Unit 9 Instruments of International Settlements

International Finance 国际金融Notes to the ans wers:1、All the terms can be found in the text.2、The discussions can be attained by reading the original text.Chapter 1Answers:II. T T F F F T TIII. 1. reserve currency 2. appreciate 3. was pegged to 4. deficit 5. fixed exchange rates 6. floating exchange rates 7. depreciate 8. market forcesIV. 1. Confidence in the ability of the U.S. to redeem dollars for gold began to fall as potential claims against the dollar increased and U.S. gold reserves fell.2.Under the fixed exchange rate system, the value of the dollar was tied to gold through itsconvertibility in to gold at the U.S. Treasury, and other nations’ currencies were tied to the dollar by the maintenance of a fixed rate of exchange.3.IMF has adjusted its role in the exchange rate system in view of the development of thesituation.4.After the collapse of the Bretton Woods System, the task of ―rigorous monitoring‖theexchange rate policy of member countries fell on the shoulder of IMF.5.Under normal conditions the stabilizing operations were sufficient to contain short-runfluctuations in a currency’s price within the required bounds of 1% of par value and thereby maintain a system of fixed exchange rates.Chapter 2Answers:I. liquid, turnover, due to, hedge, cross trading, electronic broking, outright forwards,Over-the-counter, futures and options, derivatives, remainder.II.. 1. The fundamental changes occurred in post-war world economy. The international flow of commodities, capital and labor is intensifying, thus leading to integration of international markets.1.Often referred to as ―financial institutions with a soul‖, credit unions are member-ownedcooperatives that offer checking accounts, savings accounts, credit cards, and consumer loans.2.If you think the price of gold will rise, you can buy a most simple kind of financial derivativewhich is called ―futures‖. If by that time the price really goes up, then you make a gain. But if you make a wrong guess and the price declines, then you suffer a loss.3.Financial derivatives are financial commodities deriving from such spot market products asinterest rate or bond, foreign exchange or foreign exchange rate and sto ck or stock indexes.There are mainly three types of derivatives: futures, options and swaps, each of which involves a mix of financial contracts.panies and investment funds are using basic currency futures and currency options, onesthat are regarded as traditional hedging products for investors who want to protect their international assets from sharp gains and declines in currency prices.Chapter 3Answers：II. 1. deposit accounts 2. securitization 3. Deregulation 4. consolidation 5. portfolio 6. thrift institutions 7. listing 8. liquidity 9. banking supervision 10. Credit riskIII. 1. Depository institutions 2. commercial banks 3. credit analysis 4. working capital 5. consolidation 6. financing 7. moral hazard 8. Bank supervision and regulation 9. Credit risk 10. Liquidity riskIV. 1. If a bank’s base rate was below money market rates, a customer could borrow from a bank and lend these funds to the money market, thus making a profit on the deal.2.Financing of international trade is one of the basic functions of a commercial bank. Not onlydoes it father deposits (demand, time and savings accounts), but it also grants loans.3.If you have a credit card, you buy a car, eat a dinner, take a trip,a nd even get a haircut bycharging the cost to your account.4.As the central bank and under the leadership of the State Council, the People’s Bank ofChina will formulate and implement monetary policies, execute supervision and control power over the banking industry.5.One of major function of the central bank is the supervision of the clearing mechanis m. Areliable clearing mechanis m which can settle inter-bank transaction with high efficiency is crucial to a well-operated financial system.Chapter 4 Ans wers:II. 1．integrity 2. pretext 3. released 4. produce 5. facilities 6. obliged 7. alleging 8. Claims 9. cleared 10. deliveryIII. 1. in favor of 2. consignment 3. undertaking, terms and conditions 4. cleared 5. regardless of 6. obliged to 7. undervalue arrangement 8. on the pretext of 9. refrain from 10. hinges onIV. 1. The objective of documentary credits is to facilitate international payment by making use of the financial expertise and credit worthiness of one or more banks.2.In compliance with your request, we have effected insurance on your behalf and debited youraccount with the premium in the amount of $1000.3.When an exporter is trading regularly with an importer, he will offer open account terms.4.Exporters usually insist on payment by cash in advance when they are trading with oldcustomers.5.Cash in advance means that the exporter is paid either when the importer places his order orwhen the goods are ready for shipment.Chapter 5.II．1. b 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. cIII. 1. guaranteed 2. without recourse 3. defaults 4. on the buyer’s account 5. is equivalent to 6. in question 7. devaluation 8. validity 9. discrepancy 10. inconsistent withChapter 6Answers:II. 1. open account, creditworthiness 2. demand 3. draw on, creditor 4. protest 5. schedule, discrepancies 6. acceptance 7. drawee 8. guranteedIII. 1. collecting bank 2. tenor 3. the proceeds 4. protest 5. deferred payment 6. presentation 7. the maturity date 8. a document of title 9. the shipping documents 10. transshipmentIV. 1. Documentary collection is a method by which the exporter authorizes the bank to collect money from the importer.2.When a draft is duly presented for acceptance or payment but the acceptance or paymentis refused, the draft is said to be dishonored.3.In the international money market, draft is a circulative and transferable instrument.Endorsement serves to transfer the title of a draft to the transferee.4.A clean bill of lading is favored by the buyer and the banks for financial settlementpurposes.5.Parcel post receipt is issued by the post office for goods sent by parcel post. It is both areceipt and evidence of dispatch and also the basis for claim and adjustment if there is any damage to or loss of parcels.Chapter 7II. financing, discounting, factoring, forfaiting, without recourse, accounts receivable, factor, trade obligations, promissory notes, trade receivables, specialized.III. 1. a cash flow disadvantage 2. without recourse 3. negotiable instruments 4. promissory notes 5. profit margin 6. at a discount, maturity, credit risk 7. A bill of exchange, A promissory noteIV. 1. When a bill is dishonored by non-acceptance or by non-payment, the holder then has an immediate right of recourse against the drawer and the endorsers.2.If a bill of lading is made out to bearer, it can be legally transferred without endorsement.3.The presenting bank should endeavor to ascertain the reasons non-payment ornon-acceptance and advise accordingly to the collecting bank.4.Any charges and expenses incurred by banks in connection with any action for protection o fthe goods will be for the account of the principal.5.Anyone who has a current account at a bank can use a cheque.Chapter EightStructure of the Foreign Exchange Market外汇市场的构成1. Key Terms1）foreign exchange：―Foreign exchange‖ refers t o money denominated in the currency of another nation or group of nations.2）payment“payment”is the transmission of an instruction to transfer value that results from a transaction in the economy.3）settlement―settlement‖ is the final and uncondit ional transfer of the value specified in a payment instruction.2. True or False1) true 2) true 3) true 4) true1)Tell the reasons why the dollar is the market's most widely tradedcurrency?key points: U.S.A economic background; the leadership of USD in the world economy ; the role it plays in investment , trade, etc.2)What kind of market is the foreign exchange market?Make reference to the following parts:（8.7 The Market Is Made Up of An International Network of Dealers）Chapter 9Instruments交易工具1. Key Terms1) spot transactionA spot transaction is a straightforward (or ―outright‖) exchange of one currency for another. The spot rate is the current market price, the benchmark price.Spot transactions do not require immediate settlement, or payment ―on the spot.‖ By convention, the settlement date, or ―value date,‖is the second business day after the ―deal date‖ (or ―trade date‖) on which the transaction is agreed to by the two traders. The two-day period provides ample time for the two parties to confirm the agreement and arrange the clearing and necessary debiting and crediting of bank accounts in various international locations.2) American termsThe phrase ―American terms‖means a direct quote from the point of view of someone located in the United States. For the dollar, that means that the rate is quoted in variable amounts of U.S. dollars and cents per one unit of foreign currency (e.g., $1.2270 per Euro).3) outright forward transactionAn outright forward transaction, like a spot transaction, is a straightforward single purchase/ sale of one currency for another. The only difference is that spot is settled, or delivered, on a value date no later than two business days after the deal date, while outright forward is settled on any pre-agreed date three or more business days after the deal date. Dealers use the term ―outright forward‖ to make clear that it is a single purchase or sale on a future date, and not part of an ―FX swap‖.4) FX swapAn FX swap has two separate legs settling on two different value dates, even though it is arranged as a single transaction and is recorded in the turnover statistics as a single transaction. The two counterparties agree to exchange two currencies at a particular rate on one date (the ―near date‖) and to reverse payments, almost always at a different rate, on a specified sub sequent date (the ―far date‖). Effectively, it is a spot transaction and an outright forward transaction going in opposite directions, or else two outright forwards with different settlement dates, and going in opposite directions. If both dates are less than one month from the deal date, it is a ―short-dated swap‖; if one or both dates are one month or more from the deal date, it is a ―forward swap.‖5) put-call parity―Put-call parity‖says that the price of a European put (or call) option can be deduced from the price of a European call (or put) option on the same currency, with the same strike price and expiration. When the strike price is the same as the forward rate (an ―at-the-money‖forward), the put and the call will be equal in value. When the strike price is not the same as the forward price, the difference between the value of the put and the value of the call will equal the difference in the present values of the two currencies.2. True or False1) true 2) true 3) true3. Cloze1) Traders in the market thus know that for any currency pair, if the basecurrency earns a higher interest rate than the terms currency, the currency will trade at a forward discount, or below the spot rate; and if the base currency earns a lower interest rate than the terms currency, the base currency will trade at a forward premium, or above the spot rate. Whichever side of the transaction the trader is on, the trader won't gain (or lose) from both the interest rate differential and the forward premium/discount. A trader who loses on the interest rate will earn the forward premium, and vice versa.2) A call option is the right, but not the obligation, to buy the underlyingcurrency, and a put option is the right, but not the obligation, to sellthe underlying currency. All currency option trades involve two sides—the purchase of one currency and the sale of another—so that a put to sell pounds sterling for dollars at a certain price is also a call to buy dollars for pounds sterling at that price. The purchased currency is the call side of the trade, and the sold currency is the put side of the trade. The party who purchases the option is the holder or buyer, and the party who creates the option is the seller or writer. The price at which the underlying currency may be bought or sold is the exercise , or strike, price. The option premium is the price of the option that the buyer pays to the writer. In exchange for paying the option premium up front, the buyer gains insurance against adverse movements in the underlying spot exchange rate while retaining the opportunity to benefit from favorable movements. The option writer, on the other hand, is exposed to unbounded risk—although the writer can (and typically does) seek to protect himself through hedging or offsetting transactions.4. Discussions1)What is a derivate financial instrument? Why is traded?2)Discuss the differences between forward and futures markets in foreigncurrency.3)What advantages do foreign currency futures have over foreigncurrency options?4)What is meant if an option is ―in the money‖, ―out of the money‖,or ―atthe money‖?5)What major international contracts are traded on the ChicagoMercantile Exchange ? Philadelphia Stock Exchange?Chapter 10Managing Risk in Foreign Exchange Trading外汇市场交易的风险管理1. Key Terms1) Market riskMarket risk, in simplest terms, is price risk, or ―exposure to (adverse)price change.‖ For a dealer in foreign exchange, two major elements of market risk are exchange rate risk and interest rate risk—that is, risks of adverse change in a currency rate or in an interest rate.2) VARVAR estimates the potential loss from market risk across an entire portfolio, using probability concepts. It seeks to identify the fundamental risks that the portfolio contains, so that the portfolio can be decomposed into underlying risk factors that can be quantified and managed. Employing standard statistical techniques widely used in other fields, and based in part on past experience, VAR can be used to estimate the daily statistical variance, or standard deviation, or volatility, of the entire portfolio. On the basis of that estimate of variance, it is possible to estimate the expected loss from adverse price movements with a specified probability over a particular period of time (usually a day).3) credit riskCredit risk, inherent in all banking activities, arises from the possibility that the counterparty to a contract cannot or will not make the agreed payment at maturity. When an institution provides credit, whatever the form, it expects to be repaid. When a bank or other dealing institution enters a foreign exchange contract, it faces a risk that the counterparty will not perform according to the provisions of the contract. Between the time of the deal and the time of thesettlement, be it a matter of hours, days, or months, there is an extension of credit by both parties and an acceptance of credit risk by the banks or other financial institutions involved. As in the case of market risk, credit risk is one of the fundamental risks to be monitored and controlled in foreign exchange trading.4) legal risksThere are legal risks, or the risk of loss that a contract cannot be enforced, which may occur, for example, because the counterparty is not legally capable of making the binding agreement, or because of insufficient documentation or a contract in conflict with statutes or regulatory policy.2. True or False1)True 2) true3. Translation1) Broadly speaking, the risks in trading foreign exchange are the same asthose in marketing other financial products. These risks can be categorized and subdivided in any number of ways, depending on the particular focus desired and the degree of detail sought. Here, the focus is on two of the basic categories of risk—market risk and credit risk (including settlement risk and sovereign risk)—as they apply to foreign exchange trading. Note is also taken of some other important risks in foreign exchange trading—liquidity risk, legal risk, and operational risk2) It was noted that foreign exchange trading is subject to a particular form ofcredit risk known as settlement risk or Herstatt risk, which stems in part from the fact that the two legs of a foreign exchange transaction are often settled in two different time zones, with different business hours. Also noted was the fact that market participants and central banks have undertaken considerable initiatives in recent years to reduce Herstatt risk.4. Discussions2)Discuss the way how V AR works in measuring and managing marketrisk?3)Why are banks so interested in political or country risk?4)Discuss other forms of risks which you know in foreign exchange. Chapter 11The Determination of Exchange Rates汇率的决定1. Key Terms1) PPPPurchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory holds that in the long run, exchange rates will adjust to equalize the relative purchasing power of currencies. This concept follows from the law of one price, which holds that in competitive markets, identical goods will sell for identical prices when valued in the same currency.2) the law of one priceThe law of one price relates to an individual product. A generalization of that law is the absolute version of PPP, the proposition that exchange rates will equate nations' overall price levels.3) FEER―fundamental equilibrium exchange rate,‖ or FEER,envisaged as the equilibrium exchange rate that would reconcile a nation's internal and external balance. In that system, each country would commit itself to a macroeconomicstrategy designed to lead, in the medium term, to ―internal balance‖—defined as unemployment at the natural rate and minimal inflation—and to ―external balance‖—defined as achieving the targeted current account balance. Each country would be committed to holding its exchange rate within a band or target zone around the FEER, or the level needed to reconcile internal and external balance during the intervening adjustment period.4) monetary approachThe monetary approach to exchange rate determination is based on the proposition that exchange rates are established through the process of balancing the total supply of, and the total demand for, the national money in each nation. The premise is that the supply of money can be controlled by the nation's monetary authorities, and that the demand for money has a stable and predictable linkage to a few key variables, including an inverse relationship to the interest rate—that is, the higher the interest rate, the smaller the demand for money.5) portfolio balance approachThe portfolio balance approach takes a shorter-term view of exchange rates and broadens the focus from the demand and supply conditions for money to take account of the demand and supply conditions for other financial assets as well. Unlike the monetary approach, the portfolio balance approach assumes that domestic and foreign bonds are not perfect substitutes. According to the portfolio balance theory in its simplest form, firms and individuals balance their portfolios among domestic money, domestic bonds, and foreign currency bonds, and they modify their portfolios as conditions change. It is the process of equilibrating the total demand for, and supply of, financial assets in each country that determines the exchange rate.2. True or False1) true 2) true3. Cloze1）PPP is based in part on some unrealistic assumptions: that goods are identical; that all goods are tradable; that there are no transportationcosts, information gaps, taxes, tariffs, or restrictions of trade; and—implicitly and importantly—that exchange rates are influenced only byrelative inflation rates. But contrary to the implicit PPP assumption,exchange rates also can change for reasons other than differences ininflation rates. Real exchange rates can and do change significantly overtime, because of such things as major shifts in productivitygrowth, advances in technology, shifts in factor supplies, changes inmarket structure, commodity shocks, shortage, and booms.2）Each individual and firm chooses a portfolio to suit its needs, based on a variety of considerations—the holder's wealth and tastes, the level ofdomestic and foreign interest rates, expectations of future inflation,interest rates, and so on. Any significant change in the underlying factorswill cause the holder to adjust his portfolio and seek a new equilibrium.These actions to balance portfolios will influence exchange rates.4. Discussions1）How does the purchasing power parity work?2）Describe and discuss one model for forecasting foreign exchange rates.3）Make commends on how good are the various approaches mentioned in the chapter.4）Central banks occasionally intervene in foreign exchange markets. Discuss the purpose of such intervention. How effective is intervention?Chapter 12The Financial Markets金融市场1. Key Terms1）money marketThe money market is really a market for short-term credit, or the option to use someone else's money for a period of time in return for the payment of interest. The money market helps the participants in the economic process cope with routine financial uncertainties. It assists in bridging the differences in the timing of payments and receipts that arise in a market economy.2）capital marketMarkets dealing in instruments with maturities that exceed one year are often referred to as capital markets.3）primary marketThe term ―primary market‖ applies to the original issuance of a credit market instrument. There are a variety of techniques for such sales, including auctions, posting of rates, direct placement, and active customer contacts by a salesperson specializing in the instrument4） secondary marketOnce a debt instrument has been issued, the purchaser may be able to resell it before maturity in a ―secondary market.‖ Again, a number of techniques are available for bringing together potential buyers and sellers of existing debt instruments. They include various types of formal exchanges, informal telephone dealer markets, and electronic trading through bids and offers on computer screens. Often, the same firms that provide primary marketing services help to create or ―make‖ secondary markets.5）RPsIn addition to making outright purchases and sales in the secondary market, entities with money to invest for a brief period can acquire a security temporarily, and holders of debt instruments can borrow short term by selling securities temporarily. These two types of transactions are repurchase agree-ments (RPs) and reverse RPs,respectively. In the wholesale market, banks and government securities dealers offer RPs at competitive rates of return by selling securities under contracts providing for their repurchase from one day to several months later6）BAs 7）CDs (reference to 13.1)8） EurodollarEurodollars are U.S. dollar deposits at banking offices in a country other than the United States.9） EurobankEurobanks—banks dealing in Eurodollar or some other nonlocal currency deposits, including foreign branches of U.S. banks— originally held deposits almost exclusively in Europe, primarily London. While most such deposits are still held in Europe, they are also held in such places as the Bahamas, Bahrain, Canada, the Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo, as well as other parts of the world.10）LIBOR (reference to 13.2.2 Certificates of Deposit)London inter-bank offer rate11）mortgage-backed securities12）Eurobond market (details make reference to13.3.3 )The Eurobond market, centered in London, is an offshore market in intermediate- and long-term debt issues. It serves as a source of capital for multinational corporations and for foreign governments. It developed after the United States instituted the interest equalization tax in 1963 to stem capital outflows inspired by relatively low U.S. interest rates.2. True or False1) true 2) true 3) true3. Discussions1) Describe the characteristics of Interest Rate Swap and the role of it in thebank-related financial market.2) What risks are encountered in the swaps markets?3) Discuss one or two specific examples of derivative products and their use.4. Translations1) Markets dealing in instruments with maturities that exceed one year are often referred to as capital markets, since credit to finance investments in new capital would generally be needed for more than one year. The time division is arbitrary. A long-term project can be started with short-term credit, with additional instruments may need to be renewed before a project is completed. Debt instruments that differ in maturity share other characteristics. Hence, the term ―capital market‖ could be –and occasionally is applied to some shorter maturity transactions.2) The secondary market for Treasure securities consists of a network of dealers, brokers, and investors who effect transactions either by telephone or electronically. Telephone trades are generally between dealers and their customers. Electronics trading is arranged through screen-based systems provided by some of the dealers to their customers. It allows selected trades to take place without a conversation. When dealers trade with each other, they generally use brokers. Brokers provide information on screen, but the final trades are made bytelephone.Chapter 13Concepts of Financial Assets Value金融资产价值的概念1. Key Terms1) absolute measure of valueAn absolute measure of value is used when one must compare it to a nominal amount: purchase price, amount to invest, target sum of money to raise2) relative measure of valueA relative measure of rate of return is more convenient to use when one wishes to compare one financial asset to a set of numerous alternative assets. A rate of return is the most commonly used relative measure of value.3) discountingFuture benefits must be discounted (or converted) to their present (or today's) value, before they are summed. Discounting is part of the study of time value of money, or actuarial mathematics, and a complete treatment of it can be found in specialized textbook.4) time value of moneyTime value of money studies how amounts of money are made equivalent over time. Converting amounts today into their future equivalent consists in adding interest to principal, i.e. compounding. Converting amounts in the future into today's equivalent consists of charging an interest, i.e. discounting. Thus, discounting is the exact inverse of compounding.5) FV 6) PV 7) annuity8) short term securitiesShort term securities (i.e. securities with maturity less than one year) are sold at a discount (i.e. nominal value less the interest to be earned over the remaining number of days to maturity). There is no coupon, and no additional benefits such as conversion right, but there may be a penalty for early redemption in the case of some bank certificates of deposit.9) P/E ratio (make reference to 15.5.3 --Earnings Multiple or P/E Ratio)Another approach which is used as a short-cut by a large number of investors, is the earnings multiple. It is sometimes referred to as earningsmultiplier, and it is most commonly known as price-to-earnings or P/E ratio. In many instances, the approach, rather than being an oversimplification, can be an improvement over the previous format. In its most common presentation, the idea is that the price P of a share should be a multiple m of its earnings per share E. The multiple m is an industry average because it is assumed that all companies in an industry face similar marketing, technological and resource challenges, and thus, should have similar organizational and production patterns.10) intrinsic valueintrinsic value, or difference between market price of the underlying stock and strike price (which is also known as exercise price because it is the price at which an option holder can buy from or sell to the option writer the underlying stock through the options exchange)。

人教版英语九年级unit9知识点Unit 9: Celebrating Culture - Exploring Diverse TraditionsIntroduction:In this article, we will delve into the knowledge points of Unit 9 of the 9th grade English textbook prescribed by the Ministry of Education in China. Unit 9 focuses on celebrating culture and explores diverse traditions that exist around the world. It is crucial to understand and appreciate different cultures as it promotes empathy, tolerance, and acceptance of diversity.1. Traditional Festivals:Traditional festivals are an important part of cultural heritage, allowing individuals and communities to connect with their roots and understand their history. The unit introduces us to various traditional festivals celebrated worldwide, such as Diwali, Thanksgiving, Christmas, etc. Exploring these festivals helps us gain insights into the unique customs, rituals, and significance behind them.2. Festive Foods:Food plays a significant role in traditional festivals. It not only nourishes the body but also symbolizes cultural values and traditions.The unit highlights some traditional festive foods, like mooncakes, turkey, and kolach, revealing the cultural significance attached to these delicacies. Understanding the historical and cultural context behind festive foods expands our knowledge of different cultures.3. Customs and Symbols:Every culture has its own customs and symbols that hold special meaning. Unit 9 provides examples of customs and symbols associated with different festivals or celebrations. For instance, the unit mentions the practice of decorating Christmas trees, the use of lanterns during Chinese New Year, and the significance of rangolis during Diwali. Exploring these customs and symbols nurtures an appreciation for cultural diversity and fosters intercultural understanding.4. Traditional Costumes:Traditional costumes are an essential aspect of a culture's identity. Unit 9 introduces us to various traditional costumes worn during festivals or special occasions. Each costume reflects not only the fashion trends of that era but also conveys cultural values, history, and aesthetics. For example, the hanbok in South Korea and the kimono in Japan symbolize their respective cultures, while the qipao represents Chinese culture. Learning about traditional costumes enhances our understanding and respect for cultural differences.5. Festive Music and Dance:Music and dance are universal languages that transcend cultural boundaries. Unit 9 provides insights into the music and dance forms associated with various celebrations. For instance, the unit explores Indian classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathak, as well as Western dances like the waltz and salsa. Discovering the rhythms and melodies of different cultures broadens our horizons and helps us appreciate the rich artistic heritage worldwide.6. Art and Crafts:Art and craft forms have been passed down through generations, preserving cultural traditions. The unit discusses the art and craft forms associated with festivals, such as Chinese paper cutting, Mexicanpiñatas, and Indian Rangoli. Exploring these artistic expressions fosters creativity and an understanding of the beauty and diversity in global art practices.Conclusion:Unit 9 of the 9th grade English textbook takes us on a journey through diverse cultural traditions. By studying traditional festivals, festive foods, customs, symbols, costumes, music, dance, art, and crafts, we gain a deep appreciation for the rich tapestry of global cultures.Understanding and celebrating cultural diversity is crucial in building a harmonious and inclusive society. Let us embrace our differences and promote intercultural understanding for a better future.。

人教版九年级英语上册Unit 9 培优检测卷第一部分选择题(共50分)一、阅读理解(共20小题，每小题2分；满分40分)第一节阅读下面语言材料，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

A1. Tony is free on the evening of May 3. What can he enjoy?A. A talk show.B. A Russian ballet.C. A Chinese opera.D. An Italian concert.2. If Mr. White goes to watch Sichuan Opera with his 8-year-old son, how muchshould he pay?A. 60 yuan.B. 80 yuan.C. 100 yuan.D. 160 yuan.3. Which number should John call if he wants to go to a concert?A. 6502-1167.B. 6655-2100.C. 6392-8877.D. 6501-1555.4. Where is the passage probably from?A. A newspaper.B. A novel.C. A report.D. A diary.BIf you are really interested in music festivals，then you must have heard of the Isle of Wight Music Festival. It takes place every June on the Isle of Wight，the UK. People think it's great to enjoy the lovely summer time on the beach.The dream begins as soon as you start traveling to the island. In order to get to the campsite(营地) of the festival，you have to take the ferry(渡轮). The ferry is full of excited festival lovers who are ready to take part in the fantastic music festival. You can put up your tent after arriving at the campsite. There people talk with each other openly. They are not that cold like those you meet in your everyday life.The festival lasts for four days. You will sponge__out all your worries about everything during the days, just like living in a dream. Then it may be hard for you to come back to “reality” after that.It seems that it is this kind of music event that makes people get together. It gives people a real sense of unity(团结). I took part in the festival with my friends last year. It was so exciting that we all lost ourselves in the beautiful music. Dancing Queen sung by Bjorn Again was my favorite. I'm really looking forward to joining in it for a second time.5. When is the Isle of Wight Music Festival?A. At the beginning of spring.B. At the beginning of summer.C. At the end of the year.D. At the end of summer.6. What does the writer think of the people at the Isle of Wight Music Festival?A. Crazy.B. Patient.C. Cold.D. Friendly.7. What do the underlined words “sponge out” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Increase.B. Start.C. Remember.D. Forget.8. What's the passage mainly about?A. Some famous music festivals.B. A trip to an island.C. The Isle of Wight Music Festival.D. The feelings of joining in music festivals.CLulu，a Hungarian PhD(匈牙利哲学博士)student at Tsinghua University，first came to Beijing in 2017. She soon fell in love with the city. She also found her greatest hobby—Peking Opera.Lulu watched Peking Opera for t he first time in an opera museum. “I found it really fantastic，” she said. “ Both the outfits (装束) and the movements were so wonderful. The face-painting was something I'd never seen before. It is so different from Western opera. ”With great interest，she joined the Peking Opera group of Tsinghua University. That made her see that Peking Opera is much more than just the looks. “There is really，really huge cultural and historical background in Peking Opera. ”The group members practice twice a week. Mostly，they practice singing and movements. The biggest problem for Lulu was learning the Asian way of singing. “To start with，my throat was in great pain，because I was using my voice in the wrong way，” she said. But with the help of teachers，she has improved a lot.There are other international students in the group. “I really love Peking Operabecause it brings us together，” she said. “I believe that art has no boundaries(界限)and music has no language barriers(障碍). I hope to share my love for Peking Opera with mo re people outside China. ”9. When did Lulu first come to Beijing?A. In 2016.B. In 2017.C. In 2018.D. In 2019.10. When Lulu first watched Peking Opera，she found the outfits and movementswere ____.A. uglyB. strangeC. wonderfulD. old11. Why did Lulu have trouble with the way of singing at first?A. Because she didn't get enough practice.B. Because she wasn't good at singing at all.C. Because she couldn't pronounce Chinese well.D. Because she didn't use her voice in the right way.12. From this passage，what can we infer(推断)?A. Fewer Peking Opera groups will be set up in the future.B. The Asian way of singing will be harder to learn in the future.C. Lulu will introduce Peking Opera to more foreigners in the future.D. More students in Tsinghua University will learn Western opera in the future.D①On January 4th，the China National Traditional Orchestra(乐团)played some well-known traditional music in their concert. People enjoyedthe beautiful sounds of guzheng，the powerful tunes of suona，the touchingnotes of erhu and so on. Each traditional Chinese musical instrument tells itsown story.②“I've fallen in love with the sounds of traditional instruments，especially pipa，the four-stringed instrument(四弦乐器) with a history of more than 2，000 years. It can produce different sounds，such as the sounds of falling snow and rain. Everytime I listen to a pipa tune(琵琶曲调)，I have a strong feeling of peace，” said Yang Tian after the concert.③However，a recent report suggests the number of traditional music listeners is dropping. To wake up people's love for traditional music，something creative has been done.④In some traditional music concerts，VR technology is used. It's like watchinga 3D movie.⑤Li Xiaobing，a music teacher from Beijing，combines traditional folk singing and operas with Chinese instruments through technology. People are surprised at his works and they love them!⑥Some musicians try to add something new to traditional music. They bring modern music like pop into traditional music. When the East meets the West，the new form of music wins the hearts of both the old and the young.⑦Traditional music shows the beauty of our culture，and with some creativity，great things happen.13. How many kinds of traditional instruments are mentioned in the passage?A. 3.B. 4.C. 5.D. 6.14. What did Li Xiaobing do to wake up people's love for traditional music?A. He told many cheerful stories.B. He made good 3D movies with VR technology.C. He mixed traditional music with Chinese instruments.D. He brought modern music like pop into traditional music.15. Which paragraphs introduce some creative methods?A. ③④⑤B. ④⑤⑥C. ⑤⑥⑦D. ④⑥⑦16. What does the writer think of traditional music according to the passage?A. Traditional music must be taught creatively.B. Traditional music and technology must be connected.C. Traditional music should only be played in concerts.D. Traditional music with creativity will be more popular.第二节阅读短文，从方框内所给的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，其中有一个多余的选项。

国贸专业英语（第二版）课后习题答案Unit 1 International Trade TheoriesII. 1.c 2.g 3.e 4.k 5.a 6.f 7.h 8.b 9.i 10.o 11.L 12.m 13.p 14.q 15.nV. 1.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries.2.International trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources-whether labor ,technology ,or capital-more efficiently.3.Multinational firms, as opposed to local ones ,undertake their business operations on a global basis.4.For recent years ,China has registered fast and sustained growth in foreign trade volumes.5.Give a globalized world market,firms find themselves in fierce competition with domestic and foreign players.II. 1.b 2.d 3.q 4.a 5.g 6.e 7.c 8.m 9.h 10.o 11.l 12.p 13.j 14.k 15.rV. 1.The import policy is directed at the acquisition of capital goods that embody the modern technology needed to develop China’s economy.2.Many economist argue that free trade will enhance the economic growth and increase the living standard.3.International trade continues to be dominated by advanced industrialized countries the trade volume of which accounts for over half of the world’s total.4.Since the implementation of reforms and opening up policy ,especially after its accession to the WTO ,China has achieved remarkable growth in foreign trade.5.Economists have been engaged in the research on the theoretical and practical issues arising from the expansion of international business.II. 1.p 2.g 3.h 4.b 5.e 6.q 7.a 8.i 9.j 10.c 11.n 12.m 13.d 14.l 15.fV. 1.After the Second World War, there emerged various forms of cross business activities such as trade in goods and services, foreign direct investment and technology transfer, etc.2.In the absence of exchange reserves or credit ,or the possibility of negotiating another type of agreement ,the only alternative is barter.3.Before entering into a licensing agreement ,the licensor should have a thorough knowledge of the laws and regulations concerning the intellectual property rights in the licensee’s country.4.Increasingly, firms are obtaining more profits by introducing products in foreign and their domestic markets as they move toward greater globalization of their operations.5.There is no question that high returns on overseas investments are a major motive for multinational companies to engage in foreign direct investment.II. 1.f 2.h 3.a 4.i 5.b 6.g 7.d 8.k 9.n 10.p 11.m 12.o 13.e 14.c 15.qV. 1.Chrysler auto company should declare bankruptcy rather than ask the government for help.2.The project is the key to the factory for its survival and development.3.The agreement can be considered by America a vote of confidence for Russia's economy.4.The surgeon of emergency room was so busy that he had only time to bolt down a sandwich.5.More specifically, they questioned whether the United States really exported capital-intensive items in exchange for labor-intensive products.II. 1.b 2.q 3.h 4.a 5.i 6.c 7.j 8.k 9.f 10.l 11.p 12.m 13.n 14.d 15.eV. 1.For many years there has been an agreement among nations against imposing quotas unilaterally on goods.2.A projective tariff is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and “project” domestic industries from foreign competition.ernment procurement policies are also trade barriers because they usually favor domestic manufactures and severely restrict purchases of imported goods by government agencies.4.Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers.5.Customs and other administrative formalities involve a variety of government policies and procedures that either discriminate against imports or favor exports.II. 1.f 2.a 3.m 4.b 5.g 6.d 7.e 8.i 9.n 10.j 11.h 12.k 13.c 14.l 15.oV. 1.Environmentalists argue that if issues such as global warming and protection of the rain forests are not brought into the equation, commercial goals will win out and environment will suffer.2.Unconditional MFN status came in 2000 ,paying the way for WTO membership.3.To the dismay of the US, the panel decided that Japan had not violated WTO rules,as there had been no connection between government action and Japan’s market structure.4.All countries enjoy a recognized right to safeguard national interests ,but this principle ,as well as the interpretation of WTO rules themselves,is subject to considerable latitude in interpretation.5.A country found to be in breach of trade rules by a panel may appeal to the Appellate Body.II. 1.g 2.j 3.h 4.f 5. d 6. e 7. n. 8.a 9.l 10. o 11.i 12.c 13.k 14 p 15.m V. 1.Low- income countries generally did not want to add new topics ,and this conference just reached an agreement for establishing a working group to take on these issues.2. They formed an alliance in Cancun, the alliance took the fight to the Axis powers in Europe and America for the first time.3. To the chagrin of high-income countries , India ,China ,Cuba, Pakistan and Zimbabwe try to link these issues with the obligations of rather than rights of foreign investors.4. Environmental provisions allow a country to restrict imports from other countries without a clear environmental standards, then in this regard, the environmental provisions are in as much as the labor provisions.5. In Cancun, the EU is in the face of strong opposition from G22, a new alliance of low-income countries, for EU's proposal of cancellation of the terms of investment and competition.Unit 8 IncotermsII. 1 .c 2 g 3 o 4 f 5 b 6 k 7 e 8 i9 l 10 d 11 a 12 h 13 j14 p 15 nV. 1 The buyer will assume all costs and risks and make arrangements associated with the transport of the goods, and must make payment according to the contract terms.2 If other modes of transport are involved ,these terms do not apply, even if one of the legs of the journey is by ship.3 In a CFR contract, the sellers has the usual FOB obligations, and after the vessel is loaded the seller is absolved from liability for damage to the cargo.4 The seller’s responsibility for costs and risks of loss will end when the rail car or truck trailer is loaded, or in the case of sea or air transport, when the goods are delivered to the carrier for loading.5 Normally the buyer will make arrangements for further transportation, though the contract might specify that the seller will make such arrangements.II. 1 d 2 g 3i 4 b 5 j 6 a 7 e 8 f 9 h 10 c 11 n 12 k 13 m 14 l15 oV. 1 It would be impractical to attempt to acknowledge individually those many who have given us aid and advice.2 National currencies always have advantage over private currencies.3 The factory was shut down for lack of funds.4 It’s management that’s at fault rather than the workforce.5 Such behavior may result in the executive being asked to leave.Unit10 Contract and OffersII. 1 d 2 f 3 p 4 j 5 h 6 g 7 a 8 c 9 e 10i 11 b 12 k 13 n 14 o 15l V. 1 The company may prefer to submit quotes in the form of a pro-forma invoice for ease of administration as the pro-forma details can be simply transferred to a commercial invoice when the order is placed.2 Once the quotation has been submitted to the buyer, the exporter is committed to fulfilling all the terms contained within the document should an order be placed on the strength of it.3 The buyer, understandably, pointed out that the contract had been agreed and that the exporter was bound to its terms.4 Difficulties may arise when the purchasing company also includes its standard terms and conditions and tries to the gain the upper hand.5. The exporter is advised to prepare some standard terms and conditions of sale that can be incorporated into the documentation in addition to the specific terms of the contract.II. 1.i 2.g 3.f 4.o 5.h 6.e 7.d 8.b 9.m 10.a 11.k 12.n 13.cV. 1.The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the seller of payment if he makes the agreed upon shipment.2. Payment shall be available by draft drawn under L/C payable not longer than 90 days after presentation of documents to the negotiating bank of the L/C, together with an interest of 8.5% perannum for buyer’s account.3. Payment by a prime banker’s irrevocable, transferable L/C, confirmed by a first-class bank in the key currency country, covering full value of the contracted goods, in favor of seller, available by draft at sight for 100% invoice value, accompanied with the following documents.4. We have today instructed our bank to open in your favor a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transshipment allowed, available by draft at sight, against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank.5. This method is for the seller to draw on the buyer for the purchase price on D/P basis.6. The importer, when he wants to open an L/C to cover the purchase from abroad, may apply to his banker for a letter of credit for any amount.7. Y our order was confirmed by our fax of March 15, subject to arrival of credit within 15 days from the date.II. 1i 2.q 3.j 4.p 5.l 6.e 7.o 8.n 9.b 10.c 11.h 12.d 13.a 14.m 15.kV. 1.The Brown Bank in London is in a position to open letters of credit in Renminbi against our sales confirmation or contract.2.Y ou must be aware that an irrevocable L/C gives the exporter the additional protection of banker's guarantee.3.A documentary credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the seller whereby the bank promises to pay a beneficiary against presentation of documents relating to the dispatch of goods.4.The documentary requirements are designated by the buyer in his bank application for the letter of credit.5.We have drawn on you at 60 days' sight a draft for $90,000, under the credit No.450 of June 6, in favor of the Tokyo Bank.6.The expiry date of the credit being May 31, we request that you will arrange with your banker to extend it up to June 10, amending the said credit.7.After the bank pays the sight draft presented by the seller, it advises the buyer that the documents have been successfully negotiated and the buyer should pay the bank in accordance with his bank application.II. 1. d 2.j 3.i 4.l 5. p 6.e 7.g 8. o 9.m 10.k 11.c 12 a 13.h 14.b 15.fV. 1. Although freight forwarders charge for their services, they do at least have well-established international distribution networks that can be utilized cost-effectively, efficiently and with minimum involvement from the importer or exporter.2. There are many numbers of ways in which businesses can see their profitability eroded by lost or damaged goods.3. Companies make use of insurance brokers to insure the shipment during transport and customs brokers to clear the goods through customs on arrival.4. The deposit was refunded on leaving the country providing that it could be proven that the nature and value of the consignment remained unchanged.5. It is within the forwarder’s remit to ensure that goods are properly packaged and marked for transport and that appropriate documentation is prepared to facilitate shipment.。

megalopolis 特大型城市boast 以……为自豪unequalled 不能与……相媲美miraculous rise 奇迹般地迅速崛起financial giants 金融业的巨头business community商业界manufacturing industry 制造业IPR(intellectual property rights) 知识产权joint consultancy service 合资咨询服务机构transnational corporation 跨国公司last but not least 最后at one's earliest convenience 在其方便的时候，尽早…… cherish 珍惜economic recession 经济不景气ensure a sustained growth 确保持续增长on the occasion of 请允许我借……的机会……Unit 3 商务谈判进出口商品交易会import and export commodities fair销售部经理sales managersupply department 采购部brochure 宣传小册子scope of business 经营范围machine tool 机床workmanship 工艺make an inquiry 询价quotation 报价C.I.F Seattle 西雅图到岸价(*cost,insurance.freight)调整价格adjust the pricecompetitive 具有竞争力bulk 很大substantially 大大地展台exhibition stand经营的新品new line of business汽车零部件auto partsupdate 调整at the cost of 不惜以……为代价our part 我方发盘/报盘offer折扣discountsupplies 货物free sample 免费样品inspection 检验floor offer 底盘counter-offer 还盘合同格式format of contract规格specification单价unit price保险费由贵方承担the insurance premium should be born by your sidebusiness transaction 生意顺利成交Unit 4 旅游观光广袤无垠的中华大地the boundless expanse of the Chinese territory绚丽多姿的自然景观gorgeous and varied natural scenery如诗如画poetic and picturesque名胜古迹places of historic interest and scenic beauty兵马俑terra-cotta soldiers and horses故宫the Imperial Palace五岳之首the most famous of China's 5 great mountains峻拔突兀majestic and precipitous appeal山外有山mountains beyond mountains融自然与文化景观于一体embody natural scenery and cultural heritage奇石,清瀑,古松,亭阁grotesque rock formation, clear waterfalls, old-age pine trees and pavilions历代文人雅士书法家famous ancient writers, scholars and calligraphers of various dynasty石刻碑文stone inscription重峦叠嶂peaks rising one after another经典佳作great classics of ancient writers of various dynasty华夏祖先Chinese ancestors吉祥之地propitious place祭祀天地offer sacrifices to Heaven and Earth联合国教科文组织UNESCO(c=cultural,其他不必说了吧?)世界自然与文化遗产World heritage Commissiongeological accident 地质变化the earth's crust 地壳temperate climatic zone 热带地区unique fauna and flora 珍禽奇兽,奇花异草Great Barrier 大堡礁Ayer's Rock 阿叶尔斯石柱山Cacadu National Park 卡喀杜国家公园Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院skiing resort 滑雪场gross domestic product(GDP) 国内生产总值camping park 野营公园caravan and cabin 汽车旅馆,公寓住所international cuisine 国际烹饪水准ethnic restaurant 风味餐厅departure tax stamp 离境印花税票American Express 美国运通信用卡Unit 6 宣传介绍地势平坦的冲积平原 a soil deposit plain land常住居民permanent residents慈悬浮列车the maglev train长江三角洲Yangtze River Delta龙头作用play a leading role清朝乾隆，嘉庆年间during the reigns of Qianlong and Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty石油化工产业the petrochemical industry精细化工产业the fine chemical家用电器产业the home electrical appliance industry生物医药产业the bioengineering and pharmaceutical industry支柱产业pillar industry历史文物保护单位sites of historical interest and cultural relics under protection 海派文化Shanghai regional culture美食家gourmet清真authentic Muslim万国建筑博览会exhibition of the world's architecture内环线高架道路elevated inner beltway野生动物园the Wildlife zoo迎新撞钟活动New year's Greeting Bell-striking庙会Temple Fair桂花节Sweet Osmanthus Festival海纳百川，有容乃大the sea admits hundreds of rivers for its capacity to hold 乘骐骥以驰骋兮on your steed galloping来吾道夫先路on my road pioneering聪明，精明，高明bright, smart, wiseBritish Commonwealth 英联邦physically spread out 布局分散predominant 主导conglomeration 聚结commute 外来工作者prominent landmark 显著的地貌标志Saint Paul's Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂monarchy 君主政体coronation 加冕礼Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫hub 中心slum 贫民窟lavish 豪华philharmonic orchestra 爱乐乐团venue 场所cornucopia 各类successive eras 各个阶段chronologically 从历史上repository 陈列馆premier art collection 最重要的美术作品striking portraits of Britons 不列颠人逼真的肖像Unit 7 参观访问学位点degree program国家级重点社科研究基地key social science research centers博士后科学研究流动站post-doctoral research stations国家级重点学科national key disciplines两院院士academicians of the Chinese academy of science and the Chinese academy of engineering网络教育online education科举制imperial examination日月光华,旦复旦兮brilliant are the sunlight and the moonlight after night the day dawns again人文精神humanistic spirit披荆斩棘,筚路蓝缕negotiate various impediment博学而笃志,切问而近思extensive scholarship with unyielding dedication and earnest inquiry with close examination治学态度educational philosophy取精用弘的学术思想the academic ideology of extracting the best and exploiting the greatest 怀抱超旷的才隽学人graduates with brilliant scholarship高等教育发展的重中之重priority among institutions of high learning承前启后inherit fine tradition and usher in the future mission精诚团结,共襄盛举strive together in good faith文理工医科综合性大学 a comprehensive university with a complete range disciplines in liberal arts, science, engineering and medicine全面提升知名度和影响力elevate influence and visibility in all dimensions社会转型时期 a period of social transition百年传承之名校a prestigious university with a century-long academic tradition and intellectual esteemVancouver 温哥华Canada’s gateway to the pacific 加拿大通往太平洋的门户The Panama Canal 巴拿马运河Natural ice-free harbor 天然不冻港Manufactured goods 制成品Lumber and paper milling 伐木、造纸Oil refining 炼油Metal fabricating 金属锻造Printed matter 印刷Real estate 房地产Triple 增至3倍Quadruple 增至4倍Quintuple 增至5倍High-rise office building 摩天办公楼Boutique 时装礼品店Ethnic group 少数民族团体Planetarium 天文馆Aquarium 水族馆Skating rink 溜冰场Botanical garden 植物园Conservatory of exotic plants 异国植物花房Maple tree 枫树Sap 树液syrup 糖浆Unit 8 人物访谈国际清算银行行长president of the Bank for international settlements 宏观经济macroeconomic浮动汇率floating foreign exchange rateworld economic projection 世界经济预计impetus 动力reassuring 让人放心command economy 计划经济fiscal policy 财政政策surplus and deficit 赢余和赤字deterioration 最坏；最低点without precedent 第一次pact 公约curb deficits 防止财政状况恶化pension commitments 养老金投入yields on nominal bonds 名义收益率deflation 紧缩exchange rate appreciation 货币升值domestic liquidity 国内流动资金precipitous move 突然变动stifle 葬送workable measures of transition 可行的过度措施stance 姿态新千年the new millennium新纪元the new age精髓essence陶器pottery京剧戏装Costumes of Peking Opera莫高窟复制品the replica of the Mogao Grottoes青铜战车the bronze chariot战国早期的礼仪乐器ritual musical instruments produced early in the Warring States Period 八音度 a range of octave音域宽wide range定音tone setting瑟，笙，箫，鼓se, sheng, xiao, drums整理collate骨哨bone flute摇篮cradle舞台服饰performance costumes夸张和象征的手法exaggeration and symbolic means名模famous modelUnit 9 文化交流民为贵people being the most important巨大活力the immense vitality生动写照vivid reflection生存权subsistence right立国之本the foundation to build the country不懈努力make unremitting endeavor相辅相成the two are complementary to each other民族先人ancestor初步繁荣昌盛initial prosperity吸收和借鉴absorb and draw upon fruits of祖国统一reunification of the country繁衍multiply伟大复兴the great rejuvenation先行者forerunner区域自治regional autonomy宪法保障protected by the Constitution崇高目标lofty goal亲仁善邻benevolence and good-neighborliness国之宝箴treasured maximmillennium 千年landmark 标志性reclusive 避世隐居Danish architect Jorn Utzon 丹麦设计师钧恩乌特松with media access 有机会接触媒体architectural icon 建筑业偶像in the pantheon of 在……的万神殿中pluck 淘汰a complete one-off 空前绝后was quite at odds with 相去甚远rectilinear 垂直式maverick genius 独树一帜的奇才promontory 海角backdrop 背景in high dudgeon 一怒之下manifold difficulties 各种各样的困难seductive beauty 有魅力的纯美patron 资助人Unit 10 科学报告中国古代药王神农氏Shennong, the celebrated herbal master of ancient China中医史上的萌芽阶段the embryo stage in the development of TCM战国时期the Warring States Period黄帝内经HuangDi’s Classic of internal Medicine神农本草经Shennong’s herbal classic主治、功用和毒性primary treatments, functions and toxic character药典pharmacopoeia救死扶伤healing the sick and saving the dying职业道德规范professional work ethic食补保健food treatment approach延缓衰老defer senility相互作用、互为依存be of mutual influence and interdependence有机的整体an organic whole诊断疾病diagnose disease阴阳对立制约yin and yang are mutually opposing and constraining互根互用be interdependent and mutually promoting消长平衡proportionally change with the decrease of one, resulting in, or from the increase of the other相互转化mutually transformational健康的要素be essential for the maintenance of good health指导思想guiding concept临床治疗方法clinical treatment针灸疗法acupuncture and moxibustion按摩推拿medical massage气功疗法deep breathing exercises赢得广泛赞誉win worldwide acclaim中医专业队伍TCM professionals综合医院general hospitalastrobiology 天体生物学nitrogen 氮hydrogen 氢oxygen 氧气photosynthesis 光合作用equilibrium 平衡meteor 流星embedded 埋植carbon compound 碳化合物hypothesis 假设Antarctic 南极的aesthetics 审美观the Leonid meteor showers 狮子座流星雨debris 碎片comet 彗星The Azores 亚速尔群岛Infrared spectrographs 红外线摄谱仪organic molecule 有机分子spectrographic 摄谱的disseminate 散布prebiotic life 前生物生命galaxy 银河系Unit 11 饮食文化烹饪艺术culinary art民以食为天food is the paramount necessity of the people 推陈出新creative efforts色、香、味color, aroma and taste摆放layout冷盘cold dishes原料raw material作料调配the blending of seasoning调味艺术the art of proper seasoning食物质地the texture of food刀功slicing technique乳猪suckling pig点心pastries黄酒yellow rice wine烈性白酒strong white liquor敬酒toast with小啜take a sip馒头steamed bread热卡calories主食staple foodfood style 饮食习惯solid diet 丰盛的食物health food 保健餐Little Italy 小意大利城Germantown 德国城native specialties 家乡特色菜Creole accent to the food 克里奥耳口味physical well-being 身体健康ironic 讽刺的preservative 防腐剂cheese 奶酪Unit 12 中国改革翻天覆地的变化earthshaking changes面貌焕然一新take on a brand-new look出/入境旅游outbound/inbound travel村/居委会village committee/urban neighborhood committee解决温饱问题solve the problem of food and clothing落实科学发展观follow a scientific approach of development以人为本，执政为民put people first in administration着力搞好宏观调空concentrate on doing macro-regulatory work well激发创造活力stimulate creativity实施稳健的财政政策follow prudent fiscal policy三农工作是重中之重work relating agriculture, rural areas and farmers remains top priority加强农田水利建设intensify development of irrigation and conservancy project多渠道转移农业富余劳动力transfer surplus rural labor to nonagricultural jobs推进产业结构优化升级optimize and upgrade the industrial structure加强生态建设strengthen ecological improvement推进财税体制改革promote the reform of fiscal and tax system加强精神文明建设promote social and ethical progress加强行政能力建设和政风建设improve the government’s administrative capacity and style of work建设服务型政府service-oriented government意气风发in high spirits同心同德、再接再厉united with one heart and one mind, continue our concerted and unyielding effortsoverstate 夸大turn one’s back on 对……封闭anarchy 政治混乱warlordism 军阀割据make up lost ground 收复失地springboard 跳板with gusto 满怀热情subsistence farming 自然经济marginal productivity 边际生产力tariff barrier 关税壁垒bolster 保持joint venture 合资企业incremental capital output ratio 资本产出比率reckon 估计purchasing power parity 购买力平价capital accumulation 资本积累demographic forecasts 人口统计学上的预见hiccup 磕磕碰碰forerunner 前驱dwarf 让……相形见绌Unit 13 信息时代筹备会议preliminary meeting处理程序性问题address procedure issue智能化intelligence computerization多样化diversification信息通信技术infocom technology结构调整architecture readjustment升级换代upgrading融语音、数据、图像于一体integrate voice date and image宽带高速信息网high-speed broadband information network全方位地满足业务需求meet various service requirements in all dimensions 制约因素reason宏观调控macroeconomic control市场管制market regulation规避市场风险avoid market risks创新的融资机智innovative financing mechanism资金的多元投入for more financing channels911事件September 11 terrorist attack应急系统emergency system数字鸿沟digital dividedon 穿上scaffold 框架thermostat 恒温计EKG 心电图仪telemetric system 遥测系统emulate 仿效symbiosis 共生现象software programmer 软件编程师collaborate 合作debug 调试neuron 神经元tackle 解决interstellar 星际microprocessor 微型处理器ad hoc 特别的cell phone 手机the heftiest desktop 最先进的台式机fight off an attacking wasp 击退发起进攻的黄蜂simpleton 傻子emergent behavior 突发性的行为mischievous and sinister 恶意antithetical 对立的resilience 应变能力seismic activity 地震活动geomagnetic storm 地磁风暴a worrisome spike 麻烦reroute traffic 改变行动路线Interplant 星际网asteroid 小行星unmanned probe 吾人驾驶探测器proprietary (信息)专有feel tingles on one’s spine 感觉到脊椎的震颤Unit 14 外交政策外国使节diplomatic envoy复杂而深刻的变化complex and profound changes各种问题相互交织various threats are intertwined指导国际关系的准则norms governing international relations切实履行implement in real earnest以强凌弱的霸权主义bully the weak and pursue hegemony文明的多样性the diversity of civilizations万物并育而不相害all living creature grow together without harming one another道并行而人不相悖ways run parallel without interfering with one another相互借鉴、取长补短learn from each other in mutual emulation相互包容、求同存异mutual tolerance, seek agreement while shelving differences减免债务reduce and forgive debts军事联盟military alliance动辄诉诸武力resort to use or threat of force摈弃冷战思维the Cold War mentality should be done away with核武器扩散nucleus weapons proliferation跨国犯罪trans-boundary crimes生态恶化environmental degradation永远不称霸never seek hegemony维护国家主权和领土完整safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity睦邻、安邻、富邻政策the policy of creating an amicable, secure and prosperous neighborhood奔腾不息的时代潮流irresistible tide of the timesdiplomacy 外交手段monetary structure 货币组织military deterrence 军事威慑utmost purpose 最高宗旨subordinate 服从于overshadow 黯然失色initiative 主动行动downright distrust 不信任的传统utility 利用authorization 授权sponsorship 操办intervention 干预take…into account 考虑到the IMF 国际货币基金组织trade deficits 贸易赤字commitment 致力于war-torn 遭受战争破坏elite 上层人物military alliance 军事联盟demobilization/remobilization 遣散军队/重组军队Unit 15 国际关系纪念……成立……周年commemorate ….anniversary of the founding of恪守承诺commitment to联合国宪章宗旨和原则the purpose and the principles of the UN Charter善邻之道live together in peace with one another as good neighbors划时代意义epoch-making里程碑milestone人类社会沧桑巨变stupendous changes in human society国际舞台风云变幻vicissitudes in the international arena地区热点问题regional hot spot issue民族分裂势力regional separatists极端宗教势力religious extremist毒品走私drug trafficking传染性疾病communicable disease坚持多边主义uphold multilateralism摈弃冷战思维abandon the Cold War mentality标本兼治address both symptoms and root causes裁军与军备控制disarmament and arms control防止核扩散prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons包容精神the spirit of inclusiveness文明多样性diversity of civilization兼容并蓄的和谐世界harmonious world where all coexist and accommodate each other 休戚与共的命运interests and destiniessubsequent endeavor 此后的努力humanitarian 人道主义者refrain 不以non-intervention 不干涉domestic jurisdiction 内部事务the minimum doe of conduct 最起码的行为准则the Security Council 安理会paralysis 瘫痪veto right 否决权incapacitate 无所作为nuclear weapon proliferation 核武器扩散communicable disease 传染性疾病buffer conflicts 缓解冲突enforcement 强制meddle 管闲事manifold 多种多样permeate 渗透practice tolerance 宽容忍让transcend differences 超越差异convergence of interests 共同利益的汇合点coercion 高压政治tackle 处理。