欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练

欧洲文化入门1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks?And what was the chief difference between them?1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter,Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus,and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2)There was one big difference.The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament,which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.The Hebrews’major contribution to world civizalation wan Judasam.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity;⑵both originated in Palestine.1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the RomanEmpire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance,a great manyGermanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England,France, Italy,and Germany in its place.These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions.The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion.Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.There was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds years.2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from500to1000?Above all,the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position,foreign trade developed early in Italy.This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was anessential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late15th century,Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets,scholars, artists and sculptors.There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas,libraries and academies were founded.In the15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2.What are the main elements of humanism?How are these elementsreflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance.Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body.This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism,and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy,from heaven to earth,from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy,senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,and Titian,etc.In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.DIVISION ONE1.战争双方:1200B.C Greece(希腊)and Troy(特洛伊）The5th centry B.C colsed with civil war between Athens（雅典）and Sparta in Greece（希腊）.146B.C.the Romans conquered Greece。

欧洲⽂化⼊门讲义⼆第九章1、RealismIn art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism.In Europe，the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于⼩说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (⽤现实主义创作现实)2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (错) and also in United States3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.4、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing.5、The character realistic Stendhal (司汤达) of the method used by the realists.6、―A novel is a mirror walking along the road‖said Stendhal.(司汤达) ⼩说是映射现实的镜⼦7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王)8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别Ralism can be track back to the ancient times，but romanticism can not.And the realist…s language was usually simple，clear and direct.9、The European Communist movement，armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism.10、Germany and Italy，achieved their unification (完成统⼀) in realism.11、Stendhal —→ ArmanceFrench —→ The Red and the Black—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛⼤教堂)12、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (⼈间喜剧)—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台)—→ Le Père Goriot (⾼⽼头)—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈)13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端)14、Balzac has been called ―the French Dickens‖ as Dickens has been called ―the English Balzac‖15、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫⼈)⊙写作特点：the right word or phrase (⽤词恰如其分)⊙Flaubert is called ―the first French realist‖ (法国现实主义第⼀⼈)16、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根。

欧洲文化入门++各章+Terms+和Essay+Questions欧洲文化入门各章T erms 和Essay QuestionsDivision One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Homer:2. Father of History3. Academy4. Idealism5. Ciceronian6. She-wolf7. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?8. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?9. What were ancient Greeks curious about?10. What marked European Culture reached i9ts high point in the 5th Century B.C.?11. What is the major difference between Herodotus and Thucydides?12. What did Ancient Greek economy rest on?13. What religion absorbed the ideas of Plato?14. What is Ciceronian style?15. In which literary work did Aeneas appear?16. What is the dividing range of Roman history?Division Two: The Bible And Christianity1. Historical books2. Book of Daniel3. John Wycliff4. Vulgate Edition of Bible5. King James Bible7. What are the two forceful beliefs which separateChristianity from other religions?8. What influences did Bible have on western culture?Division Three The Middle Ages1. Age of Faith2. Feudalism3. Father of the church4. City of God5. Benedictine Rule6. Crusades7. Carolingian Renaissance8. Alfred the Great9. What are the main elements of humanism?10. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?11. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?12. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?Division Four Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance2. Mona Lisa3. Elegant Raphael4. Titian5. Calvinism6. Reformation7. Counter Reformation8. What are the main elements of humanism?9. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?10. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?11. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modernhistory?Division Five The Seventh Century1. Induction and deduction2. Induction and Deduction3. Leviathan4. Bill of Right5. Paradise Lost6. Cartesian Doubt7. Dualism8. French Classicism9. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?10. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?11. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?12. What were the main features of seventeenth century?Division Six1. Age of Reason2. The Spirit of Laws3. Letter Anglaise4. Candide5. Rou sseau’s Social Contract6. Robinson Crusoe7. Sorrow of Young Werther8. Faust9. Cabal and Love10. Critique of Reason11. Nebular Hypothesis12. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?What is the great significance of the Industrial Revolution?Division Seven1. Romanticism2. The Lakers3. What are the main features of Romanticism?4. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?5. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?6. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?Division Eight1. Marxism2. Capital3. Utopian Socialism4. Origin of SpeciesDivision Nine1. Realism2. Balzac3. Madame Bovary4. A Hunter’s Sketches5. David Copperfield6. Middlemarch7. Vanity Fair8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin9. Impressionism10. Post ImpressionismDivision Ten1. Modernism2. Sigmund Freud3. Odepus Complex4. Waste Land5. Ulysses6. The Lost Generation7. Angry Young men in England8. Beat Generation9. Black Humor10. Fauves11. Expressionism12. Cubism13. Futurism14. Dadaism15. Surrealism。

欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练欧洲文化是世界上最具影响力的文化之一、欧洲地区有着悠久的历史和卓越的艺术传统。

从古希腊罗马文明到现代的文艺复兴运动，欧洲一直是欣赏艺术和推动文化发展的重要中心。

European culture is one of the most influential cultures in the world. The European region has a long history and an excellent artistic tradition. From the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations to the modern Renaissance movement, Europe has always been an important center for appreciating art and promoting cultural development.In Europe, there are many important cultural sites and art museums. For example, in the city of Florence, Italy, there is the world-famous Uffizi Gallery. This museum houses many Renaissance artworks, including Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" and Michelangelo's "David".The Louvre in Paris, France, is also an important art treasure trove. This palace houses a vast collection of ancient and modern artworks, including the famous painting "Liberty Leading the People".除了艺术，音乐也是欧洲文化的重要组成部分。

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodo tus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greekculture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played avital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculatedfreely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s f looding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as_________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. Ittells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it fromall other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoeverbelieves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers ledby John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. I t was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English B ible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition ofthe Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucerand The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manorswere founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other stylein history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantinesand Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in le arning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in verna cular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovationby introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and thefirst modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in theMedieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churchesof the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors,with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the ChurchFathers’ philosop hy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control overthe church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South Americaas a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount oftheir gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest,debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began totake shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation beforeformulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hob bes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.。

王佐良《欧洲⽂化⼊门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】第1章希腊罗马⽂化Greek CultureQuestions for Revision:1. What are the major elements in European culture?Key: There are two main elements—the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2. What were the main features of ancient Greek society?Key: In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3. What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature? Key: He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peak of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?Key: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece.Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, Agamemnon.Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone.Euripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women.5. Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Key: Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?Key: No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?Key: No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of himin the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?Key: (1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness.(2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today? Key: (1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word“Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?Key: (1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2) No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was themost famous Greek temple? Is it still there?Key: (1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity.(2) The most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.(3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Key: (1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.(2) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which havethemselves become classics: Byron’s Isle of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.(3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture1. What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?Key:(1) The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Explain Pax Romana.Key: In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in theNorth and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3. What contribution did the Romans make to the rule of law?Key: In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure when the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. It marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time? Key: (1) Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers.(2) Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.(3) No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5. Give an example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.Key: An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).。

《欧洲文化入门》讲稿Division One Greek Culture and Roman CultureI. Teaching Objectives1. get to know the historical context of ancient Greece and ancient Rome;2. be clear about the great achievements of ancient Greeks and Romans in various fields such as literature, philosophy, science and art;3. understand the significance and impact of Greek culture and Roman culture.II. The Points to Be Highlighted1. Democracy of ancient Greece.2. 3 styles of columns in ancient Greek architecture.3. The greatest names in European philosophy ---- Socrates, Plato and Aristotle4. Impact (1). Spirit of Innovation (2). Supreme Achievement (3). Lasting effectIII. Teaching Approaches1. Pair/Group work2. Discussion 3 Task-based approach 4. Communicative approach 5. Questions and answerIV. Background InformationThe Parthenon (447—432 B.C.) --- the most important of ancient Greek T emples the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 yearsV. Teaching Procedures and ContentsLead-in (or) Warming-up●How much do you know about Greece (ancient or modern)?●Do you know when the first Modern Olympic Games washeld?●Homer was famous for two epics. Do you know what they are?●There are many famous philosophers in ancient Greece. Could you name some of them?●You must have ever heard of the following sentence, ―Give me a place to stand, and I willmove the world. Do you know who said it?Specific ContentsGreek Culture：1. The Historical Context(1). 1200 B.C. the war of Troy a war was fought between Greece and Troy, ending in the destruction of Troy.(2). 5th century B.C. Greek culture reached a high point of development. --- successful repulse of the Persian invasion --- the establishment of democracy --- the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens The century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta(3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C. all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon Greek culture was spread(4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece2. Social and Political StructurePolitics --- Athens was a democracyDemocracy means ―exercise of power by the whole people. But ―the whole people‖ the G reeks meant only the adult male citizens.Economy --- the economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour. There was harsh exploitation in Greek societySports --- Greeks loved sports A big festival on Olympus Mount once every 4 year ---- Olympic GamesModern Olympic Games revived in 1896 顾拜旦(法)3. Homer ( probably lived around 700 B.C.)Two epics: Iliad / OdysseusThey are about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200—1100 B.C 4. Lyric Poetry Sappho (about 612—580 B.C.) woman poetShe is noted for her love poems of passionate intensity, some of which are addressed to women. She was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Many Greek and Latin writers know nearly all her poems by heart. But in the 10th century the Christian church burned her works. Only fragments remain.Pindar (about 518—438 B.C.) He is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes. Pindar also had imitators, such as the 17th-century English poet John Dryden.5. DramaOrigin: perform plays at religious festivals.Development: in the 5th century B.C. a powerful drama developedStates: open-air theatres, audience sat on stone benches and looked down at the stage from three sides, actors wore masks.Tragedya. Aeschylus (525 — 456 B.C.)Works: Prometheus Bound, Persians, and Agamemnon. In these plays there are only two actors and a chorus. Yet they manage to stir and move the audience deeply by showing heroes and heroines in complicated human situations, out of which thereis no escape but death. The plays are written in verse. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.b. Sophocles (496 --- 406 B.C.)Works: Oedipus the King, Electra《厄勒克特拉》, and Antigone《安提戈涅》. Contribution: he added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus. Sophodcles has had a strong impact on European literature. Some of his plots were taken over and adoped by later writers. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud‘s term ―the Oedipus complex‖ was also derived from Sophocles‘s play.c. Euripides (484 --- 406 B.C.)Works: Andromache《安德洛玛刻》, Medea《美狄亚》, and Trojan Women.ComedyAristophanes (about 450 --- 380 B.C.)Works: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds These plays are loose in plot and satirical in tone. 6. HistoryHistorical writing started early in Greece.a. Herodotus (484 --- 430 B.C.) ―Father of History‖, he wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. He kept alive many traditional stories, which were not always accurate. His object in writing was ―that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.‖b. Thucydides (about 460 --- 404 B.C.) Younger than Herodotus, he is more accurate as an historian. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. He was never dull, but wrote with imagination and power. He was called ―the greatest historian that ever lived.‖by Macaulay (an eminenthistorian)7. Philosophy and ScienceThe ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak their minds. Pythagoras (about 580 --- 500 B.C.) had the idea that all things were mumber.Heracleitue (about 540 --- 480 B.C.) believed fire to be the primary element of the universeHe also said: You cannot step twice into the same river. The sun is new everydayDemocritus (about 460 --- 370 B.C.) speculated about the atomic structure of matter. He was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.a. Socrates ( about 470 --- 399 B.C.) details in textbook P-23The dialectical method --- method of argument, by questions and answers.Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means of achieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death (399).苏格拉底希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。