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Unit1 Friends and Friendship 单词friendshipenlargelargeviewofferculturedistantcomplainconfusedcasualclosecompanionbondsituationsituategreetingdelighteddelightdelightfuloutsiderlifelonglong-term短语at firstbe interested in doing sthin a very general waybase on/uponno longer/not…any moreout offade awayfor a whileby chancepick upleave offbe delighted in/delight inin a/the blink of an eyebark atdie ofheart attacksuffer from语法现在分词一.构成形式doing （特殊的略现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作二.时态与语态一般式doing 一般被动式being done 完成式having done 完成被动式having been done所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not 包括独立主格形式三.可作成分定语状语补语表语1.作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前分词短语作定语时放在后并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一e.g. a running boythe girl standing there并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句e.g. a boy who is runninga girl who is standing there注意1：分词的完成时不可作定语注意2：在message letter sign news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语不用过去分词这是考试的易错点注意3：某些现在分词作定语时已不再表示动作已经从分词变为了形容词词性eg. an interesting story an exciting match 这些也可以属于现在分词作定语但是不能转化为相应的定语从句但是可以有三级变化（原级比较级最高级和被某些副词如very 修饰2.作补语高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况不研究作主补的情况只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补1感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at2使役动词：have get catch leave set值得注意的是：要想用现在分词来作宾补只能是用于这些词后但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补eg.I saw him singing now.Don't have the students studying all day.注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者至于现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可无须深入3.作表语现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意3 有三级变化可被副词修饰e.g.The story is interesting.The match is exciting.注意：表动作的现在分词不能作表语例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语关于句子成分的语法内容有时间再为大家补充4.作状语作时间条件原因让步状语事要位于句首且与后面用逗号隔开能转换为一个相应的状语从句作结果方式伴随状语时要位于句尾且与前面用逗号隔开有时也可以不用注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者一般要与句中主语保持一致．〔这个是重点是考试和高考的常考点大家必须记住〕个人经验状语从句是万能的而分词作状语具有局限性当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做1作时间状语eg. Walking in the street, I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了．可以转化为一个时间状语从句When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him.当我要表达正在进行的动作时我们可以在分词前面加上when／while那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略但是不是时时成立的重新注意一下所给出的例子Walking in the street,I saw him.我是翻译成”当我在街上走时，我看到他了．”而不可以翻译为”当他在街上走时，他看到我了．”（这个是因为”分词作状语时其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”但是有的同学问了那我要是想翻译成”当他在街上走时，我看到他了．”那应该怎么做那？可以用状语从句来做啊因为从句是万能的啊When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him.在这里在告诉大家另外的一个方法He walking in the street,I saw him.这是分词的独立主格形式我们以下会介绍在这里不需太理解．2作条件状语e.g. Working hard,you will succeed.3作原因状语e.g. Being ill,she stayed at home.注意being是常用来作原因状语的4作让步状语e.g. Having failed many times,he didn't lost heart.5作结果状语e.g. His friend died,leaving him a lot of money,6作方式状语e.g. Please answer the question using another way.7作伴随状语可以转化为一个并列句e.g. He is standing there,singing.学以致用1.Taking pictures___ very interesting.A. isB. areC. to beD. be2.______ the bad news made him cry.A. HearB. HeardC. HearingD. Is hearing3._____ a desert had always been a risk adventure.A. being crossedB. Having crossedC. CrossingD. To have crossed4.Before he came , I‟d finished _______ the whole book.A. to readB. to have readC. readingD. read5. I always enjoy ____ to popular music at night.A. to listenB. listeningC. that I can listenD. if I can listen6.We are considering ________ a trip around the island.A. take b. to take C. to be taking D. taking7.I hope you don‟t mind ____ at your newspaper.A. I lookB. my lookingC. I lookingD. my to look8.When a man‟s heart stops ______ , he dies.A. to beatB. beatingC. beatD. beaten9.I can‟t help _______ he is still alive.A. thinkingB. thinkC. to thinkD. thought of10.So far as I am concerned , I prefer reading ________ .A. than meatB. for joyC. instead of sleeping D to drinkingUnit 2 Parents and Children单词shadeshelterbranchsailtrunkbiteendlessendingunconditionalconditionalconditionretellforecasthearingnapchoplean短语go bygrow upchop offgo sailingshow upsince thenlean on/uponbe aware ofalong withbe angry with sb.feel like doing sth.graduate frombe engaged tobe marriedcover withfeel blue语法动名词定义：动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。

它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。

动名词有时态和语态的变化。

解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。

特征：动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词一些特征一、动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

1、作主语二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。

在意义上相近。

但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。

3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语：Does your saying that mean anything to him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语：There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen.5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一：Seeing is believing. *To see is to believe.2、作宾语（1作动词的宾语（2作介词的宾语We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。