shiqin Teaching aims: we are trying to teach sts how to write a good composition, or how to make a composition better so as to get a good mark in an examination especially in the National College Entrance Examination. Teaching Procedures: Step 1高考英语书面表达高分卷常识 一．高考英语书面表达题材特点、体裁特点及出题模式： 1. 题材特点：紧扣课标，教材和考试说明； 贴近现实生活和学生生活实际，易于表达； 突出考查学生实际运用语言的能力。 2.体裁特点：利用各种体裁，以应用文（致辞、发言稿、记叙文、议论文）为主。 3.出题模式：叙事+ 议论，写人+ 议论 二．近年高考英语写作高分卷的五大特点： 1.行文逻辑科学，条理性好； 2.巧用过渡词汇，逻辑性强； 3.巧用高级词汇和复杂句式，文章品味高； 4.妙用变通式表达，文章错落有致； 5.书写规范工整，整体效果好。 三．英语写作高分卷的七大原则、八项注意︰ 七大原则八项注意 主题句原则注意审题 一二三原则注意人称 分段原则注意时态 长短句结合原则注意巧用连接词 多实少虚原则禁用汉式英语 短语优先原则注意书写 词句多变原则注意用有把握的词句 注意检查 四．高分卷书面表达段落的核心要素︰ 1. General structure Topic sentence Supporting sentences Concluding sentence 2. Linking words 3. Advanced expressions Various structures Graceful words Step 2怎样写出高分作文 一．仔细审题Analyze the topic carefully
怎样写正反观点对比类的文章2013-10-23 一．写作基本要求：1.字数达到要求。2.卷面整洁，字迹清楚。3.语法正确。 4.标点正确。5.文章内容是否切题。 6.格式正确。 二．高考书面表达评分标准： 第五档（很好）（21－25分）完全完成了试题规定的任务。 —覆盖所有内容要点。 —应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。 —语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。 —有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的。 三．正反观点对比类的文章：提出问题；不同观点对比；说明自己观点 四．表示不同观点的套语 1）Paragraph1 总起: Different people hold/ have different opinions. People have taken different attitudes towards … People have different opinions on this problem. There are two opposite opinions about it. 2）p aragrap 2表达赞同观点 …of them are in favor of the idea that… People who are for the idea think … Some people believe that…… 3）表达反对的观点: On the contrary, …of them hold a different view. …of them hold the opposite opinion. However, each coin has two sides. On the other hand, people that …. 4)你的观点: …… in my view / opinion, I agree with…, As for me, … As far as I’m concerned, 总结：in brief, in a word, in summary 五．高考大纲中常用的衔接词 1. 表示递进：what is more; in addition；besides, more over 2. 表示转折：however; on the contrary 3. 表示因果：therefore; as a result; because 4. 表示对比：like; unlike, on the other hand 5. 表示总结：to sum up ; all in all