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energy efficient building design through data mining approach

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Analysis of an energy ef ficient building design through data mining approachHyunjoo Kim a ,⁎,Annette Stumpf b ,1,Wooyoung Kim c ,2a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,California State University,United Statesb U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,Engineering Research and Development Center,United States cConstruction &Economy Research Institute of Korea,South Koreaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l ei n f o Article history:Accepted 3May 2010Keywords:Energy simulation Data mining Classi fication Factor selectionEnergy design processIncorporating energy ef ficiency and sustainable green design features into new/existing buildings has become a top priority in recent years for building owners,designers,contractors,and facility managers.This paper intends to address why delivery of an energy ef ficient building is not just the result of applying one or more isolated technologies.Rather,it can best be obtained using an integrated whole building process throughout the entire project development process,which leads building designers to generate a large amount of data during energy simulations.The authors observed that even a simple energy modeling run generated pages of data with many different variables.The volumes of energy modeling data clearly overwhelm traditional data analysis methods such as spreadsheets and ad-hoc queries with so many factors to be considered.An integrated or whole building design process involves studies of the energy-related impacts and interactions of all building components,including the building location,envelope (walls,windows,doors,and roof),heating,ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)system,lighting,controls,and equipment,which shows why it is so dif ficult to find the correlation between different systems.The objective of this research is to develop an energy ef ficient building design process using data mining technology which can help project teams discover important patterns to improve the building design.This paper utilizes the data mining technology to extract interrelationships and patterns of interest from a large dataset.Case study revealed that data mining based energy modeling help project teams discover useful patterns to improve the energy ef ficiency of building design during the design phase.The method developed during this research could be used to guide designers and engineers through the process of completing an early design energy analysis based on energy simulation models.©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionBuilding energy simulation programs are in use throughout the building energy community.Energy modeling programs provide users with key building performance indicators such as thermal loads,energy use and demand,temperature,humidity,and costs.The A/E/C industry is embracing energy simulation programs,so building designers are currently dealing with a large amount of data generated during energy simulations.From our experience,even a simple energy modeling run generated pages of data with many different variables.Examples of those variables include but are not limited to the estimated energy costs or savings in terms of building orientation,HVAC system,lighting ef ficiency and control,construction of roof and walls,glazing type,water usage,day-lighting,etc.Such volumes ofdata clearly overwhelm traditional data analysis methods such as spreadsheets and ad-hoc queries with so many factors to be considered.It is dif ficult to find the best correlation/combination of different energy systems during the building design process.The objective of this research is to develop a process which can help project teams discover useful patterns to improve energy ef ficient building design.This paper utilized data mining technol-ogy,which is a data analysis process that combines different techniques from machine learning,pattern recognition,statistics,and visualization,to automatically extract concepts,interrelation-ships and patterns of interest from a large dataset.By applying data mining technology to the analysis of energy ef ficient building designs one can identify valid,useful,and previously unknown patterns out of energy simulation modeling.This paper presents the necessary steps to develop the data mining approach such as 1)requirement identi fication,2)energy simulation,3)data mining,and 4)re finement.In order to establish a process,a case study was conducted with an on-going design project.Then detailed steps showing how energy analysis tools were used early in the design process are presented.Automation in Construction 20(2011)37–43⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+16572783867;fax:+16572783916.E-mail addresses:hykim@ (H.Kim),Annette.L.Stumpf@ (A.Stumpf),beladomo@cerik.re.kr (W.Kim).1Tel.:+12173734492;fax:+12173736724.2Tel.:+82234410716;fax:+82234410890.0926-5805/$–see front matter ©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectAutomation in Constructionj o u r n a l h om e p a g e :w w w.e l sev i e r.c o m /l oc a t e /a ut c o n2.Literature review2.1.Energy modelingFor the past50years,a wide variety of building energy simulation (BES)analysis tools have been developed,enhanced,and applied throughout the building energy community.Examples of these tools are BLAST,EnergyPlus,eQUEST,TRACE,DOE2,and ECOTECT.Building energy simulation tools are complex applications which require a great deal of time to learn[1,2].Additionally,energy efficient building design is not just the result of applying one or more isolated design guidelines. Rather,it requires an integrated whole building process throughout the entire project development process.Whole building design considers the energy-related impacts and interactions of all buildings compo-nents,including the building location,envelope(walls,windows,doors,and roof),its heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems, lighting,controls,and equipment.Several research papers describe energy analysis as a holistic evaluation[3].Dahl et al.[4]and Lam et al.[5]showed that decisions made early in a project have a strong affect on the life cycle costs of a building.In this research,energy-efficient concepts,technologies and building elements will be developed and evaluated using energy modeling tools.Building designers could increase energy efficiencies in their building designs by using energy simulation tools in the context of a whole building approach.2.2.Data mining implementation for pattern discoveryRecognizing the complexity of the search algorithms and the size of the data being analyzed when identifying useful patterns in energy modeling data,this research utilized the data mining technology, which can be considered an interdisciplinaryfield involving concepts from machine learning,statistics,mathematics,high-performance computing,and visualization.Fayyad et al.[6]define data mining as the nontrivial process of identifying valid,novel,potentially useful, and ultimately understandable patterns in data.John[7]defines it as the process of discovering advantageous patterns in data.In this research,a pattern is an expression of describing facts in a subset of a set of facts.The expression is called a pattern if it is simpler than the enumeration of all facts in the subset of facts.A useful pattern means that building designers may increase the energy efficiencies of their buildings through the pattern found.One discovered pattern might be“building insulation that has a pattern of decreasing energy use by50%”.Patterns might also be much more complex,taking into account several different building components such as walls, windows,doors,and roof and specifying the conditional probability of improving energy efficiency.We can estimate the payoff of such a strategy by assuming an effectiveness rate.If the estimated payoff from the strategy was sufficiently high,it would be implemented to increase energy efficiency,and its results could be measured.3.Case studyIn this section,a sequence of three different steps in the data mining process is outlined,as shown in Fig.1.Thefirst step is to identify the project requirements.This step is challenging since projects have constrained budgets,schedules,and resources.It is essential that all building stakeholders–including owners,designers,engineers and contractors–have a clear understanding of problem definition and participate in identifying a set of design alternatives early in the project planning process.The second step,energy simulation,is where a large amount of data is generated.Examples of those variables include estimated energy costs or savings in terms of building orientation,HVAC systems,lighting efficiency and control,roof and wall construction,data analysis methods such as spreadsheets and ad-hoc queries with many factors to be considered.It is difficult tofind the best correlation/ combination of different energy systems during the building design process.The third step is the data mining process where we develop an overall data analysis mechanism that can be applied tofind patterns that explain or predict any behaviors resulting from the energy simulations.3.1.Requirement definitionThe energy efficient design process begins when the occupant's needs are assessed and a project budget is established.Then,the proposed building is located on the site,and programmed spaces are carefully arranged to reduce energy use for heating,cooling,and lighting.Building heating and cooling loads are minimized by optimizing the building form and designing energy efficient building elements—windows,walls,and roofs.Taken together,they form the basis of integrated,whole building design.3.1.1.Building descriptionThe project described in this paper is a new Community Emergency Service Station(CESS)facility.This building providesfirefighting, medical and police support services for a residential neighborhood.The station consists of offices,training rooms,physical training,day room, kitchen,dormitory area,apparatus room,decontamination room, storage area/rooms,latrines,communication and electrical closets,and a mechanical room.The size of the proposed new facility is approxi-mately808m2as shown in Fig.2.The apparatus room was sized for afire truck,military police car,and ambulance.Space for hose drying,lockers and a work bench were also required in the apparatus room.The building is occupied seven days a week for24h a day.A summary of the building model parameters and the thermal loading are presented in Table1. Fig.3shows the rooms to be located in each CESS facility.Requirement identification for the CESS facility was accomplished using a four day charrette process.A charrette is held at the beginning of a project where a group of designers,engineers,and contractors may draft solutions to design problems.For our case study,the charrette took place in the early stage of design and also included stakeholders outside of the design/build team.Each participant presented his/her work to the full group.The charrette served as a way of quickly generating solutions while understanding and integrating the interests of different groups of people.Energy modeling in the charrette presented several challenges. First,it was essential to provide energy analysis results so we could identify energy-saving improvements while the design was being modified.In addition,energy modeling usually involves the time consuming process of re-entering all the building data,geometry and parameters to conduct an energy analysis.3.1.2.Energy modelingThe energy simulations were completed using Autodesk®GreenFig.1.Main process of knowledge discovery approach.38H.Kim et al./Automation in Construction20(2011)37–43of the energy model built in eQUESTt.Green Building Studio®was used to build a three-dimensional energy estimation model and eQUEST 3.63to fine-tune the simulations.Green Building Studio®and eQUEST annual energy analysis results are depicted as cost per year for comparison purposes.Individual energy analysis runs are often performed to identify the annual energy cost for each building feature or system under consideration,or to determine the effectiveness of applying multiple features or systems to a design.This section describes the modeling assumptions used in the baseline and proposed (energy ef ficient)models.The baseline building envelope features are modeled using ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004steel framewall construction,roof insulation door and fenestration types.The energy savings for the insulation are small and show an increase with the bigger R-values.The energy savings were signi ficant ranging between 2and 5%of the total energy consumption.Fig.5and Table 2show electricity consumption of the baseline model in kWh due to the regional situation that the CESS is located where natural gas supply is not available.Based on electricity usage only,the estimated annual energy consumption is 116,270kWh as shown in Table 2.Table 1Baseline building model parameters.Building component Baseline building modelNumber of users 14people Area 808m 2Floors1Fenestration type Standard 90-1.2004Wall construction Steel frameWall insulation Standard 90.1-2004steel frameRoof insulation Metal frame with code compliant insulation Temp.set points70°F heating;75°F cooling —set back/up toFig.2.Proposed building floor plan.39H.Kim et al./Automation in Construction 20(2011)37–433.1.3.Data analysisGiven the simulation data obtained in the previous section,our data analysis goal is to develop an overall data analysis process that can be applied to find patterns for energy-related behaviors of a construction project.During data analysis,the feature subset selection was first used to calculate the relevance of features.Then,useful patterns were extracted from the data sets.When comparing different building components and equipment,all the energy costs were estimated and presented in dollars at the rate of $0.07per kWh (which is a local rate in the region)throughout the data analysis.3.1.3.1.Feature subset selection.The technique of feature subset selection was used to find which building elements (windows,walls,doors,roof and HVAC systems)are most likely to improve energy ef ficiency signi ficantly.The feature subset selection algorithm conducts a search for a good subset using the induction algorithm as part of the evaluation function.The accuracy of the induced classi fiers is estimated using accuracy estimation techniques.There are several induction algo-rithms (Quinlan [8],and Domingos and Pazzani [9]).This research conducted the feature subset selection using C4.5decision tree which is a well-known algorithm in the machine learning community.3.1.3.2.Roof construction.Roof construction includes structural frames,materials (wood,steel,polystyrene,screed,concrete,plaster)and various insulations.The purpose of this section is to figure out whichcombination of roof construction materials and method would produce the lowest annual energy cost using computer-generated simulations.A total of 127energy simulation runs were conducted to study roof construction alternatives and estimate the total annual energy cost as shown in Fig.6(Max.$13,133,Min.$7,134,AVG $7,934,Median.$7,667and STDIV $1,002.35).Table 3shows different factors considered when energy-modeling of roof construction alternatives.According to the Factor Subset Selection,the depth of insulation was the most signi ficant factor when calculating energy estimations of roof construction.But it is also interesting to find that adding air space to the roof was almost as important as increasing the depth of insulation (The signi ficances of insulation and air space in roof construction are 83%and 79%respectively in Feature Subset Selection).Constructing and adding a ceiling to the roof turned out not signi ficant as other factors such as roof materials,or insulation.The best option is either Wood Frame Roof with Super High Insulation or Metal Frame Roof with Super High Insulation.The worst option is Cool Roof —R15continuous insulation over roof deck.Also it was found that increasing R value in Cool Roof continuous insulation over roof deck produced good results for that location.Table 3shows different factors considered during the energy simulations.3.1.3.3.Wall construction.Walls are constructed using various forms and materials for different types of buildings.Exterior walls are important to protect the building from externalenvironmentalFig.4.Energy modeling ineQuest.40H.Kim et al./Automation in Construction 20(2011)37–43effects such as heat and cold,sunlight,rain and snow,and sound.Walls in this research don't contain doors and windows,which provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line.The doors and windows were considered later on in the research.A total number of 96energy runs wereperformed for wall construction alternatives.Fig.7shows the annual energy cost results (Max.$10,973,Min.$7,565,Avg $8,251,Median $8,000,and STDIV $647.19).The best result came from “Frame Wall with Super High Insulation combined with brick veneer ”($7,565)and the worst option was “Massive Wall ”(or metal frame)without insulation ($10,973).According to the Feature Subset Selection algorithm,the signi ficances of the factors were Insulation (84%),Materials (81%),Air Space (79%),U-value (68%),and Construction method (45%).In wall construction,combined materials (concrete +brick veneer +insulation or face brick +tiles +insulation)also produced good energy ef ficiencies.Table 4shows five different factors considered in the energy simulations.3.1.3.4.HVAC.Twelve HVAC systems below were modeled as improvements to the baseline system:•14SEER/0.9AFUE Split/Packaged b5.5ton,•12SEER/0.9AFUE Split/Packaged 5–11ton,•EER Packaged VAV 84.8%boiler heating,•Central VAV,HW Heat,Chiller 5.96COP,Boilers 84.5ef ficient,•4Pipe Fan Coil System,Chiller 5.96COP,Boilers 84.5ef ficient,•Central VAV,Electric Resistance Heat,Chiller 5.96COP,•14SEER/8.3HSPF Split/Packaged Heat Pump,•12SEER/7.7HSPF Split Packaged Heat Pump,•2-Pipe Fan Coil System,Chiller 5.96COP,Boilers 84.5ef ficient,•12SEER/8.3HSPF Packaged Terminal Heat Pump (PTHP),•115EER Packaged Terminal Heat Pump,•17SEER/0.85AFUE Split/Packaged b 5.5ton.Fig.8shows different performances of each HVAC option (AVG $8,100.5,Max.$9,156,Min.$6,746,Median $8,006,STDIV $802.56).All twelve systems showed different performances.The most energy ef ficient option was given from 17SEER/0.85AFUE Split/Packaged b 5.5ton.In general,Heat Pumps were more ef ficient than other types of equipment such as Fan Coil Units or PackagedTable 2Electric consumption (kWh X 000)for baseline model.JanFeb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalSpace cool 0.160.240.430.70 1.32 1.78 2.15 2.34 1.620.980.450.2412.41Heat reject –––––––––––––Refrigeration –––––––––––––Space heat0.760.600.170.080.010.00–––0.010.180.58 2.39HP supplement 0.090.150.000.00––––––0.000.080.33Hot water0.450.420.460.470.440.380.390.380.350.390.370.43 4.94Ventilation fans 0.950.860.950.920.950.920.950.950.920.950.920.9511.15Pumps &auxiliary 0.670.610.610.590.650.670.710.700.680.600.590.677.76External usage 0.600.460.510.490.360.350.360.580.560.580.580.60 6.03Misc.equip. 1.96 1.77 1.96 1.98 2.01 1.89 2.01 2.01 1.89 2.01 1.84 1.9623.30Task lights –––––––––––––Area lights 4.10 3.68 4.03 4.15 4.12 3.76 4.12 4.14 3.83 4.22 3.72 4.1247.97Total9.748.789.129.379.879.7510.6911.099.849.748.659.62116.27Fig.6.Estimated annual energy costs of roof construction alternatives.Table 3Different factors considered during energy simulations of roof construction.Factor Data type ValuesMaterialNon-numericWood,asphalt,asphalt shingles,concrete(lightweight/heavyweight),stone,fiberboard,gyp board,metal r batt insulation,etc.Insulation Numeric1–12(inches)Construction method Non-numeric Regular/super-insulatedU-value Numeric0.02–0.5948Air space Non-numeric Yes/NoCeilingNon-numericAcoustical ceiling,suspendedceiling41H.Kim et al./Automation in Construction 20(2011)37–43VAV units.This research was deliberately limited to analyze the annual energy cost of 12HVAC systems since it would be too dif ficult in a research paper to try to identify all speci fic HVAC systems.However,further research could be undertaken to analyze more HVAC options to provide a broader pattern of HVAC systems.3.1.3.5.Rotation.The proposed building was rotated at every 15°for a total of 12times to determine the most energy ef ficient building orientation.Even though the best option was to have the longest wall face due south,there were small differences between each rotation ($8,094~$8,195).Fig.9shows the estimated energy costs of each orientation (Max.$8,195,Min.$8,094,Avg $8,100.3,STDEV $3.54).parison of annual energy costs for each design alternative was conducted in the six categories of building elements.We studied 12different options in HVAC,127in roof construction,88in wall construction,and pared to the baseline building performance,HVAC options provided the greatest impact on annual energy costs,with estimated $1,507savings using a 17SEER/0.85AFUE Split/Pkgd as shown in Table 5.On the other hand,building orientation had the least impact on energy costs ($11–17per year)for this particular structure.4.Conclusions and further researchUtilizing data mining based energy modeling technology,this research conducted an energy modeling process where project teams may utilize energy simulations and see the results early in the design process.To date,energy modeling tasks are usually conducted later in the design process due to its time consuming data entry.The case study revealed that data mining based energy modeling helps project teams discover useful patterns to improve the energy ef ficiency of building design during the design phase.The method developed during this research could be used to guide designers and engineers through the process of completing an early design energy analysis based on energy simulation models.There is an essential need to conduct further research with energy simulations early in the design process,such as during charrettes,to see to it that project teams can design an ultra-ef ficient building that takes advantage of free site energy for day-lighting,natural ventilation and passive solar heating.Once the building orientation and form is optimized,then high ef ficiency mechanical and lighting systems can be integrated to minimize annual energy consumption and work towards a “Net Zero ”building.(A Net Zero building generates as much energy as it uses over a year.)The integration of energy analysis tools with Building Information Modeling (BIM)Tools is a promising development because it would reduce the duplicative work of recreating a representation of the building design to conduct energy analysis.Instead,project deliveryTable 4Different factors considered during the energy simulations of wall construction.MaterialNon-numericWood,brick wall,concrete (lightweight/heavyweight),concrete block,clay tile,face/common brick,sheet metal,plaster,etc.InsulationNumeric1–12(inches)Construction method Non-numeric Foam/regular/super-insulated U-value Numeric0.038–1.0359Air space Non-numericYes/NoFig.8.Estimated annual energy costs of HVACsystems.Table 5Summary of building options chosen.Building elements Option chosenHVAC17SEER/0.85AFUE Split/Pkgd Wall construction Frame wall with “Super HighInsulation ”combined with “brick veneer ”Roof constructionWood Frame Roof with Super High Insulation or Metal Frame Roof with Super High Insulation OrientationTrue south orientation42H.Kim et al./Automation in Construction 20(2011)37–43teams could apply these integrated tools to obtain better feedback on how their design decisions affect the building's annual energy use. Next,the application of a data mining technique could really help project delivery teams sort through results of numerous energy analysis runs generated when designing a building to select the most cost effective alternative and system.Finally,the comparison between estimated computer results and real energy consumption would provide us a better understanding and reflection on the actual performance.The collection of actual energy and water consumption data is being requested by the US Green Building Council for projects being certified using the new version of the LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)rating tool(LEED v.3)[10]. References[1] D.Crawley,J.Hand,M.Kummert,B.Griffith,Contrasting the capabilities of buildingenergy performance simulation programs,Joint Report(2005)Version1.0.[2]H.Kim,W.Kim,Energy efficient building design through data mining approach,The3rd International Conference on Construction Engineering and Management (ICCEM-IPPEM),2009.[3]H.Abaza,An interactive design advisor for energy efficient building,Journal ofGreen Building(2008).[4]P.Dahl,M.Horman,T.Pohlman,M.Pulaski,Evaluating design-build-operate-maintenance delivery as a tool for sustainability,Construction Research Congress (2005).[5]m,N.H.Wong,A.Mahadavi,K.K.Chan,Z.Kang,S.Gupta,SEMPER-II:aninternet-based multi-domain building performance simulation environment for early design support,Automation in Construction V.13(2004).[6]U.M.Fayyad,G.Piatetsky-Shapiro,P.Smyth,From data mining to knowledgediscovery:an overview,Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAI/MIT Press,1998.[7]G.John,Cross-validated C4.5:Using Error Estimation for Automatic ParameterSelection,Technical Note,Computer Science Department,Stanford University, 1996.[8]R.Quinlan,C4.5Programs for Machine Learning,Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,Inc,1993.[9]P.Domingos,M.Pazzani,On the optimality of the simple Bayesian classifier underZero-One loss,Machine Learning(1997).[10]USGBC,/Docs/News/MPRs%200609.pdf43H.Kim et al./Automation in Construction20(2011)37–43。

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高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)

高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)

高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the development of human society, buildings, as an integral part of human life, consume more and more energy. At the same time, due to the increasingly serious problems of global warming and environmental pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current construction field. To achieve sustainable development, the construction industry must adopt energy-efficient building technologies that minimize energy consumption and pollution. This article will discuss the research and application of energy-efficient building technologies.1. Research and application of building insulation technologyBuilding insulation technology is one of the important means of building energy saving. In winter, building insulation technology can reduce the loss of indoor heat, increase the indoor temperature, and reduce the consumption of heating energy. In summer, building insulation technology can reduce the entry of outdoor heat, lower the indoor temperature, and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning. The research and application of building insulation technology can be realized by optimizing building materials, designing building structures, and improving the external environment of buildings. For example, the use of thermal insulation materials can improve the thermal insulation performance of buildings, and improving the external environment of buildings can reduce the impact of heat on buildings in summer.2. Research and application of architectural lighting technologyBuilding daylighting technology is another important means of energy saving. By adopting a reasonable lighting system, the use of natural light can be maximized and the use of artificial lighting can be reduced. At the same time, the daylighting system can also improve indoor air quality and increase living comfort. The research and application of architectural lighting technology can be realized by optimizing architectural design, adopting efficient lighting system, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, in the architectural design process, windows and skylights can be properly arranged to maximize the use of natural light and reduce the use of artificial lighting.3. Research and application of building solar energy utilization technologySolar energy is a clean and renewable energy, and building solar energy utilization technology is one of the important means of building energy conservation. By adopting technologies such as solar panels, solar water heaters, and solar air conditioners, solar energy can be converted into electricity or heat, reducing the dependence of buildings on traditional energy sources. The research and application of building solar energy utilization technology can be realized by optimizing building design, selecting suitable solar energy utilization technology, and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. For example, in architectural design, the orientation and inclination angle of solar panels can be reasonably set to maximize the use of solar energy.4. Research and application of building water-saving technologyBuilding water saving technology is an important part of building energy saving. In modern cities, the problem of water shortage is becoming more and more prominent. Building water-saving technology can reduce the demand for water resources in buildings and protect water resources. The research and application of building water-saving technology can be realized by optimizing building design, adopting water-saving equipment, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, water-saving devices such as low-flow faucets and water-saving toilets can reduce the building's water demand.5. Research and application of building intelligent technologyBuilding intelligent technology is an emerging field of building energy conservation. By adopting intelligent systems, buildings can realize automatic control, maximize the use of energy and reduce energy waste. The research and application of building intelligent technology can be realized by designing intelligent systems, adopting intelligent equipment, and improving the management of intelligent systems. For example, in the design of intelligent building systems, the automatic control of environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, humidity, and light can be realized to achieve the maximum utilization of energy.6. Research and Application of Building Ecological TechnologyBuilding ecological technology is another important means of building energy saving. By adopting green building materials, building greening, recycling and other technologies, the impact of buildings on the environment can be reduced, and the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the environment can be realized. The research and application of building ecological technology can be realized by choosing green building materials, building greening design, and realizing building recycling. For example, degradable materials can be used in architectural design to realize the recycling of building materials and reduce the impact on the environment.To sum up, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving building technologies is an important direction for future building development. By adopting various means such as energy-saving technology, solar energy utilization technology, water-saving technology, intelligent technology and ecological technology, it is possible to achieve building energy conservation, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, reduce demand for water resources, maximize energy use, reduce The impact on the environment, to achieve the harmonious coexistence of architecture and the environment. This can not only reduce building operating costs and improve building quality, but also make positive contributions to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Therefore, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving technologies for buildings should be valued and promoted.随着人类社会的发展，建筑作为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分，对于能源的消耗也越来越多。

学校建筑合理用能指南

学校建筑合理用能指南

学校建筑合理用能指南英文回答：School Building Energy Efficient Guidelines.As the awareness of environmental protection and energy conservation continues to grow, it is essential for schools to adopt energy-efficient practices in their building designs and operations. Here are some guidelines for schools to follow in order to ensure the rational use of energy in their buildings.1. Incorporate Passive Design Strategies.Passive design strategies, such as proper building orientation, shading, and natural ventilation, can significantly reduce the need for mechanical heating and cooling. Schools should consider these strategies in the initial design phase to maximize energy efficiency.2. Use Energy-Efficient Building Materials.Selecting energy-efficient building materials, such as high-performance insulation, windows, and roofing, can help reduce the energy demand for heating and cooling. Additionally, using recycled and sustainable materials can further minimize the environmental impact of the building.3. Install Energy-Efficient Lighting and HVAC Systems.Utilize energy-efficient lighting systems, such as LED fixtures, and HVAC systems with high energy efficiency ratings. Implementing advanced controls and sensors can also optimize the operation of these systems and reduce energy consumption.4. Implement Renewable Energy Technologies.Consider integrating renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels or wind turbines, to generate clean energy on-site. This can help offset the school'selectricity demand and reduce its reliance on non-renewableenergy sources.5. Educate and Engage Building Occupants.Educating students, teachers, and staff about energy-saving practices and encouraging their active participation in energy conservation efforts can lead to significant energy savings. Simple actions, such as turning off lights and unplugging electronic devices when not in use, can make a difference.中文回答：学校建筑合理用能指南。

中意清华环境节能楼

中意清华环境节能楼

- 太阳能光伏板 - 电热冷联产系统 - 高效冷凝锅炉 - 大楼智能控制• • • •Energy Efficient Building Tsinghua University1上- 意中政府合作示范项目Innovative application- 低能耗围护 - 辐射顶板 - 自然采光 - 自然通风 - 太阳能光伏板 - 电热冷联产系统 - 高效冷凝锅炉 - 大楼智能控制T h e p r o j e c t a i m s a t p r o m o t i n g a n d w i d e s p r e a d d i s s e m i n a t i n g E U i n n o v a t i v e R e s e a r c h a n d T e c h n o l o g y D e v e l o p m e n t a n d D e m o n s t r a t i o n r e s u l t s , a s w e l l a s e c o -s u s t a i n a b i l i t y c r i t e r i a i n b u i l d i n g s e c t o r , w h i c h i n c l u d e :e n e r g y ef f i c i e n t b u i l d i ng m a t e r i a l s , c o m p o n e n t s a n d s y s t e m s n o t y e t i n t r o d u c e d i n t o th e b ui l d i n g m a r k e t o r i n t h e i r f i r s t m a r k e t p h a s e ; i n n o v a t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f h e a t i n g /c o o l i n g a n d p o w e r s u p p l y t e c h n o l o g i e s , c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , i n b u i l d i n g s e c t o r ; b e s t E U d e m o n s t r a t i o n e c o -b u i l d i n g p r oj e c t s .2、建筑和景观设计SIEEB 的造型方案是在经过充分分析大楼周围的地形条件和北京的气候特点后制定的。

外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性

外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性

外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性中文3886字附录附录A 外文翻译Talking About The Importance Of Strengthening PublicBuilding Energy Efficiency And Energy Saving DesignAbstract：In recent years, with the rapid development of national economy and accelerating urbanization, China's building energy consumption accounts for the proportion of the community is also growing rapidly, increasing by one percentage point more than a year, of which, many large public buildings to "seek Yang, Innovation, and big" building energy consumption and become a "black hole." Strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings and promoting energy efficiency and the rational use of energy and resource conservation fundamentally ease the contradiction between supply of energy resources and economic and social development, improve people's quality of life. Building energy efficiency design which is also a very important part. This paper focuses on the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings and how the implementation of building energy efficiency in building design are described, and made some personal advice.Keywords：Public buildings Building energy efficiency Building energy efficiency design Importance1IntroductionOur country is a developing country, it is a big country building, housing a total construction area of the country has more than 400 million square meters of new housing area per year up to 17~18 million square meters, more than the sum of all the developed countries each year completed the construction area. Withthe gradual advance of building a well-off society, the rapid development of construction, building energy consumption growing rapidly and has become the world's second largest energy consumer. Some public buildings are often used as a symbol of the modern city, but due to the special nature of its structure and purpose, and often also public buildings energy-hungry, energy-saving potential of such buildings urgently mining. Second, strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings. 2Strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings2.1The need to strengthen the energy efficiency of public buildings and social developmentWith the rapid economic and social development, and constantly improve the living standards of technology and science and technology, energy problem has become one of the important countries in the world. The total energy consumption in the world, 25% to 40% of energy consumption in buildings. At present, China's total energy consumption building society accounts for the total energy consumption of 27%, gradually, refrain. Especially in recent years, with the European style of vogue, many large public buildings as "seeking ocean, Innovation, and big", the pursuit of facade effect, a large area with glass walls, winter cold, summer heat, must resort to air conditioning adjust the room temperature, so that the air conditioning energy consumption than the general construction of such buildings to be three times higher. According to the survey, China has about 500 million of large public buildings, power consumption 70~300⋅kW years for residential 8~15 times. China's large public building ⋅2h/menergy consumption per square meter in the 10~20 times that of ordinary residential buildings, public buildings, including many large energy government offices, commercial buildings in the course of its heating, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and other aspects of consumption construction accounts for about 30% of the country's total energy consumption. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public building energy efficiency is imperative.2.2To enhance public building energy efficiency is needed to improve the working and living environmentWith the gradual advance of building a moderately prosperous society,comfortable thermal environment is increasingly becoming the need of people's work and life. In developed countries, the suitable temperature has become a basic needs. In China, people are gradually increased requirements for quality of life. Meanwhile, China's vast territory, continental climate performance significantly: compared with other regions of the same latitude, the winter of the world's coldest countries in the same latitude, the average January temperature Northeast than other regions of the same latitude average low 15~20 ℃, the Huang-Huai basin low 10~15℃, south of the Yangtze low 6~10℃, southern coastal also low 5℃; summer is on the same latitude in the world average warmest countries (except the desert), the average temperature in July northeast than other regions of the same latitude the average high 4℃, North high 2.5℃, the Yangtze River is high 1.5 ~ 2℃. Therefore, hot summer and cold winter, long plagued the nation. More to improve people's lives, the more unbearable winter heat toss, heating in winter to the summer to cool, which consumes energy. Initial investigation found that summer air conditioning power consumption is a major factor in recent years, increasing in civilian electricity. The energy consumption of public buildings is to become the "black hole", air-conditioning systems in public buildings energy consumption of buildings accounts for the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing year by year. From a macro perspective, only to achieve the conservation and rational use of energy resources in order to meet people's need for a comfortable thermal environment. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings energy- delay.2.3Strengthen public building energy efficiency is to realize the need for national energy saving targetsChina's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed to reduce by about 20% during the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product, the total discharge of major pollutants by 10%. "Twelve Five-Year" Plan also proposed that "five" period of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 11.4%; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16%, reduce carbon dioxide per unit of GDP by 17%; major significantly reduce pollutant emissions and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 8%, ammonia, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 10%. With the rapid development of urbanization, heating and air conditioning building energy increasing, the rapid growth of emissions of pollutants into theatmosphere. China's carbon dioxide emissions have been accounted for second in the world, while building carbon dioxide emissions can be caused also accounted for using the country's total emissions of carbon dioxide can cause 1/4. In a period of time, this situation still exists, energy saving long way to go.2.4The need to strengthen public building energy efficiency building technology advancesOn the one hand, increasing as the country's energy requirements of the building, a fundamental part of the walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors and heating, lighting and other buildings have undergone tremendous changes. Housing construction is no longer a world of several traditional masonry and other materials, learning materials and processes used in practice for many years may have to quit the stage of history. Sprung up many new efficient insulation materials, sealing materials, energy efficient equipment and insulation pipes. On the other hand, the emergence of new energy-saving materials also contributed to the continuous development and create technology. Construction-related industries, such as design, construction and other sectors have to adjust the technical structure, create better meet people's needs energy-efficient buildings. 3The importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency design Building energy efficiency is the sum of the whole life of the whole building process every step of energy. Refers to the building planning, design, new (renovation, expansion), transformation and use of the process, the implementation of building energy efficiency standards, using energy-saving technologies, processes, equipment, materials and products to improve building insulation and heating performance heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating system efficiency, strengthening building energy systems operation and management, use of renewable energy, to ensure the quality of indoor thermal environment, reduce the number of heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating, lighting, hot water supply energy consumption. Building energy efficiency design is a comprehensive building energy efficiency is a very important part, is to enhance energy efficiency in buildings first gate.3.1The overall energy-saving design and the external environment3.1.1Reasonable sitingConstruction site is mainly based on the factors of local climate, soil, water, topography and the surrounding environmental conditions, considering.Architectural design, both to make the building suitable microclimate maintained throughout its life cycle, while also achieve the harmony of architecture and nature.3.1.2Rational design of the external environmentAfter building address is determined, according to the needs of architectural features, the external environment through rational design, to improve the existing micro-climate, creating an enabling environment for building energy efficiency.3.1.3Reasonable planning and program designReasonable construction planning and program design can effectively adapt to the harsh micro- climate. It includes determining the amount of the overall body building, body building and construction portfolio size, construction and other aspects of sunshine and orientation. Like yurt circular plane, conical roofs can effectively adapt to the harsh prairie climate, serve to reduce building cooling area, resist sand effect. For most areas, the introduction of energy-efficient natural ventilation of the building is very important. On the layout, you can create different pressure through the sunny side and the shady side of the building, ventilation can be formed even in no wind. Forming a tunnel in the body design of the building, so that the natural wind in which the roundabout, get good ventilation, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation. Sunshine principles and towards the choice is to get enough sunlight in winter and avoid the dominant wind, summer can take advantage of natural ventilation and minimize solar radiation. However, the orientation towards the construction program and the design of the building is often constrained by social history, culture, topography, urban planning, roads, environmental conditions, in order to make towards the building while meeting the summer heat and winter insulation is often difficult. Therefore, only trade-offs between various factors, to find a balance, try to be reasonable.3.2Energy-saving design monomers3.2.1Energy-saving structural design of various parts of the buildingEnergy-efficient structural design of various parts of the building, mainly to meet the same building as a fundamental part of the function, to be further design aspects of the material through the various parts (roof, floors, walls, doors, windows, etc.), construction and so on. Make full use of the building exteriorclimate conditions, to save energy and improve the effect of indoor microclimate environment.(1)Energy-saving design for roofThe roof is an important part of the building and the outdoor air in contact with the main energy saving measures: ①the use of sloping roof; ②Set roof insulation layer; ③If necessary, an additional roof insulation (insulated overhead roofing, water roofing, green roofs, etc.).(2)Energy-saving design for floor layerThe main structure is the use of a hollow space, and the design of the floor to the ceiling shape. If the circulating water disposed therein, the summer can reduce the indoor temperature of cold water circulating in winter and hot water circulation heating.(3)Energy-saving design for building envelope wallIn addition to energy-saving design of the wall to adapt to climate conditions, good insulation, moisture, insulation and other measures, should be reflected in the special structure can improve the micro-climate conditions, such as cold regions of the sandwich wall design, passive solar house in various regenerative wall (water wall) design, the Baghdad area in order to adapt to local climatic conditions are hot and dry in the wall of the outlet design.(4)Energy-efficient doors and windows designAccording to statistics, in our existing buildings with high energy consumption, 40% of the energy is dissipated through the doors. Therefore, to solve the problem of energy-saving windows and doors is important.(5)Energy-efficient building envelope design detailEnergy-saving design detail, the overall energy efficiency of the building is also very important. Should proceed with the following parts: ①thermal bridge, take a reliable insulation and the "bridge" measure; ②the external walls and overhangs member attached to the wall components, such as balconies, rain cover, by the facades balcony railing, air conditioner outdoor unit shelf, with pilasters, bay windows, decorative lines, bridges and shall take off the heat insulation measures; ③window around the walls should be insulated; ④doors, window frames and wall the gap between the insulation material should be used efficiently caulking; ⑤the gap doors, window frames and plaster layers around, should adopt caulking sealant insulation materials and seal the interface ofdifferent materials to avoid cracking, impact doors, thermal performance windows; ⑥all-glass curtain wall, the gap walls, floor or between beams and walls should be filled with insulation material.3.2.2Rational design of building spaceReasonable space is designed in a fully meet the functional requirements of the building using the premise of reasonable architectural space delimited (delimited flat and vertical separator) to improve indoor insulation, ventilation, lighting and other micro-climatic conditions, to save energy.3.2.3Selection of energy-saving building materialsAn important aspect of the rational use of energy-saving building materials are also comprehensive building energy efficiency. Building materials should be selected to follow a healthy, efficient, economical, energy-saving principles. On the one hand, with the development of technology, a lot of new efficient materials continue to be developed and applied to architectural design to better achieve energy savings. Such as new insulation material, waterproof material used in walls, roofs, and achieve a better insulation moisture effects; new translucent insulating glass (such as Low-E glass, etc.) in windows applications, played a better aluminum with adjustable visor to shade the purpose; translucent insulation.4ConclusionIn recent years, a series of national regulations and local building energy efficiency standards were introduced, from government officials to the construction industry all employees, not just from the thought of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings have a certain visual recognition, and in particular work has also made certain achievements. However, with China's energy goals, there is a considerable gap, particularly public building energy efficiency, hesitant, far more than other civil difficulty saving. The reason for the policy on both factors, there are also reasons for funding. But I think the key is thinking and understanding is not in place, as long as the profound understanding of the importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency, we will be able to achieve our energy efficiency goals.From:Theoretical Studies Of Urban Construction浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性摘要：近年来，随着国民经济的快速发展，城市化进程的不断加快，我国建筑能耗占社会能耗的比重也在快速增长，每年增加一个百分点以上，而其中，不少大型公共建筑为“求洋、求新、求大”而成为建筑能耗的“黑洞”。