定语从句中的从属连词
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高中英语要考的所有定语从句考点都在这里了!定语从句作为英语语法,在学习过程中属于中较难理解与掌握的部分,也正是由于其复杂程度较高、逻辑性较强、理解难度很大,屡屡让童鞋们在考试中丢分数、失信心、丧斗志!概念定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任,也可以由一个句子来充当,充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。
定语从句“三要素”1.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词①指人的先行词②指物的先行词★ 先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。
He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us. (which 替代前面所叙述的事情) 先行词2.关系词:引导定语的词(1)关系词的作用①替代前面的先行词(替代作用)②连接主句和定语从句(连接作用)③在定语从句中作句子成分(成分作用)(2)关系词的分类①标准:根据关系词在从句中做的句子成分种类②关系代词:在从句中做主,宾,表,定(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)③关系副词:在从句中作状语(When/where/why)3.定语从句:用来做定语,修饰限定先行词的句子定语从句的分类:①限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定修饰作用。
He is a teacher who works at our school.②非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开)Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.比较:He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has two more sons)定语从句的10个难点1.关系代词的省略(限定性定语从句)(1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)(2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that)(3)关系代词作介词宾语,介词在从句句尾时可以省略Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in. 比较:Housing price is a problem in which people are interested.(此时只能用which且不能省略)2.先行词是人(that/who的区别)(1)用that的情况①以疑问词who开头的句子中Who is the man that is shouting there?②关系代词在从句中作表语时She is not the girl that she used to be.③先行词被the very, the right, the only修饰This is the very person that we are looking for.(2)用who的情况①先行词是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.②句子中有两个定语从句,一个用了that,另外一个用whoWho is the boy that won the gold medal?③在there be 结构中There are many young men who are against him.④在非限定性定语从句当中Tom, who is my best friend, has gone abroad to study.3.先行词是物(that / which的区别)(1)用which的情况①在非限定性定语从句中She lost the game, which depressed her greatly.②关系词置于介词之后,作宾语The pen with which you write is Jack’s.③先行词是that或定语从句中套定语从句,一个关系词用that,另一个用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which is newly open to us.(2)用that的情况①先行词是不定代词如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等She did all that she could to help us.②先行词被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right,the last等所修饰时This is the very book that I want.③先行词中既有人又有物时She described in her compositions the people and he places that impressed her most.④先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时This is the best book that I have ever read.This is the first film that I’ve seen since I came here.⑤定语从句中套定语从句,其中一个关系词以用which, 另外一个用thatHe built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.⑥当主句的主语是疑问词which,另一个用thatWho is the person that is standing at the gate?4.As引导定语从句用法(1)As 既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以用于非限定性定句中充当主语,宾语,表语等。
where引导的状语从句和定语从句有什么区别?首先了解什么是状语从句,什么是定语从句。
状语从句(Adverbial Clause)状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。
它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后(先行词)进行修饰限定,就叫做定语从句。
在主句中充当定语成分。
所以,最简单的办法是看where是否有指代先行词。
判断定语从句还是状语从句的区别,主要可以从以下三点来看:•一、where引导定语从句时,where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词, where引导的从句修饰先行词。
例如:That's the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住过的旅馆。
What is the name of the town where you live?你住的那个城市叫什么名字?【注意】where除了可以引导限制性定语从句外,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,如:We live in the mountains, where life is hard.我们住在山里,那里的生活很艰难。
Then he moved to Beijing, where he lived for 10 years.他后来搬到北京,在那里住了10年。
【考点】where引导定语从句时,其先行词除了是表地点的名词外,有时也可能是某些抽象名词,如:It's put me in a position where I can't afford to take a job.这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。
She had got to the point where she felt that she could not take any more.她到了她觉得自己再也不能忍受的地步。
专题14 从属连词及定语从句考点分析定语从句简介:1. 定语从句位于复合句中(主语、宾语、表语等名词之后起修饰名词特点特征作用)位置。
2. 定语从句必须要注意(先行词<被修饰的名词>、关联词<关系代词和关系副词、时态)三点内容,并且关联词在定语从句中必须(承担句子的某一个组成成分“主语或宾语或定语或状语”)3. 定语从句的时态(不受主句的任何约束,完全视实际情况决定)定语从句从属连词考点设置:1. 定语从句的关联词分为关系代词(必考考点)和关系副词(非必考考点)两部分:1)先行词是“人物”时,用关系代词(who、whom、that、whose)代替,并且在定语从句中充当(who→代替主语、whom→代替宾语、that→代替主语或宾语、whose→代替定语)成分。
2)先行词是“事、物”时,用关系代词(which 、that)代替,并且在定语从句中充当的成分作用(which→代替主语或宾语、that→代替主语或宾语)成分。
3)关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当(宾语作用)时,关系代词可省略,充当(主语作用)时,不可以省略。
4)定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与(先行词的单复数形式)保持一致。
*5)当关联词代替先行词在定语从句中放在句尾表示“动作发生所在的时间或地点或原因”的状语,叫作“关系副词”有(when 、where 、why)2. 关系代词中that一般可以和who、whom、which互换,注意不能互换的考察:(1)只能用that的情况考察:a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, few, little, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.e.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.*f.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.*h.有两个定语从句时,其中一个宜用which,另外一个宜用that。
连词的知识点总结一、连词的分类连词根据其功能和用法的不同,可以分为几种不同的类型,常见的连词包括并列连词、从属连词、关系连词和副词连词。
1. 并列连词并列连词主要用来连接两个或多个并列成分,通常是单词、短语或句子。
常见的并列连词包括and、or、but、yet等,它们可以用来连接相同性质的成分,使句子更加连贯和完整。
2. 从属连词从属连词主要用来引导从句,表示从属关系,包括时间从属连词、原因从属连词、条件从属连词和方式从属连词等。
常见的从属连词包括when、while、because、if、although等,它们可以帮助我们更好地理解句子结构和语义逻辑关系。
3. 关系连词关系连词主要用来引导定语从句,修饰前面的名词或代词,起到连接作用。
常见的关系连词包括who、which、that、whose等,它们可以帮助我们更好地理解句子的修饰和衔接关系。
4. 副词连词副词连词主要用来连接两个句子或句子成分,表示逻辑关系和转折关系,通常用在句首或句中。
常见的副词连词包括however、therefore、meanwhile、furthermore等,它们可以帮助我们更好地表达句子之间的逻辑关系和过渡关系。
二、连词的用法1. 并列连词的用法并列连词主要用来连接两个或多个相同性质的成分,使句子更加连贯和完整。
在使用并列连词时,需要注意以下几点:(1)用逗号将并列成分隔开,然后使用并列连词连接。
例如:I like reading, writing, and listening to music.(2)在使用and连接两个成分时,通常表示并列关系,表示两个成分之间的关系是“和”的关系。
例如:I like tea and coffee.(3)在使用or连接两个成分时,通常表示选择关系,表示两个成分之间的关系是“或”的关系。
例如:You can have tea or coffee.(4)在使用but连接两个成分时,通常表示转折关系,表示两个成分之间的关系是“但是”的关系。
定语从句定语从句,就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子,起到定语的作用,所以叫做定语从句。
被修饰的词叫先行词。
定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它需要放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。
定语从句一般由关系代词来引导。
关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
有关定语从句定语从句分限定性和非限定性定语从句。
从属连词为关系代词which, that, who, whom, whose, as;关系副词when, why, where。
关系代词和关系副词必须在定语从句中充当成分。
which, that, who, as充当主语;whom 充当宾语;whose为定语;when为时间状语;where为地点状语。
2003年6月B级考题:例1:On April 1st they flew to Beijing, they stayed several days.A. whenB. whichC. whereD. why2001年6月A级考题:例2:That is the very man house was burned down last week.A. whichB. of whomC. hisD. whose例3:He lives in the house door faces south.例4:This is the village I spent my childhood.2001年6月A级考题:例5:You are responsible to is in charge of sales.A. whomeverB. whoeverC. whoD. whom例6:They always elect is popular.2001年6月B级考题:例7:The days you could travel without a passport are gone.A. of whichB. on whichC. in whichD. at which例8:This is the pen he wrote the book.例9:Do you know the man I lent the money?2003年6月A级考题:例10. This is the microscope which we have had so much trouble.A. atB. fromC. ofD. with例11:He is the man who in charge of the work.2003年6月B级考题:例12:There are two doors, one of which to the living room and the other to the kitchen.A. leadB. ledC. leadsD. leading2000年6月B级考题:例13:This is one of the longest bridges that on this river.A. is ever builtB. has ever been builtC. was ever builtD. has ever built例15:It was in the small village our president was born.(2000年12月B级考题)A. whichB. whenC. thatD. as例16:It was in the lab taken charge of by Prof. Harris they did the experiment.A. thatB. whomC. whenD. so例17:The fact our team has won the game is true.。
宾语从句和定语从句的区别最简单的方法就是把从句去掉。
如果句子结构依然成立,那么从句就是定语从句。
如果句子缺少成份了,那么就是宾语从句了。
另外,就位置来说,宾语从句一定放在及物动词或介词后面,要特别注意带形式宾语It的情况。
定语从句一定在名词后面。
至于那些关联词,我的方法是分类记忆。
that,Which属于定从的关系代词,在从句中充当一定成分,指代先行词;when,Why属于关系副词,无论定从还是宾从都不充当任何成分。
what是宾从中的关系代词,充当成分。
that还有一个作用就是宾从的关系副词,不充当任何成分。
一、位置的不同:宾语位于及物动词或介词后面;定语从句位于名词后修饰名词;二、引导词的不同:宾语从句引导词有三种:连词,连接代词,连接副词;而定语从句引导词有两种:关系代词,关系副词。
三、意义的不同:宾语从句是宾语,句子中的不可缺少的成分,不能用逗号与句子隔开;定语从句是修饰用的,可以用逗号与句子隔开,成为非限制性定语从句。
二、一、位置的不同:宾语位于及物动词或介词后面;定语从句位于名词后修饰名词;二、引导词的不同:宾语从句引导词有三种:连词,连接代词,连接副词;而定语从句引导词有两种:关系代词,关系副词。
三、意义的不同:宾语从句是宾语,句子中的不可缺少的成分,不能用逗号与句子隔开;定语从句是修饰用的,可以用逗号与句子隔开,成为非限制性定语从句。
宾语从句(一)宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。
宾语从句常由that引导,在口语中常省略。
当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响,按需要可以使用任何时态。
如:She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她说她从周一至周五上班。
(从句是一般现在时)She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。
conjunction连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。
连词主要可分为两类:并列连词(coordinating conjunctions)和从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)。
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。
如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and) then等。
上述并列连词又可分为: 一般连词(simple conjunction), 关联连词(correlative conjunction)coordinating conjunct(并列连词)1.and, or, not only…but also, as well as等表示并列●She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.●Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.●There is no air or water in the moon. =There is no air and no water on the moon.●She plays not only the piano but (also) the guitar.●Neither you nor he is to blame.注意:(1) not only…but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。
如:Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.(2)neither…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。
英语从句类型总结在复合句中主句是全句的主体,从句是全句的一个成分,不能独立。
从句在复合句中的功用,和简单句中的句子成分的功用类似,可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语(以上为名词性从句)、定语、状语等。
因此,它可以分为主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、和状语从句。
一、定语从句在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why 等,关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。
1.由who引导的定语从句中,who用作主语, 如:This is the boy who often helps me.2.由whom引导的定语从句中,whom用作宾语,如:The man whom you are waiting for has gone home。
3.由whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语,如:Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?4.由which引导的定语从句中,which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语,如: This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages。
这就是那本有多种语言译本的书。
(关系代词Which用作主语.)5.由that引导的定语从句中,that可以指人或物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语,如:The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句,如:I don’t know the reason why he was late。
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.注意:先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的谓语动词是及物的,就用 that(which),如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的,就用where引导。
从句的引导词主语从句(Subject Clauses)(有些关联词在从句中充当成分)从属连词 that, whether( 位于句首的主从只能用whether引导 )/if But whether or not( 英语从句的一个连词结构=whether,是“否”;常出现在宾语从句、主语从句中。
使用时,也可把 whether 和 or not 分开,or not 放到句尾。
00045-Note on the Text-Unit1) you can do this well depends on your learning habits.但是你能否做好取决于你的学习习惯。
00045-Unit 1Whether you did it right or wrong isn’ t so importantWhat.’ s important is the experienceyou gained.你做对做错都不重要,重要的是你从中获得了经验。
00045-Notes on the Text-Unit 1Whether there will b e a girl’ s volleyball match this week is not known yet.00030- 第二单元 -4.1连接代词 who(whom, whose), whoever,which, what (在从句中充当成分) what everWhether you did it right or wrong isn’ t so important.What’ s important is the experience yougained.00045-Notes on the Text-Unit 1Whoever says that is wrong.无论谁这样说都是错误的。
00035- 第二单元-十一连接副词 when, where, why, how (在从句中充当状语)all he could see was his underwear. 00037-Unit 6宾语从句 (Object Clauses)从属连词 that( 口语、非正式文体中常省略 ), whether( 介词后面的宾从只能用 whether)/if( 口语中常用 if)that 不可省的情况:1.宾语从句的主语是 thatHe said that that was a useful book.2.宾语从句含主从复合句时I’m afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it.3.当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时,除第一个从句中的that 可以省略外,其余从句中的 that 都不可以省略He said (that) the film was very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much.00046- 专题十五He found it interesting that( 不能省略 ) so many products in the local shops were made inChina. 00045-Unit 5whether()or not (参见主语从句)I can’ t tellwhether or not the teacher likes me.I can ’ t tellwhether the teacher likes me or not. 00045-Notes on the Text-Unit 1Tell me whether you like it or not . 00035- 第二单元 -十一People would question whether we are telling them the truth.人们会质问我们是否向他们说了实话。
定语从句中的从属连词
定语从句中的从属连词
在复合句中,引导定语从句的关系词主要有关系代词和关系副词。
定语从句中的连接词(关系代词和关系副词)一般都放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用,而且是作定语从句的重要成分。
以下是店铺整理的定语从句中的从属连词,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
复合句是考题的基本句子结构,因而连接主句和从句的连接词就成为重要的命题焦点。
TOEEL常考的从属连词分三类:
(1)关系代词( that, which ,what who. Whose)
(2) 关系副词(where when why how)
(3) 状语从句连接词(where, when, if, though, because…) 掌握有关从属连词的试题命题规律,这类题目并不复杂。
从属连词常考题型及解题要点:
1. 主句与从句之间必须有从属连词。
例题分析
(1)The spiral threads of a spider*s web have a sticky substance on them _____ insects.
(A) traps (B) trap its (C) which traps (D) which it traps
[答案] C 定语从句关系代词which引导从句,且在从句中作主语。
(2)Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.
(A) there (B) wherever (C) somewhere (D) then
[答案] B 空格前后为两个完整的句子,这里应填入连接词联系主从两句。
四个选择只有wherever是连词,引导地点状语从句。
(3)Duke Wellington was a composer. Conductor, and pianist ______ ranked as one of the greatest of all jazz figures.
(A) him (B) although (C) or (D) who
[答案] D 关系代词who引导定语从句,并作从句的主语。
(4) ______ Some of the Earth*s interior heat escapes to the surface.
(A) A volcano erupts (B) A volcano whether erupts
(C) A volcano erupts it (D) If a volcano erupts
[答案] D 从属连词引导条件状语从句。
2. 关系代词 who与which混淆错用
解题要点:在四个选择答案中出现who 或者which,应确认它所指代的是人还是物。
例题分析
(1)Fossil remains indicate that squidlike creatures called belemnites swam in the sea who covered the North American continent 70 million years ago.
[答案] 关系代词who指代的是sea,因此应用指物的which或that。
(2)Vaccines for some rare diseases are given only to persons which risk exposure to the disease.[答案] 关系代词which指代前面的persons,应改为人称关系代词who。
(3) Essentially, a theory is an abstract. Symbolic representation of ______ reality.
(A) what it is conceived (B) that is conceived
(C) what is conceived to be (D) that is being conceived of [答案] C what = the thing that (is conceived to be…) .答案(A)中的代词it是多余的,因为what本身即已包含了先行词(the thing ) 和关系代词(that) 。
答案(B)中的关系代词that引导的从句不可以置于介词的后面。
(5) Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks.
[答案] what应改为that。
此句已含有先行词food,不能再用关系代词what。
5. 主句和从句
解题要点主语从句是常考而中国考生又较陌生英文文法结构。
主语从句的特点是读起来有种头重脚轻的感觉,而且有两个谓语动词。
连词That 引导的主语从句应特别留意。
因为That 在句中没有任何意义,它只具有引导出主语从句的功能,因而很容易被忽略。
例题分析
(1) _____ xenon could not from chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
(A) For (B) It was (C) That (D) While
[答案] C That引导的.主语从句。
其中第一个谓语动词could from 是从句的谓语,第二个系动was是主句的谓语。
(2) ______ to space travelers is high acceleration of deceleration forces.
(A) Danger can be (B) They can be dangerous
(C) What can be dangerous (D) While danger
[答案] C what引导的主语从句。
What既是从句的连词,又是从句的主语。
(3) ______ has been a topic of continual geological research.
(A) Did the continents originate (B) How did the continents originate
(C) Have the continents originated
(D) How the continents originated
[答案] D How 引导的主语从句。
(4) ______ progress helps to relieve scarcities is a fact accepted by economists.
(A) Technological (B) That technological
(C)Although technological (D)There is technological
[答案] B. That 引导的主语从句,当连续读到两个谓语动词(e.g. helps…is),而空格在句首,应首先考虑主语从句。
这是主语从句典型的句子结构。
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