a
2R'+H'
q=(2R'+H')/2N
R+½H
2N
1
1ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The Hardy-Winberg Law
哈德-温伯格定律
1. The frequency of alleles does not change from generation to generation; in other words, the population does not evolve 2. After one generation of random mating, offspring genotype frequencies can be predicted from the parent allele frequencies
Natural election force
Mutation
突变
Forward and reverse-ward mutation
正向和反向突变 • 在没有其他因素影响时：设某一世代中，等位基因A, a的频率分 别为 P(A)=p, P(a)=q • 正反突变率分别为u、v，则：
• • •
u A=======a v
在自然界中，群体是动态的，其规模和基因库的变化是 常见的，符合在随机交配，选择和突变，有同等生存能 力和生育能力的情况下的假设
Natural election
自然选择
Fitness and selection coefficient Fitness(W), adaptive value, it is the capacity for an individual to survive to pass its genes to the offspring under a certain condition. The adaptive value is defined as 1 for the genotype with the highest reproductivity. Relatively, other genotypes range from 0 to 1 Selection coefficient (S): The reduction of fitness results from the natural selection S = 1-W For lethal or sterile genotypes, their S and W are defined as 1 and 0, respectively
