移动式数控龙门铣床的总体设计

微型移动龙门式铣床结构优化设计卜雪梅（齐齐哈尔二机床（集团）有限责任公司，黑龙江 齐齐哈尔 161000）摘 要：在进行微型移动龙门式铣床结构优化设计过程中，通过利用有限元和正交实验等多种形式的结果分析，表明机床在进行结构优化调整之后，会全面提高机床本身所具有的静态性能，从而验证了结构优化的有效性。

本文主要将微型移动龙门式铣床为主要的研究对象，对其本体的主要结构进行了有限元仿真模型的建立，以此来分析其动态特性，结合这些结果内容来仔细的辨识机床所具有的薄弱环节，明确立柱对工作台所造成的性能影响，将立柱的优化和工作台优化作为主要的优化目标。

关键词：微型；移动龙门式铣床；结构优化；设计分析中图分类号：TG547 文献标识码：A 文章编号：11-5004（2019）04-0219-2收稿日期：2019-04作者简介：卜雪梅，黑龙江佳木斯人，男，生于1984年，满族，硕士研究生，研究方向：机床设计，机床开发。

微型移动龙门式数控铣床的主要结构存在不足之处，为了解决这一问题需要将拓扑优化、正交实验设计方法等作为设计调整的主要依据，首先需要建立本体的有限元模型，再结合当前的加工情况进行静力学分析，从而得出位移和应力云图的主要内容和基本结论。

通过模态化分析，来了解前十阶模态所具有的频率和主振类型，通过对有限元结果的分析，运用拓扑优化原理，将其所具有的最小应变能力作为主要的目标函数，并且设计好立柱的整体质量来作为主要约束条件，对当前所采用的微型铣床立柱进行优化设计。

同时还可以采用正交实验的方式，来保证工作台的自重下最大位移程度，控制好T 形槽的大小，以及槽与槽之间的间距，安排好工作台建设的厚度，将工作台支承面积作为主要的设计变量，从而提高工作台的工作能力，保证优化后机体的正常运行，通过有限元仿真实验，来提高优化后整机的静态性能。

1 本体有限元模型的建立在进行有限元模型创建的过程中，需要充分的考量有限元网格的计算准确率和精度，因此需要对铣床的几何模型进行适当的优化，减少给电机和传动系统对机床运行所产生的影响，要将主轴电机作为钢体，摘除螺纹孔，控制好部分加工角的一些细小问题，保证各部件之间的有机结合。

水室封头专用控龙门移动式双柱立式铣车加工中心设计摘要：水室封头专用控龙门移动式双柱立式铣车加工中心是一种超大型、高精度、复合型金属切削机床，是关系到国计民生、国家安全的重要装备。

适用于核电、军工、航天、造船、发电、石油化工等行业复杂零件的高效率、高精度加工，有迫切的市场需求。

目标：完成最大加工直径6.3米，共有X、U、Y、Z、W、C、C’和B轴等八个数控轴，可实现五轴联动，工件一次装卡即可完成车、铣、钻、镗、攻丝等多种工序复合加工的超重型、高精度立式铣车复合加工机床的研究与开发，形成相关技术规范、标准、专利及专有技术。

技术方案：首先进行初步方案设计，经专家论证后，转入结构设计分析、静动态特性分析、干涉检查、精度分析、关键部件可靠性和精度稳定性研究阶段，期间针对技术难点，进行联合攻关，确定最终的实施方案，后续阶段分为关键部件加工、装配工艺方法研究、装配调试和鉴定验收等主要阶段。

目标是水室封头专用DMVTM630数控龙门移动式双柱立式铣车加工中心的研究与开发，该机床可达到的主要技术指标如下所示:◆ 最大加工直径Φ6300mm◆ 工作台直径≥Φ5700mm◆ 最大加工高度 4000mm◆ 最大工件重量 200t◆ 最大车削力 100KN◆ 回转工作台转速范围 0.2～20r/min◆ 回转工作台分度、进给转速范围 0.001～1r/min◆ 龙门架移动行程 13000mm◆ 铣削主轴转速范围 2～800r/min◆ 铣削主轴额定扭矩 8000N.m◆ C轴分度精度≤4″◆ 铣削主轴端面、径向跳动≤0.005mm◆ 工作台端径跳≤0.03mm◆ 万能铣头转角角度范围（B轴）±105°要使所研发的水室封头专用DMVTM630数控龙门移动式双柱立式铣车加工中心达到上述技术指标，就必须针对该机床的工艺特点和难点，包括机床的整体布局、零部件相关设计、机床可靠性及精度保持性、动态监测、状态预警及热变形补偿等进行攻关，解决如下几方面的重大问题：1、机床整机结构及其合理布局问题整机结构分析尤其是大型数控机床整机结构分析和合理布局，对机床设计是至关重要的一环。

控龙门铣床机械结构设计摘要现在世界上很多发达的工业化国家在生产中广泛应用数控机床。

随着电子技术和控制技术的飞速发展，当今的数控系统功能已经非常强大，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业的发展起着越来越重要的作用。

随着科学技术的发展，世界先进技术的兴起和不断成熟，对数控技术提出了更高的要求。

当今数控机床正在不断采用最新成果，朝着高速化，超精度化，多功能化、智能化、系统化、网络化、高可靠性与环保等方向发展。

本次毕业设计就是通过对5轴数控龙门铣床机械结构设计来加深对数控机床的了解。

通过本次毕业设计了解数控龙门铣床的机械结构，并对一些关键的部件进行校核。

并通过此次毕业设计熟练掌握一门三维绘图工具-Inventor.关键词：滚珠丝杠，滚动导轨，五轴联动铣头，Inventor.A 5 AXIS NC MILLING PLANER MECHANICALSTRUCTURE DESIGNABSTRACTIn many advanced industrialized countries in the world now is widely used CNC machine in the production .With the rapid development of electronic technology and control technology, today's numerical control system function is very strong, and with the continuous development of numerical control technology and application field expands,it to some important industry of the national economy and people's livel is playing a more and more important role in the development.With the development of science and technology, the rise of the world's advanced technology and matures, we put higher requirements on numerical control technology.Modern nc machine tools Using the latest achievements , toward high speed, super precision, and multi-functional and intelligent, systematic, network, such as high reliability and environmental protection.This graduation design is based on the five axis nc milling planer mechanical structure design to deepen understanding of nc machine tools.Through the graduation design ,I have understanded the mechanical structure of the CNC gantry milling machine, and some of the key components for checking.And through the graduation design I master a 3 dimensinal drawing tool - Inventor.KEY WORDS：Ball screw , Rolling guide , Five-axis linkage milling head, Inventor目录前言 (1)第1章数控机床概述 (2)第2章整体结构方案 (3)第3章伺服进给系统机械传动机构的设计 (4)§3.1 伺服进给系统机械传动机构设计的一般要求 (4)§3.2 滚珠丝杠螺母副的原理及支撑方式 (6)§3.2.1 滚珠丝杠螺母副的原理及特点 (6)§3.2.2 滚珠丝杠螺母副的支撑方式 (8)§3.2.3 支承轴承的选择 (9)§3.3 滚珠丝杠副的疲劳寿命计算 (9)§3.4 预加负荷 (11)§3.5 机床滚珠丝杠副总体校核 (11)§3.6 数控机床导轨 (16)§3.6.1 导轨的基本类型 (16)§3.6.2 对导轨的基本要求 (16)§3.6.3 直线滚动导轨 (17)第四章数控机床的进给驱动 (19)§4.1伺服系统的基本要求 (19)§4.2伺服电机的选择与计算 (21)结论 (26)参考文献 (27)致谢 (28)2III前言毕业设计是实现培养目标的重要教学环节，是培养大学生的创新能力、实践能力和创业精神的重要过程。

数控龙门铣床设计首先，机床结构部分。

数控龙门铣床一般采用龙门式结构，即横梁作为横梁纵向移动的导向梁。

这种结构可以提供稳定的支撑和刚性，保证机床的精度和稳定性。

同时，可以根据加工件的大小和形状调整龙门的高度和宽度，增强机床的适应性。

其次，轴向结构部分。

数控龙门铣床通常包括X轴、Y轴和Z轴三个轴向。

X轴为横梁沿纵向移动的轴向，Y轴为工作台沿横向移动的轴向，Z轴为刀具上下移动的轴向。

这三个轴向通过精密的滑轨和直线导轨实现，可以实现机床的高精度运动和定位。

再次，工作台结构部分。

数控龙门铣床的工作台一般采用液压或电机驱动的滑台，可以实现工作台的快速移动和定位。

工作台上通常有多个T型槽，用于夹持工件和夹具。

同时，工作台还可以通过液压系统或机械手动装置实现旋转和倾斜，以满足不同加工需求。

其次，导轨系统部分。

导轨系统是数控龙门铣床的重要组成部分，直接影响机床的定位精度和运动平稳性。

一般采用线性滚动导轨，包括滑块、滑轨和滚珠轮等。

滑块通过滑轨进行滑动，滚珠轮起到承载和导向作用，保证机床轴向的平稳运动。

最后，控制系统部分。

数控龙门铣床的控制系统一般采用PLC或CNC控制系统。

通过编程设定机床的速度、进给量、切削深度等加工参数，实现自动化加工。

同时，还可以通过监控系统实时监测机床的运行状态和工件加工情况，提高生产效率和加工质量。

综上所述，数控龙门铣床的设计涉及到机床结构、轴向结构、工作台结构、导轨系统、控制系统等多个方面。

只有充分考虑这些因素，合理设计机床的各个部分，才能提高机床的性能和加工精度，满足不同加工需求。

同时，还需要时刻关注新技术的发展和应用，不断改进和完善数控龙门铣床的设计。

超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床设计研究随着我国工业不断发展，对大型船舶等研究不断深入，工业部件体积不断增大，对机床设备要求也随之提高，为了满足我国工业发展需求，降低我国重型机床生产压力，技术人员设计了超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床。

本文将根据我国工业生产需求和国际机床发展现状，从超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床各个部件入手，对超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床设计中的重点和难点进行研究，希望能为超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床的设计、研究及开发工作提供一些帮助。

标签：超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床；机床设计；研究0 引言近年来，我国机械工业进入高速发展阶段，机械市场对重型机床、超重型机床要求明显提升。

为了满足市场需求，就一定要提升超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床效能，对其设计进行深入研究。

同时提高超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床加工能力，有利于提高我国工业实力和基础装配的制造实力，满足我国冶金业、电力业等大型通用、典型零件制作需求。

1 超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床发展趋势及现状1.1 国外超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床发展趋势及现状目前，先进超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床生产国家以德国和美国为主，其中德国Schiess公司已设计并制造超大型属龙机床为主，其设计并的大型数控机床超过30种。

国外超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床设计特点在于，规格大和稳定性、可靠性好，但是价格也相对较高。

1.2 国内超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床发展趋势及现状目前，我国大多数投入使用的超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床都为进口机床。

我国机械企业对超大型数控机床研究时间较短，在设计上，依托于和国外先进数控机床生产厂家的技术交流，数控机床主要零部件也都购买国外产品，可以说我国超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床发展前景广阔，但现状存在技术困难。

2 超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床整体设计2.1 超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床整体布局在进行超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床整体布局设计时，应严格胺致癌国家相关规定，设置超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床个零部件参数。

在设计时，要将超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床后续保养和维护工作考虑进去。

附录3外文文献Design of Movable Gantry CNC Milling MachineZHANG JianAbstract:this paper describes the nc milling roller, the overall design and analyses the bilateralsuper-modulus gear pair of driving mechanism of the main points of design,installationguidesurface of the X axis is introduced in this paper Keywords:mobile nc milling designT his machine is mainly used for metal parts of the plane and inclined plane work. It has enough rigidity, Milling head adopts milling head in Taiwan, Milling head with flexible, Spindle motor is frequency conversion motor. It can undertake stepless speed, Ensure accuracy of machine tools and machining precision has good stability, This machine is of high efficiency and exercise,For convenience, make the drive more reliable and convenient in maintenance, less consumption, beautiful modelling, etc, widely used in mechanical manufacturing industry.This paper described the mobile CNC milling refers to longmen framework Vertical milling movement. The biggest advantage of milling roller is (1) Machine cover an area of an area small. Workbench mobile Longmen milling machine, complete machine must be higher than vertical stroke length two times. However, Workbench mobile Longmen milling machine, The length of side frame which is fabricated according to add only longitudinal travel width, Thedynamic response of the machine is good. Workbench mobile Longmen milling machine adopts fixed table. The whole cast out with bed, Longmen framework of longitudinal motionDrive torque equivalent unchanged, It is not because of bearing the weight of the workpiece changesChange, so as to ensure the accuracy and performance of the machine tool.The independent design mobile nc Longmen milling（FIG 1）has been a special machine to use. It can satisfy the large castings, steel parts boring and milling, drilling, etc multiple operation process. It is right milling head, It also can process the 4 side of workpiece. The goal of the main design parameters such as Longmen milling under: workbench area 1800mm ×4000mm, The travel for X axis:4000mm The travel for Y axis:2000mm The travel forZ axis:750mm, Spindle power 18.5KW, Each axis rapid federate 10m/min.Figure 1 Mobile nc milling1.Mechanical parts designThe bed include Bed, Slide, Longmen frame spindle box, Three axis to drive mechanical parts and related CNC servo part, Now ,The design process isemphasized as follows: The bed is the basic design work, The size of the bed of the design affects the complete machine design. And the rationality of the design of directly affect the whole Machine stiffness. The cross-section shape for the bed like ∏,(FIG 2) The plane is working on a bed of mesa design has 9 T shaped groove. For the convenience of bed and working mesa of pure dig imageT processing, groove tank completely, The right and left two concerning the design has a long narrow swing plane. It is used to linear rolling guide vice, The author put rail surface design in the two side bed. The main consideration of force transmission directions and unloading, Because the bed will be dragon framework of gravity, cutting force and the gravity of the workpiece, This design can directly into the gravity of longmen framework to machine tools, and Bed only suffer the gravity of the workpiece. The bed by the following basic wall thickness determine By the following formula.C=1/4(2L+B+H)Type: C,L,B is respectively for bed length, width and height of size and unit for the m.Based on equivalent size c, Consulting relevant form，Take the basic wall thickness is 38mm，Figure 2 Shape of concerning the cross-section Spindle box adopts 300 mm ×300 mm section design. The torsion bendingcapacity are stronger. Spindle gearboxes USES two gears Gear sliding speed-change mechanism.It can adapt rough machining requirements. Spindle unit adopts four supporting structure, Ahead three groups of Angle contact ball bearing used to withstand cutting force. Spindle end a deep groove ball bearings are used to unloading, That is not of the Sliding gears of the additional moment.Longmen framework used integral frame which is fabricated according to the design concept, It took about beam and column design into a whole. Although make casting and assembly adjusting difficulty, the whole framework of longmen rigid better, more important is to slide have assembled spindle box, etc. Slide is designed in the frame which is fabricated according to the geometrical dimensions and spindle box, According to the center axis of the guide bar as far as possible to face for the principle, The Z axis and the driver installation position in design, effectively reduce the weight of the slide.Designed to drive into the idea as follows, The X axis to driveUse the bilateral super-modulus gear pair aggravating preloading linear rolling guide vice.X axis and Y axis uses big diameter ball screw preloading vice hardened guide. Rail sliding parts attached engineering plastics, It avoids low when crawling phenomenon, and guide the design is inclined with adjustable device. This machine design make the whole machine to coordinate performance. The axis of the feeding speed and force get the optimal matching.Due to the longitudinal axis machine movement X, and is moving longmen framework of longmen framework weighed 10T, so the linear rolling guide rails to must choose.Because the ball rail system of small friction coefficient, very suitable for longmen framework of moving rigidity requirement.Guide the slider choose one type, each slide block dynamic load can achieve 10t. Considering the safety coefficient, every guide installation 2 slider. Longmen framework for the driver bilateral super-modulus gear pair (see chart 2), feed movement by 3 input, through two inclined gear motor shaft/and axis to 2, andthen by two gear - and to drive rack. And thus promote longmen framew3 the helical gear axle spiral of the two opposite directions. Through the spring in the shaft on a three axial force F, make the helical gear trace of axial movement produced at 1 and 2 and axial shaft in the opposite direction Angle of small, round 4 and 5) respectively, the gear tooth surface with two rack, eliminate the gap.1.2.3--- axis 4.5--- RackFigure 3 Bilateral super-modulus gear pairSpindle box and vertical motion Z axis adopts ball screw assembly transmission. Because of this machine is not high speed milling machine, the Z axis of the feeding system for servo motor through the ratio of 4 for parallel axis set than gearbox drives the ball screw rotation. In the design of special attention to the Z axis of safety problems. First choose the servo motor with electromagnetic brake, second in the ball screw with a two-way overrunning clutch, prevent ball nuts rotation caused spindle box mechanical prolapse. Of course, in order to protect the z-axis feed institutions, but also in the accuracywith two balance on the slide cylinders. Balance Q, etcThe quality of parts in spindle box 85%.Spindle box around move for the Y axis, in order to guarantee the precision Y axis, and only by their level of ball screw and axial force, servo motor and the ball screw straight league. The author selects the coupling with overload protection device, in the overload when coupling automatically.2 Selection of CNC systemThe Siemens numerical control system is adopted, because this system 840D provides longmen shaft synchronization function. Use this function, the machine can to dragonsDoor frame for shaft (into) no, X2 clamps its X1 mechanical deviation of displacement. The actual value can exercise for comparison, even the smallest deviation can be corrected, and therefore improve the accuracy of the X axis movement3 EpilogueThe author finally, according to the professional machine parts manufacturers to provide design samples design will reach the twice the result with half the effort. In The design process, the author of CNC system, spindle unit, gearbox, super-modulus gear and ball screw guide etc. According to the sample of empirical formulas, not only shorten design time, make the higher reliability. At the same time we must pay great attention to the timely design machine tools, such as the application of three-dimensional software components immediately after the establishment sketches for 3d model, through the assembly interference, machine avoid collisions occur when in assembly Wade rework phenomenon.[翻译]移动式数控龙门铣床的总体设计张坚摘要：阐述了移动式数控龙门铣床的总体设计，并重点分析了双边齿轮齿条副驱动机构的设计要点，对X轴的导轨安装面作了介绍。

机电一体化课程设计说明书设计题目：数控铣床X-Y工作台设计班级：机制三班设计者：陈钦元学号：07120526指导教师：张继祥重庆交通大学2010年12月目录一.系统总体方案设计 (3)(一)机械系统 (3)(二)接口设计 (4)(三)伺服系统设计 (4)(四)控制系统设计 (4)二.机械系统的设计计算 (5)(一)初选步进电动机 (5)(二)计算减速器传动比 (6)(三)齿轮机构设计 (7)(四) 滚珠丝杠的选型设计 (10)(五) 滚动直线导轨的选型与计算 (14)(六)计算系统转动惯量 (15)(七)光电开关的选择 (17)(八)接近开关的选择 (18)三控制系统设计 (18)（一）.操作面板的布置图 (18)（二）.操作面板功能介绍 (19)（三）.控制系统原理框图 (22)（四）、电动机控制原理 (22)（五）、键盘、显示器接口电路分析 (23)四参考文献 (24)原始数据设计一台微机控制XY两坐标工作台，采用MCS-51单片机控制, 控制方式采用步进电机开环控制。

其他参数如下设计任务: X方向行程:610mm Y方向行程:350mm 工作台面的参考尺寸:800X320mm平均切削力:1100N最高运动速度:5m/min定位精度:0.03mm台上最大重物质量500kg脉冲当量0.005mm/step一.系统总体方案设计由设计任务书知,本次设计可采用如下方案(一)机械系统1.传动机构采用滚珠丝杠副2.导向机构采用滚动直线导轨3.执行机构采用步进电机(二)接口设计1.人机接口(1)采用键盘作为输入(2)采用LED作为指示标志(3)采用数码管作为显示器2.机电接口采用光电耦合器作为微型机与步进电动机驱动电路的接口,实现电气隔离.(三)伺服系统设计采用开环控制(四)控制系统设计1、控制部分方案选择控制方案不外乎三种：开环控制、半闭环控制、闭环控制。

上图为最简单的开环控制，若在机械传动机构中引出反馈给控制部分，再经过比较放大器的则为半闭环控制。