哥特式建筑（Gothic architecture）In the fifth Century, with the demise of the Empire of Western Rome, Europe entered the period when historians called it the "middle ages". At this time in Europe, awareness of cultural and literary and artistic landscape of ancient Greece and unable to get up after a fall, the splendid culture of ancient Rome, has become a distant dream, disappeared in the long night, only the religious culture, especially Christian culture thriving, not only become a symbol of the spirit of the middle ages, has become a symbol of the power of the middle ages. But in the cultural desert, miraculously the birth of a new architectural culture architectural culture Gothic, its strange and unique image, such as breaking the eagle not only shows the nets above and snares below, the material and cultural achievements, and life to reveal the characteristics of the medieval European spirit culture. The level of architectural art to a new height. If the whole medieval art, almost at a standstill if so, only the construction of the eagle beat straight into the sky, fly proud, the brilliant art broadcast in Europe from all sides. In a sense, Gothic architecture is not only the greatest art of the middle ages, but also the only art of perpetual vitality in the middle ages. This great art, however, was born not only in times of great greatness, but also in a not so great name: Gothic architecture. Goth was originally a Germanic people who took part in the destruction of ancient Rome, and its title was vulgar and barbarous. It was a renaissance European who was given medieval architecture for distaste for the darkness of the middle ages. The Renaissance is intended to denounce the medieval people's architectural style, but later, with the development of history, the title will lose its praise, and became a proper noun, the habit ofpeople will agree the main building architectural style and the middle ages, are referred to as "Gothic building". The most influential Gothic buildings, mostly church buildings. This, of course, was related to the prevailing consciousness. The dominant ideology in the Middle Ages was religious consciousness, especially the Christian consciousness. At the same time, it was related to the more developed technical level at that time. Therefore, the influence of these two aspects also determines the general style and characteristics of Gothic architecture.The overall style of Gothic architecture is dense, tall, slender, sharp. They directly reflect the new structure, technology and strong religious consciousness of the middle ages. Sharp form, is the crystallization of sharp coupons, pointed arch technology; towering walls, but contains a bracing technology, buttress technology achievements. And the vacant artistic conception and vertical upward form are the most exact expressions of the connotation of Christian spirit. The tall, straight, ethereal, illusory image seems to be directed at God, inspiring people to escape from this world of misery and sin and to the kingdom of heaven". The religious consciousness expressed in this style and the technical achievements shown can be felt in two aspects. The first is exterior modeling. Gothic architecture, especially churches, is characterized by its high and straight appearance, typically consisting of a pair of tall minarets, with a gable in the middle,In the railings, gates gable eaves hole arranged on a column with a concave statue niches, the cross link between the central facade, railings and concave circular rose window niche is thesymbol of heaven. The West facade as the church entrance, there are three openings, openings within a few layers of moldings, moldings engraved with clusters of icons. All the walls are vertical lines through all other parts of system, and the details of decoration in the pointed arch, sharp coupons, spire synthesis elements, all of the arch are sharp, all openings on the pediment, concave niche canopy, buttress ridges on the edge are sharp edged, all of the tower, the upper wall buttresses and pinnacles are dubbed into the sky. At the same time, the facade of the building to divide more and more delicate, exquisite decorative form. All this makes the whole church filled with an otherworldly refined, prancing rise movement and momentum. This momentum has shown the Christian ideal of the kingdom of heaven as vivid and concrete, as well as the superb architectural techniques of the middle ages. Secondly, we can also see its religious feelings and technical means from the characteristics of the internal space. In Gothic churches, the use of the tip and the small arches gives the space and structure a great deal of flexibility, as well as a novel pattern for the church's artistic style. The plane is still the general Gothic church Latin cross, but the hall is narrow and long, thin and tall, the interior of the church and the altar of heaven oriented force is very strong, the structure inside the church all exposed to the frame, vertical line commands all the parts, the space is very high with a symbol of heaven. Vision. The pillars to bundle the zenith, like a bunch of fountains sprayed from the ground to the sky; sometimes like a forest of tall and straight trunk, leaf interwoven, light from the foliage gap in enlightenment comes through, people lost in the light, whenever the sun from the window frames covered with colored glass shines, the church space will be filled with blurred and phantom, thechurch is like heaven. This atmosphere has shown the spirit of Christianity, and this atmosphere has undoubtedly benefited from the techniques of sharp coupons, pointed arches and spatial structures. In Gothic cathedrals, churches of high prestige abound. Among them, the Notre Dame de Paris in France, the Church of Duomo in Italy, and the Cologne Cathedral in Germany are all representatives. Their exterior shape, detail decoration and interior space structure both reflect the general style characteristic of the Gothic architecture adequately, and have distinct personality. So, people talk about Gothic architecture, often take them for example.The architectural art of ancient Rome is the inheritance and development of ancient Greek architectural art. This "succession" is not only from time to time, but also from the basic style of architectural art. The content of this basic style is the scale of human consciousness and human being. However, this kind of human consciousness and the human scale, in the ancient buildings in Rome has a new meaning, it is the new meaning to promote the great ancient Rome architectural foundation in the art of ancient Greece, on the way. If we say that the ancient Greeks worship is embodied by the worship of "God", then, the ancient Romans worship of the people, directly tend to worship of the secular, real people, the people's consciousness,Also from the group to the individual, "emphasis on personal praise and material enjoyment of life."". It is in such a sense of right, and the buildings of ancient Rome not only with the help of more advanced technology, the development of the brilliant achievements of ancient Greek art, but also thecharacteristics of the artistic style of ancient Greek architecture, perfect harmony, noble, in the new social and cultural background, from the "Temple" to the secular, give this style to form new aesthetic taste and the corresponding. Vitrurius, an architectural theorist in ancient Rome, pointed out in his book architecture ten that the basic principle of architecture should be "regulation, configuration, symmetry, balance, propriety, and economy."". This can be said to be a theoretical summary of the architectural features and artistic styles of ancient Rome. In these characteristics, apparently still has a content of ancient Greek architecture style harmony, perfect and noble, but decent and economic leverage, "obviously the ancient Greek architectural style of the" God "means, in order to change the secular people. This can be seen directly from the design of the building type and the appearance of the building. The most outstanding architectural art in ancient Greece was related to the gods, and the magnificence of the temple reflected this feature more closely. The buildings of ancient Rome's most brilliant, the most artistic value is to serve the economy or human life (physical and mental) service buildings, such as square, roads, bridges, tunnels, elevated aqueduct, theater, arena, beach, residential and villa etc.. Almost all of these buildings serve people's material life or spiritual enjoyment directly. In artistic style, they are also the pursuit of harmony, the pursuit of perfection, the pursuit of lofty, but is not a "sacred" harmonious, perfect and noble, but the reality of life, is a "proper" economic prosperity, peace and stability, and to stimulate the pursuit of reality "lofty" some "sublime" also directly with a "tragedy" emotional contact, such as the famous ancient Colosseum, its perfect, harmonious and noble style, because of its function of thetragedy that connected, is bathed in blood and tears of the slave of a noble, so noble, make it perfect, with more secular, it can make people exclaim and exciting, but it is difficult to produce the kind of like a Greek temple "sacred". This can be said to be the architectural style of ancient Rome harmony, perfect, noble and ancient Greek architectural style of the biggest difference. As for some other secular buildings, such as the baths of Caracalla, its harmony, perfect and grand style, mainly from secular feelings, rather than from the idealism of the divine consciousness. In the specific architectural style, the ancient Rome architecture also inherited the ancient Greek architectural style, but also innovation and development of it. Such as ancient Rome Coliseum in the external facade, especially the 4 storey high external facade, is the ancient greek column composition of carbon, it is at the bottom of the second layer is the Doric order, ionic column, the third layer is the top layer in the Corinth post, around the wall column. However, this type of ancient Greece, the masterpiece of ancient Rome is no longer as in ancient Greek architecture that has the structure effect, it has been transformed into a simple decoration, the real structure part structure is hidden in the walls. Simultaneous,On the roof of the shape, the ancient Romans is greatly revolutionized the ancient Greek architecture form, the beam column structure used in ancient Greece, replaced by a more effective method to support the arch roof, in other hand, appeared in the ancient Greek architecture is difficult to see the "vault" roof. It is this "vault arch" roof that has become the most obvious difference between the ancient Rome architecture, especially the housing construction and theancient Greek housing construction. The arch structure due to economic, practical, and aesthetic effect is also very good, so it is not only applied to the temple and palace building, and extended to all areas of daily life, such as roads, bridges, aqueducts, ports, theater, residential, warehouse and sewer. So that many magnificent buildings in the performance of harmony, perfect and noble at the same time, with a clear "round" flavor. But at the same time, the buildings of ancient Rome and other aspects of consciousness in the reference and inheritance characteristic of the ancient Greek architecture, especially a use, often show a clear relationship between the buildings of ancient Rome and ancient Greek architecture. For example, Rome ancient temple of Pan Taiweng (also known as the Pantheon), its main part is a dome of the huge concrete barrel, this "circle" style, is the typical characteristics of the ancient buildings in Rome, and in the entrance door, and on a typical ancient Greek colonnades by eight, according to the Corinth post colonnade. It is a triangular pediment. The whole building was shown in ancient Rome building the inheritance and innovation of the image.Gothic church; architecture; artFrom twelfth Century ad to fifteenth Century ad, the city has become the political, religious, economic and cultural center of various feudal kingdoms. During this period, Gothic art emerged as a product of the great development of feudal society."Gothic" refers to the barbarians, Gothic art is the meaning of savage arts, is a derogatory term. In the eyes of Europeans, the Rome style is an orthodox art, and then the new buildingform is relegated to "Gothic".The first Gothic building was born in the domain of the king of france. Then all of Europe was influenced by the "Gothic" influence.Someone refers to Gothic architecture, Gothic sculpture was originally attached to the building, and the building in thirteenth Century after peak separation; Gothic painting in the year 14 - fifteenth Century.The characteristics of Gothic church architecture in the artistic form: first in the volume and height to create a new record, from the church hall height, Cologne hall 48 meters high from the church; the height of clock tower look at Germany's Ulm City Church up to 161 meters. The second is the body very strong upward momentum, brisk vertical line straight through his body. Whether the wall and the tower is to partition the finer, more decorative, more exquisite, and the top are sharp and piercing the sky pinnacles. Not only are all the coupons sharp, but also the upper part of the building and the details are pointed, and the church is full of upward momentum. This high, straight, sharp and strong upward momentum for the characteristics of the style is the embodiment of the world Church rejected religious ideas, but also the city to show its strong vitality of the spirit of reflection.If the Rome type with its thick and stocky, unshakable form to show the authority of the church, the form of a retro inherits the traditional means, so the Holy Spirit bold Gothic, dexterity, the rising power of the Church of the barbarians.The helicopter line space over cracks, through the stained glass windows of colorful light and every kind of light and exquisite decorative sculpture, synthetically create a "non human" realm, to give people a sense of mystery. Some people say that Rome is building on the floor of the palace, Gothic architecture is a heaven shrine.The Gothic church structure changes, resulting in a flame momentum, the people will take to the "Kingdom of heaven", successfully embodies the religious ideas, people's visual and emotional sublimation with upward spires, there is a feeling close to God and heaven.From the aesthetic perspective, Rome style building wide main muddy, but is the Gothic show close the country to international intercourse, a human mind impulse, it is no longer purely religious buildings, is no longer a military fortress, but the cultural symbol of the city, that get a bit limited freedom in the dark ages. People will find a real world of the sun through the dark ages.Along with Gothic architecture, it was a beautiful stained glass window painting. This kind of painting is also a Bible for illiterate believers. The round rose window symbolizes heaven, and all kinds of saints climb colorful windows, which resemble the colorful stage pictures. When people come near the church, they not only produce a sense of magic to the kingdom of heaven, but also produce decorative beauty. Because it is a glass picture, it can be colored by the penetration of light rays. It is fascinating with its wonderful light color.Gothic sculpture is indispensable for building the decoration of the church, its characters began to keep the space position independent, the pursuit of the three dimensional solid modeling, and strive to meet the real image, the pursuit of natural and vivid shape, the body gradually plump up, pleats also have structural changes, make people feel the clothes inside is real the human body. A statue is no longer the mold of human form, but of flesh and blood. On the use of Gothic sculpture and high relief carvings of the close.Gothic art close to life and realism, all over Europe, so also known as the International Gothic style. Late Gothic art has obviously nurtured the renaissance.。
