Review TC Electronic G-Natural Multi-effects Processor

第42卷第2期青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版)2021年4月Journal of Qingdao University of Science and Tcchnology(Natural Science Edition)Vol..2N o. Apr.2021文章编号:1672-6987(2021)02-0058-08；DOI：10.16351/j.1672-6987.2021.02.008乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)改性磁性壳聚糖对Cd2+的吸附性能于硕，吴占超*,匡少平*(青岛科技大学化学与分子工程学院，山东青岛266042)摘要：成功制备了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)改性的磁性壳聚糖，并通过红外光谱,X射线衍射，热重分析和扫描电镜对其结构和形貌进行了表征。

对吸附剂的吸附性能研究表明：在p H=5,T=298K,p0=200m g-L1t=30min的吸附条件下，吸附剂对Cd2的饱和吸附量为176.32mg・g1.吸附剂吸附行为符合二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温模型。

吸附剂再生5次仍有较好的吸附性能。

关键词：磁性壳聚糖；乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)；Cd2；吸附中图分类号：O646.8文献标志码：A引用格式：于硕,吴占超,匡少平.乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)改性磁性壳聚糖对Cd2的吸附性能青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2021,42(2)：5865.YU Shuo,WU Zhanchao,KUANG Shaoping.Adsorption properties of ethylenediamine tet­raacetic acid(EDTA)modified magnetic chitosan for Cd2[J].Journal of Qingdao Universi­ty of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition),2021,42(2)：5865.Adsorption Properties of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid(EDTA)Modified Magnetic Chitosan for Cd2+YU Shuo,WU Zhanchao,KUANG Shaoping(College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Qingdao University of Science and Technology,Qingdao266042,China)Abstract:EDTA-modified magnetic chitosan was successfully prepared,and its structure andmorphologywerecharacterizedbyinfraredspectroscopy,X-raydi f raction,thermogravimet-ricanalysis,andscanningelectron microscopy.Thestudyontheadsorptionperformanceofthe adsorbent,showed that,the saturated adsorption capacity of the adsorbent,for Cd2was176.32mg・g1under the adsorption conditions of pH=5,T=298K,^0=200mg・L1and t=30min.The adsorption behavior of the adsorbent,complies with the second-order ki-neticmodelandtheLangmuirisothermalmodel.Theadsorbentsti l showedgoodadsorptionpropertyafterthefifthregenerationcycle.Key words:magnetic chitosan；ethylenediamine tet.raacet.ic acid(EDTA)；C d2；adsorption现代工业领域产生的有毒金属离子对水体的污多的有毒金属中，Cd?被认为是最剧毒的一种。

nature electronics 模板摘要：I.引言- 介绍Nature Electronics 期刊- 阐述模板对于科研人员的重要性II.Nature Electronics 模板的特点- 详细描述模板的设计理念- 说明模板如何帮助作者提高论文质量III.模板的使用方法- 介绍如何选择合适的模板- 说明如何根据论文内容进行修改IV.模板的优势- 分析模板如何提高论文的易读性和美观度- 阐述模板如何帮助作者遵守期刊的格式要求V.结论- 总结模板的重要性- 鼓励科研人员积极使用模板，提高论文质量正文：ature Electronics 是一本专注于电子科技领域的顶级期刊，旨在发表高质量的原创研究论文、综述文章以及观点文章。

对于科研人员来说，在Nature Electronics 上发表论文是展示自己研究成果的重要途径。

然而，如何让自己的论文在众多投稿中脱颖而出，吸引编辑和审稿人的注意，是每一个作者都需要思考的问题。

这时，一个高质量的模板就显得尤为重要。

ature Electronics 模板是针对该期刊特点而设计的，旨在帮助作者提高论文质量。

它详细地展示了论文的结构和格式要求，使得作者在撰写论文时能够更加清晰地了解期刊的需求。

模板的设计理念是简洁明了，易于使用。

通过使用模板，作者可以更加专注于研究内容的撰写，而不用担心格式问题。

此外，模板还能帮助作者遵循期刊的格式要求，提高论文的易读性和美观度，从而增加论文被接受的可能性。

在使用模板时，作者需要根据论文的具体内容进行修改。

首先，选择合适的模板，确保模板与论文主题相符。

然后，根据论文的结构和内容对模板进行调整，使其更加符合论文的实际情况。

在这个过程中，作者需要注意保持模板的整洁和规范，避免出现格式错误。

总的来说，Nature Electronics 模板为科研人员提供了一个很好的工具，帮助他们在撰写论文时提高质量。

ieee transactions on consumer electronics的处理流程-回复[IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics的处理流程]IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics（以下简称TCE）是一个重要的期刊，涵盖了各种与消费电子相关的领域，如家庭通信、娱乐电子、互联网技术、多媒体和数字家庭等。

在这篇文章中，我们将介绍TCE 的处理流程，包括投稿、同行评审和出版过程。

1. 投稿TCE的投稿是通过在线投稿系统进行的。

作者需要访问TCE的官方网站，创建一个账户并提交他们的论文。

在提交之前，作者需要阅读并遵守TCE的作者准则，确保他们的论文满足投稿要求。

2. 内部审查一旦论文提交完成，TCE的编辑部将对该论文进行内部审查。

他们会检查论文格式、内容结构以及是否符合TCE的主题范围。

如果有任何问题或不符合要求的地方，编辑部可能会要求作者进行修改或辅助材料的提交。

3. 同行评审通过内部审查后，论文将被分配给至少两位同行专家进行匿名评审。

这些专家是该领域的知名学者，他们会对论文的质量、原创性、实验设计和方法学等方面进行评估。

评审专家会根据评审表格对论文进行打分，并提供详细的意见和建议。

评审过程通常需要4-8周的时间。

4. 作者回复一旦评审意见返回，作者将有一个机会回复评审意见。

在这个阶段，作者可以解释和回答评审专家提出的问题，并对论文进行修改以提高其质量。

作者回复需要在规定的时间内提交。

5. 编辑决定编辑部将会根据评审专家的意见、作者的回复以及编辑自己的判断，作出对论文的综合评估。

常见的编辑决定有以下几种：- 接受：论文被接受，并将被发表在TCE上。

- 需要修订与再审：论文质量较高，但需要作者进行有限的修改或补充材料，并重新提交进行再次同行评审。

- 拒稿：论文不符合TCE的要求、质量不高或研究内容不适合该期刊，将不会被发表。

Coordination Chemistry Reviews 253 (2009) 2835–2851Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCoordination ChemistryReviewsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c crReviewPolymer/clay and polymer/carbon nanotube hybrid organic–inorganicmultilayered composites made by sequential layering of nanometer scale filmsPaul Podsiadlo a ,1,2,Bong Sup Shim a ,1,3,Nicholas A.Kotov a ,b ,c ,∗aDepartment of Chemical Engineering,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USAbDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USA cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USAContents 1.Introduction..........................................................................................................................................28352.LBL assemblies of clays...............................................................................................................................28362.1.Structure and properties of clay particles....................................................................................................28362.2.Structural organization in clay multilayers..................................................................................................28362.3.Clay multilayers as high-performance nanocomposites.....................................................................................28382.4.Applications of clay multilayers in biotechnology...........................................................................................28412.5.Anisotropic transport in clay multilayers....................................................................................................28422.6.Clay multilayers for optical and electronic applications.....................................................................................28432.7.3D conformal coatings .......................................................................................................................28443.LBL assemblies of carbon nanotubes.................................................................................................................28443.1.Structure and properties of CNTs ............................................................................................................28443.2.Structural organization in multilayers of carbon nanotubes ................................................................................28463.3.Electrical conductor applications ............................................................................................................28463.4.Sensor applications...........................................................................................................................28473.5.Fuel cell applications.........................................................................................................................28483.6.Nano-/micro-shell LBL coatings and biomedical applications...............................................................................28484.Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................................2849Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................2850References . (2850)a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 12February 2009Accepted 6September 2009Available online 12 September 2009Keywords:Layer-by-layer Clay nanoparticles Carbon nanotubesMultilayered assembliesa b s t r a c tThis review article focuses on the preparation and applications of layer-by-layer (LBL)assembled organic/inorganic films.As model systems we use incorporation of two multi-functional nanomaterials in the LBL:the clay nanosheets and carbon nanotubes.All the aspects of the composite design start-ing with the structure of the individual nano-scale building blocks and their interactions with polymer matrix,orientation of the inorganic components in the multilayer,origin of record properties,and most likely applications of the resulting materials are given.Special attention is placed on the understanding of the control parameters for key functional properties such as mechanical strength/stiffness/toughness,electrical transport,transparency,and some properties relevant for biological applications.© 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.∗Corresponding author at:Department of Chemical Engineering,University of Michigan,2300Hayward St.,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USA.Tel.:+17347638768;fax:+17347647453.E-mail address:kotov@ (N.A.Kotov).1These authors contributed equally to this review.2Current address:Argonne National Laboratory,Center for Nanoscale Materials,9700S.Cass Ave.,Bldg.440A132C,Argonne,IL 60439,USA.3Current address:Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Delaware,Newark,DE 19716,USA.1.IntroductionNanotechnology has grown to be an area of research with tremendous scientific and economic potential.Just as the previ-ous century has seen an explosion in the microprocessor and later biotechnology industries,this century is clearly becoming domi-nated by nanoscience.Nanomaterials can nowadays be synthesized with great control in respect to their composition,e.g.inorganic,organic,polymeric,biological,as well as structure and function.0010-8545/$–see front matter © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.doi:10.1016/r.2009.09.0042836P.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–2851While there is still much work to be done in the basic synthesis and characterization of the building blocks,the next challenge of thefield is transferring the nano-scale properties of these materials into macro-scale structures.Furthermore,multi-nano-component materials are now receiving growing attentions from diverse dis-ciplines as noble complex materials systems equipped with,e.g. electro-opto-mechanical,chemo-electro-mechanical,and thermo-electrical properties[1].Macro-scale assembly of the nanomaterials requires spe-cial techniques with molecular scale component manipulation, which is distinguished from conventional composite processing techniques like mix-and-molding and pre-preg layering.This nano-processing will intimately explore the chemical functionalities of the building blocks and enable nanometer-level control of orga-nization in the superstructures.Among the different approaches being currently explored,the layer-by-layer(LBL)assembly tech-nique stands out as one of the simplest and most versatile methods. In simplest of the cases,the technique is a method of alter-nating deposition of oppositely charged components from dilute solutions or dispersions on a suitable substrate.Since thefirst demonstration of LBL assembly for oppositely charged micropar-ticles by Iler[2]and later by Decher et al.in the1990s for oppositely charged polyelectrolytes[3,4],the LBLfield has expe-rienced rapid growth.The technique has quickly become one of the most popular and well-established methods for the prepara-tion of multi-functional thinfilms not only thanks to its simplicity, but also robustness and versatility[5].Introduction of hybrid organic/inorganicfilms has further enriched the functionality and applicability of LBL.Nearly any type of macromolecular species, including:inorganic molecular clusters[6],nanoparticles[7],nan-otubes and nanowires[8,9],nanoplates[10],organic dyes[11], organic nanocrystals[12,13],dendrimers[14],porphyrin[15], polysaccharides[16,17],polypeptides[18],nucleic acids and DNA [19],proteins[20,21],and viruses[22]can be successfully used as assembly components[23].Remarkable versatility has further led to a number of novel designs and applications,such as superhy-drophobic surfaces[24,25],chemical sensors and semi-permeable membranes[23,26–28],drug and biomolecules delivery systems [23,29,30],memory devices[31],optically active and respon-sivefilms[13,32–34],cell and protein adhesion resistant coatings [23,35],fuel cells and photovoltaic materials[36],biomimetic and bio-responsive coatings[25,37],semiconductors[38,39],cata-lysts[40,41],and magnetic devices[42,43]and many more[5,23]. The technique has opened the door to an unlimited number of structural and functional combinations of colloids and macro-molecules.While the LBLfield clearly covers a vast number of molec-ular species and architectures,in this review we concentrate on the state of the art in synthesis and properties of multi-layer hybridfilms based on two commercially available functional nanomaterials:the clay nanosheets and carbon nanotubes(CNTs). The two building blocks possess structural and physico/chemical properties unique to each,thus enabling preparation of variety of functional composites.Moreover,clay and carbon nanotubes are some of only few nanomaterials which allow evaluation of the efficiency of stress transfer in composites.This is because mechanical parameters of individual nanotubes and individual clay sheets are available.The review is accordingly divided into two sections covering the nanotubes and clays.Each section has subsections covering different research areas and applica-tions of the resulting multilayers:(i)structure and properties of clays and CNTs;(ii)techniques for preparation of nanofilms; (iii)organization of the smectite particles in the nanofilms;(iv) organization of the adsorbed molecules;(v)functionalities of thefilms;(vi)other layered inorganic solids;and(vii)conclu-sions.2.LBL assemblies of clays2.1.Structure and properties of clay particlesThe importance of utilization of clays in the LBL assemblies is threefold:(1)the natural abundance of this nanomaterial impart it with low cost;(2)the anisotropic,sheet-like structure is of great importance for control of transport properties through the films;and(3)like many other nanomaterials and given the single-crystalline,defect-free structure,the individual nanosheets possess exceptional mechanical properties,with in-plane modulus of elasticity(E)calculated on the order of∼270GPa[44].Before pro-ceeding with actual overview of the clay multilayers,a few words need to be mentioned to the reader about the clays used in LBL assemblies.The clays used in the LBL assembly are primarily layered sili-cates.The individual layer(nanosheet)is composed of a single layer of edge-shared octahedra of Al3+or Mg2+,sandwiched between two layers of corner-shared tetrahedra of Si4+(Fig.1).The thickness of individual sheet is∼0.96nm and can be from tens to hundreds of nanometers in lateral dimensions.Substitutions in the tetrahedral and in the octahedral layers,i.e.partial replacement of Si4+by Al3+ in the tetrahedral layers and of Al3+by Mg2+or Mg2+by Li+in the octahedral layers,create a negative lattice charge,which is com-pensated by exchangeable cations,e.g.Na+or Ca2+.The sheets are further organized face to face into aggregates.The exchangeable cations are localized in the interlamellar space between adjacent sheets of the aggregate.In aqueous conditions,water molecules adsorb in the inter-lamellar space and disintegrate the stacks into individual sheets, which is called swelling or exfoliation.The extent of exfoliation depends on the size and charge of the cations.Extent of swelling is stronger for monovalent cations,such as Na+or Li+.For multiva-lent cations,e.g.Ca2+,the attraction is stronger and exchange with water is more difficult and often incomplete.2.2.Structural organization in clay multilayersThefirst demonstration of LBL assembly of clay nanosheets with polyelectrolytes(PEs)was given by Kleinfeld and Ferguson in1994 [46,47].The authors used a strongly charged PE which is common nowadays in the LBLfield,the poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDDA,Fig.2A)and a synthetic clay,hectorite(Laponite RD)to grow few-hundred-nanometers-thickfilms.In the course of study the authors used optical ellipsometry to follow growth of the multilayer deposited on a Si substrate(Fig.2).They observed linear increase in thickness with an average increment per bilayer of∼3.6nm.Additionally,they also observed highly uniform sur-face coverage of the substrate with visible Bragg diffraction colors, which were further indications of uniformity of the structure.X-ray diffraction(XRD)spectra demonstrated structural ordering in the multilayer,with clay sheets being adsorbed in a periodic multilayer with parallel orientation of the sheets with respect to the substrate. The clay nanosheets adsorbed as single lamella and there were no 3D aggregates in the structure.Thisfirst demonstration opened the road to the subsequent studies on clay multilayers.Several research groups have subsequently aimed at more detailed characterization of the adsorption kinetics,organization, and control of the internal structure of the clay/PEsfilms.The struc-ture and surface roughness of LBL assembledfilms was depended on several parameters including adsorption time,concentration of cationic polymer,amount of clay in the dispersion and pH.As an example,Lvov et al.extended the preparation of clay multilay-ers to PDDA/montmorillonite clay(MTM)and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI)/MTM systems[48,49].They also studied adsorption kinet-ics by quartz crystal microbalance(QCM).The adsorption of MTMP.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–28512837Fig.1.Structure of layered silicates(figure was reproduced from Ref.[45],with permission of the copyright holders).clay was saturated in5–6min with formation of a monolayer of platelets,with shorter times leading to incomplete surface cover-age and longer times resulting in physisorption of extra platelets. Kotov et al.performed further detailed studies on interaction of MTM with PDDA and the self-assembly process by surface plas-mon spectroscopy,XRD,and X-ray reflectivity(XRR),and atomic force microscopy(AFM)[50].They gave insightful details into the self-assembly process and defect formation in thefilms.They also showed that surface roughness of thefilms was independent of the underlying substrate and that the roughness could be controlled to some extent with an application of external voltage during adsorp-tion of the PE.Negative bias produced more regular and uniform self-assembledfilms.Another parameter controlling the morphology of thefilms is the concentration of PE.van Duffel et al.observed that the surface roughness of clay-polymer LBL multilayers increases with cationic polymer concentration in solution[51].As an explanation,they suggested that at low polymer concentration the polymer chains can bind strongly clay platelets,resulting in stretched chains and a small number of unbound polymer units.Thisfilm has a lowsurfaceFig.2.(A)Chemical structure of PDDA.(B)Idealized view of internal architecture in polymer/clay multilayer composed of5.5bilayers.(C)Ellipsometricfilms thickness (nm)as a function f number of deposited layers.Inset shows linearity of growth up to60bilayes.(D)X-ray diffraction spectrum of a60-bilayer sample of PDDA/Hectorite indicating periodic internal organization(figure was reproduced from Ref.[46],with permission of the copyright holders).2838P.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–2851roughness.For high PE concentrations,multiple polymer chains are only partially bonded to the substrate and are sticking out of the surface.Bundles of clay platelets can adsorb under these condi-tions,being more or less stacked on top of each other.This results in a roughfilm surface.Laschewsky’s group studied the influence of PE charge den-sity on the multilayer growth[52].They showed that multilayers composed of a strong polyanion,namely poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)and cationic copolymers of PDDA with N-methyl-N-vinylformamide(NMVF),with varied charge density,had a critical linear charge density c of0.036elementary charge/Åof con-tour length in order to obtain stable multilayer growth in pure water.Above c,the increment of thickness/deposition cycle var-ied with the linear charge density of the cationic copolymers. As linear charge density increased,the system passed succes-sively through a charge-dependent“Debye-Hückel”regime and then through a charge-independent“strong-screening”regime where counterion condensation dominated the behavior.Analo-gous results were obtained by the authors for the variation of the basal spacing of internally structured hybrid multilayers(cationic copolymer/hectorite).However,by contrast with the PEs system, no critical linear charge density was observed in the hybrid sys-tem.This was explained by additional,nonelectrostatic interactions between the clay platelets and the formamide fragment.The same group further explored the potential for forming PE/clay multilayers incorporating copolymers to producefilms from UV cross-linkable PEs[53].They found that the photoreaction reduced thefilms’roughness and promoted more regular growth. From a practical point of view,they suggested that this approach could offer additional benefits for the clay multilayers,such as improving the barrier functionality of the inorganic layers as well as the control of the permeability between pure organic sublayers. Furthermore they studied preparation of multilayers from deriva-tives of PDDA[54].They synthesized a series of PDDA polymers with varying hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance and bulkiness of the cationic group,to investigate impact of the parameters on the for-mation of LBL assemblies with Laponite(Fig.3).They found that bulky and hydrophobic,as well as amphiphilic,polycations could be accommodated between the rigid exfoliated aluminosilicate platelets without disturbing the lamellar-like structure.Ellipsom-etry and XRR showed that hydrophobic and bulky substitution favored formation of thickerfilms,due to more coiled conforma-tion of the PEs.Films showed partial organization and coherence lengths along the normal of the plane,in the range of2.7–7.5nm. The values depended sensitively on the detailed chemical structure of the PE employed.Since the clay multilayers are prepared in aqueous condi-tions,an important parameter of interest for applications of the resulting structures is their stability in the aqueous environment. Rouse and Ferguson recently used XRD to study water sorption in PDDA/Laponite multilayers[55].Interestingly,they found that swelling occurred exclusively in X-ray amorphous regions within thefilm,and that the ordered PDDA/clay domains themselves were not affected by water.Clearly,one can imagine that the swelling characteristics will be dependent on the chemical structure of the PEs,the nature of interactions at the organic/inorganic interface,as well as post-assembly treatments,e.g.covalent cross-linking of the multilayer.So far we have discussed preparation of the multilayers from negatively charged clays.Recently,several groups have also inves-tigated LBL assembly from positively charged,synthetic clays called “layered double hydroxides”(LDH).The synthetic clays offer new opportunities for functional assemblies,e.g.optical,magnetic,or catalytic,since different combinations of ions can be artificially introduced into the nanosheet gallery.Li et al.for thefirst time showed LBL assembly of Magnesium–Aluminum LDH nanosheets with anionic polymer PSS[56].They studied assembly with UV–vis and XRD techniques.The same group has further synthesized Cobalt–Aluminum LDH in the form of hexagonal platelets and used them for LBL assembly with PSS[57].The new type of LDH showed significant magneto-optical response in the UV–vis regime.Szekeres et al.have also demonstrated successful assem-bly of Magnesium–Aluminum LDH with PAA and PSS[58].The authors studied LBL assembly with surface plasmon resonance. Preparation of multi-LDH,transparent LBL multilayers contain-ing stratas of Magnesium–Aluminum and Cobalt–Aluminum LDH’s, as well as a new Nickel–Aluminum derivative was also recently demonstrated[59].The incorporation of transition metals into the LDH nanosheets offers new opportunities for preparation of novel catalytic membranes.In a most recent study,Altunta-soglu et al.showed preparation of an even more exotic LDH,the Nickel–Gallium[60].LBL multilayers of the Nickel–Gallium LDH exchanged with ferricyanide with PAA showed typical response of metal hexacyanoferrate,which was believed to be formed in the interlayer.Finally,in respect to the internal organization of thefilms, we should mention two most recent cases of PE/clay preparation which deviate from traditional dipping and/or monolayer deposi-tion and have important implications for structural organization of the clay and PE layers.Thefirst case is related to the prepa-ration of the multilayer using spin-assisted self-assembly.In this process,instead of dipping of the substrate into the solutions of constituents,the solutions are alternately spin-coated onto the substrate with intermediate rinsing steps with pure water.The con-sequences of large centrifugal forces,short contact times,and rapid solvent evaporation are not clear in respect to multilayer forma-tion.Recently,Lee et al.showed thefirst successful preparation of clay multilayers by spin-assisted self-assembly[61].The authors used poly(p-phenylene vinylene)(PPV)and Laponite clay and char-acterized the resulting structure by contact angle measurement, surface dying technique,UV–vis spectroscopy,photoluminescent (PL)spectroscopy,XRR,and model-fitting.The continuous increase of UV–vis absorbance and PL intensity of thefilms with each bilayer demonstrated the regular and reproducible deposition of this system,and the Kiessig fringes and Bragg peaks in XRR spectra indi-cated the well-ordered internal structure.Subsequently,Vertlib et al.also showed robust and fast preparation of Laponite/PDDA LBL films by spin-assisted self-assembly with high mechanical proper-ties.In the second case,we recently showed that MTM nanosheets can be successfully incorporated into so called“exponential”LBL assembly(e-LBL)of PEI and poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)which leads to novel architectures[62].The e-LBL mode wasfirst characterized by Picart et al.and it is has been associated with“in-and-out”diffusion of PEs through a swollen multilayer structure[63].Incorporation of MTM sheets was believed to hinder the diffusion process and thus prevent the e-LBL growth.In spite of this expectation,we showed that MTM nanosheets could be successfully incorporated and that the diffusing PEs can potentially help exfoliate the short stacks of MTM into single lamella.The internal ordering of the film was substantially decreased as revealed by small-angle x-ray scattering(SAXS)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)(Fig.4), however the e-LBL mode offers new opportunities for preparation of multilayers with unique internal organization.2.3.Clay multilayers as high-performance nanocompositesOne of the unique perspectives for clay multilayers is their potential as high-performance nanocomposites.As we mentioned in the beginning of this section,clay nanosheets possess excep-tional mechanical properties.MTM nanosheets,for example,have in-plane modulus of elasticity on the order of∼270GPa[44]ifP.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–28512839Fig.3.Poly(diallylammonium)salts used as organic counter-polycations of negatively charged Laponite platelets for the preparation of hybrid multilayers(figure was reproduced from Ref.[54],with permission of the copyright holders).we consider the gallery of ions,which is comparable to steel and its alloys(E=210GPa),yet at much lower density.Given the high mechanical properties,low cost,and large surface areas,clays have been extensively investigated as reinforcingfillers for enhanc-ing mechanical properties of commercial plastics[64].Significant enhancements of strength,Young’s modulus(E),and toughness have been observed upon addition of just a few volume percentages of the inorganicfiller.However,above the few percentiles(usually more than10vol.%),the mechanical properties begin to deterio-rate due to strong tendency of clay particles to phase segregate and aggregate,thus creating fatal defects.The clay multilayers show an interesting promise for overcoming these problems thanks to a number of advantages:(1)the nanocomposites are constructed by alternately depositing nanometer-thick layers of polymer and clay,thus allowing for nanometer-level control of preparation;(2) alternating the layers of clay nanosheets with few-nanometer-thick layers of polymers translates into volume fractions upwards of 50vol.%;(3)the colloidal self-assembly process restricts adsorp-tion of clay to well-exfoliated sheets;and(4)sandwiching of the nanosheets between polymer layers and strong interfacial bonding prevent phase segregation of the nanofiller.Kotov et al.have realized for thefirst time that PDDA/MTM multilayers had unusually high strength,flexibility,and resistance to crack propagation[65].The authors observed that individual nanosheets possessed highflexibility to bending which further translated intoflexibility of thefilm itself.This was an interest-ing development,especially given the enormous tangent stiffness of individual platelet(∼270GPa).The authors realized that indi-vidual nanosheets behave more like pieces of aflexible fabric. High mechanical properties were of paramount importance for utilization of thesefilms as ultrathin separation membranes.The flexibility and high strength of the PDDA/MTM multilayers was fur-ther utilized by Mamedov et al.for preparation of multi-functional free-standing membranes[43].In this work,the authorsincorpo-Fig.4.SEM images of cross-sections for free-standingfilms of(A)(PEI/PAA)200,(B)(PEI/PAA/PEI/MTM)100,and(C)(PEI/MTM)100.Arrows indicate span of the cross-section (figure was reproduced from Ref.[62],with permission of the copyright holders).2840P.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–2851rated the MTM sheets into a LBL assembly of PDDA and magnetite nanoparticles.The clay layers were introduced by replacing every second layer of magnetite with MTM.The clay nanosheets imparted substantial improvement of strength over thefilms without MTM. Using a similar concept,Hua et al.,have recently developed ultra-thin cantilevers for sensing applications[66].The cantilevers were composed from six alternating monolayers of MTM,PDDA,and magnetite nanoparticles and they were170-nm thick.The two singular observations led our and other groups to further investigate the mechanical properties of PDDA/MTM compositefilms.Advincula’s group for example,investigated mechanical properties of thefilms with nanoindentation[67]. The hardness(H)and modulus of thefilms was H=0.46GPa and E=9.5GPa,respectively.The thinfilm’s modulus was correlated to its ordering and anisotropic structure.Both hardness and modu-lus of this compositefilm were higher than those of several other types of polymer thinfilms.Furthermore,Tang et al.prepared a series of free-standingfilms with50,100,and200bilayers and tested mechanical properties of thefilms with standard stretch-ing techniques[68].He found the ultimate strength( UTS)and modulus, UTS=100±10MPa and E=11±2GPa.The material was stronger and stiffer than some of the strongest commercial plas-tics and the enhancement of strength and stiffness over the base PDDA polymer was nearly10×and50×,respectively.Addition-ally,under low strain rates(slow stretching)thefilms exhibited a toughening behavior,evidenced by unusually high strain(ε)val-ues of,ε∼10%.Analysis of the differential of the stress–strain curve revealed a“saw-tooth”pattern,which was an evidence of break-ing and reforming of ionic bonds between PDDA and MTM surface (Fig.5).Similar behavior was observed in one of the toughest natural composites called“nacre”.Having analogous architecture, strength( UTS of nacre is∼110MPa),and deformation mechanics, the composite was dubbed“nanostructured artificial nacre”.The realization of exceptional potential of the PE/MTM com-posites prompted us to further investigate mechanical properties of this new class of composites.In an attempt at developing even stronger materials based on this architecture and to bet-ter understand the nano-scale and molecular mechanics of the composites,we have explored different compositions of thefilms and hypotheses.The well-ordered multilayer structure served as a model system for investigating nano-scale mechanics in poly-mer/clay composites.In thefirst attempt,we replaced PDDA with a biopolymer with nearly and order of magnitude greater strength and stiffness,the Chitosan(Fig.6)[69].Contrary to our expectations and in spite of uniform architecture,the composite showed lower UTS and E when compared to PDDA/MTM.Detailed investigation of the system led us to a conclusion that molecular rigidity of Chitosan’s chains pre-vented formation of well-interlocked structure,and thus decreased interfacial interactions with MTM.With this result in mind,we have further investigated improvement of interfacial interactions by replacing PDDA with aflexible poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)star polymer containing l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine(DOPA)adhe-sive groups found in mussels[70,71].This was thefirst exemplary structure where concepts found in two different natural materi-als were combined to produce a superior composite.An important development in this structure was utilization of a hardening mech-anism found in mussels,i.e.cross-linking of DOPA molecules to each other with Fe3+ions.The cross-linking has led to substan-tial improvement of mechanical properties,with UTS increasing to ∼200MPa.Following the discovery of enhancement of the mechanical properties upon post-assembly cross-linking,we turned our atten-tion to another polymer,poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA).PVA has a simple chemical structure with repeating hydroxyl groups attached to every other carbon atom in the polymer’s backbone(Fig.6). Important feature of the hydroxyl groups is that they can be eas-ily cross-linked covalently and ionically.The PVA chains are also uncharged;hence a question arose as to the feasibility of LBL assembly with MTM.Surprisingly,the assembly was robust and the resulting free-standingfilms showed record-high mechani-cal properties for clay nanocomposites,especially after covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde(GA).They also had nearly 90%optical transparency[72].The resulting tensile strength was, UTS=400±40MPa and stiffness of E=106±11GPa.Detailed spec-troscopic investigation revealed that PVA groups were epitaxially binding to the surface of clay sheets and GA cross-linking was also covalently binding MTM sheets with polymer,thus enhancing the transfer of mechanical properties.Furthermore,the covalent cross-linking rendered the composite water-inert.Similarly with ionic cross-linking,we found that Al3+and Cu2+gave substantial enhancements of mechanical properties,with UTS reaching as high as320MPa and E of nearly60GPa[73].These results showed tremendous promise of LBL technique for preparation of high-strength clay nanocomposites.However,slow deposition speeds are currently limiting these materials to appli-cations in coatings and thin membranes.Our group is currently investigating preparation of laminated composites from the ultra-strong sheets,but two most recent developments,which we have discussed in the previous section,are already carrying a promise for accelerating the preparation of composites.In thefirst,the e-LBL assembly,we found from nanoindentation that thefilms had high hardness and stiffness,even though the content of MTM sheets was dramatically lower when compared to linear LBL[62].The modu-lus and hardness were on the order of,E=16GPa and H=0.88GPa, and they were more than50%greater than those reportedbyFig.5.Tensile behavior of PDDA/MTM free-standingfilms(left)and corresponding derivatives of the stress–strain curves(right)(figure was reproduced from Ref.[68]with permission of the copyright holder).。

化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2023 年第 42 卷第 10 期非金属元素掺杂石墨相氮化碳光催化材料的研究进展宋亚丽1，李紫燕1，杨彩荣1，黄龙2，张宏忠1（1 郑州轻工业大学材料与化学工程学院，环境污染治理与生态修复河南省协同创新中心，河南 郑州 450001；2郑州大学生态与环境学院，河南 郑州 450001）摘要：石墨相氮化碳（g-C 3N 4）是一种非金属光催化材料，其具有制备成本低、制备过程简单、绿色、无二次污染、带隙能可调控、热稳定性高等特点，使其成为人们在能源与环境领域研究和关注的焦点。

然而，g-C 3N 4还存在比表面积小、禁带宽度较大、光生电子和空穴复合过快等缺点，限制了其发展。

非金属元素掺杂可以对g-C 3N 4进行改性以有效解决以上问题，使其带隙减小，拓宽光谱响应范围，抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合，提高光吸收能力，来提高其光催化性能。

本文对非金属元素掺杂g-C 3N 4的合成方法、应用等方面进行综述，从非金属单元素掺杂（单元素自掺杂和其他单元素掺杂）、非金属多元素共掺杂方面进行了总结。

最后指出了在非金属元素掺杂g-C 3N 4方面，仍需要关注g-C 3N 4产量偏低、可见光利用效率不足、回收较难等问题，并强调了非金属元素掺杂g-C 3N 4在治理环境污染和应对能源危机方面的重要作用。

关键词：石墨相氮化碳；非金属元素；掺杂改性；光催化性能中图分类号：TQ314.2 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2023）10-5299-11Research progress of non-metallic element doped graphitic carbonnitride photocatalytic materialsSONG Yali 1，LI Ziyan 1，YANG Cairong 1，HUANG Long 2，ZHANG Hongzhong 1(1 Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China;2College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China)Abstract: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4) is a non-metallic photocatalytic material. It has the advantages of low cost, simple preparation process, green, no secondary pollution, adjustable band gap energy and high thermal stability. It has become the research hotspot in the field of energy and environment. However, g-C 3N 4 possesses the disadvantages of small specific surface area, large band gap and fast recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes, which limits its application. Non-metallic element doping can effectively solve the above problems by reducing the band gap, broadening the spectral response range, inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and improving the light absorption capacity. In this work, the synthesis methods and application of non-metallic element doped g-C 3N 4 were reviewed. The non-metallic single element doping (single element self-doping and other single element doping) and non-metallic multi-element co -doping were综述与专论DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-2180收稿日期：2022-11-23；修改稿日期：2023-06-04。

专业英语词汇之 DFL专用缩略英语词汇汽车行业常用缩写AAR: Appearance Approval Report 外观批准报告A/D/V: Analysis/Development/Validation 分析/开发/验证A/D/V–DV: ADV Design Validation ADV设计验证A/D/V P&R: Analysis/Development/Validation Plan and Report. This form is used to summarize the plan and results for validation testing. Additional information can be found in the GP-11 procedure.分析/开发/验证计划和报告A/D/V–PV: ADV Product Validation ADV产品验证AIAG: Automotive Industries Action Group, an organization formed by General Motors, Ford and Daimler-Chrysler to develop common standards and expectations for automotive suppliers. 汽车工业行动集团AP: Advance Purchasing 先期采购APQP: Advanced Product Quality Planning 产品质量先期策划APQP Project Plan: A one-page summary of the SGM APQP process that describes the tasks and the timeframe in which they occur. APQP项目策划AQC: Attribute Quality Characteristic 属性质量特性ASQE: Advanced Supplier Quality Engineer 先期供应商质量工程师BIW: Body in White. Usually the bare metal shell of the body including doors and deck lid prior to paint and trim. 白车身BOM: Bill of Materials 材料清单BOP: Bill of Process 过程清单Brownfield Site: An expansion of an existing facility. 扩建场地CMM: Coordinate Measuring Machine 三坐标测试仪Cpk: Capability Index for a stabile process 过程能力指数CTC: Component Timing Chart (DRE document) 零部件时间表(DRE文件)CTS: Component Technical Specifications 零部件技术规范CVER: Concept Vehicle Engineering Release 概念车工程发布DC: Design Complete 设计完成Defect outflow detection: A phrase used in the Supplier Quality Statement of Requirements that refers to in-process or subsequent inspection used to detect defects in parts. 缺陷检测DFM/DFA: Design for Manufacturability / Design for Assembly 可制造性/可装配性设计DFMEA: Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. It is used to identify the potential failure modes of a part, associated with the design, and establish a priority system for design improvements. 设计失效模式和后果分析DPV: Defects per vehicle 每辆车缺陷数DR: Documentation Required DR特性DRE: Design Release Engineer 设计释放工程师DV: Design Validation 设计验证E&APSP: Engineering & Advance Purchasing Sourcing Process. 工程&先期采购定点程序EP: E-Procurement 电子采购流程Error Occurrence Prevention: A phrase used in the Supplier Quality Statement of Requirements that refers to poke yoke or error-proofing devices used to prevent errors in the manufacturing process from occurring. 防错FTQ: First Time Quality 一次通过质量GA: General Assembly 总装GD&T: Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 几何尺寸与公差SGM: Shanghai General Motors 上海通用汽车GMAP: General Motors Asian Pacific 通用汽车亚太GME: General Motors Europe 通用汽车欧洲GMNA: General Motors North American 通用汽车北美GP: General Procedure 通用程序GPDS: Global Product Description System 全球产品描述系统GPS: Global Purchasing System 全球采购系统GPSC: Global Purchasing & Supplier Chain 全球采购及供应链GR&R: Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility 检具重复性及再现性Greenfield Site: A new supplier facility that is built to support a program.GVDP: Global Vehicle Development Process 全球整车开发流程IPTV: Incidents per Thousand Vehicles 每千辆车故障IVER: Integration Vehicle Engineering Release 集成车工程发布KCC: Key Control Characteristics. It is a process characteristic where variation can affect the final part and/or the performance of the part. 关键控制特性KCDS: Key Characteristic Designation System 关键特性指示系统Kick-Off Meeting: The first APQP supplier program review. 启动会议(第一次APQP供应商项目评审)KPC: Key Product Characteristic. It is a product characteristic for which reasonably anticipated variation could significantly affect safety, compliance to governmental regulations, or customer satisfaction. 关键产品特性LAAM: (General Motors) Latin American, Africa & Meddle East (通用汽车)拉丁美洲、非洲及中东LCR: Lean Capacity Rate. It is the GM daily capacity requirement. 正常生产能力MCR: Maximum Capacity Rate. It is the GM maximum capacity requirement. 最大生产能力MOP: Make or Purchase 制造/采购MPC: Material Production Control 物料生产控制MPCE: Material Production Control Europe 欧洲物料生产控制MRD: Material Required Date; date material must be delivered in order to allow a build event to begin. 物料需求日期MSA: Measurement Systems Analysis 测量系统分析MVBns: Manufacturing Validation Build non-saleable 非销售车制造验证MVBs: Manufacturing Validation Build saleable 销售车制造验证NBH: New Business Hold 停止新业务N.O.D.: Notice of Decision 决议通知OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer 主机客户PAD: Production Assembly Documents 生产装配文件PC&L: Production Control & Logistics 生产控制&物流PDT: Product Development Team 产品开发小组PFMEA: Process Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. It is used to identify potential failure modes associated with the manufacturing and assembly process. 过程失效模式和后果分析PPAP: Production Part Approval Process 生产件批准程序Ppk: Performance index for a stable process 过程能力指数PPM: 1) Program Purchasing Manager, 2) Parts per Million (rejects and returns to suppliers) 1)项目经理2)每百万件的产品缺陷数PPV: Product & Process Validation 产品及过程验证PQC: Product Quality Characteristic 产品质量特性PR/R: Problem Reporting & Resolution 问题报告及解决PSA: Potential Supplier Assessment, a subset of the Quality System Assessment (QSA) 潜在供应商评审PV: Product Validation 产品验证QSA: Quality System Assessment 质量体系评审QSB: Quality Systems Basics 质量体系基础QTC: Quoted Tool Capacity 工装报价能力RASIC: Responsible, Approve, Support, Inform, Consult 负责、批准、支持、通知、讨论R@R: Run at Rate 按节拍生产RFQ: Request For Quotation 报价要求RPN: Risk Priority Number related to FMEA development 风险顺序数RPN Reduction Plan: An action plan that describes what is being done to reduce the risk priority number for items listed in the DFMEA or PFMEA.降低RPN值计划SDE: Supplier Development Engineer 供应商开发工程师SFMEA: System Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 系统失效模式分析SMT: System Management Team 系统管理小组SOA: Start of Acceleration 加速开始SORP: Start of Regular Production 正式生产SOR: Statement of Requirements 要求声明SPC: Statistical Process Control 统计过程控制SPO: (General Motors) Service and Parts Operations (通用汽车)零件与服务分部SQ: Supplier Quality 供应商质量SQE: Supplier Quality Engineer 供应商质量工程师SQIP: Supplier Quality Improvement Process 供应商质量改进过程SSF: Start of System Fill 系统填充开始SSTS: Sub-system Technical Specifications 子系统技术规范Sub-Assembly/ Sub-System: An assembly of sub-components delivered to the SGM main production line for installation to the vehicle as a single unit.Subcontractor: The supplier of a sub-component to a Complex System/Subassembly supplier (Tier 2, 3, etc). 分供方SVE: Sub-System Validation Engineer 子系统验证工程师SVER: Structure Vehicle Engineering Release. 结构车工程发布Team Feasibility Commitment: An AIAG APQP form that is provided with the Request for Quotation. It is the supplier’s concerns with the feasibility of manufacturing the part as specified.小组可行性承诺TKO: Tooling Kick-Off 模具启动会议UG: Unigraphics UG工程绘图造型系统VLE: Vehicle Line Executive 车辆平台负责人VTC: Validation Testing Complete 验证试验完成EWO: Engineering Work Order 工程工作指令。

碳纳米管的毒性研究进展纪宗斐;张丹瑛;沈锡中;董玲【摘要】In recent years, due to their unique properties, carbon nanotube (CNT) has been demonstrated to be a promising nanomaterial with wide applications in the field of biomedical and material science. Inevitably,there are more and more exposures of the human body to CNT, therefore, whether it is toxic has attracted increasing attention. The internal toxicities of CNT includes pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis,oxidative damage in circulatory system, atherosclerotic disease and immune system abnormity. In this review, we will describe the research advances in the toxicity of CNT.%近年来,碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)由于其特殊的结构和理化性质,在材料科学和生物医学领域具有潜在的应用前景.随着CNT与人体的接触也越来越多,它是否具有毒性逐渐成为我们所关注的焦点.CNT 的体内毒性主要表现为导致肺部炎症和纤维化,循环系统氧化损伤,动脉粥样硬化及全身免疫系统异常等.本文就CNT毒性效应的相关研究进行了综述.【期刊名称】《复旦学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(038)006【总页数】4页(P556-559)【关键词】碳纳米管;毒性;发生机制【作者】纪宗斐;张丹瑛;沈锡中;董玲【作者单位】复旦大学附属中山医院消化科上海200032;复旦大学附属中山医院消化科上海200032;复旦大学附属中山医院消化科上海200032;复旦大学附属中山医院消化科上海200032【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB324碳纳米管（carbon nanotube，CNT）是一种新型碳质纳米材料，由日本学者饭岛（Iijima）于1991年首次发现［1］，又名巴基管，它是一种碳的同素异形体，是继石墨、金钢石和C60之后的碳晶体家族新成员。