【TPO小站】5.27Cora公开课

托福听力tpo55 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR: OK, so we’ve all heard of the Louvre, right? Maybe the most famous art museum in Paris, France? In 1793 the Louvre was the first museum to open its doors to the public. Up till then, there were lots of private museums…private collections in the homes of Europe’s royalty and nobility…but only a select few were invited to see those works of art. The idea of a public museum was, in essence, a new one.Now, when the Louvre opened as a public museum, it was free to all artists every day of the week. But to those who were not artists—y’know, the rest of the general public? Well, they were only allowed to visit the museum on certain days. And that’s because the public museum was first seen as a teaching institution—a place where past artistic achievements would be available to current artists to learn from.OK, so you see the first step was taken—from museums that were just private institutions owned by royalty…to the Louvre, a museum open to the public—with some restrictions. But then there was another shift…and that was brought about by a French painter named Alexandre Lenoir. Lenoir was a young and enthusiastic artist who’d been assigned to be the supervisor of a storehouse for artworks in 1791.Y’see, the French Revolution was taking place at that time, and many national monuments and other works of art were getting damaged or destroyed. Consequently, a couple of large buildings in Paris were dedicated as storehouses for rescued artworks. Five years later, in 1796, Lenoir did something unique with the art in his storehouse—something never done before: he classified and displayed thepaintings and statues by period and style.So people began to notice—and admire—what Lenoir was doing. And soon, he transformed his storehouse into what would become the National Museum of French Monuments, which would later become a branch of the very Louvre that started this whole discussion. And, uh, what’s even more notable is that, Lenoir’s system of classification and display—it became a model for other public art museums…with each room in the museum representing a different century or period of art. Lenoir’s belief that a museum should be concerned with public instruction and offer education according to historical periods—this concept seems obvious now, but it was groundbreaking back then.Interestingly, though, not everyone was, uhh…impressed with Lenoir…or with museums in general, for that matter. There were people—including some artists and historians—who were as much against museums as Lenoir was for them. In fact, some argued that museums would pretty much bring an end to art. They contended that works of art removed from their original context were…incomplete—that artworks ought to remain in the places…the mountains, towns, uhh…in the locations where they were originally created and viewed.Take a painting created in an Italian seaside village, for example. Could that painting maintain its same identity once it was moved to a museum in France? Nowadays, most of us know and appreciate the fact that we can go to a museum and see many works of art from different time periods, artists, and countries. The fact that anyone can go into one place and see works of distant cultures, enjoy their beauty, and even find inspiration in them benefits us all. The Louvre clearly embraces this concept. But there are still some skeptics, people today who are just as skeptical of art museums as the critics were back in Lenoir’s day…and for all the same reasons.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. The influence of private art galleries on public museumsB. The role of art museums as teaching institutions for artistsC. The debate about the Louvre’s opening to the publicD. The early history of the public art museum2.Why does the professor mention that artists were allowed to visit the Louvre every day?[Click on 2 answers.]A. To point out that the public museum was conceived as a place for studyingB. To indicate that all citizens were able to visit the museum whenever they wantedC. To question why certain artists did not spend time at the LouvreD. To contrast the accessibility of art in the Louvre with that of art in private museums3.Why does the professor mention the French Revolution?A. To name an event depicted in Alexandre Lenoir’s artworkB. To identify the theme of an exhibit room in the LouvreC. To explain why art storehouses were createdD. To help explain some people’s attitude toward public museums4.According to the professor, what major contribution did Alexandre Lenoir make to the art community?A. He donated many original paintings to public museums.B. He developed a systematic way of exhibiting art in museums.C. He invented a unique way to restore damaged artwork.D. He designed a national monument in post-Revolution France.5.The professor gives an example of a painting made in an Italian seaside village. According to the professor, what would some skeptics say about that painting?A. It should not be exhibited unless it appeals to people from a variety of cultures.B. It should not be moved out of the geographic area in which it was created.C. It should be exhibited in the Louvre before traveling to any other museum.D. It should always be grouped with similar paintings in a museum.6.What opinion about public art museums does the professor express?A. They focus too much on entertainment and not enough on education.B. They are more important to artists than to the general public.C. Their way of exhibiting artwork needs to be modernized.D. They succeed in allowing varied works of art to be appreciated in a centralized location.答案B ADC B B D译文旁白：听艺术史课上的一篇讲座。

托福考试 复习TPO 27—2 The Formation of Volcanic I原文：【1】Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates”that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.【2】Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.【3】How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, andtherefore probable older, toward the northwest.Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.【4】Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from d eep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.【5】The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstructi on the world’s geography by backtracking along the hotspot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.题目：1.The author mentions “spreading ridges”, “subduction zones”, and“transform faults” in order toA.illustrate that the boundaries of tectonic plates are neat, thin lines.B.explain why some tectonic plates carry islands or continents while others form the seafloor.C.explain the complex nature of the edges of tectonic plates.D.provide examples of areas of tectonic plates where little geologic action occurs.2.The word “converge” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.expand.B.form.C.rise.D.move closer.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential informationA.Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in the interior of the Pacific Plate.B.Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have become islands that support coral.C.There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in the interior of the Pacific Plate.D.The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly are because many are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.4.The word “instructive” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.clear.B.detailed.rmative.D.familiar.5.The word “eroded” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.worm down.B.scattered.C.developed.D.deserted.6.In paragraph 3, what is the relationship between the scientific contribution of James Daly and Tuzo Wilson?A.Wilson provided an explanation for the observations made by Daly.B.Wilson challenged the theory proposed by Daly.C.Wi lson found numerous examples of island chains that supported Daly’s theory.D.Wilson popularized the explanation of volcanic island formation formulated by Daly.7.Why does the author provide the information that “the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showedthat their ages increase away from the presently active volcano”?A.T o point out differences between the Hawaii island chain and other volcanic island chains.B.To question the idea that all the islands in an island chain have been formed by volcanic activity.C.To explain why Wilson hypothesis was initially difficult to accept.D.T o provide evidence in support of Daly’s and Wilson’s ideas about ho w the Hawaii islands were formed.8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of mantleplumes?A.They exist close to the surface of tectonic plates.B.They cause most of the volcanic activity that occurs in the interiors of plates.C.They are rarely active for long period of time.D.They get increasingly older away from the present hot spots.9.According to paragraph 5, volcanic islands help geologists toA.reconstruct past geography.B.detect changes in mantle plumes.C.measure the rigidity of tectonic plates.D.explain why the seafloor spreads.10.What can be inferred about the Pacific Plate from paragraph 5?A.The hot spots on the Pacific Plate are much older than the ones located on the other tectonic plates.B.Most of the volcanic sources beneath the Pacific Plate have become extinct.C.The Pacific Plate has moved a distance equal to the length of the Hawaiian Island chain in the past 80 million years.D.The Pacific Plate is located above fewer mantle plumes than other plates are.11.The w ord “current” in the passage(paragraph 5)is closest in meaning toA.original.B.ideal.C.relative.D.present.12.According to paragraph 5, why are geologists unable to trace back theentire geologic of continents from hot-spot trails?A.Hot spots have existed for only about 5 percent of geologic time.B.Hawaii did not exist 50 millions years ago.C.Oceanic basins that contained old hot-spot trails disappeared a long time ago.D.Hot-spot trails can be reconstructed only for island chains.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This pattern remained unexplained for a long time.How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. ■【A】Like many other island groups, they form a chain. ■【B】The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. ■【C】In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older,toward the northwest. ■【D】Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Although volcanic activity is concentrated on the edge of tectonicplates, such activity can occur in the interiors of plates as well.A.Our understanding of islands comes from Daly’s and Wilson’s observations of the Hawaiian Islands, which was later confirmed by plate-tectonic theory.B.The hot-spot trails formed by volcanic island chains indicate the positions of tectonic plates as for back as the present ocean basins have existed.C.Whereas volcanic islands formed by mantle plumes are typically small, most of the world’s largest islands are formed at the edges of tectonic plates.D.It has only recently been discovered that tectonic plates are closely fitting rather than loosely constructed, as geologist previously believed.E.Volcanic island chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form in the interior of a tectonic plate as the plate moves over a fixed volcanic source in the mantle.F.The Pacific Plate has existed for as long as the Hawaiian Islands have existed, namely for more than 80 million years.答案：1.原文这部分介绍了各种不同的edges的现象，并做了详细的解释，前面也说到plate的组成就像是jigsaw puzzle，从两处可以看出应该是要体现其复杂性。

TPO52阅读-1 Stream Deposit原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (7)背景知识 (9)原文Stream Deposit①A large, swift stream or river can carry all sizes of particles, from clay to boulders. When the current slows down, its competence (how much it can carry) decreases and the stream deposits the largest particles in the streambed. If current velocity continues to decrease - as a flood wanes, for example - finer particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus, a stream sorts its sediment according to size. A waning flood might deposit a layer of gravel, overlain by sand and finally topped by silt and clay. Streams also sort sediment in the downstream direction. Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles, but far downstream, their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay. This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity generally increases in the downstream direction. Competence increases with velocity, so a river should be able to transport larger particles than its tributaries carry. One explanation for downstream sorting is that abrasion wears away the boulders and cobbles to sand and silt as the sediment moves downstream over the years. Thus, only the fine sediment reaches the lower parts of most rivers.②A stream deposits its sediment in three environments: Alluvial fans and deltas form where stream gradient (angle of incline) suddenly decreases as a stream enters a flat plain, a lake, or the sea; floodplain deposits accumulate on a floodplain adjacent to the stream channel; and channel deposits form in the stream channel itself. Bars, which are elongated mounds of sediment, are transient features that form in the stream channel and on the banks. They commonly form in one year and erode the next. Rivers used for commercial navigation must be recharged frequently because bars shift from year to year. Imagine a winding stream. The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than the water on the inside. The stream erodes its outside bank because the current's inertia drives it into the outside bank. At the same time, the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment, forming a point bar. A mid-channel bar is a sandy and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel.③Most streams flow in a single channel. In contrast, a braided stream flows in many shallow, interconnecting channels. A braided stream forms where moresediment is supplied to a stream than it can carry. The stream dumps the excess sediment, forming mid-channel bars. The bars gradually fill a channel, forcing the stream to overflow its banks and erode new channels. As a result, a braided stream flows simultaneously in several channels and shifts back and forth across its floodplain. Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment. A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion. Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice. If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain, its gradient and velocity decrease sharply. As a result, it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan. Alluvial fans are common in many arid and semiarid mountainous regions.④A stream also slows abruptly where it enters the still water of a lake or ocean. The sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform called a delta. Part of the delta lies above water level, and the remainder lies slightly below water level. Deltas are commonly fan-shaped, resembling the Greek letter "delta" (∆). Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly. Sediment fills channels (waterways), which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream. As a result, a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers. Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past 5,000 to 6,000 years. But in recent years, engineers have built great systems of levees (retaining walls) in attempts to stabilize the channels.译文溪流沉积物①一条大而湍急的小溪或河流可以承载各种大小的颗粒，从微小的粘土到巨石。

托福听力tpo54section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture3 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture4 (12)原文 (12)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation2原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the university's historical library.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Morning!What can I help you find?MALE STUDENT:Well,I saw on the Internet that the university library has menus and things from local restaurants—like The Springfield Eatery?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Right.A lot of local businesses have donated materials to our collection,including that restaurant.I'm pretty sure we have,uh,ten or fifteen boxes of materials from there.MALE STUDENT:Good.I thought you were located in the main library,so I went there first and they sent me here.I hadn't realized the university had a separate historical library.I think what you're doing is great—collecting local documents and photos—keeping a record of the region.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:I'm glad you see the value in it.We've been collecting materials for going on seventy years st year we had an exhibition that showcased how the town square has changed over the past50years.So that got the word out a little...but you're right—a lot of students don't know we exist.Well,unless they're majoring in history.So,you're looking for something for a class?MALE STUDENT:Not exactly.My grandmother went to this university,and while she was here,she worked as a waitress.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:At The Springfield Eatery.MALE STUDENT:Yes,and that's where she met my grandfather!So,they're celebrating their fiftieth anniversary this year,and I noticed online that you have old menus from some of the restaurants.I was thinking I could find one from the year they met and frame a copy for them.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:What a unique idea!What year are you looking for?MALE STUDENT:Uh,1954.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:I know we have a few menus from the1950s,but you'll have tocheck...there are some gaps…some years we didn't receive any new materials,and sometimes restaurants go a while without changing their menus....MALE STUDENT:Oh no!I really wanted to give them something special.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well…how about this:We also have a lot of photos,so maybe you could find one of your grandmother—or maybe even one with both of your grandparents.MALE STUDENT:That’d be awesome!FEMALE EMPLOYEE:The only thing is,most of our materials are still in boxes—no one's ever taken the time to organize them,so it-it might require a fair amount of sifting.MALE STUDENT:Hmm…I have a couple a tests coming up,but I can take a quick look, if that's OK.I know some libraries have special rules for handling delicate or old materials.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,these aren't particularly old.Just the usual rules apply…no food or drinks.MALE STUDENT:OK.Thanks for your help!题目1.Why does the man go to see the woman?A.To ask the woman if she has photographs of local businessesB.To conduct research for a history classC.To try to find a gift for his grandparentsD.To find out how long a local restaurant has been in business2.What does the woman say about an exhibition the library held last year?A.It was in honor of the town's seventieth anniversary.B.It helped increase awareness of the collection.C.It was arranged by students who study history.D.It mostly included photographs from the1950s.3.What does the woman imply about the menus?A.Most of the menus in the collection are from the Springfield Eatery.B.All of the menus in the collection are carefully organized in boxes.C.The menu the man is looking for is probably in the main library.D.The man might not find the menu he is looking for.4.What does the woman suggest that the man consider doing?A.Look for a photo of his grandparentsB.Frame a photograph of a menu from a different yearC.Call the restaurant to ask whether they have what he is looking forD.Take a picture of the restaurant5.Why does the man say this：MALE STUDENT:I know some libraries have special rules for handling delicate or old materials.Employee:Well,these aren’t particularly old.Just the usual rules apply,no food ordrinks.A.To inform the woman that he has handled old materials in the pastB.To inquire whether the library has regulations for handling historical documentsC.To imply that the library should do a better job protecting historical documentsD.To argue that special precautions are not necessary in this case答案C BD A B译文旁白：请听一段学生和大学历史图书馆雇员之间的对话。

Fiona综zōng合hé口kǒu语yǔ目录第2课Task2 policy or proposal (2)阅读练习 (2)真题练习 (2)第3课Task3 term and exampl es (3)阅读练习 (3)真题练习 (3)第4课Task4无脑重述题 (5)真题练习 (5)TPO练习 (5)第5课真题精讲精练 (5)Task 1 (5)Task 2 (6)Task 3 (6)Task 4 (7)真题文本 (7)真题1 (7)Task2 (7)Task3 (8)Task 4 (8)真题2 (9)Task 2 (9)Task 3 (10)Task 4 (10)真题3 (11)Task 2 (11)Task 3 (12)Task 4 (12)第2课Task2 policy or proposal阅读练习TPO35TPO36TPO37真题练习真题1Read an article in the campus newspaper 【4'16】Car Rental Program on CampusThe university recently announced that it has made an arrangement with a local car rental company to offer rental cars to students at a discounted rate. Students can rent the cars, which will be available on campus, for short-term use to drive to places off campus. According to the dean of students, the rental cars are expected to make it easier for students to travel to town to do errands and go shopping. Also, she said that many students cannot afford to own their own car, so this new program will give them access to cars without the expense of owning one.Narrator: The woman expresses her opinion about the plan described in the article. Briefly describe the plan then state her opinion and explain her reasons for holding that opinion.【5'14】真题2【4'22】Graduation Ceremony Should Be Held OutdoorsEach year the graduation ceremony has taken place inside Jenkins Hall. I think the location should be changed. From now on, I think the ceremony should be held outside on the lawn in the center of campus. Guests will get to enjoy the beautifultrees, flowers, and fresh air. We have a beautiful campus, and it would be great if the guests could enjoy that. Also, in Jenkins Hall there are only seats for a limited number of people. The lawn is huge, so more people would be able to attend the ceremony if it were outdoors.Sincerely,Sarah KnightThe man expresses his opinion of the student’s proposal. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 【5'27】第3课Task3 term and examples阅读练习TPO35TPO36TPO37真题练习真题1Read a passage about buffering from the biology textbook:【8'58】BufferingSome animals live in social groups where contain animals are stronger, more dominant, and have better access to resources. Weaker animals, when trying to access resources, may provoke the aggression of the stronger animals. In order to avoid such confrontation, weaker animals may use an infant to help them interact with stronger animals in the group. This technique is called buffering because the infant acts as a buffer, or protective presence, between the two animals, enabling the weaker animalto approach more dominant animals without causing a fight. Scientists believe that buffering works because animals are usually less likely to behave aggressively in the presence of infant animals.Narrator: Explain how the examples from the lecture illustrate the concept of buffering.【10'】真题2【9'12】Appeasement BehaviorsMany animals live in social groups, and certain animals may be stronger or more powerful than other animals in the group. Since a weaker animal could be injured in a fight with a stronger animal, many animals use appeasement behaviors to avoid fighting with stronger animals. By performing appeasement behaviors, a weaker animal communicates that it does not want to fight, and is willing to submit to the more powerful individual. Because fights can be harmful to members of a group, appeasement behaviors benefit the group by preventing fights from occurring.Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept of appeasement behaviors.【10'08】TPO43第4课Task4无脑重述题真题练习真题1【17'34】Using points and examples from the professor’s lecture explain how the designed tall building has changed over time.真题2【17'41】Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two ways in which companies emphasize the difference between their products and other similar products.TPO练习TPO49TPO54第5课真题精讲精练Task 1Do you agree or disagree with the following statementFriends should be able to disagree with each other and still maintain their friendship.Use details and examples to explain your opinion.Task2Reading Time: 50 secondsUniversity to Prohibit Bicycles on CampusBeginning next semester, the University will not allow the use of bicycles on campus. The campus sidewalks are intended for pedestrians and receive heavy pedestrian traffic. Several minor accidents have resulted from people on bicycles colliding with people walking, and although no one has been seriously hurt, University officials feel that bicycles pose a safety risk. Furthermore, the prohibition of bicycles will not be a problem for students, since the university currently operates a convenient alternative: the free campus bus system, which runs between all campus buildings.The woman expresses her opinion of the proposed policy change. State her opinion, and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Task 3Reading Time: 50 secondsDear Enemy EffectTo eliminate competition for resources, an animal may defend the territory where it lives against other animals of the same species. If other members of the same species attempt to encroach on its territory, the animal may become aggressive and attempt to drive them away. However, when two animals of the same species live in neighboringterritories, the dear enemy effect may occur. This effect occurs when animals that live near each other learn to recognize and tolerate each other. As a result, they display less aggression towards one another than they do towards unfamiliar animals that could compete with them for resources.Explain how the example in the lecture illustrates the concept of the dear enemy effect.Task 4Using the example from the professor's lecture, explain how mediation and arbitration are used to resolve conflicts.真题文本真题1Task21: Wow! I’m really happy about this new program they’re starting.2: Ye a! I saw that. It’s cool!1: Yea, you know how far our campus is from town? There’re buses, but they only run like every two hours, which is kind of inconvenient.2: Yea, I agree. It ends up using a big part of your day if you have to rely on the buses. 1: Right! It can take hours just to visit one store and if you have a lot of places to visit, it can take even longer! Driving would make it so much easier.2: Makes sense.1: And his other point is totally true. I actually looked into buying a car awhile back, but I didn’t do it because when I did the math I realized I couldn’t manage it as a student. I mean, it’s not just the car itself, but also, you have to keep getting gas and buy permits to park on campus.2: Right, plus any car problems…1: Ex actly. There’re repairs and maintenance to think of. All that can really add up, so this would be an easier solution for a lot of students.The woman expresses her opinion about the plan described in the article. Briefly summarize the plan then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Task3Ok, so scientists have seen this happen with certain monkeys like for instance, a species of monkey that lives in Japan. These monkeys live together; several dozen living together in a group and in these groups the stronger males are always first in line for the best food. If a weaker male monkey were to approach the lead males by himself when they’re eating to try to get some food, the stronger males might get angry and try to hurt it so, the weaker males have to wait until the stronger males have eaten and thus don’t end up getting as much food, but what a weaker male will sometimes do is, it’ll actually borrow one of the babies in the group; a baby monkey from its m other. It’ll pick up the baby monkey and carry it along when it goes over to the lead males to try to get some food and remarkably, when the weaker male monkey has the baby monkey with it, the stronger monkeys allow the weaker male to get closer, maybe eve n share some of the food they’re eating and won’t try to hurt it. Task 4So designing tall buildings… first off, obviously, is that when architects design tall buildings they have to make sure the bottom of the building is strong enough to support all the weight at the top, but the way architects accomplished this in the past is different from the way they do it today, so lets talk about how their approach haschanged. In the past, when people built tall buildings they generally used very heavy materials such as stone, but because they were using such heavy materials, the architects needed to design thick walls at the bottom, you know, at the base, to support all that weight at the top. Using thick walls at the bottom was a successful method for supporting the enormous weight of the building, but it had a drawback. The walls were so thick that they limited the amount of space inside the building. For example, think about a tall, stone tower. Stones are very heavy of course, so there’s a lot of weight pushing down on the bottom of the tower, so the walls at the bottom have to be very thick and because the walls are so thick and take up so much space, the rooms inside the tower are small and cramped, but nowadays tall buildings are built with stronger materials that are much lighter than the building materials of the past. Because of this, architects can design tall buildings with relatively thin walls and large spacious rooms. For example, think of a tall office building that’s made of steel. If a building this tall were made of stone the walls would have to be very thick to support all that weight, but since steel is relatively much lighter than stone, the top of the building isn’t as heavy and steel is also very strong, so a relatively thin steel wall can su pport a lot of weight, so nowadays the walls of this tall building don’t have to be nearly as thick as they had to be in the past.真题2Task 21: Did you see this letter?2: Yea, what do you think?1: I don’t agree. I wouldn’t change it.2: Why not?1: Well, nobody is really going to be looking at the view.2: Probably not. They’ll be watching the stage.1: Exactly. They’ll be sitting down watching the ceremony. Besides, they can always check out the campus after the ceremony. Lots of people do that.2: That’s true, but there are other advantages. Like she said, more space would be great.1: I don’t see the problem their either.2: So you think we should limit the number of guests?1: I don’t think that’s necessary. Our class isn’t that big. There’s plenty of room for everybody to get tickets for their immediate family and friends, plus the university broadcasts the event and shows it on TVs around campus, so anyone else who wants to watch the event can.2: Oh, I didn’t realize that. So like, I wouldn’t have to invite some of my friends from the dorm because they can just go to the student center or something and watch it live on TV.1: Right.2: Hmm… some of them might even prefer that to sitting in the hall.1: Yea, so there’s definite ly no space issue.Task 3Ok, so this has been observed among wolves. As you may know, wolves live in packs; groups that roam the forest and hunt prey together and within their wolf pack some of the wolves are usually bigger and stronger than the others. When wolves find and catch prey, they usually eat it together, sharing the food among members of the wolf pack, but sometimes one wolf may try to take the food that another member of the pack is eating. Now if the wolf with the food is bigger and stronger than the one trying to take the food, it’s going to prevent the other wolf from taking its food by threatening to attack the other wolf. Well, the smaller wolf won’t let the bigger wolf attack it, so it’ll lower its head, put its head close to the ground, and flatten its fur, keep its fur close to its body, and lowering its head and flattening its fur are both signs of weakness, signs that the smaller wolf will give in and seeing this, the larger threatening wolf will let the smaller wolf go without any trouble and neither of them gets hurt.Task 4Companies often sell products that are similar to products made by other companies,so when they advertise their own products, these companies often try to emphasize the difference between their products and other similar products on the market. This can help convince consumers to buy their product instead of another. So, how does a company do this? Well, one strategy that a company might use is to emphasize a difference in quality. By emphasizing a difference in quality between its product and other similar ones that have the same function, a company can help convince consumers that its product is the one worth buying. So for example, a company that makes computer speakers, audio speakers to play music perhaps on your computer, well because there are so many companies that make computer speakers, one way this company could advertise would be to emphasize the high quality of its computer speakers; how they make the music sound better than others, that you get a much clearer sound and can really hear all the different instruments, but sometimes a company’s product is the same quality as its competitors products. In this case, the company may talk about special characteristics or features of the product that make it different from others. The company may emphasize how its product has special appeal to consumers with different preferences, so lets say there’s a company that makes pasta sauce. Well, there are a lot of pasta sauces on the market, so what makes theirs d ifferent. Maybe it’s extra spicy with hot, flavorful herbs, so in advertisements the company could say that its pasta sauce is spicier than others, so people who like spicy sauce will buy it.真题3Task 2Male: Hey Sue, did you see this article?Sue: Yeah, I did. I don’t think that’s a very good idea.Male: Really? You don’t think it’s a safety hazard, like they said?Sue: No, at least not during the day. I’m pretty sure both of those accidents happened at night when it’s harder to see cyclists. They didn’t see that in the article.Male: Oh, that does make a difference.Sue: Sure it does. Maybe at night, with low visibility, there’s a safety hazard. But I don’t think there’s any danger in the daytime, which is when most people need to move around and get to classes.Male: Yeah, that makes sense.Sue: Besides, it’s such a big campus. If they do this, it’s going to be really hard to get around. Well, we can always take the bus, I guess.Male: Well, we can always take the bus, I guess.Sue: But the buses only run once an hour.Male: That’s true. They’re not convenient.Sue: No, not at all. If people have to take bus, we’ll end up sitting around waiting for the next one all the time, and we’re all too busy to waste our time doing that.Task 3Okay. So scientists have observed this phenomenon with quite a few different kinds of birds. For example, you see this with a bird, a bright red bird, commonly known as the cardinal. Cardinals live in trees and vegetation on the edge of the forest, and during their breeding season, they kind of claim a specific area of the forest as their own. That’s their territory and the food there belongs to them and they try to keep other cardinals away from this area. Okay, now each cardinal has a unique call, or song, that it sings and if a cardinal hears one of these songs, it knows that another cardinal is nearby. And researchers have observed that when a cardinal hears an unfamiliar song, the song of another cardinal that it’s never heard before, it will become aggressive and it will threaten the other cardinal and try to chase it away out of its area of the forest. But what’s interesting is when a cardinal hears a familiar song, the song of a cardinal that’s established a territory nearby in the same part of the forest, it won’t b other to attack or change the other cardinal away.Task 4People sometimes have disagreements or conflicts that they need to resolve. Since it’s not always easy for the two people who disagree to find the solution by themselves, sometimes it’s necessary to get help from a third person who’s not involved in the conflict. Let’s talk about two ways a third person can help resolve a conflict: mediation and arbitration. So, the first way an outside person can help resolve a conflict is through mediation. The outside person works with both people in the conflict to come up with something that they can both agree to. With mediation, everyone works together to reach a compromise. For example, if you have two roommates who have a disagreement and they can’t come u p with a solution themselves, then mediation would involve them asking someone like, say a mutual friend, a friend who would talk to both roommates and help them reach a compromise to solve the disagreement. Thus, the friend helps them reach the agreement together. The other option is arbitration. With arbitration, the third person listens to both sides of the story and then makes a decision. Both disagreeing parties have to go along with that decision. Usually, one person wins and the other one loses, bu t it’s the third person, the one who decides, who’s in control. For example, say those two roommates were having a conflict. Say, they take their course to court. They both go to court and tell the judge their side, their argument. After the judge hears what both people haveto see, he or she decides what will have to be done. Probably, the judge will agree with one of the roommates and disagree with the other. And that’s final. Both roommates must do what the judge says whether they agree or not.。

托福听力tpo56 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR: OK, at the end of our last class I started to talk a little bit about a dominant movement in United States painting in the late 1940s and the 1950s. And I said that the artists involved shared a spirit of revolt against tradition and a belief in spontaneous freedom of expression. This significant art movement is known as Abstract Expressionism.Now, Abstract Expressionism is kind of hard to define, but it-it’s basically an attemptby the artist to convey meaning or feeling in an abstract way. So, the artists didn’t worry about whether they were painting familiar subject matter, like the kinds of things you’d see in the world around you. They’d paint...well, abstract things, on, ah, a huge canvas—which itself was a break from traditional technique. And it was common among artists to apply the paint to the canvas very rapidly and with great force. So let’s look at the work of the most famous American Abstract Expressionist, Jackson Pollock.There was nothing in Jackson Pollock’s training as an artist that suggested he would come to be seen as some sort of artistic revolutionary. In the 1930s he studied drawing and painting at the Art Students League, a popular art school in New York City. What he did later—in the 1940s—was a startling innovation. Jackson Pollock used a technique, the so called “pour and drip” technique, for which he is best known. He didn’t use the traditional easel—he laid his wall-size canvas flat on the floor, so he could move around it and work it from all sides. Then he poured and dripped his paint onto the canvas without touching it with a brush—just poured and dripped.Now, the physical movements involved in Pollock’s painting technique have led people to call it “action painting,” which almost suggests that the process of creating the painting, physically, was at least as important as the end product itself. In fact, people used to watch him work in his studio, dripping and pouring paint and other materials onto his canvases. This could make you think of Pollock’s work as being kind of like, wild or chaotic, or random. But the truth is that Pollock was in complete control of his materials and his paintings.Pollock’s pour and drip works were quite revolutionary, and at first they shocked the art world. Pollock used massive canvases. They seem more like portable murals than anything else. A good example of his technique is the painting “Autumn Rhythm,” which Pollock painted in 1950.“Autumn Rhythm,” at first glance looks like basically, just a whole lot of squiggly lines;rather bizarre, just like a bunch of pointless drips and swirls. But if you look closely, you see why it’s so admired.Beneath all the apparent chaos there’s really a very definite structure of lines, rhythms, and sensations that makes the whole piece work. Sheer randomness would not be nearly as visually appealing as this painting is. You need some structure, even if it’s not readily apparent.I’ve read some articles by other scholars who’ve, in their discussion of Pollock, um, some of them like to point out that he painted his canvases while looking down at them, since they were on the ground, as I said, but when we go to a museum, they’re up on a wall. They think this is significant because it makes our perspective different. But I mean...well, think of photography. We’ve all seen photos of the sky, the ground...meaning that the photographer was shooting from different angles. Does that mean that we should put a photo of the sky, on the ceiling? Of course not. It wouldn’t matter if you’re looking at it on a wall or in a photo album on your lap. And I think it’s the same with Pollock. It doesn’t matter from which angle we view his paintings. It’s OK that he painted on the floor and we look at it on the wall.But in spite of his work being shocking and even misunderstood at first, Pollock’s work became so influential in the development of Abstract Expressionism, that the artistic community started to shift its attention from Paris, which had been the center of the art world, to New York, where Pollock lived and worked. So Pollock’s breakthrough work helped move the focus of contemporary art, and that’s one of the measures of his greatness, really.题目1.Why does the professor discuss Jackson Pollock?A. To point out a common misconception about Abstract ExpressionismB. To help students understand the nature of Abstract ExpressionismC. To compare Pollock’s technique to that of other Abstract Expressionist paintersD. To defend Pollock and the Abstract Expressionists from criticism2.What point does the professor make about Jackson Pollock’s training as an artist?A. It motivated him to rebel against art he claimed was boring.B. It contrasted with the type of art he later created.C. It taught him how to paint using unconventional methods.D. It was very different from the type of training most artists receive.3.What were two features of Jackson Pollock’s painting technique?[Click on 2 answers.]A. He used walls as a painting surface.B. He painted the canvas while it was on the floor.C. He applied paint by pouring or dripping it.D. He allowed visitors at his studio to help with the painting.4.What is the professor’s attitude toward the term “action painting”?A. He thinks it correctly describes Pollack’s painting technique.B. He considers it less appropriate for Pollock than for other Abstract Expressionists.C. He believes that it represents the sense of movement displayed in Pollock’s paintings.D. He is pleased that contemporary critics rarely use the term.5.What feature of Autumn Rhythm does the professor imply is representative of Pollock’s works?A. It symbolizes the passage of time.B. It reveals a lack of control over emotions.C. It combines structure and the appearance of chaos.D. It combines tradition and innovation.6.Why does the professor discuss photography?A. To emphasize how different it is from paintingB. To make a point about its increasing popularity in New York’s art worldC. To show the extent of Pollock’s influenceD. To support his argument about the way people look at Pollock’s paintings答案B B BC A C D译文旁白：在艺术史课上听一部分讲座。

TPO 07 Paragraph 11．The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○achievement○requirement○purpose○feature2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave ofextinctions.○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean’sinvertebrates.○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean whenThe Geologic History ofthe MediterraneanIn 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger. An of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the1the old migrants returned.Paragraph 33．What does the author imply by○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?■Another task for the Glomar Challenge r’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of dri lling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists2supported by the evidence.○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.4．Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?○It did not contain any marine fossil.○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanicIn the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the3you must select TWO answers.○Volcanic rock fragments.○This silt layers○Soft, deep-sea mud○Crystalline salt6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan.○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger.○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor.○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the GlomarChallenger expedition.Paragraph 47. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean’s scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The4waters?○The movements of Earth’s crust○The accumulation of sediment layers○Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean○Changes in Earth’s temperature8. The word “scores” in the passage is closest in meaning to○members○large numbers○populations○different types9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination ofof invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to5saltier Atlantic○The migration of new species through the narrow straits○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of theMediterranean10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.○The cascades of water from the form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge.tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.The salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant6Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.11. The word “Turbulent” in the passage is closest in meaning to○fresh○deep○violent○temperateParagraph 212. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate and water7about their chemical composition and origin.Where would the sentence best fit?13．An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean’s history.●●●Answer choices1. The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.2. Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.3. Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.4. Samples recovered from the■Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■8旗开得胜expedition revealed importantdifferences in chemical composition andfossil distribution among the sedimentlayers.5. Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists' beliefsthat the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilledwith water.6. Mediterranean salt domes formedafter crustal movements opened thestraits between the Mediterranean andthe Atlantic, and the Mediterraneanrefilled with water.9旗开得胜10Paragraph 11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.○Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.○Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.○Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the roman world EXCEPTAncient Rome and GreeceThere is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment —on the absolute certainty○administrative and legal systems○the presence of the military○a common language○transportation networksParagraph 23.The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to○thinking about○fixation on○interest in○attitude toward4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome’s early development?○Expansion by sea invasion○T erritorial expansion○Expansion from one original settlement ○Expansion through invading armies5.Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage?○T o acknowledge that Greek civilization that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-11also expanded by land conquest○T o comp are Greek leaders to Roman leaders○T o give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studied○T o indicate the superior organization of the Greek militaryParagraph 36.is closest in meaning to○accepted○combined○introduced○encouraged7.Paragraph 3 suggests which of thefollowing about the people of Latium?○Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.○They held different values than the people of Rome.○Agriculture played a significant r ole in the society. powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a12○They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinctsParagraph 48.Paragraph 4 indicates that somehistorians admire Roman civilization because of○the diversity of cultures within Roman society○its strength○its innovative nature○the large body of literature that it developed9.In paragraph 4, the author develops adescription of Roman civilization by○comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals○identifying which characteristics of roman civilization were copied from Greece○explaining how the differences between Roman and Greece developed as time passed○contrasting characteristics of Roman land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders,the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome,13civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization10.According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.Paragraph 5mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Ho race in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek14Paragraph 611.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○abilities○areas○combinations○models12.Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?○They could read and write the Greek language.○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.○They focused their writing on military matters.○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.Paragraph 413.Look at the four squares ■ that religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into newespecially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.15indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum. Where would the sentence best fit?14.The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources●●●Answer choices1. Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulers held its territory together.2. The Roman military was organized differently from older military organizations.3. Romans valued sea power as did the Latins, the original inhabitants of Rome.4. Roman values were rooted in a strong attachment to the land and the stability of rural life.5. Rome combined aspects of ancient Greek civilization with its own contributions in new areas. civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such166. Educated Romans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date wo uld now exist?”17Paragraph 11.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○emerged○was understood○spread○developed2.According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt that agriculture developed independently in Africa?○African lakes and rivers already provided enough food for people to survive without agriculture.○The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered in Africa are native to Asia.○Africa’s native plants are very difficult to domesticate.○African co mmunities were not large enough to support agriculture.无老师网站:ibtsat3.In paragraph 1, what does theAgriculture, Iron, andthe Bantu PeoplesThere is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B.C. It may have developed independently, but many scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-Sahara Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered hunting-and-gathering bands, although in some places near lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose18author imply about changes in the African environment during this time period?○The climate was becoming milder, allowing for a greater variety of crops to be grown.○Although periods of drying forced people south, they returned once their food supply was secure.○Population growth along rivers and lakes was dramatically decreasing the availability of fish.○A region that had once supported many people was becoming a desert where few could surviveParagraph 24.According to paragraph 2,camels were important because they ○were the first domesticated animal to be introduced to Africa○allowed the people of the West African savannahs to carve out large empires origins are not African but west Asian. Once the idea of plantingtheir own crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced from Southeast Asia.Livestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats.19○helped African peoples defend themselves against Egyptian invaders○made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara?○Horses and chariots○Sheep and goats○Hyksos invaders from Egypt○Camels and cattleParagraph 36.What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole○It contrasts the development of iron technology in West Asia and West Africa. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 B.C.) and then spread across the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an important innovation, because the camel’s abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more20○It discusses a non-agricultural contribution to Africa from Asia.○It introduces evidence that a knowledge of copper working reached Africa and Europe at the same time.○It compares the rates at which iron technology developed in different parts of Africa.Paragraph 47.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to ○fascinating○far-reaching○necessary○temporary8.Theword in thepassage is closest in meaning to ○military○physical○ceremonial accessible, route of trade and communication.Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of diffusion were somewhat different than those of agriculture. Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe. Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.This technological shift causein the complexity of African societies. Iron21○permanent9.According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT: ○Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality.○Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.○Iron tools helped increase the food supply.○T echnical knowl edge gave religious power to its holders.Paragraph 510.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making ironand sometimes political power.22techniques.○Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.○Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.○Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower rate.Paragraph 611.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○afraid of○displaced by○running away from○responding to12.Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as possiblecauses of theright into the Iron Age, taking the basic technology and adapting it to local; conditions and resources.The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people23“Bantu explosion” EXCEPT○superior weapons○better hunting skills○peaceful migra tion○increased populationParagraph 613.Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.T hese people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Agriculture and iron working probably spread to Africa from neighboring regions.●●●Answer choices who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. ■Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement ofthe desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. ■They spoke a language, prior-Bantu (“Bantu” means “the people”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. ■Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid241 .Once Africans developed their own crops, they no longer borrowed from other regions.2. The harshness of the African climate meant that agriculture could not develop until after the introduction of iron tools.3. The use of livestock improved transportation and trade and allowed for new forms of political control.4. As the Sahara expanded, the camel gained in importance, eventually coming to have religious significance.5. The spread of iron working had far-reaching effects on social, economic, and political organization in Africa.6. Today's Bantu-speaking peoples are descended from a technologically advanced people who spread throughout Africa. demographic growth—may have also caused the Bantu explosion. ■25。

托福听力tpo55 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (4)Lecture3 (5)题目 (6)答案 (8)Conversation2原文NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and her academic adviser. MALE PROFESSOR: Thanks for stopping by, Shelly. Professor Miller sent me an email, and I thought we’d better have a little chat.FEMALE STUDENT: Professor Miller, the art history professor?MALE PROFESSOR: Yes. I’m concerned because midterm grades are due in a couple of weeks, and he says you haven’t completed a single assignment for his course. And he didn’t want to turn in a failing grade without making sure that—FEMALE STUDENT: Wait, I’m not taking his course—I dropped it.MALE PROFESSOR: You did? Well according to the registrar’s office, you’re still enrolled in it. I pulled up your file. Your schedule shows that you are officially enrolled in Introduction to Art History with Professor Miller, Islamic art with Professor Campbell…well, here, you look at it, you’re registered for 5 courses. FEMALE STUDENT: But I’m enrolled in only 4 courses this semester. I mean, I did signup for Introduction to Art History initially, but when Professor Campbell gave me permission to enroll in his Islamic art course, I dropped Professor Miller’s course. Or at least, I intended to. I had to—they meet at the same time.MALE PROFESSOR: I see. So your admission to the Islamic art course was not contingent on your completion of the art history course?FEMALE STUDENT: Well, Professor Campbell waived the prerequisite in my case because he felt that I had enough background in art history to handle his course. But you know, now that I think about it, maybe I just added Professor Campbell’s course and forgot to drop Professor Miller’s course.MALE PROFESSOR: I guess it’s possible. Still, I’m surprised we didn’t catch it earlier in the semester. Didn’t you and I meet at the end of the second week of classes to finalize your course selections?FEMALE STUDENT: No…Uh, I mean I remember getting an e-mail about setting up a meeting with my adviser, but I thought it was only for people who had an enrollment problem or something they needed to work out. I didn’t realize it was a requirement.MALE PROFESSOR: Well, it’s strongly recommended that students meet with their advisers early in the semester…and now you can see why! But there’s no real harm done. However, don’t forget to file a formal withdrawal from introduction to art history with the registrar’s office by Friday, when the withdrawal period ends. And you might want to apologize to Professor Miller as well.FEMALE STUDENT: Oh, I’ll definitely make a point of dropping by his office to explain what happened. I was just so focused on getting admitted into the Islamic art course, and so happy when Professor Campbell said I could take it, that I kind of forgot about everything else.题目1.Why did the adviser ask the student to meet with him?A. To express concern about her academic performanceB. To discuss her course choices for the following semesterC. To find out why she dropped a courseD. To ask if she had changed her major course of study2.What did the adviser do to get more information before meeting with the student?A. He requested a record of the student’s grades in all her art classes.B. He consulted a description of the course about Islamic art.C. He obtained a list of courses in which the student is enrolled.D. He checked the requirements for art history students.3.What do the speakers imply about the Islamic art course?A. It is an introductory course.B. It can be taken only in combination with an Islamic history course.C. Students need a recommendation from their academic adviser to take it.D. Most students are required to take an introductory art history course before taking it.4.What does the adviser imply about the meetings he has with students at the beginning of the semester?A. They should be scheduled at least two weeks in advance.B. They can help students avoid problems with their class schedules.C. Faculty members must be invited to the meetings.D. They are necessary only when a student has a problem.5.What does the adviser suggest that the student do? [Click on 2 answers.]A. Make up the work she has missedB. Contact the registrar’s officeC. Apologize to an art history professorD. Drop the Islamic art course答案A C DB BC译文旁白：听一个学生和教授之间的对话。

托福阅读tpo27R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (6)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)原文The Formation of Volcanic Islands①Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.②Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.③How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recentisland, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.④Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.⑤The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given thecurrent position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-old volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.译文火山岛的形成①地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的"构造板块"严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。