中南大学病理生理学2007年考博真题试卷

新疆医科大学2007博士研究生病理专业毕业考试专业理论试卷(B卷)一、选择题（每题1分，共22分）1．非被覆鳞状上皮的器官发生鳞癌是因为：A 化生所致B 与外界相通的特征 C变性所致D 上皮缺损，肉芽组织修复所致E 与个体体质有关2．判断离体心脏萎缩的最主要根据是：A 心脏变形，表面血管弯曲 B心脏外形不变，表面血管弯曲C 体积明显缩小D 颜色呈棕色 E无法判断是否萎缩3．关于血管壁玻璃样变性，错误的描述是：A常见于高血压病 B常累及肾、脑、脾、视网膜动脉C导致血管壁变硬、管腔狭窄 D引起组织缺血E玻璃样物质有免疫球蛋白和基底膜样物构成4．肠扭转引起的坏死，称为：A凝固性坏死 B 液化性坏死 C气性坏疽D干性坏疽 E湿性坏疽5．不符合静脉性充血的是：A局部发绀 B小动脉扩张 C局部温度降低D局部组织肿胀 E间质水肿6．来自下肢静脉的血栓，最可能栓塞的部位是：A肺动脉 B肺静脉 C支气管静脉D支气管动脉 E下腔静脉7．出血性梗死可发生于：A脑 B肺 C心D肾 E 肝8．金黄色葡萄球菌感染最常引起：A蜂窝织炎 B脓肿 C纤维素性炎D假膜性炎 E 出血性炎9．白细胞游出前必须有的过程是：A 白细胞附壁，粘着B 血流加快 C血流变慢甚至停滞D白细胞靠边 E血管壁通透性升高10．5-羟色胺主要存在于：A肥大细胞 B血管内皮细胞 C局噬细胞D淋巴细胞 E嗜酸性粒细胞11．白喉杆菌感染引起：A纤维素性炎 B 浆液性炎 C 蜂窝织炎D 脓肿E 肉芽肿性炎12．目前我国死亡率最高的肿瘤是：A肝癌 B胃癌 C 子宫颈癌D 乳腺癌E 肺癌13．肿瘤性增生与炎性增生的根本区别是：A有炎细胞浸润 B有核分裂像 C生长快D有肿块形成 E细胞不同程度失去了分化成熟的能力14．癌转移至淋巴结时，首先出现在：A边缘窦 B髓窦 C淋巴滤泡内D副皮质区 E以上都不是15．急性风湿病最常见的死亡原因是：A 风湿性心包炎 B风湿性心肌炎 C风湿性心内膜炎D风湿性脑动脉炎 E 动脉系统栓赛16．不符合大叶性肺炎的描述是：A 多由肺炎链球菌感染引起 B累及整个或多个大叶 C属于纤维素性炎D 破坏小支气管壁和肺泡壁结构 E咳铁锈色痰17．小叶性肺炎的典型病变特点是：A支气管急性卡他性炎症 B 肺泡的纤维素性炎症 C 肺泡的出血性炎症D 肺间质非化脓性炎症E 以细支气管为中心的小叶性化脓性炎症18．硅肺的基本病理变化是：A硅结节 B肺气肿 C硅肺结核病D肺间质弥漫性纤维化 E 胸膜斑A成纤维细胞大量增生B富有新生毛细血管和成纤维细胞C出现炎症反应D成纤维细胞变为纤维细胞，产生大量胶原纤维E毛细血管改建为小动脉和小静脉19．肉芽组织的特点20．瘢痕组织的特点A活体心血管内血液某些成分形成固体质块B组织内过多的体液潴留C 大量气体迅速进入血液D 局部组织血流阻断E 下肢静脉血栓脱落21. 血栓形成22. 肺动脉栓塞1.绒毛心2.肺肉质变3.炎性介质4.槟榔肝5.大红肾6.慢性肺源性心脏病7.凋亡8.假小叶9.R-S细胞10.冠心病四、简答题（每题6分，共18分）1.简述风湿病的基本病变2.简述肿瘤演进和异质化3.简述凋亡和坏死的区别1.试述恶性肿瘤的侵袭和转移机制（16分）2.详述门脉性肝硬化的病理变化及临床病理联系（14分）。

12.obstructive shock
13.polyuria
14.fever activator
15.standard bicarbonate
pensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome
17.oxygen free radical
18.myocardial failure
1.一个慢性肾炎6年的患者，出现纳差、乏力、夜尿增多，及一些检查
问：为何种肾衰竭，为什么，出现上述临床表现的机制
2.2月前心绞痛、2周前心梗、出现心慌、气短、咳嗽、咳粉红色泡沫痰、不能平卧、颈静脉怒张，既往有糖尿病15年
问：该患者诊断疾病，有心力衰竭吗，为何种类型？如何形成的。
中南大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
三、问答题
1.体温调定点的机制。
2.心衰导致缺氧的类型，为什么？血氧特点，为什么？
中南大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）
1.pathophysiology
2.etiology
3.aquaporin
4.apoptotic body
5.hypoxia
6.potassium deficit
7.hepatic encephalopathy
8.thrombosis
9.obstructive hypoventilation
10.small dense LDL
11.intestinal pseudo-obstruction
5.内生致热源进入中枢的途径。

中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释：(15*3分=45分) 1. condition
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2. anion gap, 3. dead space like ventilation 4. acute tubular necrosis 5. vasogenic shock 6. enterogenous cyanosis 7. molecular chaperone,unstable plaque 8. intestinal psendo-obsruction 9. bacterial translocation 10. dehydration fever 11. antithrombin III， 12. endogenous pyrogen,respiratory burst 13. caspase-activated endonuclease 14. 15. 二、简答题（5*6分=30分） 1. 急性期蛋白的生物学作用。 2. 低渗性脱水为什么容易发生休克。 3. 肥大心肌容易发生失代偿的原因。 4. DIC的诱因及其发病机制。 5. 内生致热源进入中枢的途径。 三、论述题（25分） 1. 氨中毒学说。（10分） 2. 烧伤病人早期和28天感染后的病理生理过程；以及导致该病理过程的主要发
病机制。（15分）
第1页 共1页ຫໍສະໝຸດ 第1页 共1页

1 Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At theend or each conversation. You will hear a question about what is said. The questionwill be read only once. After you hear the question read the four possible answersmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all clay.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 11. A. To do some experiments.B. To attend a class.C. To review his lessons.D. To take a test.2. A. In a hotel.B. In the hospital.C. In the prison.D. At the airport.3. A. He got an ulcer in his stomach.B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D. He got his tumor removed.4. A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B. She left because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5. A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very last.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6. A. Get more time to relax.B. Take some tranquilizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7. A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B. He had a hard time getting the institute started.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul.8. A. Excited.B. Frustrated.C. Annoyed.D. Relieved.9. A. Each class lasts an hour.B. The class is meeting in an hour and a half.C. The class meets four hours and a half per week.D. The class meets for half an hour three times a week.10. A. The woman was a good skier.B. The woman couldn’t ski .C. The woman didn’t intend to go skiing.D. The woman didn’t like Swiss.11. A. She’s an insurance agent.B. She’s an insurance client.C. She’s a bank clerk.D. she’s a driver.12. A. He tripped over some crutches.B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13. A. The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just starred.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can’t wait for the new semester.14. A. She was knocked down by a feather.B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprisedD. She was proud of Larry.15. A. To visit his sonB. To perform an operation.2C. To have an operation.D. To send his son for an operation.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the latter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A. A pharmacist.B. A visitor.C. A physician.D. A dieter.17. A. Cough.B. Diarrhea.C. Headache.D. Stomach upset.18. A. Pain-killers.B. Cough syrup.C. AntidiarrheasD. Indigestion tablets.19. A. The cold weatherB. Tiredness caused by traveling.C. The strange food he had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20. A. Take the medicine from the woman.B. Go to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days.Passage Two21. A. Headaches.B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22. A On Monday in Edinburgh.B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23. A. 94.B. 41.C. 130.D. 135.324. A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made-entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anything ****.25. A. The diarists who write of their free willB. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire University.C. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches.Passage Three26. A. A brief history of British pubsB. Beer—the British national drink.C. Various attempts made to curb drinking in Britain.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27. A. As early as 659 ADB. After 659 AD.C. Before the Roman invasion.D. After the Roman invasion.28. A. To restrict drinking hoursB. To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. To encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D. To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29. A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There appeared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30. A. The licensing hours have been extendedB. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.Part II V ocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to chouse the word or phrase that beast completes the sentence. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to the pain.A. alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. His broken arm heated well, but she died of the pneumonia which followed as a .A. complementB. compliment45C. complexionD. complication33. Unfortunately our vacation plans on account of transport strikes.A. fell backB. fell throughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over the world every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the in which the organism lives most effectively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbit36. The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should him nicely after his operation.A. set…outB. set…upC. set …offD. set…aside37. His behavior was so that even the merciful people could not forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliant38. to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleC. elasticD. exceptional40. He saved some money for artistic such as tine paintings.A. donationsB. profitsC. luxuriesD. luresSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe for cattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. To their surprise, she has been nominated as candidate for the Presidency.A. recognizedB. definedC. appointedD. promoted43. We cannot loot down upon our opponent, who is an experienced swimmer.A. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. partner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patients without any complaint.6A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is 2 years’ imprisonment.A. convictionB. spanC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the national and focal governments tried to wipe out rats to prevent the spread of disease.A. exterminateB. dominateC. determinateD. contaminate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe with them.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigilantD. rigid48. The biggest engineering project that they undertook was encumbered by lack of funds.A. cancelledB. condensedC. hamperedD. haunted 49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be enthusiastic and magnetic.A. arrogantB. industriousC. zealousD. attractive 50. He is successful as a doctor because of his dynamic personality he seems to have unlimited energy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitraryPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered banks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Many Canadians enjoy the luxury of a large amount or living space. Canada is vast, and the homes are large according to the standards of nanny countries. Even 51 inner cities do not reach the extremes found in other parts or world.Canadians appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since families are generally small many Canadian children enjoy the luxury of their own bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern 52 .Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions. “Family rooms” are popular features in modern houses: these are 53 “living rooms” since many living rooms have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and in formal dining areas 54 .Recreational homes are also popular 55 Canadians. Some Canadians own summer homes, cottages or camps. These may 56 from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “get away from it all.” They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common especially in large cities such as Toronto where the number of people leaving town on Fridaynight and returning Sunday night 57 the highways for hours.Sometimes living in Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life: people often do not live in one place long enough to58 to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses .Even in private residential areas where there is some 59 neighborhood life is not as chose-knit as it oncehecticwas. There seems to be 60 of a communal spirit. Life today is so that there is often little time.51. A. spacious B. crowded C. remote D. deserted52. A. convenience B. comfort C. architecture D. taste53. A. in common B. in particular C. in chief D. in fact54. A. either B. as well C. in turn D. instead55. A. to B. in C. with D. for56. A. transform B. convert C. range D. shift57. A. blocks B. halts C. cuts off D. keeps off58. A. become B. come C. get D. grow59. A. stability B. mobility C. reality D. tranquility60. A. bit B. much C. more D. lessPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths is falling from favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart’s music promotes mathematical thinking.Researchers reported six years ago that listening to Mozart brings about short-term improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cur in a certain pattern.Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved. Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons.But Kenneth Steele of Appaichian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect .He decided to repeat one of Shaw’s experiments to see for himself.Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again.No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn’t exist “It’s about as unproven and as unsupported as you can get” he says.7Shaw however defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart but Steele didn’t separate his students into groups based on ability. “We’re still at the stage where it needs to be examined.” Shaw says. “I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more we’ll be able to design tests that give a robust effect.”61. It has been recently found out thatA. Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematical thinkingB. classical music cannot be expected to improve one’s mathC. the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD. music favors one’s mathematical thinking62. Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?A. Paper cutting and spatial thinking.B. The nature of a task and the type of thinking.C. Classical music and mathematical performance.D. Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning.63. In Shaw’s test, the students would most probablyA. draw the image of the cut paperB. improve their mathematical thinkingC. have the idea about classical music confirmedD. increase the number of neurons in their brains64. From Steele’s experiment we can say thatA. his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB. it was much more complicated than Shaw’sC. the results were statistically significantD. Shaw’s results were not repeatable65. Shaw is critical ofA. Steele’s results presented at a wrong stage.B. Steele’s wrong selection of the testeesC. Steele’s ignorance of neurobiologyD. Steel’s test designLong-suffering couples take heart. There is a good reason for those endless arguments in the front of the car; men and women use different parts of the brain when they try to find their way around, suggesting that the strategies they use might also be completely different.Matthias Riepe and his colleagues at the University of Ulm in Germany asked 24 healthy volunteers—half of them men, half women—to find their way out of three virtual-reality mazes displayed on video goggles. Meanwhile, the researchers monitored the volunteers” brain activity using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRT) scanner. This showed that men and women called on strikingly different braid areas to complete the task. “I didn’t expect it be so dramatic.” says Riepe.Previous studies have been shown that women rely manly on landmarks to find their way. Men use these cues too, but they also use geometric cues, such as the angle and shape of a wall or a corner. 8Such studies also suggest that men navigate their way out of unfamiliar spaces more quickly, as Riepe found in his study, too.Riepe discovered that both men and women used parts of the parietal cortex towards the top of the brain, the right side of the hippocampus and a few other well-established areas to find their way out. Neuroscientists think that the parietal regions help translate what the eyes see into information about where the body is in space, while the hippocampal region helps process how objects are arranged.But other regions seemed to be exclusively male or female. The men engaged the left side of their hippocampus, which the researchers say could help with assessing geometry or remembering whether they have already visited a location. The women, by contrast, recruited their right frontal cortex. Riepe says this may indicate that they were using their “working memory”, trying to keep in mind the landmarks they had passed.“It fits very well with the animal studies,” says Riepe. He points out that there seem to be similar differences in rats. For example, damage to the frontal lobe will impair a female’s sense of direction but not a male’s.66. The studies on the driving issue lave evolved _____.A. from the car to the driverB. from the reality to the virtual-realityC. from the physical cues to the parts of the brainD. from the cues of navigation to the strategies of driving67. The different parts of the brain men and women use to find their way around according to thepassage refer to _____A. the left side of the hippocampus and the right frontal cortexB. the right and left side of their hippocampus respectivelyC. the right and left hemisphere of their brains respectivelyD. the parietal cortex and the hippocampus as a whole68. The part of the brain women use may help explain why they _____A. use geometric cues to navigateB. have a better memory than menC. rely mainly on landmarks to find their waysD. behave less aggressively than men in driving69. The reason for the differences in the sexes, according to Riepe, could be _____A. the environmental factorB. the psychological factorD. all of the above70. Which one of the following questions did the studies answer?A. How do women and men drive differently?B. How can we detect the brain activities during driving?C. Why do men and women argue over which route to take?D. Why does the damage to the frontal lobe impair the sense of direction?Passage Three9Work has left you frazzled. Your legs ache when you get back from the gym…don’t pop those aspirins has yet. Think hot springs. Cranking up a hot tub and hopping in is a aatural remedy thatcan provide significant relief from physical pain and stress.There are more than three million home spas in the U.S. today. There are numerous reasons spas have made the move from the decks of Hollywood producers to the back yards of middle America.Spas help reduce the effect of stress on your body, assist in muscle recovery after the stress ofThere are three elements to hydrotherapy that, in tandem, provide these healing effeces on the body: heat, buoyancy, and motion. When you exercise, your muscles develop thousands of microscopic tears which result in painful lactic acid build-up in the muscle tissue. Hydrotherapy’s motion and warmthcause blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure and speeding the flow of oxygen, endorphins, and cell-repairing nutrients to injured muscles. Additionally, buoyancy of the water reduces the strain on your knees and joins which allow the surrounding muscles to relax. This can be of crucial help to arthritis sufferers, because when joints are inflamed, the surrounding muscles become tense to protect them. Relaxing in a apa then makes your muscles more limber and reduces the pain. Water’s healing potential has long been known.We don’t tend to associate intelligence with our bodies. Yet as Thomas Edison said,” Creat ideas originate in the muscles.” Radical psychoanalyst Wilhetin Reich believed that many of us inhabit or deny impulses, feelings, traumas, and stresses by tightening our muscles and creating a kind of “body armor.”He felt that as you cut off the source of pain, you also cut off the source of pleasure. By loosening body armor, by letting muscles relax, you can return to a feeling of flow and creativity.Few things can relax the body more than a home spa. And a relaxed body leads to a relaxed mind. There is no better place to start relaxing than an hour in your home hot springs.71. To begin with ,what does the author insist we avoid doing?A. Undergoing physical pain and stress.B. Taking aspirin tablets.C. Going to the gym.D. Relaxing in a spa.72. What does the second sentence in the second paragraph implies?A. The origin of spas.B. The popularity of hot springs.C. The flux of people to mid America.D. The spas as a luxury only for the rich.73. After the stress of exercise, the injured muscles .A. will lead to arthritis.B. contain plenty of microscopic earsC. can cause blood pressure to declineD. will boost the production of cell-repairing nutrients74. The author contends that our creativity .A. cart be enforced by the “body armor”B. does out occur in mind but in the musclesC. can be hampered with our muscles tightenedD. is good only when we are free of mental and physical stress10（屈尊于人）75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Spas, the Best Relaxation.B. A Brief History of Spas.C. Spa Resorts in the USA.D. Soak Away Stress.Passage FourConvincing the public to follow health advice can be tough and time-consuming. This may be why changes to health messages are often fiercely resisted by those whose job is to get the advice across. So, for example, the suggestion that smokers who cannot quit should reduce their exposure to harm by switching to chewing tobacco met with extreme opposition.A still more ferocious debate is emerging over the hearth impact of sunshine. For the past 20 years, advice on sunlight has come from dermatologists who rightly warn people to cover up when they venture outside for fear of developing skin cancer. But evidence from researchers in other fields now suggests that short periods in the sun without protection –sometimes as little as a few minutes a day –can prevent most other major forms of cancer.This surprising conclusion stems from findings that vitamin D, which is made by skin cells exposed to the sun’s rays, is a potent anti-cancer agent. The researchers who made this discovery are eager to be heard. But their message is about as welcome as a bad rash, particularly in countries such as Australian and the US where fair-skinned immigrants living at Mediterranean latitudes have made skin cancer a huge problem.The American Academy of Dermatology argues that advocating one carcinogen —UV radiation — protect against other forms of cancer is dangerous and misleading. If people need more vitamin D, they should take a multivitamin or drink milk fortified with it, says the academy. Unfortunately, the solution is not as simple as Critics also argue that the protective effect of sunlight is not yet proved. While this may be true, the evidence is very suggestive. The case is built on several studies that bring together cellular biology, biochemistry and epidemiology.And all the criticism of this theory counts for nothing if, as some of its advocates, suggest, the number of people dying for lack of sunlight is four times as high as those dying from skin cancer. At the same time, those advocates must not overstate their case. Everyone wants to save as many lives asWhat we need now is for national medical research bodies and cancer research organizations to investigate the relative risks and benefits of sunshine. This will almost certainly mean more epidemiological work, which should start as soon as possible. As for the public give them the facts, including risk estimates for short periods in the sun – and for covering up. It is to assume that people cannot deal with complex messages.What we definitely do not want is a war of words between groups with polarized views, and no prospect of the issue being resolved That way will only lead to confusion, distrust of doctors and more unnecessary deaths.76. According to the first two paragraphs the problem seems to be that the public .A. cannot be reached by health messagesthat ultraviolet patronizingB. is torn between two health messagesC. never trust those health researchersD. are divided over heath problems77. The recent opposition goes to .A. the protective value of sunshineB. the cancer-causing effect of sunshineC. the debate over the health impact of sunshineD. the two controversial messages about skin cancer78. According to the article, the health impact of sunshine .A. will be epidemiologically provedB. is misleading the public altogetherC. merits a comprehensive investigationD. can be easily addressed with a simple solution79. The author implies that health messages should be made easyA. to debateB. to swallowC. to estimateD. to publicize80. As for the issue, the author suggests that the publicA. decide on their own how much sunshine is too muchB. avoid unnecessary deaths due to complex messagesC. be provided with reliable and practicable messagesD. facilitate the understanding of health messagesPassage FiveI make my way down the three chilly blocks to an old diner on Commercial Street .I an meeting a new friend for lunch. I’ve never been here before: this is not my part of town. And so I arrive early, to sit in an old wooden booth and learn what I can about the place.They call it Katie’s Kitchen. One hundred years ago, it was a bar. The barstools remain, but through community donations, it’s now a respectable restaurant. The hostess, casher, and waiters are residents of a nearby hotel for the transient and umemployed and work here to gain dignity and job skills. Boththe hotel and restaurant are run by Sister L. a nun with a heart and a great deal of business sense.My new friend arrives. He works down the street, in a clinic indigent(贫穷的)persons; he knowsthese people. The workers and many of the clients seem to know him too, for I see warmth and proud smiles on their faces as he greets them. Behind him, a few nameless souls wander in from the street in a swirl of December wind.I focus on our waitress. A pretty girl of perhaps 18 years, she is all smiles and grace. I wander for a moment why she’s here—what her story is; what her dreams are; whether she is raising children on her own. But I cannot hold the thought, for she reminds me of another waitress at my favorite coffee shop---a college student with a bright future.Some time later, I finish my soup and sandwich—a good meal made better because of the smile ofthe girl who served it. I wipe my mouth and go to pay. Eight dollars and sixty-four cents, for two. To our embarrassment, my friend and I discover that neither of us has cash, and my credit card is not good here. We sheepishly approach Sister L, who smiles and takes my bill. “It’s okay,” she says. “We’ll buy your lunch. It’ll be our pleasure.Slowly, I leave the world of the diner. Back at the hospital where I work, my boss laments out financial woes, “We’re really tight,” he says. “The executive committee tells me we may not even have enough money to build the new critical care wing this year.” He frowns, hesitates, then adds, “It’s flu season, though, and perhaps by seeing patients in person rather than treating so many over the phone, we’ll recoup some of our losses.”It’s budget time, and I know that this means our gratis(免费的) fitness center memberships may be cancelled. We’re in a tough bind.Three streets away, a tattered man in a throwaway overcoat sits shivering in the diner. Sister L slowly fills his cup full of hot coffee. Holding the cup with trembling hands, be stares deeply into its dark center. There is healing in its rising steam.81. The doctor in the story enters a restaurant whichA. has a one-hundred-year old barB. has won a reputation for its managementC. performs charities among the immigrantsD. serves such respectable people as doctors82. He happens to know that his new friendA. has a great deal of business senseB. is popular wherever he goesC. works as a clinical doctorD. is a respectable person83. What is it that he enjoys most at lunch?A. His associative memory.B. The delicious soup and sandwich.C. The service by a beautiful waitress.D. His sitting in an old wooden booth.84. From the lunch bill to the hot coffee. We can seeA. sister L’s warm heart.B. financial woes everywhereC. the way the author looks a the worldD. indigent people’s financial embarrassment85. The doctor implies that they. As Sister L does, willA. continue their healing despite their financial troublesB. expand their business despite tight budgetC. avoid financial embarrassmentD. treat more patients over the phone。