Editorial Change and Continuity in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology

editorial翻译汉语翻译n. 社论, 评论a. 编辑的, 主笔的, 社论的词型变化：副词:editorially英语解释：名词editorial:an article giving opinions or perspectives同义词：column, newspaper column形容词editorial:of or relating to an article stating opinions or giving perspectives relating to or characteristic of an editor例句：I am on the editorial staff of the newspaper.我在这家报纸的编辑部工作。

The editor got his claws into the opposition in a vicious editorial.那个编辑在一篇社论中恶毒地攻击了反对派。

I work in an editorial office.我在编辑部工作。

I have made a lot of editorial changes in their book.我在他们的书上做了许多编辑上的修改。

详细解释：ed.i.to.ri.aln.（名词）An article in a publication expressing the opinion of its editors or publishers. 社论：出版物中表达编辑与出版社意见的一种文章A commentary on television or radio expressing the opinion of the station or network.电台评论：电台或电视台上播出的表述电台或电视网意见的评论adj.（形容词）Of or relating to an editor or editing:编辑的：编辑的或与编辑工作有关的：例句：an editorial position with a publishing company; an editorial policy prohibiting the use of unnamed sources.出版公司中一个编辑职位；禁止使用未署名的资料的编辑政策。

2025年山东省济南市英语中考仿真试题与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listen to the conversation:Man: Hi, Sarah, did you finish reading the book borrowed from the library?Woman: Yes, but it took me longer than expected. I’ll have to renew it online so that someone else doesn’t check it out before I can return it.Question: Why does the woman need to renew the book online?A)She hasn’t finished reading it.B)She wants to keep it longer.C)She forgot where she put it.D)She wants to reserve another copy.Answer: B) She wants to keep it longer.Explanation: The woman mentions that it took her longer than expected to finish the book, implying she needs more time with it. Therefore, she plans to renew it online to prevent others from checking it out before she can return it, indicating she wishes to extend her borrowing period.2、Listen to the conversation:Woman: Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the nearest post office?Man: Sure, go straight down this street until you reach the second traffic light. Turn left, and then take the first right. You won’t miss it.Question: How should the woman get to the post office?A)Go straight, turn right at the first traffic light, then take the first left.B)Go straight, turn left at the second traffic light, then take the first right.C)Turn left at the first traffic light, then take the second right.D)Turn right at the second traffic light, then take the first left.Answer: B) Go straight, turn left at the second traffic light, then take the first right.Explanation: The man clearly instructs the woman to go straight until the second traffic light, turn left there, and then take the first right after that. Thus, option B provides the correct directions as given in the conversation.3、You will hear a short conversation between two students about their weekend plans. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What does the second student suggest doing this weekend?A. Going to the movies.B. Visiting a museum.C. Having a picnic in the park.Answer: CExplanation: The second student suggests having a picnic in the park, as mentioned in the conversation. The other options are not mentioned by either student.4、You will hear a short interview with a chef. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What is the chef’s favorite ingredient to use in their dishes?A. Garlic.B. Olive oil.C. Lemon.Answer: CExplanation: The chef states in the interview that their favorite ingredient to use in their dishes is lemon, making option C the correct answer. The other options are not mentioned as the chef’s favorite ingredient.5、Listen to the following conversation and answer the question.M: Hi, Sarah, how was your weekend?W: Oh, it was great! I went hiking with my friends in the mountains. The scenery was beautiful.M: That sounds amazing. Did you enjoy it?W: Yes, I did. We also stopped at a small restaurant for lunch. The food was delicious.M: I wish I could have joined you.W: Maybe next time.Question: What did Sarah do during her weekend?Answer: She went hiking with her friends.Explanation: In the conversation, Sarah mentions that she went hiking with her friends in the mountains, which is the correct answer to the question.6、Listen to the following dialogue and answer the question.M: Good morning, Professor Smith. I need to talk to you about my research paper.W: Good morning, John. What’s the problem?M: Well, I’m having trouble finding reliable source s for my topic.W: I see. Have you tried the library’s online databases?M: Yes, but they’re not very user-friendly.W: You can also ask the library staff for help. They’re very knowledgeable.M: That’s a good idea. I’ll go and ask them.W: Sure, John. I’m sure you’ll find what you need.Question: What is the main problem that John is facing?Answer: He is having trouble finding reliable sources for his research paper.Explanation: In the dialogue, John expresses his difficulty in finding reliable sources for his research paper, which is the main problem mentioned in the conversation.7.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing their favorite movie. Listen carefully and answer the following question:What movie does the girl like?A. TitanicB. AvatarC. Star WarsD. The GodfatherAnswer: B. AvatarExplanation: In the conversation, the girl mentions that her favorite movie is Avatar, a science fiction film directed by James Cameron.8.You will hear a short talk about the benefits of reading. Listen carefully and answer the following question:What is one of the benefits of reading mentioned in the talk?A. Improves memoryB. Enhances creativityC. Boosts confidenceD. Increases intelligenceAnswer: B. Enhances creativityExplanation: In the talk, the speaker discusses how reading can be a great source of inspiration and can help in enhancing creativity.9.Listen to the conversation between two friends discussing their plans for the weekend. Answer the following question:What does the man suggest doing for the weekend?A. Going to the movies.B. Visiting a museum.C. Hiking in the mountains.Answer: BExplanation: The man mentions that he heard there is a new exhibit at the museum, which suggests that he is interested in visiting a museum for the weekend.10.Listen to a short dialogue between a teacher and a student about a school project. Answer the following question:What is the main issue the student is facing with the project?A. The topic is too broad.B. The deadline is too soon.C. The student is not sure where to start.Answer: CExplanation: The student expresses uncertainty about where to start the project, indicating that the main issue is the lack of a starting point rather than the topic or deadline.11.Listen to the following dialogue and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A. The man is planning a vacation.B. The woman is asking for directions.C. They are discussing the weather.Answer: BExplanation: In the dialogue, the woman is asking the man for directions to the nearest coffee shop. The conversation revolves around giving directions, making option B the correct answer.12.Listen to the following conversation and answer the question.Qu estion: What is the woman’s profession?A. A teacherB. A doctorC. A lawyerAnswer: CExplanation: In the conversation, the man mentions that he has heard about the woman’s legal expertise. The woman confirms this, indicating that she isa lawyer. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.13.Listen to the following conversation between two friends, and answer the question.A: Hey, did you hear about the new movie that just came out?B: Yeah, I did! It looks amazing. What do you think it’s about?A: Well, from the trailers, it seems to be about a time-travel adventure.B: Oh, that sounds interesting. I can’t wait to see it!Question: What are the two friends discussing?Answer: The new movie that just came out.14.Listen to the following short dialogue and answer the question.M: I can’t believe it’s already time for the final exam. I’ve been so busy with my projects.W: Yeah, it’s true. But I think you’ve done well, so don’t worry too much.M: Thanks, I apprecia te that. I just hope I’ve studied enough.W: You have. You’ve put in a lot of effort, and that’s what counts.Question: What is the main topic of the conversation?Answer: The upcoming final exam.15.You will hear a short conversation between two friends. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the question that follows.Question: What is the woman’s main concern about the movie?A. The movie is too long.B. The movie is not suitable for children.C. The movie is too expensive.D. The movie is not playing in her area.Answer: BExplanation: The woman expresses her concern about the movie not being appropriate for children, suggesting that she is worried about the content or themes.16.You will hear a short interview with a local chef. Listen carefully and answer the question that follows.Question: What is the chef’s favorite type of cuisine to cook?A. ItalianB. MexicanC. JapaneseD. AmericanAnswer: CExplanation: The chef explicitly mentions that their favorite type of cuisine to cook is Japanese, which is the correct answer.17.Listen to the conversation between two friends, and answer the question.What are they discussing?A)The weatherB) A new movieC) A recent sports eventAnswer: C)Explanation: The conversation starts with the first speaker mentioning the recent World Cup, which indicates they are discussing a sports event.18.Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct response for the question.Who is making the suggestion?A)The manB)The womanC)BothAnswer: A)Explanation: The man is the one making the suggestion. He says, “Let’s go to that new Italian restaurant on Main Street tonight,” which clearly indicates he is the one proposing an idea.19.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing their weekend plans. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.A. What are they planning to do on Saturday?1.Go to the movies.2.Visit a museum.3.Have a picnic.Answer: 2. Visit a museum.Explanation: The man mentions that he wants to visit the new art museum in town, so the correct answer is option 2.20.Listen to a short interview with a famous author. Answer the following question based on what you hear.A. What is the author’s favorite book?1.”To Kill a Mockingbird.”2.”Pride and Prejudice.”3.”1984.”Answer: 3. “1984.”Explanation: In the interview, the author expresses her love for George Orwell’s “1984,” making option 3 the correct answer.二、阅读理解（30分）Title: The Great MigrationRead the following passage:The Great Migration was a mass movement of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West during the early 20th century. This migration was primarily driven by the desire for better job opportunities, improved living conditions, and the chance to escape the harsh realities of racial segregation and violence in the South.The migration began in the 1910s and reached its peak in the 1940s and 1950s. Many African Americans left their homes in the rural South, traveling by train, car, and on foot to seek a new life in the North. The journey was often difficult and dangerous, with many facing discrimination and violence along the way.Once in the North, many African Americans found that the living conditions were not as ideal as they had hoped. They often worked in low-paying jobs andfaced discrimination in housing, education, and public services. Despite these challenges, the Great Migration had a profound impact on American society, leading to significant changes in the cultural, social, and political landscapes of the United States.Questions:1.What was the main reason for the Great Migration during the early 20th century?A) To improve agricultural practices in the SouthB) To seek better job opportunities and escape racial segregationC) To follow family members who had already moved NorthD) To participate in the World War I2.Which of the following best describes the living conditions of African Americans in the North after the Great Migration?A) They lived in luxurious apartments and enjoyed high-paying jobsB) They faced discrimination and worked in low-paying jobsC) They lived in segregated neighborhoods and had access to the same public services as whitesD) They returned to the South due to the harsh living conditions in the North3.What was the overall impact of the Great Migration on American society?A) It led to the collapse of the Southern economyB) It resulted in the complete racial integration of the United StatesC) It contributed to significant changes in the cultural, social, and political landscapes of the United StatesD) It had no long-term effects on American societyAnswers:1.B) To seek better job opportunities and escape racial segregation2.B) They faced discrimination and worked in low-paying jobs3.C) It contributed to significant changes in the cultural, social, and political landscapes of the United States三、完型填空（15分）Complete the passage by choosing the most appropriate word or phrase from the options below for each blank.Three years ago, when I first moved to London, I found myself in a situation that was both exciting and challenging. The city was [1], with its towering skyscrapers and bustling streets. I had [2] a language course to improve my English, but the [3] of finding an apartment was not as easy as I had thought.I spent hours [4] through online listings, but many of the apartments were either too expensive or in locations that were too [5]. Finally, after much searching, I found a cozy flat in a quieter neighborhood. It was not perfect, but it was home.1.A. quietB. livelyC. boringD. deserted2.A. enrollingB. decliningC. hesitatingD. postponing3.A. processB. challengeC. opportunityD. experience4.A. skimmingB. ignoringC. rushingD. rejecting5.A. expensiveB. crowdedC. isolatedD. unappealing Answers:1.B. lively2.A. enrolling3.A. process4.A. skimming5.D. unappealing四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、In the past, many families used to______(go) to the cinema every weekend.答案：go解析：本题考查动词的时态。

the underlying telecommunications elements from mechanical damage.3.1.3cable,telecommunications,n—products of six or more pair.3.1.4filled core,n—those products in which air spaces are filled with some materials intended to exclude air or moisture, or both.3.1.5pair,n—two insulated conductors combined with a twist.3.1.6phase constant(b),n—a number derived from the shift incurred by an electrical sinusoidal signal as it propagates along the length of a pair of conductors.3.1.7sheath,n—the jacket and any underlying layers of shield,armor,or other intermediate material down to but not including the core wrap.3.1.8shielded wire or cable,n—wire or cable in which the core(or inner jacket)is completely enclosed by a metallic covering designed to shield the core from electrostatic or electromagnetic interference,or both.3.1.9wire,telecommunications,n—products containing less than six pair.ELECTRICAL TESTS OF INSULATION—IN-PROCESS4.Scope4.1In-process electrical tests are used primarily as process control tools in an attempt to minimize the number and magnitude of problems detected atfinal test of completed cable.5.Significance and Use5.1Electrical tests,properly interpreted,provide informa-tion with regard to the electrical properties of the insulation. The electrical test values give an indication as to how the insulation will perform under conditions similar to those observed in the tests.Electrical tests may provide data for research and development,engineering design,quality control, and acceptance or rejection under specifications.6.Spark Test6.1The spark test is intended to detect defects in the insulation of insulated wire conductors.Spark testers are commonly used to detect insulation defects(faults)at conduc-tor insulating operations,at pair twisting operations,and (occasionally)at operations for assembly or subassembly of conductors.In selected instances,spark tests may be used to detect defects in the jackets of shielded wire and cable,and in such cases,spark testers appear on cable jacketing lines.The basic method calls for a voltage to be applied between a grounded conductor and an electrode that is in mechanical contact with the surface of the material being tested.The wire or cable under test usually moves continuously against the electrode.When the dielectric medium is faulty(for example, excessively thin or missing,as in a pin-hole or when mechani-cally damaged),the impressed voltage will produce an arc to the grounded conductor.This arcing or sparking will usually activate one or more indicators(such as,warning buzzers or lights,counters,etc.)and,when appropriately interlocked,may halt the production or movement of the item through the sparker.For telecommunications products,the number of faults are usually only counted while production continues.Jacket defects may beflagged when detected.Jacket defects and units of insulated wire containing an excessive number of faults may be repaired or disposed of.6.2Caution:—Lethal voltages may be present during this test.It is essential that the test apparatus,and all associated equipment that may be electrically connected to it,be properly designed and installed for safe operation.Solidly ground all electrically conductive parts that any person might come into contact with during the test.Provide means for use at the completion of any test to ground any parts which:were at high voltage during the test;may have acquired an induced charge during the test;may retain a charge even after disconnection of the voltage source.Thoroughly instruct all operators in the proper way to conduct tests safely.When making high voltage tests,particularly in compressed gas or in oil,the energy released at breakdown may be suffıcient to result infire, explosion,or rupture of the test chamber.Design test equip-ment,test chambers,and test specimens so as to minimize the possibility of such occurrences and to eliminate the possibility of personal injury.6.3Unless otherwise limited by detailed specification re-quirements,spark testers used may generate either an ac or dc test voltage;if ac,various frequencies may be used.For safety to personnel,spark test equipment is usually current-limited to levels normally considered to be nonlethal.Unless otherwise specified,the test voltage level employed shall be at the discretion of the manufacturer.6.4Unless otherwise limited by detailed specification re-quirements,various types of electrodes may be used,at the discretion of the manufacturer.Bead chains,water,ionized air and spring rods are among electrode types that have been successfully employed.The length of the electrode is also variable;unless otherwise limited by detailed specification requirements,electrode size and length shall be such that the tester will operate successfully for any particular rate of travel of the product through the tester that is used.In spite of current limitations,electrodes are normally provided with grounded metallic screens or shields to guard against accidental person-nel contact.6.5Both ends of the conductor of insulated wire,or both ends of the metallic shield under a cable jacket are grounded, and then attached to the ground side of the tester.Attach the high voltage side of the tester to the sparker electrode.Set the test voltage at the level specified.Unless otherwise specified, energize the spark tester whenever the product to be tested is moving through the electrode.Take appropriate action(for example,flag defects,count defects,adjust the process,etc.) when and if defects are detected.6.6Report:6.6.1Report the following information recorded on suitable forms(that is,production reports):6.6.1.1Machine number and type(that is,extruder,twister, etc.),6.6.1.2Date of productiontest,6.6.1.3Insulation type(air core orfilled core),conductor gage and footage,6.6.1.4V oltage level,and6.6.1.5Number of indicated faults.6.7Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this spark test since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.7.Insulation Defect or Fault Rate—In-Process7.1For purposes of in-process control,it may be desirable to monitor and record in-process faults at a particular operation (such as,extruders,twisters,etc.)and relate the number of defects found to the quantity of product produced.7.2When appropriate,and using records of the quantity of product produced versus the number of insulation defects counted,a fault rate may be established as a ratio as follows:Fault Rate5faults detectedquantity~ft or m!produced51X(1)7.3Fault rates may be determined for any particular time frame as desired;however,minimum industry practice is to keep fault rate records covering periods approximating1 month,with cumulative records kept for6-month periods(for example,for thefirst6months of the year,the fault rate was 1/40000ft,meaning1fault/40000conductor ft.)7.4Report—Report in accordance with6.6.7.5Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for insulation defect or fault rate since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.8.DC Proof Test—In-Process8.1For purposes of in-process control,it may be desirable to dc proof test product at one or more stages of processing prior to thefinal test operation.Such testing is normally at the discretion of the manufacturer.8.2Conduct wire-to-wire dc proof tests in accordance with Section32following,at whatever stage of production may be appropriate and designated by the factory management.8.3Report—Report in accordance with Section47except that47.1.5does not apply.8.4Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this dc proof test since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.ELECTRICAL TESTS OF COMPLETED WIREAND CABLE9.Scope9.1Electrical tests of completed wire and cable may include verification of some or all of the properties in accordance with Sections11-45.10.Significance and Use10.1Electrical tests,properly interpreted,provide informa-tion with regard to the electrical properties of the insulation or of the jacket,or both.The electrical test values give an indication as to how the wire or cable,or both,will perform under conditions similar to those observed in the tests.Elec-trical tests may provide data for research and development, engineering design,quality control,and acceptance or rejection under specifications.11.Conductor Continuity11.1Continuity of the conductors of a telecommunications wire and cable is a critical characteristic.11.2Unless otherwise specified or agreed upon,conductor continuity shall be verified using a dc potential of100V or less.Manual continuity checkers commonly take the form of a battery voltage source of9V,in series with a visible or audible indicator with hand-held test leads.Automatic test equipment, also available to test properly terminated wire and cable, normally provides an indication(lights or printout)when continuity does not exist.11.3Prepare each end of the wire or cable for test.This usually involves stripping some insulation from each conductor at each end and separating the conductors at one or both ends. When automatic test equipment is used,terminate the indi-vidual conductors at a testfixture(both ends are normally terminated since this automatic test is often performed in conjunction with other tests).When manual continuity check-ing is performed,it is usually suitable to connect all conductors to a common termination(for example,wrap stripped ends with a length of copper wire,immerse one end in an electri-cally conductive liquid,etc.)at one end of the wire or cable.11.4In succession,apply the voltage source to one end of each ing test equipment indicators,verify the continuous circuit paths or detect the discontinuities.11.5After defective conductors are repaired,continuity checks must be repeated.11.6Report—Report in accordance with Section47.11.7Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for conductor continuity since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.12.Continuity of Other Metallic Cable Elements12.1In addition to the metallic conductors intended for information transmission,telecommunications wire and cable may contain one or more additional metallic elements in the form of a shield,an armor,or an internal shield or screen that separates a cable into compartments,etc.Depending upon the particular product design,these elements may or may not be in contact with each other(cross-continuity).The continuity of each of these elements is normally considered to be a critical parameter.12.2Unless otherwise specified or agreed upon,verify the individual continuity of each shield,armor,screen(internal shield),or other metallic cable element of the cable construc-tion using a dc potential of100V or less,in accordance with Section11.When metallic elements under test are insulated, the insulation is normally removed to the extent necessary for testing.If continuity between any of these metallic elementsisrequired,it shall be verified;if such continuity is expected but not required,it may be verified at the discretion of the manufacturer.If continuity between any of these metallic elements is not permitted,verify isolation in accordance with Section37.12.3Report—Report in accordance with Section47.12.4Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for continuity of other metallic cable elements since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification. 13.Conductor Resistance13.1The resistance of each of the conductors used in telecommunications wire and cable is usually a key character-istic;however,conductor resistance is normally verified only on a quality assurance sampling basis forfinished products. Complete shipping units(full reels or other)of wire or cable, or both(not specimen lengths)shall constitute the basic sample.When the selected sample reel is a cable containing a great many conductors,the conductors of the sample cable are also checked on a sampling basis(that is,sampling of the sample).13.2Unless otherwise specified or agreed upon,measure the dc resistance of conductors at or correct to68°F(20°C). Temperature correction shall be performed as described in Test Method B193.The dc resistance is considered to vary directly with cable length.13.3Conductor resistance measurements are commonly made using volt/ohm meters or Wheatstone bridges having an accuracy of60.5%.Various types of automatic or semiauto-matic equipment may also be used.13.4Follow the general procedures of11.3-11.5except that the voltage source shall be the test instrument,and instrument readings obtained for each tested conductor shall be recorded. Note that data for resistance unbalance testing(Section15)is normally obtained during this procedure;consequently,care must usually be taken to record data separately in pair groupings.See Section15for details.13.5Upon completion of measurements,manipulate the recorded data as appropriate(for example,determine averages, adjust for temperature and length,etc.)and compare with the requirements of detailed specifications.13.6Report:13.6.1Report in accordance with Section47and include the following:13.6.1.1Minimum,maximum and average values,and 13.6.1.2Ambient temperature.13.7Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for conductor resistance since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.14.Resistance of Other Metallic Cable Elements14.1It is occasionally important to know the resistance of other metallic elements(most often shield resistance)within telecommunications wire and cable.When required,this infor-mation may be obtained following13.2-13.4,measuring cable construction elements as appropriate.14.2Report—Report in accordance with Section47and include the ambient temperature.14.3Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for resistance of other metallic cable elements since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.15.Conductor Resistance Unbalance(Pairs)15.1The difference in resistance between two conductors of any pair can be a key characteristic in telecommunications; however,resistance unbalance is normally verified only on a quality assurance sampling basis forfinished products.15.2The Conductor Resistance Unbalance is usually deter-mined at the same time that conductor resistance measurements are made;consequently,13.2-13.4apply and resistance data is recorded in pair groupings.15.3The absolute difference in resistance unbalance is calculated by subtracting the lesser resistance from the greater resistance.Absolute resistance unbalance is normally ex-pressed in V/1000ft or V/km.A more useful and generally used expression for resistance unbalance is percent resistance unbalance,where%Resistance Unbalance5~max resistance2min resistance!~min resistance!3100(2) 15.4Telecommunications wire and cable users are generally interested in two resistance unbalance values:cable average and maximum individual pair unbalance.Cable average in absolute or percentage terms is determined by standard aver-aging techniques,while the maximum individual pair unbal-ance in absolute or percentage terms is determined by simple inspection of the data.Data values are then compared with detailed specification requirements to verify conformance. 15.5Report—Report in accordance with Section47and include the average and maximum values.15.6Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for conductor resistance unbalance(pairs)since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.16.Mutual Conductance16.1The mutual conductance of a pair in a wire or cable is proportional to the mutual capacitance,the average value of the effective dissipation factor of the insulating system,and the frequency.Although it is one of the primary transmission characteristics,mutual conductance is the least consistent;the conductance of an individual pair may vary as much as10to 15%from the nominal values at carrier frequencies.Fortu-nately,the effect of conductance on the secondary parameters is negligible at voice frequency,and contributes less than1% to the secondary parameters at1MHz,so the inconsistency is of little consequence.Although conductance also varies with temperature,the correction is insignificant in comparison with other sources of variation,so it is usually neglected.16.2Because of the factors mentioned in16.1,mutual conductance is normally measured only infrequently,andreadings are usually taken on short specimen lengths(an exact 32-ft specimen is convenient).When an impedance bridge is used for measurements,conductance and capacitance may be read directly from the instrument balance settings.Various types of automatic or semiautomatic equipment may also be used.16.3Unless otherwise specified,obtain mutual conductance readings at2363°C and10006100Hz.Measured values are normally converted to a standard length value(normally one mile or one km).For conductance in microsiemens per mile, the values would be:G05G35280L(3)where:G05mutual conductance,µS/mile,G5conductance reading,µS,andL5specimen length,ft.16.4Report—Report in accordance with Section47and include the maximum value.16.5Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for mutual conductance since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.17.Coaxial Capacitance(Capacitance to Water)17.1Coaxial capacitance for insulated wire is defined as the capacitance existing between the outer surface of the round metallic conductor and the outer surface of the insulating dielectric applied over that conductor.N OTE1—For a more general definition,refer to Test Methods D150or to Terminology D1711.17.2In-process measurements of coaxial capacitance are made by passing the insulated conductor through a water bath while measurements are made between the grounded conductor and the water.Automatic feedback of data is then used to control the insulating equipment.Such measurements are generally not suitable for product acceptance.17.3For purposes of measuring coaxial capacitance in completed wire,a sample length of insulated wire is immersed in a water bath and the direct capacitance is measured between the conductor and the water.Unless otherwise specified,a minimum specimen length of1000ft(305m)shall be used. Unless otherwise specified,perform measurements at a water temperature of2062°C and a test frequency of10006100 Hz using capacitance or impedance bridges,capacitance meters,etc.Unless otherwise prohibited,other equipment yielding equivalent results may be used.17.4Report—Report in accordance with Section47and include the minimum,maximum,and average values.17.5Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for coaxial capacitance(capacitance to water)since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.18.Mutual Capacitance18.1Mutual capacitance is defined as the effective capaci-tance between the two wires of a pair.In a multi-pair cable,AC mutual capacitance is defined as:C M5C AB1~C AG!~C BG!C AG1C BG(4) where:C AB,C AG and C BG are as illustrated in Fig.1.18.2Mutual capacitance is a critical characteristic in tele-communications wire and cable;consequently,unless other-wise specified or agreed upon between the producer and the user,each lot of product is checked to verify this parameter.18.3Before measuring,cable to be tested must be prepared by removing the jacket(s)and shield or armor,when present, from both ends of the cable to expose approximately2ft(600 mm)of the cable core.Conductors at one end of the cable are then fanned out to ensure that no conductors are shorted or grounded.Insulation is then stripped for approximately1to3 in.(25to75mm)from the conductors at the other end of the cable.All conductors are then shorted together and to ground to dissipate any static charge that may have accumulated.18.4Unless otherwise specified,mutual capacitance is un-derstood to mean capacitance at an ac frequency of10006100 Hz,and this test frequency shall be used if measurement is made using a bridge technique.Other test methods yielding comparable results shall be considered as acceptable if not specifically prohibited.18.5Mutual capacitance readings are commonly made manually using impedance bridges or capacitancemeters; FIG.1Mutual CapacitanceRelationshipsvarious types of automatic or semiautomatic equipment may also be used.18.6Specification limits are generally placed on the cable average mutual capacitance and on the individual pair mutual capacitance.Limits for individual pairs can be verified only by making measurements of individual pairs,and such measure-ments are normally made for cables of25or fewer pairs;for larger cables,individual measurements are often made only on a quality assurance sampling basis.Cable averages can be obtained by averaging individual pair readings.Average mu-tual capacitance can also be measured by grouping a number of pairs together(electrically in parallel circuits),measuring the capacitance of the group and dividing the total capacitance by the number of pairs tested to obtain a grouped average.When grouped readings are made,no more than25pairs should be grouped for any one reading.Conversely,grouped readings should not be used for cables containing25or fewer pairs.18.7Unless otherwise specified,measure mutual capaci-tance at2363°C.Measured values are normally converted to a standard length value(normally1mile or1km).For mutual capacitance in nanofarads/mile,the values would be:C05C35280L(5)where:C05mutual capacitance,nF/mile,C5mutual capacitance,measured,nF,andL5specimen length,ft.N OTE2—This method is applicable for lengths of10000ft(3.05km) or less.Special correction factors are required for longer lengths. 18.8Report:18.8.1Report in accordance with Section47and include the following:18.8.1.1Minimum,maximum,and average values,and 18.8.1.2Standard deviation.18.9Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for mutual capacitance since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.19.Capacitance Deviation19.1The desired intent of most telecommunications cable specifications is to have an individual pair mutual capacitance and a reel average mutual capacitance as close to the specified nominal requirement as possible.It is also intended that differences between reels of cable of different wire gages and of different pair counts should be kept to a minimum.The capacitance deviation for any reel of cable is defined as the calculated root mean square deviation of the mutual capaci-tance of all the measured pairs of the reel of cable from the average mutual capacitance for that reel of cable.19.2Using the methods described in Section18,measure the individual pair mutual capacitances.(Note that this method cannot be applied to grouped mutual capacitance readings.) Calculate the capacitance deviation from the measured data using the following equation:D5sx¯3100~%!(6)where:D5%RMS deviation from average,s5Œ(x2N2S(x N D2,x¯5(xN,andx5individual mutual capacitance values(nF/mile,nF/kft, nF/km,etc.)19.2.1The calculated percentage deviation for any mea-sured cable shall comply with the requirements of the product specification.19.3Report—Report in accordance with Section47and include the percent deviation.19.4Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for capacitance deviation since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.20.Capacitance Difference(Filled Core only)20.1This test may be used to provide some assurance that a filled cable is adequatelyfilled across the entire cross-section of the cable core.This test can be applied only to cables that are manufactured with a clearly discernible center layer of pairs.20.2Using the methods described in Sections13and18, measure the conductor resistance and mutual capacitance of individual pairs selected at random,keeping separate records for pairs from the inner layer and for pairs from the outer layer. When measuring compartmental core cables,make measure-ments in each compartment separately.Unless otherwise per-mitted,the number of inner and outer pair readings shall each be at least5%of the total pair count,or25readings, whichever is less.20.3Calculate the average conductor resistance and average mutual capacitance for the innermost pairs(center layer)and record as(R i and C i,respectively).Repeat this calculation for the outermost pairs and record as(R0and C0,respectively).20.4Calculate the percent difference,D,in the average mutual capacitance for the innermost and outermost pairs using the following equation:%D5C02C iC02R02R iR03100(7) 20.4.1The calculated percentage difference for any mea-sured cable shall comply with the requirements of the product specification.20.5Report—Report in accordance with Section47.20.6Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for capacitance difference since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the productspecification.21.Capacitance Unbalance—Pair to Pair21.1The capacitances involved and the definition of pair-to-pair capacitance unbalance are illustrated in Fig.2,where a and b represent the two conductors of a pair and c and d represent the two conductors of another pair.21.1.1The capacitances,namely C ac,C ad,C bc and C bd are the direct capacitances between conductors.Direct capacitance is defined in ANSI/IEEE Standard100–1984.21.1.2The capacitances C ag,C bg,C cg and C dg are the direct capacitances between wires a,b,c and d respectively,and all other conductors in the cable that are connected to the shield and grounded.21.2Measure the pair-to-pair capacitance unbalance at a frequency of10006100Hz using a capacitance unbalance bridge.Various types of automatic or semiautomatic equipment may also be used.21.3In cables of25pairs or less and in each group of multigroup cables,the unbalances to be considered are all of the following:21.3.1Between pairs adjacent in a layer,21.3.2Between pairs in the center,when there are four pairs or less,and21.3.3Between pairs in adjacent layers,when the number of pairs in the inner(smaller)layer is six or less.Here,the center is counted as a layer.21.4If a capacitance unbalance bridge is not available,the direct capacitances(refer to21.1)C ac,C ad,C bc and C bd can be measured using a voice-frequency capacitance bridge or com-parable equipment.The pair-to-pair capacitance unbalance, C upp,can then be calculated using the following equation:C upp5~C ad1C bc!2~C ac1C bd!(8)21.5Unless otherwise specified,correct the maximum, average,and root mean square capacitance unbalance values for each length other than1000ft(or1000m)to1000ft(or 1000m)by dividing the value of unbalance for the length measured by the square root of the ratio of the length measured to1000.Y15Y=X/1000(9) where:Y15unbalance corrected to1000ft(1000m),Y5unbalance of cable length,andX5cable length,ft(m).21.6Report—Report in accordance with Section47and include the maximum,average,and root mean square values.21.7Precision and Bias—The precision of this test has not been determined.No statement can be made about the bias of this test for capacitance unbalance(pair-to-pair)since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the product specification.22.Capacitance Unbalance—Pair-to-Ground22.1The capacitances involved and the definition of pair-to-ground capacitance unbalance are illustrated in Fig.3,where a and b represent the two conductors of a pair.The capaci-tances,namely C ag and C bg,are the direct capacitances between conductors a and b respectively and the shield.The capacitances C ap and C bp are the direct capacitances between conductors a and b respectively and all other pairs.22.2Using a capacitance unbalance bridge,measure the pair-to-ground capacitance unbalance at a frequency of10006 FIG.2ConductorCapacitances。

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Passage 1: The Benefits of Reading1. What is the main idea of the passage?- The main idea is that reading has numerous benefits for both mental and physical health.2. According to the passage, how does reading improve mental health?- Reading can reduce stress, improve empathy, and stimulate the brain, thereby improving mental health.3. What are the physical health benefits mentioned in the passage?- Reading can help improve sleep quality, slow down cognitive decline, and even reduce the risk of certain diseases.4. How does the passage suggest reading can be a form of escapism?- Reading allows individuals to immerse themselves in different worlds and experiences, providing a temporary escape from reality.5. What is the final point made by the author regarding the importance of reading?- The author emphasizes that reading should be a lifelong habit, as it offers continuous benefits regardless of age.Passage 2: The Impact of Technology on Education1. What is the primary focus of this passage?- The passage discusses the positive and negative impacts of technology on the education system.2. How does technology enhance the learning experience?- Technology provides access to a wealth of information, facilitates interactive learning, and personalizes education to suit individual needs.3. What are some of the concerns raised about the use of technology in classrooms?- Concerns include the potential for distraction, the digital divide, and the risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology.4. How does the passage suggest schools can address the challenges of integrating technology?- By providing training for teachers, ensuring equitable access to technology, and setting clear guidelines for its use.5. What is the conclusion of the passage regarding the role of technology in education?- The passage concludes that while technology has itschallenges, when used responsibly, it can significantly enhance the educational experience.Passage 3: The Importance of Cultural Diversity1. What is the central theme of this passage?- The central theme is the importance of culturaldiversity and its contribution to a richer and more inclusive society.2. How does the passage describe the benefits of cultural diversity?- The passage highlights benefits such as increased creativity, broader perspectives, and enhanced problem-solving abilities.3. What are some of the challenges associated with cultural diversity?- Challenges include potential misunderstandings, communication barriers, and the need for greater tolerance and acceptance.4. How can societies promote cultural diversity?- Societies can promote cultural diversity through education, cultural exchange programs, and by fostering an environment of respect and openness.5. What is the author's final message regarding cultural diversity?- The author's final message is that embracing cultural diversity is essential for the growth and development ofsocieties.Passage 4: Environmental Protection and Individual Responsibility1. What is the main argument presented in this passage?- The main argument is that environmental protection is a collective responsibility that requires individual actions.2. How does the passage illustrate the impact of individual actions on the environment?- The passage provides examples such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and supporting sustainable practices.3. What are some of the barriers to individual environmental responsibility?- Barriers include lack of awareness, convenience of unsustainable practices, and the perception that individual actions are insignificant.4. How can communities and governments support individual environmental responsibility?- By providing education, incentives for sustainable practices, and implementing policies that promote environmental protection.5. What is the conclusion of the passage regarding individual responsibility for the environment?- The conclusion is that every individual has a part to play in environmental protection, and collective efforts can lead to significant positive change.Passage 5: The Role of Sports in Personal Development1. What is the central message of this passage?- The central message is that sports play a crucial rolein personal development, teaching valuable life skills and promoting physical well-being.2. How does the passage discuss the physical benefits of sports?- The passage mentions improved physical fitness, enhanced cardiovascular health, and the prevention of obesity as physical benefits.3. What are some of the psychological benefits of sports participation?- The passage highlights improved self-esteem, stress reduction, and the development of resilience as psychological benefits.4. How does the passage suggest sports can contribute to social development?- By fostering teamwork, leadership skills, and social interaction, sports can contribute to social development.5. What is the final point made by the author about the importance of sports in personal development?- The author concludes that sports are an integral part of personal development, offering a holistic approach to health and well-being.Please note that these answers are intended to provide a general guide and may not cover all possible interpretations of the passages. Students are encouraged to engage with the texts critically and form their own insights and conclusions.。

authorship change form editorialmanagerEditorial Manager is responsible for managing the editorial process, including coordinating with authors, editors, and reviewers. One of the tasks that may fall under their purview is the handling of authorship changes.When an authorship change is required, theEditorial Manager typically plays a coordinating role. They ensure that all relevant parties are informed of the proposed change and that the necessary procedures are followed. This may involve obtaining written consent from the affected authors, communicating with the publisher or journal, and updating the publication's records.TheEditorial Manager also verifies that the proposed authorship change complies with the journal's or publisher's guidelines and ethical standards. They may review the reasons for the change, assess the contribution of each author, and ensure that there is no violation of intellectual property rights or academic integrity.Furthermore, theEditorial Manager facilitates the communication and negotiation process among the authors involved. They help resolve any disputes or conflicts that may arise during the authorship change and ensure that all parties reach a mutually acceptable agreement.In summary, when dealing with authorship change, theEditorial Manager plays a crucial role in coordinating the process, verifying compliance, and facilitating communication among the authors. Their involvement helps ensure a smooth and compliant authorship change process.。

以下附件為ASTM B33 美國行業標准 對各種規格的導體做出相應要求!如延伸!敬請關注: 电线电缆专业网裡面又你需要的電纜專業資料.shall be determined by the wrapping and immersion test in accordance with6.5.5.6Joints—Necessary joints in the completed wire and in the wire and rods prior tofinal drawing shall be made in accordance with the best commercial practice.5.7Finish—The coating shall consist of a smooth continu-ous layer,firmly adherent to the surface of the copper.The wire shall be free of all imperfections not consistent with the best commercial practice.6.Test Methods6.1Tensile Strength and Elongation(Explanatory Note 5)—No test for tensile strength shall be required.The elonga-tion of wire whose nominal diameter is larger than0.0808in.(2.052mm)in diameter shall be determined as the permanent increase in length,expressed in percent of the original length, due to the breaking of the wire in tension,measured between gage marks placed originally10in.(254mm)apart upon the test specimen.The elongation of wire whose nominal diameter is0.0808in.and under may be determined as described above or by measurements made between the jaws of the testing machine.When the latter method is used,the zero length shall be the distance between the jaws at the start of the tension test and be as near10in.as practicable and thefinal length shall be the distance between the jaws at the time of rupture.The fracture shall be between gage marks in the case of specimens so marked or between the jaws of the testing machine and not closer than1in.(25.4mm)to either gage mark or either jaw.6.2Resistivity(Expanatory Note4)—The electrical resistiv-ity of the material shall be determined in accordance with Test Method B193.The purchaser may accept certification that the wire was drawn from rod stock meeting the international standard for annealed copper instead of resistivity tests on the finished wire.6.3Dimensional Measurements—Dimensional measure-ments shall be made with a micrometre caliper equipped with a vernier graduated in0.0001in.(0.0025mm).Measurements shall be made on at least three places on each unit selected for this test.If accessible,one measurement shall be taken on each end and one near the middle.The average of the three measurements shall determine compliance with the require-ments.6.4Continuity of Coating:6.4.1Specimens:6.4.1.1Length of Specimens—Test specimens shall have a length of about6in.(152mm).They shall be tagged or marked to correspond with the coil,spool,or reel from which they were cut.6.4.1.2Treatment of Specimens—The specimens shall be thoroughly cleaned by immersion in a suitable organic solvent such as benzene,ether,or trichloroethylene for at least3min; then removed and wiped dry with a clean,soft cloth(Caution-see Explanatory Note5).The specimens thus cleaned shall be kept wrapped in a clean,dry cloth until tested.That part of theTABLE1Tensile Requirements Diameter Area at20°Cin.mm cmil in.2mm2Elongation in10in. (250mm), %max0.460011.6840211600.000.166190107.219330 0.409610.4038167772.160.13176885.011430 0.36489.2659133079.040.10452067.432130 0.32498.2525105560.010.08290753.4880300.28937.348283694.490.06573342.408625 0.2576 6.543066357.760.05211733.624025 0.2294 5.826852624.360.04133126.665225 0.2043 5.189241738.490.03278121.1492250.1819 4.620333087.610.02598716.765725 0.1620 4.114826244.000.02061213.298025 0.1443 3.665220822.490.01635410.550925 0.1285 3.263916512.250.0129698.366925 0.1144 2.905813087.360.01027879 6.631525 0.1019 2.588310383.610.00815527 5.261520 0.0907 2.30388226.490.00646107 4.168420 0.0808 2.05236528.640.00512758 3.3081200.0720 1.82885184.000.00407150 2.626820 0.0641 1.62814108.810.00322705 2.082020 0.0571 1.45033260.410.00256072 1.652120 0.0508 1.29032580.640.00202683 1.307620 0.0453 1.15062052.090.00161171 1.039820 0.0403 1.02361624.090.001275560.822920 0.03590.91191288.810.001012230.653020 0.03200.81281024.000.000804250.5189200.02850.7239812.250.000637940.411620 0.02530.6426640.090.000502730.324320 0.02260.5740510.760.000401150.258820 0.02010.5105404.010.000317310.204715 0.01790.4547320.410.000251650.162415 0.01590.4039252.810.000198560.128115 0.01420.3607201.640.000158370.102215 0.01260.3200158.760.000124690.0804150.01130.2870127.690.000100290.064715 0.01000.2540100.000.000078540.050710 0.00890.226179.210.000062210.040110 0.00800.203264.000.000050270.032410 0.00710.180350.410.000039590.025510 0.00630.160039.690.000031170.020110 0.00560.142231.360.000024630.015910 0.00500.127025.000.000019630.0127100.00450.114320.250.000015900.010310 0.00400.101616.000.000012570.008110 0.00350.088912.250.000009620.006210 0.00310.07879.610.000007550.004910TABLE2Electrical Resistivity RequirementsNominal Diameter Resistivity at20°C in.mm V·lb/mile2V·g/m2 0.460to0.290,incl11.7to7.4,incl896.150.15695 Under0.290to0.103,incl Under7.4to2.6,incl900.770.15776 Under0.103to0.0201,incl Under2.6to0.51,incl910.150.15940 Under0.0201to0.0111incl Under0.51to0.28,incl929.520.16279 Under0.0111to0.0030,incl Under0.28to0.076,incl939.510.16454TABLE3Permissible Variations in Diamter Nominal Diameter of WirePermissible Variations in Diameterin.mm in.mm plus minus plus minus Under0.0100Under0.250.00030.000100.00760.0025 0.0100and over0.25and over3%1%3%1%specimen to be immersed in the test solution shall not be handled.Care shall be taken to avoid abrasion by the cut ends.6.4.2Special Solutions Required:6.4.2.1Hydrochloric Acid Solution(HCl)(sp gr1.088)—Commercial HCl(sp gr1.12)shall be diluted with distilled water to a specific gravity of1.088measured at15.6°C(60°F).A portion of HCl solution having a volume of180mL shall be considered to be exhausted when the number of test specimens prescribed in Table4of a size as indicated in6.4.3have been immersed in it for two cycles.6.4.2.2Sodium Polysulfide Solution(sp gr 1.142)(Ex-planatory Note7)—A concentrated solution shall be made by dissolving sodium sulfide cp crystals in distilled water until the solution is saturated at about21°C(70°F),and adding sufficient flowers of sulfur(in excess of250g/L of solution)to provide complete saturation,as shown by the presence in the solution of an excess of sulfur after the solution has been allowed to stand for at least24h.The test solution shall be made by diluting a portion of the concentrated solution with distilled water to a specific gravity of1.142at15.6°C(60°F).The sodium polysulfide test solution should have sufficient strength to blacken thoroughly a piece of clean untinned copper wire in 5s.A portion of the test solution used for testing samples shall not be considered to be exhausted until it fails to blacken a piece of clean copper as described above.6.4.3Procedure:6.4.3.1Immersion of Specimens—Immerse a length of at least41⁄2in.(114mm)from each of the clean specimens,in accordance with the following cycles,in test solutions main-tained at a temperature between15.6and21°C(60and70°F): (1)Immerse the specimen for1min in the HCl solution described in 6.4.2,wash,and wipe dry;(2)immerse the specimen for30s in the sodium polysulfide solution described in6.4.2,wash,and wipe dry;(3)immerse the specimen for1 min in the HCl solution,wash,and dry;(4)immerse the specimen for30s in the sodium polysulfide solution,wash,and wipe dry.6.4.3.2Washing Specimens—After each immersion,imme-diately wash the specimens thoroughly in clean water and wipe dry with a clean,soft cloth.6.4.3.3Examination of Specimens—After immersion and washing,examine the specimens to ascertain if copper exposed through openings in the tin coating has been blackened by action of the sodium polysulfide.The specimens shall be considered to have failed if,by such blackening,exposed copper is revealed.No attention shall be paid to blackening within0.5in.(12.7mm)of the cut end.A grayish brown appearance of the coating shall not constitute failure.6.5Adherence of Coating:6.5.1Specimens:6.5.1.1Length of Specimens—Test specimens shall be ap-proximately12in.(305mm)in length and shall be tagged or marked to correspond with the coil,spool,or reel from which they are cut.6.5.1.2Treatment of Specimens—The specimens shall be thoroughly cleaned,if required,by immersion in a suitable organic solvent such as benzene,ether,or trichloroethylene for at least3min,then removed and dried(Caution-see Explana-tory Note6).The specimens thus cleaned shall be kept wrapped in a clean dry cloth until tested.That part of the specimens to be immersed in the test solution shall not be handled.Care shall be taken to avoid abrasion of the surface to be subjected to test.Wire of sizes0.005in.(0.13mm)and smaller may be cleaned after wrapping around the mandrel.6.5.2Procedure:6.5.2.1Wrapping—Slowly wrap the test specimen in a suitable manner in an open helix around a polished mandrel having rounded ends and a diameter not to exceed four times the nominal diameter of the specimen.Take care not to stretch the specimen during the wrapping operation.The spacing of the consecutive turns shall be approximately equal to the diameter of the wire.For sizes0.021in.(0.53mm)and smaller, not more than six helical turns shall be used for the test,and for wire larger than0.021in.,not more than three turns shall be used.6.5.2.2Immersion Test—Remove the helically wrapped portion of the test specimen from the mandrel and immerse completely in the sodium polysulfide solution(see6.4.2)for30 s at the temperature prescribed in6.4.3.On removal from the sodium polysulfide solution,immediately rinse the specimen in clean water and remove the excess by shaking.6.5.2.3Examination of Specimens—Examine visually the outer peripheral surface of the helically wrapped portion of the specimen.For wires0.021in.(0.53mm)and smaller,a magnification not greater than three times may be used.Any cracking or parting of the coating in this area shown by blackening of the copper shall be cause for rejection.A grayish brown appearance of the coating after immersion shall not constitute failure.6.6Finish—Surface-finish inspection shall be made with the unaided eye(normal spectacles excepted).7.Inspection7.1General(Explanatory Note8and Note9)—Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaser order,the manufacturer shall be responsible for the performance of all inspection and test requirements specified.7.1.1All inspections and tests shall be made at the place of manufacture unless otherwise especially agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of purchase.7.1.2The manufacturer shall afford the inspector represent-ing the purchaser all reasonable manufacturer’s facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance with this specification.7.1.3Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer,conformance of the wire to the various requirements listed in Section5shall be determined on samplesTABLE4Limiting Number of Test Specimens for Coating TestsNominal Diameter,in.Maximum Number of Specimens to be Tested for2Cycles in180mL of Acid Solution0.460to0.141,incl2 Under0.141to0.0851,incl4 Under0.0851to0.0501,incl6 Under0.0501to0.0381,incl10 Under0.0381to0.0301,incl12 Under0.0301to0.0030,incl14taken from each lot of wire presented for acceptance.7.1.4The manufacturer shall,if requested prior to inspec-tion,certify that all wire in the lot was made under suchconditions that the product as a whole conforms to therequirements of this specification as determined by regularlymade and recorded tests.7.2Definitions Applicable to Inspection :7.2.1lot (Explanatory Note 8)—any amount of wire of onetype and size presented for acceptance at one time,suchamount,however,not to exceed 25000lb (11350kg).7.2.2sample —a quantity of production units (coils reels,etc.)selected at random from the lot for the purpose ofdetermining conformance of the lot to the requirements of thisspecification.7.2.3specimen —a length of wire removed for test purposesfrom any individual production unit of the sample.7.3Sample Size (Explanatory Note 9)—The number ofproduction units in a sample shall be as follows:7.3.1For elongation and resistivity determinations,thesample shall consist of four production units.For continuityand adherence of coating tests,the sample shall consist of eightproduction units.From each unit,one test specimen of suffi-cient length shall be removed for the performance of therequired tests.7.3.2For dimensional measurements,the sample shall con-sist of a quantity of production units shown in Table 5underthe heading “First Sample.”7.3.3For surface-finish inspection and for packaging in-spection (when specified by the purchaser at the time of placingthe order)the sample shall consist of a quantity of productionunits shown in Table 6.8.Conformance Criteria (Explanatory Note 9)8.1Any lot of wire,the samples of which comply with theconformance criteria of this section,shall be considered ascomplying to the requirements of Section 5.Individual pro-duction units that fail to meet one or more of the requirementsshall be rejected.Failure of a sample group from a lot to meetone or more of the following criteria shall constitute cause forrejection of the lot.The conformance criteria for each of theprescribed properties given in Section 5are as follows:8.1.1Elongation —The lot shall be considered conformingif the average elongation of the four specimens is not less thanthe appropriate elongation value in Table 1plus 2.8%;however,any individual production unit,the specimen fromwhich has an elongation less than the appropriate elongationvalue in Table 1,shall be rejected.8.1.1.1The lot shall be considered to have failed to meet the elongation conformance criterion if the average of the four specimens is less than the elongation in Table 1plus 2.8%and the elongation of any of the individual specimens is less than the value in Table 1.8.1.1.2If the average of the four specimens is less than the elongation in Table 1plus 2.8%and the elongation of each of the individual specimens is equal to or more than the value in Table 1,six additional specimens from six production units other than the four originally sampled shall be tested.The lot shall be considered conforming if the elongation of each of the ten specimens is not less than the appropriate elongation value in Table 1,and the average of the ten specimens is not less than that value plus 2.8%.The lot shall be considered to have failed to meet the elongation requirement if any of the ten specimens is less than the appropriate elongation value in Table 1or if the average of the ten specimens is less than that value plus 2.8%.8.1.2Resistivity —The electrical resistivity of each of the four specimens shall conform to the requirements of 5.2.Failure to meet these requirements shall constitute failure to meet the resistivity conformance criterion.8.1.3Dimensions —The dimensions of the first sample (Table 5)shall conform to the requirements of 5.3.If there are no failures,the lot conforms to this requirement.If there are failures,but the number of these does not exceed the allowable defect number c 2(Table 5)for the respective number of units in the sample,a second sample equal to n 2shall be taken and the total defects of the n 1plus n 2units shall not exceed the allowable defect number,c 2.Failure to meet this requirement shall constitute failure to meet the dimensional conformance criterion.8.1.4Continuity of Coating —The continuity of the coating of each of the eight specimens shall conform to the require-ments of 5.4.Failure of more than two specimens shall constitute failure to meet the continuity criterion.If not moreTABLE 5Sampling for Dimensional MeasurementsNumber of Units in Lot First SampleSecond Sample Number of Units inSample,n 1Allowable Number of Defects in First Sample,c 1.Number of Units in Sample,n 2n 1plus n 2Allowable Number of Defects in Both Samples,c 21to 14,incl all0.........15to 50,incl 140.........51to 100,incl 19023421101to 200,incl 24046702201to 400,incl 290761053401to 800,incl 3301121454Over 8003401161504TABLE 6Sampling for Surface Finish and Packaging Inspection Number of Units in Lot Number of Units in Sample,n Allowable Number of Defective Units,c 1to 30,incl all 031to 50,incl 30051to 100,incl 370101to 200,incl 400201to 300,incl 702301to 500,incl 1002501to 800,incl 1303Over 8001554than two specimens fail to meet the continuity criterion,eightadditional specimens from the lot shall be tested,all of whichshall conform to the continuity criterion.However,any indi-vidual production unit,the specimen from which failed to meetthe continuity criterion,shall be rejected.8.1.5Adherence of Coating —The adherence of the coatingof each of the eight specimens shall conform to the require-ments of 5.5.Failure of more than two specimens shallconstitute failure to meet the adherence criterion.If not morethan two specimens fail to meet the adherence criterion,eightadditional specimens from the lot shall be tested,all of whichshall conform to the adherence criterion.However,any indi-vidual production unit,the specimen from which failed to meetthe adherence criterion,shall be rejected.8.1.6Surface Finish —The surface finish of the samplestaken in accordance with Table 6shall conform to the require-ments of 5.7.The number of units in the sample showingsurface defects not consistent with commercial practice shallnot exceed the allowable defect number c ,in Table 6.Failureto meet this requirement shall constitute failure to meet thesurface-finish conformance criterion.8.1.7Packaging —Conformance to the packaging require-ments specified by the purchaser shall be determined in accordance with Table 6.The number of units in the sample showing nonconformance to the requirement shall not exceed the allowable defect number,c ,in Table 6.Failure to meet this requirement shall constitute failure to meet the packaging conformance criterion.9.Density (Explanatory Note 10)9.1For the purpose of calculating linear densities,cross sections,etc.,the density of the copper shall be taken as 8.89g/cm 3(0.32117lb/in.3)at 20°C.10.Packaging and Shipping 10.1Package sizes shall be agreed upon by the manufac-turer and the purchaser in the placing of individual orders.10.2The tinned wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary handling and shipping.11.Keywords 11.1tinned annealed copper wire;tinned copper electrical wire;tinned soft copper wireEXPLANATORY NOTESN OTE 1—It is necessary that the coating of tin on the wire becontinuous.The test in the sodium polysulfide is for the purpose ofdetermining whether or not the wire carries a continuous envelope of puretin.The thickness of the tin coating is necessarily varied.Under the sameconditions of tinning,the coating on all sizes of wire,excepting on finewire,is approximately the same.The coating on fine wire is in generalrelatively heavier than that on coarse wire.It is not,therefore,correct toapply a larger number of cycles in the test on coarse wire than is appliedto fine wire.It is probable that one cycle of the dip test would be sufficientto discover defects in tinned wire,but in order to make certain that nopartially covered spots may escape attention,provision has been made fortwo cycles.It has been found that the tin coating on copper wire consistsof two parts,an envelope of pure tin on the outside,with an intermediatelayer of copper-tin alloy.This tin alloy,as well as the amount of tinpresent,has an effect on the resistivity of the wire.Since the relativeamount of tin coating and alloy is greater on the small wire than it is onthe coarser wire,the resistivity of the wire increases as the size decreases.This also accounts for the decrease in elongation due to tinning soft wire.N OTE 2—The values of the wire diameters in Table 1are given to thenearest 0.0001in.and correspond to the standard sizes given in Specifi-cation B 258.The use of gage numbers to specify wire sizes is notrecognized in this specification because of the possibility of confusion.Anexcellent discussion of wire gages and related subjects is contained in NBSHandbook 100of the National Bureau of Standards.N OTE 3—Other tests than those provided in this specification have beenconsidered at various times,such as twist tests,wrap tests,etc.It is theopinion of the committee that twist tests on soft wire serve no usefulpurpose and that wrap tests,other than that provided for in 6.5,which is a test for adhesion,are likewise undesirable and inconclusive as to results and significance.N OTE 4—“Resistivity”is used in place of “percentage conductivity.”The value of 0.15328V ·g/m 2at 20°C is the international standard for the resistivity of annealed copper equal to 100%conductivity.This term means that a wire 1m in length and weighing 1g would have a resistance of 0.15328V .This is equivalent to a resistivity value of 875.20V ·lb/mile 2,which signifies the resistance of a wire 1mile in length weighing 1lb.It is also equivalent,for example,to 1.7241µV /cm of length of a bar 1cm 2in cross section.A complete discussion of this subject is contained in NBS Handbook 100of the National Bureau of Standards.The presence of tin and of copper-tin alloy in the coating of the wire increases the resistance of the finished wire as mentioned in Note 1.Relationships that may be useful in connection with the values of resistivity prescribed in this specification are as shown in Table 7,each column containing equivalent expressions at 20°C.N OTE 5—In general,tested values of tensile strength are increased and tested values of elongation are reduced with increase of speed of the moving head of the testing machine in the tension testing of copper wire.In the case of tests on soft or annealed copper wire,however,the effects of speed of testing are not pronounced.Tests of soft wire made at speeds of moving head,which under no-load conditions are not greater than 12in./min,do not alter the final results of tensile strength and elongation determinations to any practical extent.N OTE 6—Caution:Consideration should be given to toxicity and flammability when selecting solvent cleaners.N OTE 7—It is important that the polysulfide solution be of propercomposition and strength at the time of test.A solution that is not saturatedTABLE 7Resistivity ValuesConductivity at 20°C,%100.0097.6697.1696.1694.1693.15V ·lb/mile 2875.20896.15900.77910.15929.52939.51V ·g/m 20.153280.156940.157750.159400.162790.16454V ·cmil/ft10.37110.61910.67410.78511.01511.133V ·mm 2/m0.0172410.0176540.017745.0179300.0183120.018508µV ·in.0.678790.695040.698630.705900.720920.78267µV ·cm 1.7241 1.7654 1.7754 1.7930 1.83121.8508with sulfur or that has been made from decomposed sodium sulfidecrystals may give a false indication of failure.Therefore,the requirementthat the solution be tested by observing its blackening effect on a brightcopper wire is significant.Significant also is the requirement that thesolution be saturated with sulfur by allowing the solution to stand at least24h after preparation.Attention is called also to the necessity for the useof sodium sulfide that has not deteriorated through exposure to air;and ifexposure has occurred,the crystals should be tested for purity.The“Standard Reagents Tests”of the American Chemical Society are useful inthis connection.N OTE 8—A lot should comprise material taken from a product regularlymeeting the requirements of this specification.Inspection of individuallots of less than 5000lb of wire cannot be justified economically.Forsmall lots of 5000lb or less,the purchaser may agree to the manufactur-er’s regular inspection of the product as a whole,as evidence of acceptability of such small lots.N OTE 9—Cumulative results secured on the product of a single manu-facturer,indicating continued conformance to the criteria,are necessary to ensure an over-all product meeting the requirements of this specification.The sample sizes and conformance criteria given for the various charac-teristics are applicable only to lots produced under these conditions.N OTE 10—The value of density of copper is in accordance with the International Annealed Copper Standard.The corresponding value at 0°C is 8.90g/cm 3(0.32150lb/in.3).In calculations involving density it must be borne in mind that the apparent density of coated wire is not a constant but a variable function of wire diameters.The smaller the diameter,the greater the percentage of coating present and hence the greater departure from the density of copper.The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@ (e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

报纸上出现的英语作文Title: The Impact of Newspapers on Society。

Newspapers have long been a cornerstone of society, serving as conduits of information, opinion, and culture. Their influence spans across various aspects of life, shaping public discourse, political opinions, and societal norms. In this essay, we delve into the multifaceted impact of newspapers on society.Firstly, newspapers play a crucial role in disseminating information. They serve as primary sources of news, covering local, national, and international events. Through newspapers, individuals stay informed about current affairs, developments in politics, economy, science, and culture. Access to diverse and reliable information empowers citizens, enabling them to make informed decisions and participate actively in democratic processes.Moreover, newspapers act as watchdogs, holdinggovernments, corporations, and other powerful entities accountable. Investigative journalism exposes corruption, injustice, and malpractices, fostering transparency and accountability in society. By bringing hidden issues to light, newspapers catalyze societal change and contribute to the maintenance of a healthy democracy.Furthermore, newspapers serve as platforms for public debate and discussion. Opinion pieces, editorials, and letters to the editor provide a forum for expressing diverse viewpoints and engaging in intellectual discourse. Through reasoned debate, newspapers facilitate the exchange of ideas, fostering critical thinking and promoting civic engagement. In this way, they contribute to the pluralism of thought and the enrichment of public discourse.Additionally, newspapers play a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing societal attitudes. Through news coverage and editorial stance, newspapers can sway public perceptions on various issues, including politics, social issues, and cultural trends. They have the power to shape narratives, frame debates, and set agendas, therebyinfluencing public opinion and policy outcomes.Furthermore, newspapers serve as archives of history and culture, documenting events, trends, and societal changes over time. They provide a valuable record of the past, enabling future generations to understand their heritage and learn from past experiences. By preserving collective memory, newspapers contribute to the continuity and cohesion of society.However, newspapers also face challenges in the digital age. The rise of online news platforms and social media has disrupted traditional business models, leading to declining readership and advertising revenue for print newspapers. Additionally, the proliferation of misinformation and fake news online poses a threat to the credibility and integrity of journalism.In conclusion, newspapers play a vital role in shaping society, serving as sources of information, agents of accountability, platforms for debate, influencers of public opinion, and custodians of cultural heritage. Despitefacing challenges in the digital age, newspapers remain indispensable to a healthy democracy and informed citizenry. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, the enduring relevance of newspapers underscores their enduring importance in shaping the fabric of society.。