Increased urinary excretion of orosomucoid is a risk predictor of diabetic nephropathy(shandong)

大学生物学地理英语考试试题及答案一、单选题1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living things?A. GrowthB. ReproductionC. MetabolismD. Inanimate2. The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment is called:A. EcologyB. PhysiologyC. GeneticsD. Evolution3. Which of the following is not a major biome?A. DesertB. TundraC. CityD. Grassland4. The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food is known as:A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. TranspirationD. Fermentation5. The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms is known as:A. BiogeographyB. PaleontologyC. MicrobiologyD. Entomology二、填空题1. The movement of individuals into a population is called_____________.2. The outermost layer of the Earth is known as the ___________.3. The process by which water is converted from a liquid to a gas is called _____________.4. The scientific study of life is known as _____________.5. The process by which an organism produces offspring is called______________.三、简答题1. Explain the process of natural selection and provide an example.2. Describe the water cycle and its importance in ecosystems.3. Discuss the impact of human activities on biodiversity.4. Explain the difference between a food chain and a food web.5. Describe the process of cellular respiration and its role in energy production.四、论述题Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential benefits and risks.参考答案一、单选题1. D2. A3. C4. A5. A二、填空题1. Immigration2. Crust3. Evaporation4. Biology5. Reproduction三、简答题1. Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to future generations. An example of natural selection is the peppered moth, where the darker moths were more likely to survive and reproduce during the industrial revolution due to pollution darkening their environment, leading to an increase in their population.2. The water cycle is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It includes processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration. The water cycle is important in ecosystems as it helps distribute water resources, regulates temperature, and provides habitats for various organisms.3. Human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation, have a significant impact on biodiversity. These activities can lead to habitat destruction, loss of species, and disruption of ecological balance. Conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and the protection of natural habitats are crucial in preserving biodiversity.4. A food chain represents a linear sequence of organisms, where each organism is a source of food for the next. It shows the transfer of energy andnutrients from one organism to another. A food web, on the other hand, represents the interconnecting food chains within an ecosystem, showing the complex interactions and dependencies among different organisms.5. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is essential for the release of energy needed for cellular functions.四、论述题Biotechnology plays a significant role in modern agriculture. It involves the application of scientific techniques to manipulate and modify living organisms, particularly crops and livestock, to enhance their traits and yield. The potential benefits of biotechnology in agriculture include increased crop productivity, resistance to pests and diseases, improved nutritional content, and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers.However, biotechnology also presents potential risks and concerns. One major concern is the impact on biodiversity, as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may interact with wild relatives, potentially leading to unintended consequences. Another concern is the potential for the development of resistance in pests and diseases, which could render biotechnological solutions ineffective over time.To address these concerns, strict regulations and testing protocols are in place to ensure the safety and efficacy of biotech products. It is essential to conduct thorough risk assessments and engage in public discourse to addressethical, environmental, and health considerations associated with biotechnology in agriculture.In conclusion, while biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agriculture and address various challenges, careful evaluation, regulation, and monitoring are necessary to harness its benefits while mitigating potential risks.。

血药浓度和药效的关系英文作文The relationship between blood concentration and drug effectiveness is a crucial aspect of pharmacology and therapeutics. Blood concentration, often referred to as plasma concentration or serum concentration, refers to the amount of a drug present in the bloodstream at a given time. This concentration is directly linked to the drug's effectiveness, as it determines how much of the drugreaches its target site and how potent its therapeuticaction will be.Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, andexcretion (ADME) are the four primary factors thatinfluence blood concentration. The rate and extent of drug absorption from the site of administration determine how quickly the drug enters the bloodstream. Distributionrefers to how the drug spreads throughout the body,reaching its target tissues and organs. Metabolism, the chemical transformation of the drug within the body, can either increase or decrease its blood concentration, depending on whether the metabolism leads to inactivationor activation of the drug. Excretion, the elimination ofthe drug from the body, is the final step in the ADME process, and it also affects blood concentration.Blood concentration is typically measured in micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L), depending on the drug and its properties. The optimal blood concentration for a drug is typically determined through clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies, which aim to establish the dose-response relationship and identify the minimal effective concentration (MEC) and the maximal tolerable concentration (MTC).Drug effectiveness is influenced by both the blood concentration and the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. A drug with a high affinity for its target site and a low clearance rate from the body is likely to be more effective at lower blood concentrations. Conversely, a drug with low affinity and high clearance may require higher blood concentrations to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.In addition to blood concentration, other factors such as the duration of drug exposure, the route of administration, and the patient's physiological status canalso affect drug effectiveness. For example, drugs administered intravenously typically achieve higher and faster blood concentrations than those administered orally. Similarly, patients with liver or kidney dysfunction may experience altered drug metabolism and excretion, leadingto changes in blood concentration and effectiveness.In summary, the relationship between bloodconcentration and drug effectiveness is complex and multifaceted. Understanding this relationship is crucialfor optimizing drug dosing, achieving desired therapeutic effects, and minimizing adverse effects. Future research in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics will continue to elucidate the intricacies of this relationship, leading to improved patient outcomes and more effective drug therapies. **血药浓度与药效的关系**血药浓度与药效之间的关系是药理学和治疗学中的关键方面。

1.静息电位的形成2.心肌浦肯野纤维动作电位的特点和形成机制3.一个人大量发汗并没有补充水分，尿量的变化和变化原因4.基底神经核在调解动作中的作用。

名词10个：Positive feedbackGFRRespiration membraneNonspecific projection systemInward retificationHemostasisSymportPhotopic VisionBEWHepothalumus regulation peptide大题四个1.Threshold ,threshold stimulus ,stimulus potential 的各个定义以及联系2.描述心动周期中心室的volume，pressure，以及动脉pressure的变化3.描述胃的头期分泌的特点。

3.描述spinal cord 的牵张反射。

Terminal Examination of Physiology for English ClassI. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1.Extracellular fluid was termed “ Internal Environment” of the human body byA.Claude BernardB. HarveyC. PavlovD. HodgkinE. Cannon2. Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump will causeA.An increase in intracellular volumeB.An increase in intracellular K+ concentrationC.Hyperpolarization of membrane potentialD.Increase in the excitability of nerve cellE.An increase in flow of sodium out of cell3. Depolarization of an axon is produced byA.Inward diffusion of Na+B. Active extrusion of K+C. Outward diffusion of K+D. Inward active transport of Na+E. Inward diffusion of Ca2+4. Which one of the following processes is not included in a cross bridge cycle?A. Myosin head is energizedB. B. Attachment of cross bridge to actinC. Power stroke causes contractionD. Detachments of heads from actinE. Excitation causes filament sliding5. Which one of the following is not the effect of preload on muscle contraction?A. In a limited range, tension caused by isometric contraction increases with the length.B. At optimal initial length a maximum tension is developedC. Tension declines when the length is shorter than optimal initial lengthD. Tension increases when the length is longer than optimal initial lengthE. Maximal active tension developed at length 2~2.2 μm of sarcomere6. Which of the following would cause a decrease in stroke volume:A．block the conduction of the vagus nerve B．stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heart C．decrease of the pressure in the carotid sinusD．an increase in the end-diastolic pressureE．from lying position to upright position7. If a person has an arterial pressure of 125/75 mmHg,A. The pulse pressure is 40 mmHgB. The mean arterial pressure is 92 mmHgC. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHgD. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHgE. The mean arterial pressure is 100 mmHg8. Of the following substances, which has an effect on vascular resistance that is opposite to the effect of the others?A. vasopressinB. bradykininB. norepinephrineD. angiotensionE. none of the above9. The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ duringA. Phase 0 of the action potentialB. Phase 2 of the action potentialC. Phase 3 of the action potentialD. Phase 4 of the action potentialE. The effective refractory period10. Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heartA. Increased heart rateB. Sympathetic stimulationC. NorepinephrineD. AcetylcholineE. Cardiac glycosides11. Minimum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is attainedA. immediately after closure of the aortic semilunar valveB. immediately before opening of the aortic semilunar valveC. immediately before opening of the atrioventricular valvesD.in mid-diastoleE. none of the above12. If you know the stroke volume, the only other thing you need to know to be able to determine the cardiac output is A. heart rate B. afterload C. preload D. ventricular contractility E. end-systolic volume13. The main reason of the formation of intrapleural negative pressure isA. Elastic recoil force of the lungB. Surface tensionC. Airway resistanceD. Contraction of the inspiratory musclesE. Intrapulmonary pressure14. Which of the following in arterial blood exerts the most important control on ventilation under normal conditions?A. PO2,B. PCO2,C. pHD. 2,3-DPGE. PCO15. A lack of normal surfactant will result inA. Increased lung complianceB. Stabilization of alveolar volumeC. Increased retractive force of the lungsD. Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE. Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood16. Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?A. Reduction in temperatureB. Reduction in pHC. Reduction in PCO2D. Reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cellE. Reduction in PCO17. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA. RadiationB. ConductionC. ConvectionD. EvaporationE. Brown fat tissue18. Which of the following is not a significant function of the stomach?A. short term storage of ingested foodB. release of chyme into the small intestineC. mixing and liquefaction of foodD. initiation of protein digestionE. absorption of amino acids19. Which of the following enzymes would you expect to be most active in an environment where the pH was 2.0 ? What is the substrate for this enzyme?A. pepsin, starchB. trypsin, proteinC. amylase, starchD. pepsin, proteinE. enterokinase, neutral fat20. During digestion, the small intestine is flooded with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. What is the source of trypsin (actually secreted as trypsinogen) ?A. salivary glands and gastric epitheliumB. hepatocytesC. gastric epithelial cellsD. bile duct epithelial cellsE. pancreatic exocrine cells21. Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true?A. it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous systemB. it's neurons are embedded in the tunica mucosaC. it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestineD. it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestinesE. it’s not communicated with the central nervous22. The main difference between primary urine and blood plasma is:A. Glucose concentration.B. Crystal osmotic pressure.C. NaCl concentration.D. Plasma protein concentration.E. pH value.23. Proximal tubule of kidneys reabsorbsA. 85% of filtrated water.B. 85% of filtrated Na+C. 65~70% of filtrated Na+ and water.D. 65~70% of filtrated glucose.E. 65~70% of filtrated HCO3-.24. Which type receptor is the naked peripheral end of an afferent neuron?A. nociceptorsB. mechanoreceptorsC. photoreceptorsD. opiate receptorsE. vitreous receptors25. Sensory receptors convert carious forms of energy into electrical energy. What is the conversion process called?A. depolarizationB. hyperpolarizationC. frequency modulationD. somesthetic propagationE. transduction26. Which receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly?A. tactileB. nociceptorsC. phasicD. tonicE. taste27. An increase in the action potential frequency in a sensory nerve usually signifiesA. increased intensity of the stimulusB. cessation of the stimulusC. adaptation of the receptorD. constant and maintained stimulusE. An increase in the action potential28. Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived?A. it is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detectB. It is present only in very young childrenC. Its location in the visual field is different in each eyeD. constant eye motion prevent the spot of spot from remaining stillE. lateral input from adjacent cells fills in the missing information29. The condition known as presbyopia is due toA. change in the shape of the eyeball as a result of ageB. an age-related loss of cells in the retinaC. change in the elasticity of the lens as a result of ageD. a loss of transparency in the lensE. increased opacity of the vitreous humor30. Which of the following is the principal function of the ossicles of the middle ear?A. they provide mechanical support for the flexible membranes to which they are attached (i.e., the eardrum and the oval window)B. they reduce the amplitude of the vibrations reaching the oval window, protecting it from mechanical damageC. they increase the efficiency of vibration transfer through the middle earD. they control the opening of the Eustachian tubes and allow pressure to be equalizedE. they have little effect on the process of hearing in humans, since they are essentially passive structures.31. The most important role of the gamma motoneurons is toA. Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contractB. Maintain I? afferent activity during contraction of muscleC. Detect the length of resting skeletal muscleD. Prevent muscles from producing too much forceE. Above-mentioned are wrong.32. Which one of the following is not the cholinergic neuronA. All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous systemB. The neurons in the caudate nucleus, putaman, globus pallidusC. Motor neurons in the spinal cordD. The postganglionic neurons of parasympatietic nervous systemE. Most of postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system33. The reason of decerebrate rigidity isA. Overactivity of the spinocerebellumB. Overactivity of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemC. Non-functional of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemD. Non-functional of the pontine excitatory systemE. Non-functional of the spinocerebellum34. Which one is not belong to the feature of visceral painA. The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe pain.B. Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely pain.C. Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficult.D. Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesia.E. The signals are transmitted by Ad fibers GABA(a gammaaminobutyric acid)35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fast wave sleep?A. It is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleepB. It is accompanied by the vivid dreamingC. It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rateD. It occurs more often in adults than in childrenE. It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep36. During a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle provide the central nervous system with information aboutA. The blood flow to the muscle being movedB. The velocity of the movementC. The length of the muscle being movedD. The tension developed by the muscle being movedE. The change in joint angle produced by the movement37. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.Dopamine,B.Acetylcholine,C.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate38. Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. thyroid stimulating hormoneD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. thyrotropin releasing hormone39. Which of the following hormones is associated with cretinism?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. prolactinD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. melanophore stimulating hormone40. Which of the following hormones is not secreted from adenohypophysis?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid stimulating hormoneC. prolactinD. luteinizing hormoneE. corticotropin releasing hormone.II Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channel2. Threshold potential3. Ejection fraction4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)5. Hemostasis6. Basic electrical rhythm7. Visual Accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effect9. Forced expiratory volume10. Axoplasmic transportIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1.Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex.Examination of PhysiologyClass_____ Name_____________ Numbers_____ Scores_____I .Choose the best answer for each of the following ( 1 point for each, total 40 points)1.The most important mechanism to maintain the homeostasis isA.Negative feedbackB.Positive feedbackC.Nervous regulationD.Humoral regulationE.Autoregulation2. Which of the following is not an example of cotransport?A.Movement of glucose and Na+ through the epithelial membrane in the intestinal epitheliumB.Movement of Na+ and K+ through the action of the Na+ pumpC.Movement of Na+ and glucose across the kidney tubulesD.Movement of Na+ into a cell while Ca2+ moves outE.Exchange between Na+ and H+ ions3. What would happen if the threshold potential were increased?A.Amplitude of AP will be higher than normalB.Propagation velocity of AP will be increasedC.Sodium channels will be more activatedD.Excitability of cells will be increasedE.Excitability of cells will be decreased4.Ca2+ triggers contraction by binding toA.TropomyosinB.ActinC.Cross bridgeD.TtroponinE.Myosin5. In resting muscle, tropomyosinA. Inhibits Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulumB. Prevents Ca2+ from binding to troponinC. Excites the binding of heavy meromyosion globular heads to actin subunits.D. Prevents the formation of cross-bridgesE. Promots Ca2+ transport from plasma to sarcoplasmic reticulum6. An increase of intracellular Na+ concentration would expected toA.Stimulate Ca2+ pumpB. Stimulate Na+ pumpC.Low excitability of the cellD.Increase intracellular level of amino acidE.Decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration7. The transmission at neuromuscular junction is characterized byA.Two way directional propagationB. No time delayC. Affected uneasy by drugs and changes of environmentD. One to one transportE. All above are false8. A hematocrit of 45% means that in the sample of blood analyzedA.45% of the hemoglobin is in the plasmaB.45% of the total blood volume is made of blood plasmaC.45% of the total blood volume is made of platelets and red and white blood cellsD.45% of the hemoglobin is in the red blood cellsE.45% of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells9.When the radius of the resistance vesseles is increased, which one of the following is increased? A. Systolic blood pressureB. Diastolic blood pressureC.Viscosity of the bloodD.HematocritE.Capillary blood now10.Stroke volume is increased byA.Decrease in venous complianceB.Increase in afterloadC.Increase in contractilityD.Increase in heart rateE.Decrease in coronary blood now11. When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, which of the following compensatory changes occurs?A.Decreased heart rateB.Increased contractilityC.Decreased total peripherad resistanceD.Decreased cardiac outputE.Increased phase 0 of the action potential12.The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potentialof K+ duringA.Phase 0 of the action potentialB.Phase 2 of the action potentialC.Phase 3 of the action potentialD.Pphase 4 of the action potentialE.The effective refractory period13.If systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, diastolic pressure is 80mmHg, the mean blood pressure isA.100mmHgB.93.3mmHgC.95.3mmHgD.90mmHgE.80mmHg14.If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease inA.Cardiac outputB.End-diastolic volumeC.Heart rateD.Pulse pressureE.Stroke volume15.Which of the following agents or changes has a negativeinotropiceffect on the heart?A.Increased heart rateB.Sympathetic stimulationC.Norepinephrine (NE)D.Acetylcholine(ACh)E.Cardiac glycosides16.Total lung capacity is the sum ofA.Residual volume + Functional residual volumeB.Residual volume + Vital capacityC.Residual volume + Expiratory volume + Tidal volumeD.Residual volume + Inspiratory reserve volumeE.Functional residual volume + Tidal volume17.A lack of normal surfactant will result inA.Increased lung complianceB.Stabilization of alveolar volumeC.Increased retractive force of the lungsD.Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE.Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood18.Hypoxemia (low partial pressure of PO2 in blood) produces hyperventilation by adirest effect on theA.Phrenic nerveB.J receptorsC.Lung stretch receptorsD.Medullary chemoreceptorsE.Arotid and aortic body chemoreceptors19.If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of bronchial obstruction, the pulmonary capillary blood serving that area will have a Po2 that isA.Equal to atmospheric PO2B.Equal to mixed pulmonary venous PO2C.Equal to normal systemic arterial Po2D.Lower than mixed pulmonary venous PO2E.Higher than the mixed pulmonary venous PO220.The most versatile and important digestive juice isA.Gastric juiceB.Small intestinal juiceC.Pancreatic juiceD.BileE.Saliva21.Which of the following factors inhibits the gastric emptying?A.Gastric tonic contractionB.The enterogastric reflexC.The distention of foods on gastric wallD.AcetylcholineE.Gastric peristalsis22. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA.RadiationB.ConductionC.ConvectionD.EvaporationE.Brown fat tissue23.Which one of the following is not the important factor that determines the rate of heat production ?A.BMR of all the cellsB.Extra metabolism caused by muscle activityC.Extra metabolism caused by the effect of hormoneD.Shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesisE.Decreasing of the skin vascular tone24.The force opposing glomerular filtration isA. Arterial blood pressureB. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressureC. Plasma colloid osmotic pressureD. Blood pressure of afferent arterioleE. Blood pressure of efferent arteriole25.Which of followings can increase glomerular filtratioon rate ?A. Arterial blood pressure increases from 80 mmHg to 180 mmHgB. Arterial blood pressure decreases from 80 mmHg to 60 mmHgC. Increased action of renal sympathetic nerveD. Intravenously infusing a large volume of normal saline ?E. Intravenously infusing hyperosmotic glucose solution ?26. When reabsorption of water filtrated by glomerulus decrease 1%, how much the quantityof urine will increase ?A.1%B.10%C.50%D.70%E.100%27. The location reabsorbing glucose isA.proximal tubuleB. Henle’s loo pC.distal convoluted tubuleD. collecting ductE. proximal tubule and distal tubule28. The location regulated by antidiuretic hormone isA. Proximal convoluted tubleB. Thick segment of descending limbC. Thick segment of ascending limbD. Thin segment of Henle’ loopE. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct(Test Paper B)29. When sound wave is transmitted by tympanic membrane and ossicular chain to oval window,which of followings is correctA. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave increaseB. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave decreaseC. Amplitude of sound wave decreases and pressure intensity of sound wave increasesD. Frequency of sound wave increasesE Frequency of sound wave decreases30.which of the following is related to after discharge?A.DivergenceB.ConvergenceC.Chain circuitD.Recurrent circuitE.Synaptic sensitization31.All of the following are true for neuromodulator, exceptA.Often synthesized by presynaptic cellB.Involved in rapid communicationC.Co-released with neurotranmitterD.Amplifying or dampening the effectiveness of ongoing synaptic activityE.Change the presynaptic cell’s metabolism of a transmitter32. Which of the following is not important in saltatory conduction of the action potential along the axonA.The myelin sheath surrounding the axonB. The node of ranvierC. Loading neurotransmitter in the synaptic vesicleD.Passive current flow along the length of the membraneE.Voltage-sensitive Na+ gates33. Which one is not the feature of visceral pain ?A.The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe painB.Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely painC.Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficultD Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesiaE.The signals are transmitted by A? fibers GABA (a gamma-aminobutyric acid)34.Which one of following is wrong about tendon reflexA.It is caused by rapid stretch of the muscleB.An instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscleC.A dynamic stretch reflexD.Multiple synaptic pathway, continues for a prolonged periodE.Transmitted to spinal cord from the IA sensory ending of the muscle spindle35. The most importment output pathway from the motor cortex isA.The rubrospinal tractB.The reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tractsC.The corticospinal tractD.The pontocerebellar fibersE.The olivocerebellar fibers36. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.DopamineB.AcetylcholineC.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate37.The cause of the acromegaly isA.High concentration of growth hormone in adultB.Low concentration of growth hormone in adultC.Low concentration of growth hormone in childhoodD.High concentration of thyroid hormones in adultE.High concentration of growth hormone in childhood38.About the humoral regulation of protein metabolism, which is right?A.GH increases the breakdown of proteinsB.Thyroid hormones decreases the synthesis of the protein in normal levelC.In patients with hyperthyroidism, high level of T3/T4 always promote the catabolismD.Cortisol increases the breakdown of proteins in liverE.Cortisol inhibits the breakdown of proteins in muscle39.Which one of the following is not the hormone that increases the glucose of blood?A.CortisolB.EpinephrineC..NorepinephrineD.Growth hormoneE.Somatostatin (SS)40.Which one of the following is right?A.ACTH increases the release of CRHB.Wolf-Chaikoff effect is caused by the increase of T3/T4C.Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the release of T3/T4D.Cortisol increases the release of ACTHE.Cortisol decreases the number of red blood cellII. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points) 1.Optimal length2.Oxygen capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Effective refratory period5.Basic electrical rhythm6.Hypothalamic regulatory peptide7.Filtration fraction8.Dark adaptation9.The specific dynamic action of protein（food specific dynamic effect）10.Afferent collateral inhibitionIII.Answer the questions (10 points for each question,total 40 points )1.Describe the types of glucose transport across epithelial cell.2.To describe the mechanism of production of an action potential in ventricular muscle cell.3. Describe the composition and function of gastric juice.4.Describe the function of the muscle spindle.I. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1 A2 A3 A4 E5 D6 E7 B8 B9 D 10 D 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 C16 B 17 D 18 E 19 D 20 E 21 A 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 E 26 D 27 A28 D29 C 30 C 31 B 32 E 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 C 37 A 38 39 B 40 DII Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channelIt is a type of ionic channel which gate is controlled by changes in the membrane potential.2. Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur. The value of threshold potential of most excitable cell membrane is about 15 to 20 mV less negative than the resting potential.3. Ejection fraction55-65％stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)The quantity of ultrafiltrate formed by both kidneys per unit time (each minute) is called GFR5. HemostasisProcess to stop bleeding automatically of small vessel.6. Basic electrical rhythmThe smooth muscle membrane automatically and slowly, depolarizes and repolarizes in a cyclic fashion, this electric activity is called the slow wave or basic electric rhythm.7. Visual AccommodationThe process whereby near objects are brought to a sharp focus on the retina is called accommodation of eye or visual accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effectAfter a meal that contains a large quantity of carbohydrates or fats, the metabolic rate usually increases only about 4 per cent. However, after a meal that contains large quantities of protein, the metabolic rate usually begins rising within 1 hour, reaching a maximum about 30 per cent above normal, and this lasts for 3 to 12 hours. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic action of food 9. Forced expiratory volumeThe volume of air expelled during the first second of forced expiration is called the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). It is normally in excess of 83% of the FVC. 10. Axoplasmic transportVarious organelles and materials must be moved from the cell body, where they are made, to the axon and its terminals in order to maintain the structure and function of the cell axonIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1. Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transportacross cell membrane.(1) Facilitated diffusion via carrierFacilitated Diffusion means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion via carrier is the diffusion carried out by carrier protein. Mechanism is a “ferry ” or “shuttling ” process carried out by carrier protein in the cell membrane.(2) Secondary Active TransportSecondary Active Transport is a type of active transport in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Mechanism is a Na+ -glucose co-transport mechanism, a process carried out by Na+ - glucose transporter or symporter.Process: ①Na+ ions diffuse from higher to lower concentration because the intracellular concentration of Na+ is kept low by the primary active transport of Na+ out of the cell across the basolateral membrane, where all of the Na+ pumps are located. In other words, Na+ moves downhill into the epithelial cell and then uphill out of it to the blood.②The transporter (symporter) on the lumen membrane has2 binding sites on its exterior side, one for Na+ ion and one for glucose molecule. Once both Na+ and glucose bind to these two sites, a conformational change of the transporter occurs automatically, and this allows both Na+ and glucose to be transported together into the inside of the cell at same time. Therefore, glucose moves from a lower concentration in the lumen fluid to a higher concentration in the epithelial cell, and the intracellular concentration of glucose becomes higher than lumen fluid. ③Glucose in the epithelial cell is then transported by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion across the basement membrane of the epithelial cell into blood.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?(1) Stroke volume—systolic .pulse pressure increase(2) HR –diastolic,(3) Peripheral resistence—diastolic(4) Electic property of the aortic ---pulse pressure(5) Rate of the circulatory volume and vessel system volume3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.(1) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure: It is the force driving filtration, it promotes the filtration ,GFR is is in direct proportion to (positive related to) it. The higher the Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the more the GFR (2) Pplasma colloid osmotic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it (3) Bowman’s capsular hydrostatic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it (4) Renal plasma flow(RPF): GFR is in direct proportion to RPF.(5) Filtration coefficient ( KF): GFR is in direct proportion to both the fluid permeability and surface area of filtration membrane..4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion. Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis (1) Action of ACTH: Cortisol secretion is almost entirely controlled by ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone). ACTH causes formation of adrenocortical hormones .(2) The action of CRH is to promote synthesis and release of ACTH in the cells of anterior pituitary gland(3) Cortisol has direct negative feedbacks on the hypothalamus to decrease formation of CRH and ACTH. ACTH inhibits the formation of CRH(4) Other factors: stress5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex.3.(1) The basic circuit: Sudden stretch of a muscle excites the muscle spindle, and Ia proprioceptor nerve fiber sends signals to the spinal cord, synapses directly with anterior motor neurons that send nerve fiber back to the extrafusal muscle fibers of the same muscle, causing reflex contraction of the muscle (4 marks);(2) Functions: Tendon reflex causes an instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscle; Muscle tonus is good for maintaining the posture of the body.Answer Points for Examination of PhysiologyI .Choose the best answer for each of the following(I point for each total 40 points)1.A2.B3.E4.D5.D6.C7.B8.C9.D10.D11.B 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.E 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.D21.E 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.30.31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.A 38.C 39.E 40.CII. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points)1..optimal length2. Oxygen Capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Systolic Pressure5..Basic electrical rhythm。

南充“PEP”2024年小学五年级上册英语第三单元综合卷[有答案]考试时间：100分钟（总分:120）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My friend loves __________ (参与社区服务).2. 听力题：An exothermic reaction releases ______ into the surroundings.3. 选择题：What is the name of the famous artist known for his "The Last Judgment"?A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. Leonardo da VinciD. Titian答案: A4. 选择题：What do we call the place where we learn?A. LibraryB. SchoolC. ParkD. Store答案:B5. 听力题：The dog is ___ the ball. (chasing, eating, sleeping)6. 填空题：My cat enjoys chasing after ______ (光点).7. 填空题：I like to go ______ (滑雪) in winter.The chemical formula for ethanol is ______.9. 填空题：The ________ were nomadic tribes that lived in Mongolia.10. Race was between the USA and _____. 填空题：The Span11. 选择题：What do you call a place where you can see many animals?A. ZooB. FarmC. ParkD. Aquarium答案:A12. 听力题：The _______ needs care and attention.13. 填空题：I enjoy _______ (写诗) in my notebook.14. 填空题：I can build a house with my ________ (玩具名称).15. 选择题：What is the capital of Slovenia?A. LjubljanaB. MariborC. CeljeD. Koper答案:A16. 填空题：My brother loves __________ (历史) and knows many facts.17. 选择题：What do we call the act of putting something in the correct place?A. OrganizingB. ArrangingC. SortingD. Categorizing答案：AA _______ (鳄鱼) has a powerful bite.19. 填空题：I see _____ flying around in the garden.20. 选择题：What is the sound of a horse?A. NeighB. WoofC. MeowD. Quack21. 选择题：What is the name of the famous composer known for his operas?A. Giuseppe VerdiB. Johann StraussC. Wolfgang Amadeus MozartD. Richard Wagner答案: A22. 填空题：A snail carries its _______ on its back.23. 听力题：The Earth’s ______ is responsible for its magnetic field.24. 选择题：What is the capital of the United Arab Emirates?A. DubaiB. Abu DhabiC. SharjahD. Ajman25. 听力题：The chemical symbol for iridium is _______.26. 听力题：An emulsion is a mixture of two ________ that do not usually mix.27. 选择题：What is the main job of a farmer?A. TeachB. Grow foodC. Fix carsD. Build housesMy brother is a ______. He loves to skateboard.29. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. RiceB. NoodlesC. FishD. Seaweed30. 听力题：Heat can speed up a ______.31. 听力题：The snow is _____ on the ground. (white)32. 听力题：The capital of the Cayman Islands is __________.33. 听力题：The ____ has a long tail and loves to swing from branches.34. 选择题：What is the name of the famous space telescope?A. HubbleB. James WebbC. KeplerD. Chandra35. 填空题：I enjoy feeding the ______ (小鸟) in my backyard. They are very ______ (可爱).36. 选择题：What is the capital of Honduras?A. TegucigalpaB. San Pedro SulaC. La CeibaD. Choluteca答案: A. Tegucigalpa37. 听力填空题：I think staying organized helps me manage my __________.38. 填空题：The cake is _______ (在桌子上).What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Yuri GagarinD. John Glenn40. 听力题：The capital of Belarus is _______.41. 选择题：What do we call a person who flies an airplane?A. PilotB. StewardessC. PassengerD. Engineer42. 填空题：I help my sister with her __________. (画画)43. 听力题：The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the _______ War.44. 听力题：A dune is a hill of ______ formed by wind.45. 听力题：In ancient times, people used the stars for ______.46. 选择题：Which of these is a winter sport?A. SwimmingB. SkiingC. SurfingD. Running答案:B47. 填空题：The __________ was a famous ship that sank in 1912. (泰坦尼克号)48. 填空题：My favorite _____ is a cuddly bear.49. 听力题：My friend is a ______. He enjoys helping in the community.The invention of ________ allowed for faster communication.51. 填空题：The elephant is the largest _______ (动物).52. 选择题：What is the main purpose of a compass?A. Measure temperatureB. Tell timeC. Show directionD. Measure weight答案:C53. 选择题：What is 25 + 25?a. 40b. 50c. 60d. 70答案:b54. 听力题：I enjoy _____ (参加) community events.55. 填空题：I love _______ (和家人一起)去旅行。

Adsorption of uranium(VI)from aqueous solutionby diethylenetriamine-functionalized magnetic chitosanJinsheng Xu •Mansheng Chen •Chunhua Zhang •Zhengji YiReceived:16February 2013/Published online:12June 2013ÓAkade´miai Kiado ´,Budapest,Hungary 2013Abstract In this paper,the modified magnetic chitosan resin containing diethylenetriamine functional groups (DETA-MCS)was used for the adsorption of uranium ions from aqueous solutions.The influence of experimental conditions such as contact time,pH value and initial ura-nium(VI)concentration was studied.The Langmuir,Fre-undlich,Sips and Dubinin–Radushkevich equations were used to check the fitting of adsorption data to the equilib-rium isotherm.The best fit for U(VI)was obtained with the Sips model.Adsorption kinetics data were tested using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models.Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model,indicating that the chemical adsorption was the rate-limiting step.The present results suggest that DETA-MCS is an adsorbent for the efficient removal of uranium(VI)from aqueous solution.Keywords Uranium ÁAdsorption ÁDiethylenetriamine-functionalized magnetic chitosan (DETA-MCS)ÁIsothermIntroductionUranium is not only a main raw material for nuclear industry,but also a radioactivity element,which is one of metal ions such as cesium and strontium are highly toxic,causes progressive or irreversible renal injury and in acutecases may lead to kidney failure and death [1–5].For this reason,the recovery,accumulation,and removal of ura-nium are of great importance.Nowadays,recovery of uranium(VI)from dilute aqueous solution commonly includes coagulation,chromatographic extraction,chemi-cal precipitation,ion exchange,membrane dialysis,etc.[3,4],but they have several disadvantages,like clogging,high cost and ineffectiveness when uranium(VI)ions are present in the wastewater at low concentrations,especially in the range of 1–100mg/L [6,7].Therefore,the above methods have limitation in application.In recent years,much attention has been focused on various adsorbents with metal-binding capacities and low cost,such as chitosan,zeolites,clay or certain waste products [8].As well known,chitosan and its derivatives have great potential application in the areas of biotech-nology,biomedicine,food ingredients,and cosmetics.Furthermore,chitosans are the most important materials examined for the removal of toxic metal ions due to their inexpensive and effective in natures [9,10].Magnetic chitosan resins (MCR)have been widely used in various applications such as enzyme purification,cell separation,and waste treatment [11,12].On the other hand,as we know,one of the promising methods is the use of chelating resins that have suitable functional groups capable of interaction with metal ions.And the number of chelate rings can increase the stability of complex formed by poly amine,furthermore,the diethylenetriamine can exhibit different kinds of coordination modes of interaction of the U(VI)ions by five-memberd chelating rings in order to increase the adsorption capacity.Based on the above dis-cussion,in this study,the diethylenetriamine-modified magnetic chitosan resins (DETA-MCS)were synthesized.It was expected that DETA-MCS should be efficient for the removal of U(VI)ions,owing to the strong adsorptionJ.Xu (&)ÁM.Chen ÁC.Zhang ÁZ.YiDepartment of Chemistry and Material Sciences,KeyLaboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials of Hengyang Normal University,College of Hunan Province,Huangbai Road No.165,Hengyang 421008,Hunan,China e-mail:hynuxujs@J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2013)298:1375–1383DOI 10.1007/s10967-013-2571-2capacity for the target ions and quick separation from aqueous by the magnetism.The different factors affecting the uptake behavior such as pH,initial concentration of the U(VI)ions,and contact time were investigated.Moreover, the adsorption isotherms,kinetics and regeneration studies were also identified.Materials and methodsChitosan with40mesh,90%degree of deacetylation(DD) and molecular weight of1.39105,and diethylenetriamine were purchased from Shanghai Medicine Company.0.45l m polypropylene membrane(PPM)filter was pur-chased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.Ltd.(ori-ginal from Kenker Company,US).A stock solution of U(VI)(1,000mg/L)was prepared by dissolving U3O8in a mixture of HCl,H2O2and HNO3.The U3O8was provided by School of Nuclear Resources and Nuclear Fuel Engi-neering,University of South China.All working solutions of different U(VI)concentrations were obtained by diluting the stock solution with distilled and deionized water at room temperature.All other reagents and solvents used in this study were of analytical grade.Uranium adsorption experimentsBatch sorption experiments of U(VI)were conducted in a series of250mL conicalflasks.Generally speaking, 100mL U(VI)solution was mixed with a known amount of DETA-MCS powder.The pH of the U(VI)solution was adjusted as desired using1.0mol/L NaOH and1.0mol/L HCl before mixing with the adsorbent(20mg DETA-MCS powder).A sample of solution was collected at suitable time intervals andfiltered through a0.45l m PPMfilter which does not adsorb uranyl cations.Then thefiltrates were analyzed for U(VI)concentration in the supernatants using a standard method given by Xie et al.[13].The U(VI)removal efficiency and adsorption capacity of U(VI) onto the DETA-MCS were calculated using the following equations:removal efficiencyð%Þ¼C0ÀC fC0Â100ð1Þq e¼ðC0ÀC fÞVWð2Þwhere q e denotes the adsorption capacity of U(VI)onto the DETA-MCS(mg/g);C0and C f the concentrations of the U(VI)in the solution before and after adsorption(mg/L), respectively;V the volume of the aqueous solution(L);and W is the mass of dry adsorbent used(g).Results and discussionPreparation and characterizationThe magnetic chitosan microspheres(MCS)were prepared according to the literature[14].The MCS(10.0g)were suspended in120mL isopropyl alcohol to which10mL epichlorohydrine(125mmol)dissolved in200mL ace-tone/water mixture(1:1v/v)was added.The solid which is modified MCS with epichlorohydrine(MCS-ECH)was filtered and washed by ethanol followed by water for three times.Then the MCS-ECH obtained were suspended in 200mL ethanol/water mixture(1:1v/v),then diethylene-triamine(10mL)was added.The reaction mixture was stirred at60°C for12h,and the solid products DETA-MCS werefiltered and successively washed with acetone, demineralized water,and methanol,and dried in a vacuum oven at60°C.The resins studied were synthesized as shown in Fig.1.Figure2shows the FTIR spectra of DETA-MCS and MCS,The peaks at560–660cm-1were assigned to Fe–O bond vibration of Fe3O4.The absorption band around 3,380cm-1,revealing the stretching vibration of N–H group and–OH group in magnetic chitosan,and at 1,588cm-1confirms the N–H scissoring from the primary amine,due to the free amino groups in the cross-linked chitosan.But in DETA-MCS,the peak becomes broad because of the existence of–NH2.The increasing intensity at1,667and1,082cm-1in the spectrum of DETA-MCS indicates that DETA-MCS has more amine groups than the unmodified magnetic chitosan(MCS).Effect of contact timeSince the contact time between the adsorbate and adsorbent is a key parameter for the adsorption process,the contact time required for the sorption equilibrium experiments was first determined.Under the conditions of50mL solution contain20mg adsorbent amount,pH 3.5,298K and 50mg/L U(VI),the adsorption experiments were carried out for contact times ranging from20to180min.The results are shown in Fig.3.The sorption capacity increased with increasing contact time and a larger amount of ura-nium was removed by DETA-MCS in thefirst60min of contact time.Then the U(VI)sorption process proceeded slowly and reached saturation levels gradually at about 120min.After120min,the change of adsorption capaci-ties for U(VI)did not show notable effects.In our study,a contact time of120min was selected to guarantee an optimum U(VI)uptake.Effect of initial pH valuesIt is known that the medium pH has an influence upon the uranium sorption process because it controls the solubility of metals as well as the dissociation state of some func-tional groups,such as carboxyl,hydroxyl and amino on the adsorbent surface [15–17].In order to search for the opti-mum pH for the adsorption process as well as to find out whether the DETA-MCS was able to show a good U(VI)uptake at extreme pH values,metal uptake was studied at pH ranging from 1.0to 6.0.The dependence of adsorption percentage of U(VI)ions on the pH of solution was given in Fig.4.The adsorption percentage of the U(VI)ions adsorbed on the DETA-MCS indicated a marked influencewith increasing pH of solution from 1.0to 3.5then started to decrease slightly with further increase in the pH of solution after reaching a maximum of 96.1%at pH 3.5.In strong acidic solutions (pH \3.5),more protons will be available to protonate amine groups to form groups –NH 3?,reducing the number of binding sites for the adsorption of UO 22?,therefore,the removal efficiency of uranium is lower in strong acidic solutions (pH \3.5).However,the availability of free U(VI)ions is maximum at pH 3.5and hence maximum adsorption,when pH value increase beyond 3.5,hydrolysis precipitation starts because of the formation of complexes in aqueous solution [18].The hydrolysis of uranyl ions play significant role in deter-mining the equilibrium between U(VI)in solution and on adsorbent.Hydrolysis products occur,includingUO 2(OH)?,(UO 2)2(OH)22?,(UO 2)3(OH)53?,which results in decline of adsorption removal efficiency of U(VI),similar results were also observed [19].The hydrolysis equilibria are as follows:UO 2þ2þ2H 2O UO 2ðOH ÞþþH 3O þpK 1¼5:82UO 2þ2þ4H 2O ðUO 2Þ2ðOH Þ2þ2þ2H 3O þpK 2¼5:623UO 2þ2þ10H 2O ðUO 2Þ3ðOH Þþ5þ5H 3OþpK 3¼15:63where pKs are the logarithms of the equilibrium constants.When the pH becomes low enough,the divalent free UO 22?becomes the dominant ion form in the solution.Along with increasing pH,the percentage of UO 22?in the solution decreases,whereas the percentage oftheFig.1Scheme for the synthesis ofDETA-MCSFig.2FT-IR spectra MCS andDETA-MCSFig.3Effect of contact time on the adsorption of uranium (VI)([UO 22?]=50mg/L,DETA-MCS =20mg,pH =3.5,and T =298K)Fig.4Effect of initial pH on the adsorption of uranium (VI)([UO 22?]=50mg/L,DETA-MCS =20mg,and T =298K)monovalent hydrolyzed species,UO 2(OH)?,(UO 2)3(OH)5?,increases.At higher pH [5.5,dissolved solid schoepite (4UO 3Á9H 2O)exist in the solution.In view of the above result,all subsequent experiments were performed at pH 3.5.Effect of initial uranium(VI)concentrationThe percentage removal and adsorption capacity of U(VI)by contacting a fixed mass of DETA-MCS (20mg)at the temperature (298K)and initial pH (3.5)using a range of initial U(VI)concentrations were shown in Fig.5.It was found that the adsorption removal efficiency of U(VI)decreased with increasing the initial U(VI)concentration in the aqueous solution.On one hand,this is because more mass of uranium is put into the system with increasing the initial U(VI)concentration in the aqueous solution.On the other hand,because of the higher mobility of uranyl ions (UO 2)2?in the diluted solutions,the interaction of this ion with the adsorbent also increases slowly.All in all,the adsorption capacity of DETA-MCS for uranium increased with increase in the initial uranium concentration.Similar results on the influence of the U(VI)biosorption has beenreported by Ku¨tahyal ıet al.[20]in their study using acti-vated carbon prepared from charcoal by chemical activation.Adsorption isothermThe adsorption isotherm is the most important information,which indicates how the adsorbent molecules distribute between the liquid and the solid phase when the adsorption process reaches an equilibrium state [21].The parameters of Langmuir,Freundlich,Sips and Dubinin–Radushkevich(D–R)models obtained are given in Table 1.In the research,the sorption data have been subjected to different sorption isotherms,namely the Langmuir,Freundlich,Sips and D–R isotherm models.Figure 6shows the adsorption isotherm of uranium(VI)on the DETA-modified MCR from the non-linear models.The Langmuir equation assumes that:(i)the solid surface presents a finite number of identical sites which are energetically uniform;(ii)there is no interactions between adsorbed species,meaning that the amount adsorbed has no influence on the rate of adsorption and (iii)a monolayer is formed when the solid surface reaches saturation.The Langmuir isotherm con-siders the adsorbent surface as homogeneous with identical sites in terms of energy.Equation (3)represents the Langmuir isotherm:q e ¼q m K L C e 1þK L C eð3Þwhere C e is the concentration of the adsorbate in solution at equilibrium (mg/g),q e is the adsorption capacity at equilibrium (mg/g),q m is the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (mg/g),and K L is the Langmuir adsorption constant related to the energy of adsorption (L/mg).The empirical Freundlich equation based on adsorption on a heterogeneous surface is given as follows:q e ¼K F C 1=neð4Þwhere q e denotes the equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g);C e the residual U(VI)concentration in the solution at equilibrium (mg/g);K F the Freundlich constant related to the adsorption capacity of sorbent (mg/g);n the Freundlich exponent related to adsorption intensity.To resolve the problem of continuing increase in the adsorbed amount with a rising concentration as observed for Freundlich model (Fig.6),an expression was proposed as Sips isotherm model [22,23],which is a combined form of Langmuir and Freundlich expressions deduced for predict-ing the heterogeneous adsorption systems.It is given as:q e ¼q s K s C 1=me1þK s C 1=með5Þwhere q s (mg/g)is the Sips maximum uptake of U(VI)per unit mass of DETA-MCS,K S (L/mg)is Sips constant related to energy of adsorption,and parameter m could be regarded as the Sips parameter characterizing the system heterogeneity.Figure 6shows the equilibrium adsorption of U(VI)ions onto the DETA-MCS and the fitting plot of the three iso-therm models.For the studied system,the Sips isotherm correlates best (R =0.998)with the experimental data from adsorption equilibrium of U(VI)ions by DETA-MCS in these models.The phenomenon also suggeststheFig.5Effect of initial concentration on the adsorption of ura-nium(VI)(DETA-MCS =20mg,pH =3.5,and T =298K)heterogeneity of the adsorption,which may be attributed to the complicated form of U(VI)ions at the acid pH regions and the heterogeneous distribution of the active sites on DETA-MCS surface.The maximum adsorption capacity of DETA-MCS for U(VI)ions obtained by Sips isotherm model is 69.68mg/g.Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm is more general than the Langmuir isotherm because it does not assume a homogeneous surface or constant sorption potential [24].Therefore,in this paper,the D–R isotherm is also used to analyze the experimental isotherm data.The linearized form of the D–R isotherm may be written as:ln C ads ¼ln q m ÀKE 2ð6Þwhere C ads is the amount of metal ions adsorbed on per unit weight of adsorbent,q m is the maximum sorption capacity and K is the activity coefficient related to the mean adsorption energy and E is the Polanyi potential which is equal to:E ¼RT ln ð1þ1=C e Þð7ÞThe values of q m and K deduced by plotting ln C ads versus E 2(Fig.7),and the mean energy of adsorption (E )was calculated from the equation,according to the D–R isotherm,as:E ¼1=ðÀ2K Þ1=2ð8ÞThe plot of ln C ads versus E 2as shown in Fig.7is a straight line.From the slope and intercept of this plot the values of K =-5.9983910-9mol 2/kJ 2and q m =70.52mg U(VI)/g have been estimated.As we know,the adsorption value of the mean sorption energy is in the range of 1–8kJ/mol and in that of 9–16kJ/mol predicted the physical adsorption and the chemical adsorption,respectively [25].The value of E is calculated to be E =9.13kJ/mol and evaluated in the range of 9–16kJ/mol for composite adsorbent.The value of E is expected for chemical adsorption.It is assumed to be heterogeneous in the structure of composite.The results of linearized equations are shown in Table 1,the Langmuir model effectively described the sorption data with all R values [0.99.The adsorption isotherms of U(VI)ions exhibit Langmuir behavior which indicates a mono-layer paring the four isotherm models described above,Sips isotherm is most suitable to char-acterize the uranium-sorption behavior of DETA-MCS according to the values of R .Adsorption kineticsIn order to investigate the kinetic mechanism,which con-trols the adsorption process,the pseudo-first-order andTable 1Isotherm constants and values of R for DETA-MCS ParameterValue R Langmuir isotherm q m (mg/g)65.160.991K L (L/mg)1.24Freundlich isotherm K F (mg/g)36.350.898n3.36Sips isotherm q s (mg/g)69.680.998Ks (L/mg) 1.27m2.74Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R)isotherm K (mol 2/kJ 2)-5.998391090.955q m (mg/g)70.52Eads (kJ/mol)9.13Fig.6Plots of q e versus C e for the adsorption of uranium(VI)on DETA-MCS (DETA-MCS =20mg,pH =3.5,and T =298K)Fig.7Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm of sorption U(VI)onto DETA-MCS adsorbentpseudo-second-order models were used to test the experi-ment data [26,27].The pseudo-first-order kinetic model is given as:ln ðq e Àq t Þ¼ln q e Àk 1tð9Þwhere q e is the amounts of adsorbed metal per unit mass (mg/g)at equilibrium and k 1is the rate constant of pseudo first-order sorption (min -1).The value of the rate constant k 1and q e for the pseudo-first-order sorption reaction can be obtained by plotting ln (q e -q t )versus t as well as further linear regression analysis (Fig.8).A series of parameters,including kinetic constants,correlation coefficients and q e values,were obtained via linear regression analysis and shown in Table 2.The calculated q e value of first-order kinetic model (54.35mg/L)cannot give reasonable values,which was lower greater than experimental value Q exp (62.75mg/L).Hence,this equation cannot provide an accurate fit of the experimental data.The pseudo-second order kinetic model defines that the rate controlling mechanism formed by chemical reaction for the sorption of metal ions on adsorbents [28–31].In order to describe U(VI)sorption on the DETA-MCS resin for the initial U(VI)concentrations at constant temperature (298K),the kinetic data obtained from batch adsorption experiments have been analyzed using the pseudo-second order kinetic equation given below.t q t ¼t q e þ1k 2q eð10Þwhere k 2is the rate constant of pseudo-second-order adsorption (g/mg min).The pseudo-second-order plot (Fig.9)is also linear with correlation coefficient of 0.994(Table 2),however the calculated value of adsorption capacity,q e ,cal (61.33mg/g)is close to the value of experimental adsorption capacity,q e,exp (62.75mg/g).Therefore,the pseudo-second-order rate kinetic model best described the experimental data.In other words,U(VI)sorption by DETA-MCS followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic reaction.The goodness of the fit to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicates that U(VI)adsorption on the DETA-MCS resin occurred by chemical adsorption [32].Comparison of U(VI)sorption capacity with other adsorbentsTo evaluate the potential application prospect of DETA-MCS,the prepared magnetic adsorbent can be well dis-persed in the water and can be easily separated magneti-cally from the medium after adsorption.These unique features present this adsorbent as a novel,promising and feasible alternative for uranium removal as compared with other adsorbents [33–45](Table 3).This paper emphasizes the material of DETA-MCS as a novel adsorbent in envi-ronmental remediation.Although a direct comparison of DETA-MCS with other adsorbents is very difficultowingFig.8Pseudo-first-order kinetics of uranium(VI)adsorption on DETA-MCS ([UO 22?]=50mg/L,DETA-MCS =20mg,pH =3.5,and T =298K)Table 2Kinetic parameters of uranium(VI)adsorbed onto DETA-MCSPseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-orderExperimental Q e valuek 1(min -1)Q e 1(mg/g)R k 2(g/(mg min))Q e 2(mg/g)R Q exp (mg/g)0.0326554.350.9490.004461.330.99462.75Fig.9Pseudo-second-order kinetics of uranium(VI)adsorption on DETA-MCS ([UO 22?]=50mg/L,DETA-MCS =20mg,pH =3.5,and T =298K)to different experimental conditions adopted,it is con-cluded that U(VI)sorption capacity of DETA-MCS is higher than that of chitosan grafted MWCNTs,magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2and Fe3O4/GO,but lower than that of ion-imprinted MCR.The lower uptake values observed may be attributed to the increased extent of protonation of amino groups in the acidic solution.All in all,it is noteworthy that DETA-MCS-bound U(VI)can be favorably and quickly separated from a solution by using the external magnetic field and it is a prospective adsorbent for application in the field of U(VI)removal.Resins regenerationTo make the process more effective and economically feasible,sorbent regeneration and U(VI)recovery must be evaluated.Regeneration of the DETA-MCS resins was carried out using0.5M HNO3.Adsorption/desorption cycles were carried out repeatedly.The regeneration effi-ciency was calculated using equation[46,47].Regeneration efficiencyð%)¼Uptake of UðVIÞin the second cycleUptake of UðVIÞin the first cycleÂ100ð11ÞRegeneration efficiency of94.4%was achieved for DETA-MCS over three cycles with a standard deviation of ±1.1%.On the other hand,the DETA-MCS after being used for three cycles could still be aggregated very fast from the solution by a3,000G magnet.This higher regeneration efficiency along with easy separation from adsorption medium using external magneticfield indicate promising application in thefield of U(VI)removal.ConclusionsThe U(VI)adsorption capacity by DETA-MCS was strongly dependent on contact time,pH,and initial ura-nium(VI)concentration.The adsorption capacity of U(VI) onto DETA-MCS increases with an increase of contact time and reaches adsorption equilibrium within120min, the adsorption removal efficiency increased with increasing pH to a maximum value(pH3.5)and then declines slowly with further increase in pH.Four adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium.It is found that the equilibrium isotherm data werefitted well by Sips isotherm and pseudo-second-order equation.In summary,DETA-MCS could be used as an effective adsorbent for U(VI)removal from aqueous solution.The resins loaded by U(VI)are easily regenerated for repeated use using HNO3.Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Key Project of Science and Technology Plan of Hunan Province(No.2012FJ2002), the Innovation Platform Open fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(No.11K009),the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.13JJ6069)and the Hunan Provincial Key Discipline Construction.References1.Mellah A,Chegrouche S,Barkat M(2006)The removal of ura-nium(VI)from aqueous solutions onto activated 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生物学英语复试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living organisms?A. ReproductionB. GrowthC. Response to stimuliD. Inanimate objects2. What is the basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. Organ system3. What is the process by which organisms convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. FermentationD. Cellular respiration4. Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship?A. MutualismB. CommensalismC. ParasitismD. Competition5. What is the term for the study of the structure of organisms?A. AnatomyB. PhysiologyC. EcologyD. Taxonomy6. What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?A. Protein synthesisB. DNA replicationC. Energy productionD. Cell wall synthesis7. What is the term for the process by which new speciesevolve from existing ones?A. AdaptationB. Natural selectionC. SpeciationD. Genetic drift8. Which of the following is not a type of genetic mutation?A. DeletionB. InsertionC. DuplicationD. Mitosis9. What is the term for the study of the diversity of life on Earth?A. BiodiversityB. BiotechnologyC. BioinformaticsD. Biogeography10. What is the process by which organisms obtain nutrients from their environment?A. IngestionB. AssimilationC. DigestionD. Absorption二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The scientific method involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and then drawing ________.2. The genetic material in cells is composed of molecules called ________.3. The process by which organisms produce offspring that are similar to themselves is known as ________.4. In an ecosystem, the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next is called ________.5. The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment is known as ________.6. The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element is called a(n) ________.7. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is called ________.8. The study of the classification of organisms based ontheir evolutionary relationships is known as ________.9. The process by which organisms break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones is called ________.10. The study of the nervous system, including the brain,spinal cord, and nerves, is known as ________.三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.2. Describe the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.3. Discuss the importance of biodiversity for ecosystems.4. Explain how natural selection contributes to the evolution of species.四、论述题（20分）Discuss the impact of genetic engineering on modern agriculture and its potential ethical concerns.答案：一、选择题1. D2. A3. B4. D5. A6. C7. C8. D9. A10. A二、填空题1. Conclusions2. DNA3. Reproduction4. Energy flow5. Ecology6. Atom7. Absorption8. Phylogenetics9. Catabolism10. Neuroscience三、简答题1. Asexual reproduction involves a single organism producing offspring that are genetically identical to itself, while sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two organisms to produce offspring with a mix of traits from both parents.2. DNA carries the genetic information that determines the traits of an organism. It is passed down from parents to offspring during reproduction, allowing for the inheritance of specific characteristics.3. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystems as it contributes to their stability, resilience, and ability to adapt to changes. It also supports a wide range of ecosystem services that are essential for human well-being.4. Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring. Over time, this leads to the evolution of species as traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common.四、论述题Genetic engineering has revolutionized modern agriculture byenabling the development of crops with desirable traits such as disease resistance, pest resistance, and higher yields. However, it also raises ethical concerns regarding the potential impact on biodiversity, the possibility of creating "superweeds" or "superbugs," and the long-term health effects of genetically modified organisms on humans and the environment. It。

过度开采资源英文作文Overexploitation of resources is a serious problem facing the world today. The relentless pursuit of profits has led to the excessive extraction of natural resources, causing irreparable damage to the environment.The depletion of forests and the loss of biodiversity have resulted in devastating consequences for the planet. The relentless pursuit of profits has led to the excessive extraction of natural resources, causing irreparable damage to the environment.In addition, overexploitation of resources has also resulted in the disruption of ecosystems and the extinction of many plant and animal species. The relentless pursuit of profits has led to the excessive extraction of natural resources, causing irreparable damage to the environment.Furthermore, overexploitation of resources has led to the degradation of land and water resources, making itdifficult for future generations to meet their needs. The relentless pursuit of profits has led to the excessive extraction of natural resources, causing irreparable damage to the environment.In conclusion, the overexploitation of resources is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention and action. It is essential for governments, businesses, andindividuals to work together to find sustainable solutionsto this problem. The relentless pursuit of profits has ledto the excessive extraction of natural resources, causing irreparable damage to the environment.。

小学下册英语第六单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 The __________ is a famous river in India. (恒河)2 The chemical symbol for nitrogen is _______.3 What do we call the movement of the Earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. CirculationD. Orbit4 The _____ (兔子) is known for its long ears and speed.5 A ______ is a small creature that can be found in gardens.6 The ancient Greeks contributed to the fields of _____ and math.7 I enjoy taking ______ (课外活动) to explore my interests beyond school subjects.8 Which vegetable is orange and long?A. PotatoB. CarrotC. BroccoliD. Tomato答案:B9 The ability of a substance to react with oxygen is called ______.10 Carbon dioxide is produced during ______ respiration.11 We have a ______ (丰富的) curriculum that includes arts.12 What is the term for a person who studies animals?A. ZoologistB. BotanistC. BiologistD. Geologist答案: A13 She is a good ________.14 __________ (化学反应速率) can change based on conditions like temperature.15 How many wheels does a car have?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five16 Which animal can fly?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. Elephant答案：C17 A ______ is a geological feature that can provide insights into history.18 What is the main ingredient in bread?A. WaterB. FlourD. Salt19 When you push an object, you apply ______.20 What do you call a place where animals are kept for public display?A. ParkB. ZooC. FarmD. Aquarium答案: B21 What is the capital of South Africa?A. JohannesburgB. Cape TownC. PretoriaD. Durban答案: C22 I saw a _______ (小恐龙) at the museum.23 The continent where Egypt is located is ________ (非洲).24 I like to __________ (动词) my __________ (玩具名) at night.25 _____ (aloe) is great for soothing skin.26 My grandma loves to _______ (动词) with her friends. 她觉得这个活动很 _______ (形容词).27 My uncle loves to __________. (钓鱼)28 What do we call the seasonal change when trees lose their leaves?A. SpringB. SummerD. Winter答案: C29 What do we call the study of weather?a. Biologyb. Meteorologyc. Geographyd. Astronomy答案:B30 I can ______ (修理) my bike.31 The boiling point of water is __________ degrees Celsius.32 _______ can be used for cooking and seasoning.33 An emulsion is a mixture of two ________ that do not usually mix.34 The turtle is a symbol of _______ (长寿).35 What do we call a journey by train?A. TripB. RideC. Train rideD. Travel36 A solution with a pH of is very ______.37 The __________ is a famous city known for its historical sites. (耶路撒冷)38 I like ________ (exploring) new ideas.39 The bird is _____ (chirping/singing).40 Every evening, I read a story to my toy ____. (玩具名称)41 We have a _____ (晚会) planned for the end of the year.42 s can live for __________ (几百年). Some tre43 What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. SeoulC. TokyoD. Bangkok答案：C44 The garden is alive with _______ and buzzing bees.45 What do we call a story that is told through dialogue and action?A. NovelB. PlayC. PoemD. Short Story46 What do we use to measure distance?A. ScissorsB. RulerC. ClockD. Brush47 What is the main ingredient in bread?A. WaterB. FlourC. YeastD. All of the above48 In my family, we believe it’s important to call each other ______. (在我的家庭中，我们相信称呼彼此为____是重要的。