The 20th Century Literature (1)

向善与求真——中国传统意向思维对20世纪文学的影响——中国传统意向思维对20世纪文学的影响【英文标题】Towords the Good and For the True ——The Influence of Chinese Traditional Thought of Intentiononon the 20th Century Literature ZHANG Wei-zhong (School of Chinese studies,Xuzhou Normal University,Xuzhou221116,China)【作者】张卫中【作者简介】张卫中(1956-)，男，河南永城人，徐州师范大学文学院教授，文学博士。

徐州师范大学文学院，江苏徐州221116【内容提要】中国传统的意向思维更倾向于用情感判断代替认知，这和西方的求真思维形成了很大的差异。

在20世纪中国文学史上，一方面，意向思维在人的意识里还有大量的遗留，另一方面，也由于特殊的人文环境，那种重说教、重伦理评价和将人物道德面目两极化的倾向仍然十分突出。

思维方式具有很强的历史继承性，不深入了解传统思维的影响，就不可能深入地认识20世纪中国文学。

【摘要题】中国古代文论研究【英文摘要】Chinese traditional thought of intention inclines to sentimentaljudgment for cognition,which differs greatly from the westernthought of seeking the truth.In the history of Chinese literaturein the 20th century,on the one hand,there still remains the thoughtof intention in peoples consciousness for the most part,on theother hand,the inclination,which values preach,ethical judgmentand polarizes of mans morality features,is still very conspicuousdue to humane environment.Because of the historical inheritanceof the mode of thinking,it's impossible to recognize Chineseliterature in the 20th century thoroughly without a profoundunderstanding of the influence of the traditional thought.【关键词】中国传统/意向思维/求真思维/文化传统/20世纪中国文学/影响与制约Chinese tradition/the thought of intention/the thought ofseeking truth/cultural tradition/Chinese literature in the 20thcentury/influence and restriction【正文】［中图分类号］I206.6 ［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］1007-6425(2002)04-0026-05 思维方式是文化的一个重要内容，它在历史的演变中也具有更大的稳定性。

济南大学继续教育学院2016年学位主干课程考试《英国文学史》模拟题（一）（本试题满分100分，时间90分钟）I. Multiple choices: Choose the ONE answer that is the most suitable to the sentence. (20%) （）1.________is Byron's masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.A. “She walk s in Beauty”B. “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”C. “Don Juan”D. “The Corsair”( ) 2. "Modern Fiction" is one of Woolf's important critical essays, in which the writer praises______ as "the most notable" of "several young writers."A. Thomas HardyB. James JoyceC. Joseph ConradD. T.S.Eliot( ) 3. _________ achieved fame after the publication of poem----.“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”.A. WordsworthB. JoyceC. George EliotD. John Galsworthy ( ) 4. John Milton's "On His Blindness" is written in the form of ______sonnet which consists of an octave(an eight-line stanza) and a sestet (a six-line stanza)A. EnglishB. ItalianC. RussianD. Chinese( ) 5. In "Tom Jones"______ is depicted as a hypocritical, wicked man who is outwardly good but inwardly bad.A. TomB. BlifilC. Mr. AllworthyD. Sophia( ) 6. John Keats' famous poem______expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.A. "Endymion"B. "Ode to a Nightingale"C."Ode on a Grecian Urn"D."Ode to Psyche"( ) 7. "The School for Scandal "by Richard Brinsley Sheridan has been regarded as the best______since Shakespeare.A. tragedyB. proseC. comedyD. fable( ) 8.The story of "Tom Jones" by Henry Fielding is told _______.A. in a series of lettersB. in the third-person narrationC. by Tom JonesD. in the form of diary( ) 9. The title _______was borrowed by Thackeray from “The Pilgrim’s Progress” by Bunyan.A. “Sons and Lovers”B. “Jane Eyre”C. “Adam Bede”D. “Vanity Fair”( ) 10. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama,_______________.A.“Prometheus Unbound”B. “The Necessity of Atheism”C.“Ode to the West Wind”D. “Queen Mab”( ) 11.“The Solitary Reaper”. This poet written by _________of eighteenth centuryA. WordsworthB. ByronC. ShelleyD. Keats( ) 12. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” ---that is all . This poet is from _________written by Keats.A. “Ode to a Nightingale”B. “Ode to psyche”C. “Ode to Autumn”D. “Ode on a Grecian Urn”( )13. In "The Pilgrim's Progress" Christian and Faithful come to the ______where both are arrested as alien agitators and tried.A. Vanity FairB. Doubting CastleC. Celestial CityD. hell( ) 14. Which of the following novels by Dickens shows his pessimism?A. “The Old Curiosity Shop”B. “David Copperfield”C. “Oliver Twist”D. “Great Expectations”( ) 15.Hardy’s first masterpiece is ______________.A. “Idylls of the King”B. “Far Form the Madding Crowd”C. “Tess of the D''Urbervilles”D. “In Memoriam”( ) 16.The outstanding realistic novelists of early 20th century were _______，H. G. Wells，and Arnold Bennett.A. LawrenceB. JoyceC. George EliotD. John Galsworthy( ) 17._________ "West Wind" thus seems to symbolize an inspiring spiritual power that moves everywhere, and affects everything.A. Shelley’sB. Keats’C. Wordsworth’sD.Vi rginia Woolf’s( )18. “Ode to a Nightingale”symbolized for _______ a lasting beauty which lured him temporarily away from his great misery into an exquisite desire to the forest with the bird.A. ByronB. KeatsC. WordsworthD. Shelley( ) 19. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the ______ century writers who wrote under the influence of ______.A. 16th…Edmund SpenserB. 17th…John DonneC. 18th…Thomas GrayD. 20th…John Ransom( ) 20.Which of the following novels by D. H. Lawrence shows the influence of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, especially that of the "Oedipus complex"?A. "The Rainbow"B. "Women in Love"C. "Sons and Lovers"D. "Lady Chatterley's Lover"II. True & False statements. (20%)( ) 1. Chancer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact he introduced from France the rhymed stanza in Iambic meter to English poetry.( ) 2. Hamlet, the great tragedy of Shakespeare, with perfect artistry, studies the profound question of "to be or no to be."( ) 3. Bacon was the founder of modern science & also famous for his "essays."( ) 4. Spenser's "Faerie Queene", Sidney's "Astrophel & Stella "& Shakespeare's "Sonnets" are the most famous sonnet sequences of Elizabethan Age.( ) 5. Defoe is the author of Robinson Crusoe, which is a scientific and fantastic work.( ) 6.To the Lighthouse is divided into three sections: “The Window,” “Time Passes,” and “The Lighthouse.”( ) 7. Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist，A Portrait of Artist as a Young Man is Joyce's first novel.( )8.George Eliot，pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into an estate agent’s family in Warwickshire，England.( ) 9. Wordsworth uses his poetry to look at the relationship between nature and love. ( ) 10. “Ode to the West Wind” praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature.( ) 11. Shelley is among the world's greatest lyric poets. He is the most wonderful lyric poet England has ever produced.( )12.In Hebrew, Latin, Greek, and many other languages, the words for wind, breath, soul, and inspiration are all identical or related. ( )13.The realistic novels in the early 19th century were the continuation of the Victorian tradition，yet its exposing and criticizing power against capitalist evils had been somewhat weakened both in width and depth.( ) 14.Charlotte’s first novel Jane Eyre was rejected by the publisher. But her second one，The Professor，won immediate success when it appeared in 1847.( )15. “The Isles of Greece，” is taken from Canto II, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan & Haidee, the pure & beautiful daughter of a pirate.( ) 16.Tom Jones is the masterpiece of Henry Fielding & it offers a panoramic picture of 18th century England with the life of people in London, in the countryside & on the open road.( ) 17.Robert Burns is a peasant poet & is famous for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.( ) 18. W. B. Yeats was a poet and dramatist, who was born in Ireland.( ) 19. Thomas Hardy was only a novelist, who didn't write any poem at all.( ) 20. John Galsworthy was one of the most prominent of the 20th century English realistic writers.III. Name the Writers who wrote the following passages. (10%)( ) 1. Imitation here will not to do the business.The picture must be after Nature herself.11.“( )2. Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton? --- a machinewithout feelings? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless andheartless? You think wrong! – I have as much soul as you – and as much heart!( ) ( ) 3. Farewell my friend ! farewell my foes !My peace with these, my love with those:The bursting tears my heart declare-----Farewell the bonnie banks of Ayr!.( ( )4. In poverty, hunger and dirt;And And still with a vcice of dolorous pitchShe sang the “Song of the Shirt!”( ) ( )5. Little Lamb who made theeDost thou know who made theeGave thee life & bid thee feed( ) 6. “ studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”Spirit of Delight !The fresh earth in new leaves dressedAnd the stary night( ) 8. Can honor set to a leg? no, or an arm? No:...what is honor? A word, what is that word, honor?( ) 9. ...What though the field be lost?All is not lost; the unconquerable willAnd study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield...( ) 10. What man art thou, quoth he,That lookest as thou wouldst find a hare;For ever on the ground I see thee stare.IV. For items 1 to 14 , write down the name of the book from which the character(s) is taken; while for 15 to 20, give the name of the writer. (20%)1. Mr. Gamfield ，2. Elizabeth Bennet，3.Dalloway4.Mr. Rochester5.Heathcliff & Catherine6. Angel Clare7. Paul8. Amelia Sedley9. Stephen Dedalus 10. Juan 11. Bassanio, Antonio 12. Friday13. Lilliputians14. Sophia 15. The Return of the Native 16. Ullysses 17. The Portrait of a Lady 18. Prometheus Unbound 19. Waste Land 20. Women in LoveV. Explain the following terms briefly and mention some representative authors or literary works for each of them.（30%）1.Critical Realism2. Romanticism3.Realism in the 20th century English literature。

the 20th Century American Literature(1900-1910s)Historical BackgroundThe influence of WWI ：•an economic boom• a sudden jump in technology•The breakdown of old moral values ——bobbed hair, short skirts, women drinking and smoking • a tremendous disillusionment (幻想破灭，美国梦，Benjamin Franklin)•Nothing had changed.•There was a popular contempt轻视for the law—the prohibition of alcohol, bootleggers走私者, etc.•The dream美国梦had failed and the country was building up economic troubles toward disaster.• A loss of faith began with Darwin’s theories of evolution达尔文进化论. Without faith man could no longer keep his feeling and thought whole; hence a sense of life being fragmented变成碎片and chaotic混乱的. Without faith, man no longer felt secure and happy; hence the feeling of gloom阴暗and despair绝望•Bertrand Russell伯特兰·罗素（英国哲学家）, commented评论on the spirit of the period—Man must not expect any help from a beneficent慈善的God. Man must recognize that he is of noimportance in such a world ---- Nothing can preserve保护an individual life beyond the grave.Death will doom注定all human endeavors努力and achievements to ultimate extinction化为灰烬. He advises man to believe in himself, to face life with “a despairing courage绝望的勇气”.•.Imagism☐Imagism意象主义was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American英裔美国人poetry that favored赞成precision精度of imagery and clear, sharp language. The Imagists意象主义诗人rejected the sentiment情感and discursiveness散漫、推论typical of much Romantic and Victorian （强调理性）poetry.What is an image?☐T. E. Hulme: The image must en able one “to dwell存在于and linger徘徊upon a point of excitement, to achieve the impossible and convert转变a point into a line”.☐Ezra Pound: An image is “that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant 瞬间of time”.☐Richard Aldington: The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.Literary Sources of Imagism☐The Imagist Movement drew from a variety of poetic traditions—Greek, Provencal, Japanese and Chinese poetry. The ideographic表意的and pictographic象形文字的nature of Chinese language, and virile男性的laconism简洁and austere pregnancy丰富，意味深长which characterize ancient Chinese poetry fascinated the Imagists.three major phases☐1908—1909An Englishman, T. E. Hulme, founded a Poets’ Club in 1908, which met in Soho every Wednesday evening to discuss poetry. He believed that the most effective means to express the momentary瞬间的impressions is through “the use of one dominant image”.☐1912—1914Ezra Pound took over the movement. In 1912, they published a collection of poems, entitled Des Imagistes, in which a manifesto宣言came into being.⏹ a. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;⏹ b. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;⏹ c. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.☐1914—1917Amy Lowell took over the movement and developed it into “Amygism”. In 1915, 1916, 1917, three volumes of Some Imagist Poets came out, containing six principles based on the original three. After 1917, Imagism ceased to be a movement.Features of Imagism1.To use the language of common speech, but to employ采用the exact word, not the nearly-exact,nor the merely decorative装饰性的word.2.We believe that the individuality of a poet may often be better expressed in free verse自由诗体than in conventional传统的forms. In poetry, a new cadence韵律、节奏means a new idea.3.Absolute freedom in the choice of subject.4. To present an image. We are not a school学派of painters, but we believe that poetry should render particulars exactly and not deal in vague generalities模糊的概论, however magnificent华丽的and sonorous响亮的. It is for this reason that we oppose the cosmic广大无边的poet诗人, who seems to us to shirk逃避the real difficulties of his art.5. To produce a poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred玷污nor indefinite.6. Finally, most of us believe that concentration is of the very essence本质of poetry.In a Station of the Metro☐ a classic specimen of Imagist poetry☐the use of one dominant image to represent what he was experiencing☐apparition: appearance, something which shows up; something which is not real and which cannot be clearly observed☐influence from ancient Chinese poetry (《长恨歌》: “玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨.”)⏹The apparition of these faces in the crowd;⏹Petals on a wet, black bough.☐人群中那些亡魂的脸花瓣，在潮湿的黑色枝头荒木田守武——俳句落花飞回枝蝴蝶Ezra Pound (译文)A fallen blossom is coming back to the branchLook, a butterfly题都城南庄去年今日此门中,人面桃花相映红。