大学英语精读电子教案第3册 UNIT7

Unit SevenA. Objectives of this unita. Content1. A victim of 107 fatal maladies.2. Discussion: Factors contributing to hypochondria.3. A passage: What is meant by mental health?4. Temple treatment for psychiatric illnessb. Key language points1. Double negation such as…never…without….2. Word-building: Adjective formed with noun + -ly such as cowardly.3. Rhetorical devices such as hyperbole, anti-climax.4. Clause connectors.c. V ocabularyBasic requirements: 39 new words.Intermediate requirements: 15 new words.Advanced requirements: 11 new words.d. Comprehensive skills1. Understanding a passage of about 1200 words at the advanced level of difficultyand summarize the text with approximately 180 words.2. Surfing the Internet to sum up the characteristics of mental health.3. Using teamwork to complete the project of preparing a CV for James Blake.e. Functions1. Discussing the symptoms of psychological or metal problems.2. Holding discussions about ways to maintain good mental health.3. Communicating successfully during psychological counseling.B. Procedures and MethodsEight teaching periods are needed to cover the present unit, among which four periods are for the module of Language Skills Development, three periods for the module of Language in Use and one mainly for the module of Enhancement of Language Abilities.1. Period One and Period Two:●Step One: StarterA. Look at the picture. Suppose he is your friend, and is possibly mentally ill. Answer the following questions.B. Listen to a news report. Then fill in the blanks.Before playing the tape, the instructor can ask the students to take a look at the new expressions in Mind Map first.Then the instructor tells the students to listen to the news report and do the exercise.This step shall take up 10-15 minutes.●Step Two: New words and expressionsGo over the new words and expressions in the text (refer to Student‟s Book Pages 181-184) to prepare students for the text learning.The time for this step should not exceed 10 minutes.●Step Three: Text teachingStart teaching the text: A Victim of 107 Fatal MaladiesBefore delving into the text, the instructor can ask the students a general question about it such as “Is there any person who has a tendency to imagine himself ill around you?”After that, the text organization chart will be presented so that the students can expand each episode.Then start the detailed study of the text and go through the text paragraph by paragraph. To help students understand the story, the instructor can explain the language points and ask students to answer the questions related to the text.This step shall not take up more than one and a half periods.Notes to Para. 11. A Victim of 107 Fatal Maladies一个身患107种致命疾病的患者victim:n. 1) [C] 受害者，牺牲者e.g.Most of the victims were shot in the back while trying to run away.The victim of the accident was taken to hospital.2) [C] 受骗者，上当的人e.g. They were the victims of a cruel hoax.Note the use of different prepositions in the two expressions: to is preferred in “fall a victim to …” while of is more common in “become the victim of …”.fatal: a. 1) 致命的e.g.Her children‟s death is a fatal blow on her.2) 灾难性的，毁灭性的e.g.Graf made a fatal mistake halfway through the match.Synonym: deadly2. It is a most extraordinary thing, but I never read a patent medicine advertisementwithout being forced to draw the conclusion that I am suffering from the particular disease said in the ad and dealt with in its most deadly form. 此事绝对非同小可，只要我一看到专利药品的广告，就会不自觉地得出结论: 我患上了广告中所说的疾病，并且已经病入膏肓。

Unit7一、练习答案Answers to Test PaperI.Spelling1.investment environment2.primitive society3.explosive situation4.interior decoration5.parental approval6.intensified agriculture7.insufficient evidence8.immune system9.cruel suppression10.genetically modified food11.immature adolescents12.parallel structure13.haunting memory14.melancholy music15.elaborate plan16.nonviolence advocate17.domino effect18.social disharmony19.ethnic identity20.interpersonal relationshipII.Word-Formation1.预见；不加甄别的2.互动；反应过度；不满3.独家的；有关哲学的；娱乐的4.过于乐观；低估；在竞争中超过5.营养不足的；过于劳累的6.人员过多的；学历太高了7.流动工；令人沮丧的8.强制的；自愿的9.势利的；使人生气的；极其令人讨厌的10.举棋不定的；反应堆III.Cloze(1)sat(2)floor(3)hurt(4)shouted(5)outside(6)would(7)what(8)investigation(9)about(10)diedIV.TranslationChinese→English1.Let’s face the fact that no country can be immune to environmental problems.If we only pay lip service to environmental protection today,our eventual losses will far outweigh the present economic gains.2.For the law to be respected and supported,it must be designed in such a wayas to benefit the general public and must be vigorously enforced.Otherwise it will create a general contempt for the law and result in social instability.3.Political science tells us that it is a real paradox.If the government is too weak,it is useless；if it is too powerful,it begins to abuse power and becomes corrupt.But no individual should ever be permitted to possess absolute power.Power must be restrained,shared and controlled.4.I wish that our university can set the stage for our creative intellectual pursuits.I believe that natural curiosity is a greater power than discipline.I am also awareof the importance of creative reading for pleasure,and being free fromexcessive assigned work.5.As I gazed at my dead brother’s picture,a haunting memory unfolded.I saw uslying,well after midnight,in the only double bed our sister had in the house, recalling our happy childhood,the time when we were surrounded by love and care,promising each other that we would go back to our hometown which we had not visited for half a century.English→Chinese实验结果十分有趣：如果只给实验者片刻时间来看屏幕，答对率高达95％，可是，如果给他们时间分析和研究屏幕，答对率只有70％。

教学目标：1. 学生能够理解并掌握本单元的中心思想和文章结构。

2. 学生能够运用新学的词汇和句型进行交流。

3. 学生能够提高阅读技巧，学会寻找关键词和句子。

4. 学生能够培养自主学习、自我探究的学习方式，激发学习潜能。

教学重点：1. 理解并掌握本单元的中心思想和文章结构。

2. 运用新学的词汇和句型进行交流。

3. 提高阅读技巧，学会寻找关键词和句子。

教学难点：1. 理解并掌握本单元的复杂句型和语法结构。

2. 在实际交流中灵活运用所学词汇和句型。

教学过程：一、导入1. 复习上节课所学内容，检查学生对上节课所学词汇和句型的掌握情况。

2. 通过提问的方式，引导学生对本节课的主题进行初步了解。

二、新课导入1. 教师展示本节课的课文，让学生阅读课文，了解文章大意。

2. 教师引导学生分析文章结构，找出文章的中心思想。

三、词汇教学1. 教师讲解本节课的生词，包括词义、用法和搭配。

2. 学生跟读、模仿，加深对生词的印象。

3. 学生进行词汇练习，巩固所学词汇。

四、语法教学1. 教师讲解本节课的语法知识点，如时态、语态、非谓语动词等。

2. 学生进行语法练习，巩固所学语法知识。

五、阅读教学1. 教师引导学生阅读课文，找出关键词和句子。

2. 学生分享阅读心得，讨论文章的主题和观点。

3. 教师点评学生的阅读理解，纠正错误。

六、写作教学1. 教师布置写作任务，要求学生运用所学词汇和句型进行写作。

2. 学生进行写作练习，教师巡视指导。

3. 学生展示自己的写作成果，教师点评并给予建议。

七、课堂小结1. 教师对本节课所学内容进行总结，强调重点和难点。

2. 学生回顾本节课所学内容，巩固知识。

八、课后作业1. 复习本节课所学词汇和语法知识。

2. 阅读课文，思考文章的主题和观点。

3. 完成课后练习，提高阅读和写作能力。

教学反思：本节课通过多种教学手段，帮助学生理解和掌握本单元的知识点。

在教学过程中，教师应关注学生的个体差异，因材施教，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高教学效果。

Unit7(Book 2) Not on My BlockⅠ.Wordsvacant ['veikənt]stream [stri:m] tough [tʌf]challenge ['tʃælindʒ]a.未占用的，空的n.川流不息， a.粗野的，坚韧的n.挑战，邀请比赛艰巨的(人、车等的)流，(小)河困难的任务vt.pray [prei] property ['prɔpəti]throat [θrəut]tragedy ['trædʒidi]v.祈祷，祈求n房地产，财产n.咽喉，颈前部n.惨事，不幸，悲剧cautious ['kɔ:ʃəs]organization [,ɔ:ɡənai'zeiʃən, -ni'z-] leadership ['li:dəʃip]a.十分小心的，谨慎的n.团体，组织，结构n.领导才能，领导地位establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt.建立，创办abandon [ə'bændən]explode [ik'spləud]impact ['impækt, im'pækt]vt.离弃，丢弃，放弃v.突然爆发，(使)爆发n.影响，作用，冲击力，撞击力Ⅱ.Phrases and Expressionsmove in hang out turn over take to搬入新家经常出没，闲荡，厮混翻转逐渐习惯于做(某事)，开始喜欢take a stand set…on fire/set fire to run into表明立场放火烧，使燃烧偶然遇见get through to sb. through [θru:] prep. 穿过；通过；凭借adv. 从头至尾；彻底adj. 直达的；过境的；完结的使某人懂得，使某人明白----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit8 (Book 2) Honesty：Is It Going Out of Style?Ⅰ.Wordshonesty ['ɔnisti]style [stail] admission [əd'miʃən]temptation [temp'teiʃən]n．诚实n.时尚n. 承认；入场费；进入n.引诱，诱惑许可；坦白；录用behavio(u)r [bi'heivjə]competency ['kɔmpitənsi]misdemeanor(u)r [,misdi'mi:nə]n行为n能力，胜任n.轻罪requirement [ri'kwaiəmənt]n要求，必要条件psychological [,psaikə'lɔdʒikəl]applaud [ə'plɔ:d]frequently ['fri:kwəntli]a．心理学的，心理的，精神上的vt.拍手称赞ad. 时常，屡次；频繁地，经常地character ['kærəktə]n. 字符；特性；角色；性格，品质vt. 使具有特征；印，刻supermarket ['sju:pə,mɑ:kit]numerous ['nju:mərəs]evidence ['evidəns]n超级市场 a. 许多的，很多的n.证据Ⅱ.Phrases and Expressionsout of style according to according [ə'kɔ:diŋ] adj. 相符的adv. 依照过时的，不再流行的根据，按照；取决于；据…所说(be) faced with a case in point面对恰当的例子think of...as on the other hand go down把…看作另一方面，反过来说下降，减少----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit9 (Book 2) What Is Intelligence，AnywayⅠ.Wordsaptitude ['æptitju:d] register ['redʒistə]complacent [kəm'pleisənt]n能力，才能vt.取得，登记a自满的，自鸣得意的academic [,ækə'demik]a学术的，学究的，学院的estimate ['estimeit] explore [ik'splɔ:]pronouncement [prəu'naunsmənt]vi. 估计，估价vt.探索，探究n声明，见解n. 估计，估价；判断，看法vt. 估计，估量；判断，评价absolute ['æbsəlju:t,,æbsə'lju:t]a. 绝对的；完全的；专制的n. 绝对事物；绝对determine [di'tə:min]numerical [nju:'merikəl]evaluation [i,vælju'eiʃən]vt. 决定；使…下定决心；判决 a.数字的，用数字表示的n估价，评价vi. 决定；确定；判决，终止subsection ['sʌb,sekʃən,sʌb's-]n.小组，分部automobile ['ɔ:təməubi:l,,ɔ:təmə'bi:l]hammer ['hæmə]n汽车n锤子，榔头vⅡ.Phrases and Expressionsmake a fuss of/over fuss [fʌs] vi. 小题大作；忙乱；焦燥；焦急；无事自扰n. 大惊小怪，大惊小怪的人；小题大作；忙乱vt. 使烦恼，使烦忧为…大惊小怪make up by one’s estimate编制，配制根据某人估计take sth. for granted grant [ɡrɑ:nt,ɡrænt] vt. 授予；承认；允许vi. 同意n. 授予物；拨款认为某事理所当然pick out for sure挑选确切地，肯定----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit10 (Book 2) Profits of PraiseⅠ.Wordsprofit ['prɔfit]exhaust [iɡ'zɔ:st]weary ['wiəri]application [,æpli'keiʃən]n益处，利润vt使筋疲力尽 a.厌倦的，厌烦的n. 应用；申请；敷用；应用程序reluctant [ri'lʌktənt]compliment ['kɔmplimənt]embarrass [im'bærəs]a不情愿的，勉强的n. 恭维；问候；致意；称赞；道贺vt. 使局促不安；使困窘；阻碍vt. 恭维；称赞surprisingly surprising [sə'praiziŋ]ad. 惊人地；出人意外地comment ['kɔment]rewarding [ri'wɔ:diŋ]glorious ['ɡlɔ:riəs]appreciate [ə'pri:ʃieit]n.评论a值得(做)的，报答的a辉煌的vt欣赏，鉴赏，感谢，感激peacefully peaceful ['pi:sful]ad. 平静地constructive [kən'strʌktiv]dramatically [drə'mætikəli]a.建设性的ad.显著地Ⅱ.Phrases and Expressionsmake out only too shrug off shrug [ʃrʌɡ] vt. 耸肩，耸肩表示n. 耸肩vi. 耸肩开出，填写极，非常耸肩表示对…不屑理睬pat on the back pat [pæt] a. 恰好的；熟练的；合适的ad. 恰好；熟记地n. 小块；轻拍；轻拍声vt. 轻拍vi. 轻拍赞扬，鼓励pass on live on传递靠…生活----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit1 (Book 3) A Brush with the LawⅠ.Wordscircumstance ['sə:kəmstəns]subsequent ['sʌbsikwənt]temporary ['tempərəri]n情况，环境a随后的，接下去的 a.暂时的employment [im'plɔimənt]n职业，工作arrestable arrest [ə'rest] vt. 吸引；逮捕；阻止n. 逮捕；监禁a. 可逮捕的regard (as) regard [ri'ɡɑ:d, ri:-]n. 注意；尊重；凝视；问候vt. 把…看作；注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；与…有关vi. 注意，注重；注视vt. 把…认作conversational [,kɔnvə'seiʃənəl]confirm [kən'fə:m]a会话(用)的vt证实，肯定，确认magistrate ['mædʒistreit]defence [di'fens] dismiss [dis'mis]n地方法官n. 防御；防卫；防卫设备；答辩vt.驳回，对…不予受理，免…的职，解雇respectable [ri'spektəbl]a.值得尊敬的brilliant ['briljənt]complain [kəm'plein]successful [sək'sesful]a辉煌的，卓越的vi. 发牢骚；投诉；诉说vt. 抱怨；控诉 a. 成功的；一帆风顺的Ⅱ.Phrases and Expressionsa coupe of coupe [ku:p] n. 小轿车；双座四轮轿式马车take one’s time少数，几(个)，一对慢慢来，不着急at first起先，首先；最初call on stand a chance turn against要求有机会，有希望反对；背叛；（使）变成和…敌对----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit2 (Book 3) Fruitful QuestionsⅠ.Wordsfruitful ['fru:tful] limitation [,limi'teiʃən]parameter [pə'ræmitə]a.硕果累累的，多产的，有利的n.限制，限定n. (限定的)因素，特性，界限version ['və:ʃən]n.(某种)版本形式，(个人的)说法，译本strawberry ['strɔ:bəri]definitely ['definitli] contract ['kɔntrækt,kən'trækt]n.草莓ad.清楚地，明确地vt. 感染(疾病)mild [maild]a.(疾病、惩罚等)不重的，轻微的notable ['nəutəbl]evolution [,i:və'lu:ʃən, ,ev-]a.值得注意的，显著地，著名的n.演变，进化，发展access ['ækses, 'æksəs, æk'ses] super ['sju:pə]n.通路，入口，进入(或享用、接近)的机会 a.极好的，了不起的highway ['haiwei] shatter ['ʃætə]view [vju:]n.公路，交通要道v.使粉碎vt.察看，考虑，看待Ⅱ.Phrases and Expressionstake out 拿出，抽出think up 想出in short 总之，简言之bring up 使注意，提出Unit2 (Book 3) Why I TeachⅠ.Wordsadministration [əd,mini'streiʃən]mechanic [mi'kænik] profession [prəu'feʃən]n.管理(部门)，行政(机关) n.机械工，机修工n. 职业，专业；声明，宣布，表白opportunity [,ɔpə'tju:niti]n. 时机，机会stimulate ['stimjuleit] self-reliance ['selfri'laiəns]technological [,teknə'lɔdʒikəl]vt.刺激，激励n.依靠自己，自力更生 a.技术的corporation [,kɔ:pə'reiʃən]n.(AmE)有限公司distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən]energetic [,enə'dʒetik]journal ['dʒə:nəl]n. 分配；分布 a.精力充沛的n.杂志，日报occasional [ə'keiʒənəl,əu-]a. 偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的intuition [,intju:'iʃən]analysis [ə'næləsis]creation [kri:'eiʃən]n.直觉n.分析n. 创造，创作；创作物，产物Ⅱ.Phrases and Expressionsstay up take notes keep a diary diary ['daiəri] n. 日记簿；日志，日记不睡觉，熬夜记笔记记日记leave out send off遗漏，省去；不考虑寄出；派遣；给…送行catch one’s breath breath [breθ] n. 呼吸，气息；一口气，（呼吸的）一次；微风；瞬间，瞬息；迹象；[语]无声音，气音喘气；歇口气；屏息给大家推荐一个英语微信群Empty Your Cup英语微信群是目前学习英语最有效的方法，群里都是说英语，没有半个中文，而且规则非常严格，是一个超级不错的英语学习环境，群里有好多英语超好的超牛逼的人，还有鬼佬和外国美眉。

Unit 9 The Joy of TravelI. Teaching aims:1.to do some preparation activities such as discussion, groupwork (ask the students to talk about one of the western holidaysthat they think the most interesting), etc. to practice thestudents’ spoken skill an d communicative skills;2. to grasp some new words and try to use these words which helpthem enrich their vocabulary;3. to discuss the significance of travel;4. to do some post-reading exercises and some after-class readingto practice what they have got to know in class to improve theirEnglish comprehensive skills.II. key points: 1. to learn the significance of travel and the best way to enjoy oneself during a trip.2. talk about the way to control our emotions.III. difficult points: 1. to paraphrase some difficult sentences and catch theirmeaning.2. to grasp some useful words and phrases to related to travel.IV. Teaching process:1. preparation:1) Generate a list of words that are related to travel:bus boat ship plane taxi motorcycle hotel motel restaurant airport railway station highway trolley bus（电车）subway one-way ticket roundtrip ticket map return air ticket guide travel agency camera tent camp picnic passport visa rucksack（旅行背包）scenic spots sightseeing resort journey trip tour voyage mountain lake park zoo pavilion（亭子）sunbathing natives local customs foreign exchangepollute company romantic sunrise and sunset comfortable a good exercise seasick airsick carsick train sick convenient2) Which means of transportation have you tried? Which one do you like best? Why?3) Identifying landmarks.A. Where are these famous landmarks located?a. Eiffel Tower in Parisb. Big Ben in Londonc. The Opera House in Sydneyd. The Stature of Liberty in New York Citye. The Golden Gate Bridge in San Franciscof. The canals in Veniceg. Taj Mahal in Indiah. The Pyramids in EgyptB. What words come to your mind when you look at each of these landmarks?a. beautiful, magnificent, romance, fashiionsb. time, tradition, English culture, queen, gentlemanc. graceful, architecture, the Olympic games, beautifuld. freedom, beauty, French revolutione. great architecture, excitement, cable car, hillf. romance, beauty, water, rich cultureg. peaceful, quiet, luxury, splendidh. ancient, mystery, hard work, amazing, architectureC. Which one is the most beautiful? Why?D. If you were asked to submit photos of 10 famous landmarks in China, which landmarks would you choose? Explain your choices and try to put the landmarks in order of importance.The Great Wall, the Changjiang River, the Yellow River, the Mountain Tai, the West Lake, the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, Summer Palace, Forbidden City, Xi’an (terracotta warriors), Guilin2. reading-centered activities1) What kind of place will you visit when you have a relaxation?2) What will you do during a trip?3) background knowledge:Aruba, island in the West Indies, in the Caribbean Sea, near the ParaguanáPeninsula of Venezuela. An integral part of the Netherlands, Aruba was a member of the Netherlands Antilles until 1986. Aruba is 30 km (19 mi) long and 8 km (5 mi) wide, and has an area of 190 sq km (73 sq mi). The population of Aruba in 2003 was 70,844, giving the island an overall population density of 367 persons per sq km (951 per sq mi). Oranjestad (1990 population, 20,000) is the capital and main town. Sint Nicolaas, the site of an oil refinery, has a population of 17,000.Until the mid-1980s the refining of Venezuelan oil was the main source of employment in Aruba. In 1984, the petroleum refining industry accounted for 25 percent of the island's gross national product. When the refinery closed in 1985, many Arubans lost their jobs and experienced a drastic reduction in their standard of living. Rehabilitation of the refining industry began in 1989 and in 1993 the refinery's daily output was 140,000 barrels. The island economy now depends mostly on tourism, and service industries related to tourism. Aruba cooperates with the Netherlands Antilles to attract 691,000 visitors annually. Some light industry produces tobacco, beverages, and consumer goods. Aruba's principal port is Oranjestad and the island's international airport is located nearby. The island's unit of currency is the Aruban guilder or gulden (1.79 guilders equal U.S.$1; 2001).In 1986 Aruba became an autonomous and self-governing entity. The official head of government is the Dutch monarch, represented by an appointed governor. The governor is responsible for all external affairs. The prime minister nominates a council of ministers and together they are responsible for the island's internal executive functions. The 21 seats of the legislature, called the Staten, are filled by popularly elected officials. Aruba's judiciary is comprised by the Court of First Instance and a court of appeal. Defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands. TheUniversity of Aruba (1970) is located in Oranjestad.Aruba was inhabited by the Arawak peoples before the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century. Claimed by Spain in 1499, the islands were colonized by the Dutch in 1636. Under the Dutch, the island became a base for the Dutch West India Company. In 1954 Aruba became part of the Netherlands Antilles and beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Aruba began to push for independence. In 1983 it was decided that beginning in 1986, Aruba would receive a separate status from the Netherlands Antilles and that it would be fully independent in 1996. In 1994 Aruba and the Netherlands agreed that Aruba would retain its autonomous status as a part of the Netherlands rather than seek full independence. The advantages of this arrangement outweighed the benefits of full independence and secured for Aruba a separate status from that of the Netherlands Antilles.4) IntroductionThe author tells us that in despair one should have some kind of transition from his old life to a new style. Considering himself, his trip helps transform him according to his own standard, not as the familiar environment requires as before. He believes it is possible to make extraordinary progress.5）text structureTwo things that I was dissatisfied with.(Para. 1-3)My job & My engagementPurpose of my trip(Para. 4-6)To transform myselfProcess for change (Para. 7-14)A. I created a mindset that made me ready for change.B. I insulated myself from the usual influences in my life and the people whose approval was most important.C. I structured my time in order to produce change and growth.D. I pushed myself to experiment with new ways of being.E. I made public commitments of what I intended to do, so it would be harder to back down.F. I processed my experiences systematically.G. I made changes when I returned that continued the transformation that started while I was in Aruba.Conclusion (Para. 15)I would continue going on transformative trips to keep my growth in the future.6) words and phrasescommitment (n.)1)承诺，保证;2)辛劳；忠诚；奉献诚实的人履行自己的诺言。

Unit 7 Section A Bill GatesPart One: Objectives1. To learn the stories of two influential figures;2. To review the reading skill of identifying the writer’s purpose;3. To learn to write a paragraph with a general statement supported by details;4. To learn how to write a speech.Part Two: Warming up1. Who Are They ? Can you figure out who they are with the fewest hints given?Celebrity 1Hint 1: At the age of 71, he won a ￥5,000,000 State Supreme Science and Technology Award, known as the Nobel Prize in China, for his outstanding achievements.Hint 2: His childhood dream was to cultivate rice as plump as peanuts, and farmers can relax in the cool shadow of big rice plants.Hint 3: He is the most famous “farmer” in China and is termed as “father of hybrid rice” .He is Yuan Longping, “father of hybrid rice”.Celebrity 2Hint 1: She is a British writer and the author of a world-famous fantasy series, the idea for which was conceived while she’s on a train trip from Manchester to London in 1990.Hint 2: Released in 1997, her first novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone gained immense popularity and commercial success.Hint 3: She was ranked by Forbes as the 48th most powerful celebrity of 2007.She is J.K.Rowling, author of Harry Potter fantasy series.Celerity 3Hint 1: She was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who founded the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata (Calcutta), India in 1950.Hint 2: For over forty years she ministered(服侍) to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying.Hint 3: She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work. She passed away on 5 Sept., 1997.She is Mother Teresa.2. How much do you know about Bill Gates?1) The former chairman of…2) The worldwide leader in…3) He discovered his interest in… at the age of 13.4) In his junior year, he left Harvard University, so as to…5) Guided by a belief that…, he began developing…6) According to Forbes magazin e, he has been…7) …Bill Gates is the former chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help people realize their full potential. He was born on Oct. 28, 1955. He discovered his interest in software and began programming computers at age 13. In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University. In his junior year, Gates left Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he had established in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen. Guided bya belief that the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in every home, they began developing software for personal computers. Under Gates' leadership, Microsoft's mission has been to continually advance and improve software technology, and to make it easier and more enjoyable for people to use computers. According to Forbes magazine, Gates has been the richest man in the world since 1995.3. What challenges did Bill Gates meet? And what do you think of that?1) The federal government claimed that …2) This case started when …3) Although Microsoft believed it’s logical, its competitors thought that …4) As far as the case is concerned, I think that …Our top story today is the case being brought against Microsoft by the federal government, accusing the software giant of unfair business practices. It claims the company is keeping a firm grip on the world’s operating system market to squeeze out the competition in other software application areas such as Internet software. Microsoft claims that it is only logical for its company to want to bundle and distribute its software with its operating systems, while its competitors claim that other companies’Internet software deserves equal access to Microsoft’s operating systems. They say that if Microsoft’s operating systems are shipped with its software included, the software of other companies should be included as well.The federal government claims that Microsoft practices unfair business practices, namely, monopoly power to gain advantage over its competitors. This case started when Microsoft bundled its Windows 95 operating system with its Internet Explorer software. Although Microsoft believes it’s logical for its company to bundle and distribute its software with its operating systems, its competitors hold their Internet software deserves equal access to Microsoft’s operating systems as Microsoft’s.As far as the case is concerned, however, I think there is no point arguing about who is right or wrong, but the point is to ponder over why Bill Gates’success is the focus of public attention.4. What contributes to Bill Gates’huge success?1) His keen insights into…2) His total commitment to…3) His great skills in managing…4) His competitive ability in…5) …In the first place, it is a return from his keen insights into his future. As he once put it, “At 19, I caught sight of the future …and I turned out to have been right.”In the second, it is a fruit of his total commitment to his pursuits. For example, it was not unusual for the dean of Microsoft to work16 hours a day. In the third, it is a product of his great skills in managing his business. According to his colleagues, he could deal efficiently with technical problems while handling routine affairs. And above all, it is a result of his competitive ability in development of sophisticated IT products. In more than 30 years since he dropped out of Harvard to conquer the world of computer operating systems and application software, in effect, he has been deadly for competitors trying to claw their way into the market.5. From Bill Gates’dropout of Harvard, can we tell that college education means nothing to one’s success?My answer to this question is negative. Because his experience on Harvard campus, though unable to produce a direct effect on his success, helped keep his mind open to what was going on in the world of science and render him sharper at what future would hold for him. According to Bill Gates, his experience in Harvard was regarded as “an amazing privilege”. He once said, “ThoughI left early, I was transformed by my years at Harvard, the friendships I made, and the ideas I worked on.”In fact, he learned a lot at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics. And he got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences. So actually, the years in Harvard contributed a lot to his future success.6. From his life, what conclusion can we draw as to the relationship between college degree and success?It is widely believed that, the higher degree one earns, the better chance of success one stands. But Bill Gates’case tells a different story. From his experience, therefore, we can conclude that the college degree is not a guarantee of one’s success in career but a symbol of one’s complete experience with college life or at most a witness to a person’s buildup of knowledge essential to his success in career. As is known to all, Bill Gates didn't finish his bachelor’s degree and dropped out of Harvard, let alone the master’s or doctor’s degree. However, he founded the biggest software company in the world—Microsoft Corporation and with more than fifty billion dollars wealth he has been the richest man in the world, for all of which, however, he didn't depend on his educational diploma! Thus it can be seen that one’s success is built not on the college degree but on his ability bettered by the college life.7. What does the author want to tell us about Bill Gates?Let’s answer this question after we read the passagePart Three: Related Information1. Role modelThe term role model was introduced by Robert K. Merton. Merton says that individuals compare themselves with "reference groups" of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires. The term has passed into general use to mean any "person who serves as an example, whose behavior is emulated by others".(1) Robert King MertonRobert King Merton (July 4, 1910 –February 23, 2003) was a distinguished American sociologist perhaps best known for having coined the phrase "self-fulfilling prophecy". He also coined many other phrases that have gone into everyday use, such as "role model" and "unintended consequences". He spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University.(2) Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein (March 14, 1879 –April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy equivalence, E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect (光电效应).”Einstein published over 300 scientific works and over 150 non-scientific works. Einstein is revered by the physics community, and in 1999 Time magazine named him the "Person of the Century". In wider culture the name "Einstein" has become synonymous with genius.(3) Mohandas Karamchand GandhiMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 –30 January 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of Satyagraha—resistance to tyranny (暴政) through mass civil disobedience (非暴力反抗) —which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. In India, he is officially accorded the honor of Father of the Nation. On 15 June 2007, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2 October to be the "International Day of Non-Violence".I want world sympathy in this battle of Right–against–Might. By Gandhi April 5, 1930(4) Mother TeresaMother Teresa (August 26, 1910 –September 5, 1997) was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who founded the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata (Calcutta), India in 1950. For over forty years she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, while guiding the Missionaries of Charity's expansion, first throughout India and then in other countries. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work.(5) Bill GatesBorn October 28, 1955, Bill Gates is an American business magnate, philanthropist, and chairman of Microsoft. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the individual shareholder with the most shares, with more than 9 percent of the common stock (普通股).(6) Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 –April 4, 1968) was one of the pivotal leaders of the American civil rights movement. King was a Baptist minister, one of the few leadership roles available to black men at the time. He became a civil rights activist early in his career. His efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream”speech. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means.King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a national holiday in the United States in 1986.(7) Jack St. Clair Kilby(November 8, 1923－June 20, 2005) is a Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 2000 for his invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at Texas Instruments (TI). He is also the inventor of the handheld calculator and thermal printer (感热式打印机)2. Microsoft:Microsoft is a company founded by Bill Gates together with his childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975. In the late 1970s a number of individuals and companies were making and distributing home computers. Nobody can honestly say that they predicted back then just how pervasive home computers would become. IBM noticed this phenomenon, and saw it as a way of impressing upon small business just how plain good IBM machines are. IBM did a deal with Microsoft, a small company then, to produce the operating system for their PC. Like many other companies who were unable to predict the huge growth of the PC market, IBM didn’t pay too much attention to the details of the deal. IBM could distribute DOS with their PCs, paying Microsoft a royalty for every copy sold. Microsoft, however, could also sell DOS independently of IBM. The deal withIBM for the distribution of DOS was probably the smartest thing Microsoft has ever done. It was the first of Microsoft’s many successes.3. Paul Allen:At Lakeside School, Paul Allen (14 years old) and friend Bill Gates (12 years old) became early computer enthusiasts. Allen went on to attend Washington State University, though he dropped out after two years to pursue his and Gates’dream of writing software commercially for the new “personal computers”.4. MITS Altair:The MITS Altair microcomputer was the first personal computer available and sold in commercial quantities. MITS originally stood for Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (微仪表和自动系统公司) but this name was almost never used after 1975. Later, MITS became a subsidiary of Pertec Computer Corp.5. Apple:Apple is a computer company started on April 1, 1976. Steven Wozniak, a high school drop-out who worked for Hewlett-Packard, dabbled in computer-design and created what would become the Apple I. His high school buddy Steven Jobs, also a drop-out, worked for Atari and convinced him that the two should form a company to market the new computer, which eventually took off in 1977 with the Apple II.6. Commodore:Commodore Business Machines, Ltd. (柯摩多尔商务机器有限公司) was founded in 1954 by Jack Tramiel as a typewriter repair shop. After some time in the typewriter, adding machine, and hand-held calculator markets, Commodore became first company to announce that it was producing a consumer-friendly home computer (the PET 2001). Before they filed bankruptcy in 1994, Commodore had also managed to produce the world’s first multi-media computer ( the Amiga), and what is still today the best selling computer model of all time (the Commodore 64).7. Tandy:Tandy Corporation (坦迪公司), now known as Radio Shack, is a large manufacturer of electronics and computer accessories and equipment that first entered the electronic market when opening its first Radio Shack in 1921. Today several thousand Radio Shacks are throughout the United States as well as other computer stores such as Computer City. Tandy at this time no longer manufactures computers but is still a large contributor in the computer industry and electronic industry.8. IBMIBM is the best known American computer manufacturer, founded by Thomas J. Watson known as “Big Blue”after the color of its logo. IBM stands for International Business Machines (国际商用机器公司), the largest computer company in the world today. It makes everything from mainframes to personal computers (PCs) and has been immensely successful in selling them, chiefly to business.9. DreamWorks SKG:Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen launched DreamWorks SKG (initials of its founders) in October 1994. Their vision was to create an artist-friendly studio to develop, produce and distribute superior film and music entertainment that would inspire and delight audiences worldwide. DreamWorks SKG is now a leading producer of live-action motion pictures, animated feature films, network, and cable television programming, home video and DVDentertainment and consumer products.Part Four: Text UnderstandingI. Idea CatchingThe Birth of the TextFactor I: There has been an ever-greater curiosity about how Bill Gates’legend came true. Factor II: People wonder what traits in him have led to his success.Factor III: People wonder what challenges he met in his life like others.Author: The author wants to tell others his insight into Bill Gates’life.Personal developmentIn 1975: ⑺Gates and Paul Allen wrote an interpreter for the programming language used by MITS Altair.In 1976: ⑻Gates began licensing Microsoft’s software products directly to computer manufacturers.In 1980: ⑼IBM invited Microsoft to write programming languages for IBM PC.In 1981: ⑽The IBM PC and MS-DOS were bundled together and announced to the public.By 1995: ⑾Roughly 85% of the world’s personal computers were using a Microsoft operating system.In 1997: ⑿Gates was worth an estimated $40 billion.II. Structure Analysis1.What is the text mainly about?2.How is the text organized?This passage is a third-person narrative about the richest businessman in the world—Bill Gates. The whole passage is organized according to “General introduction — Detailed illustrations —Conclusion” pattern. Since the key idea is illustrated from two perspectives, the passage naturally falls into four partsPart I Introduction (Para.1) Main idea: Bill Gates has dominated the personal computing revolution and modernized the whole world in the process. Without a doubt, Bill Gates is one of the greatest minds to ever change the world. (the richest businessman in the world, Bill Gates. )Devices for developing it: Comparison: (Refer to Para. 1) The author compares Bill Gates with Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, and other great minds who ever changed the world.Part II Illustration I (Para. 2－6) Main idea:What adds to Gates’ big success includes his personal traits: his personality — a blend of high-voltage brilliance, drive and competitiveness; his time management skills; his sense of saving money and time in traveling; his incredible “multitasking” ability; and his managing style.(Bill Gates’personal traits resulting in his success )Devices for developing it: General—particular details:This part is typical of the device—from a general statement to particular details. (Refer to Paras. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)Part III Illustration II (Paras. 7-11) Main idea: Bill Gates’personal development also outlines his steady road to success—In 1975, Gates, together with Allen, laid the first brick in the foundation of Microsoft; In 1976, he began licensing Microsoft’s software products; In 1980s and 1990s, Microsoft quickly dominated the world market; and today the Microsoft “campus”is a home for new ideas and products. (Bill Gates’personal development)Devices for developing it: Time sequence: Time markers and episodes:At his sixth grade (Para. 7): Seeing a psychologist to reveal his personalityAt the age of 19 (Para. 8): Writing the computer programming languageIn 1976 (Para. 9): Licensing Microsoft’s software productsIn 1980s and 1990s (Para. 10): Dominating the world software marketToday (Para. 11): Microsoft campus, a home for new ideasPart IV Conclusion Main idea: As the conclusion of the passage, Gates hopes to be running Microsoft for another 10 years and then he promises to focus on his family and giving his money away. But one can only wonder what he will do in the near future. (Gates’future plan )Devices for developing it: Induction: Known facts: 1) Gates hopes to run Microsoft for another 10 years; 2) Then he promises to focus on his family; 3) He also wants to give his money away.Conclusion: But no one knows what the great mind will do in the near future.Part Five: Notes To The Text☆New words and expressions1. to catch sight of 看到当城里的孩子在乡下看到一群鸭子走过时他们感到无比兴奋。

全新版大学英语综合教程第三册教案Unit7Unit 7 Making a livingⅠ. Suggested Teaching PlanObjectivesStudents will be able to:understand the main idea (Bill Porter the salesman will never give in) and structure of the text (4 parts, 2 flashbacks);appreciate the characteristics of journalistic writing;grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text;conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking, and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.Time Allotment1st period2nd period3rd period4th period5th periodPre-reading; While-reading (structure)While-reading (Parts I-II; Parts III-IV)While-reading; Post-reading (discussion)Post-reading; Check on Ss’ home reading (Text B)Theme-Related Language Learning T asksPre-reading Activities1. T asks Ss the following questions on the song: (5 minutes)Why does Onetta think it worthwhile to work hard day after day? (People need her; some people care for her; she keeps her integrity by working hard.)Would you rather have a low paid job that is interesting or awell-paid job that is boring?2. Role play: Classroom salesman (25 minutes)T lets Ss read the title of Text A, then announces that the class is to do a role-play. One student will act as a salesperson. All other students will act as his / her potential customers.T appoints a student with a relatively advanced level of English to act as the salesperson. He / She will leave the classroom, think of a product to sell, and plan his / her sales talk. The product should be relevant to campus life.After the salesperson leaves the classroom, T selects several Ss at random. Only they can buy from the salesperson. All other Ss must come up with an excuse not to buy.T invites the salesperson back into the classroom. He / she has 10 minutes to close a deal.Ss discuss with their neighbors the qualities of a good salesperson.3. T leads in to the text by saying: From the role-play we know the sale of goods is rather a difficult job. It is even more difficult for a handicapped person, like Bill Porter in Text A. (1 minutes) While-reading activities1. Text structure (9 minutes)1) Ss scan the text to see if there is any natural division of parts in the text. (Asterisks divide the text into 4 parts.) Ss read the first paragraph of each part, locate the time words or references to time. (They are: 5:45, 7:45, “This is the moment he’s been preparing for since 5:45 a.m.”, after 7 p.m.) By then Ss will realize that the text is about a typical day of salesman Bill Porter.T explains language points in Parts I - II and gives Ss practice (see Language Study). (25 minutes) Ss re-read Parts I - II to finda flashback. Then, by reading the sentences preceding and following the flashback, they will see how skillfully it is woven into the narration. (10 minutes)T explains language points in Parts Ⅲ-Ⅳand gives Ss practice (see Language Study). (35 minutes)Ss re-read Parts III — IV to find another flashback. Then, by reading the sentences preceding and following the flashback, they will see how skillfully it is woven into the narration. (10 minutes)Post-reading Activities1. Group discussion (25 minutes)1) Ss form groups to discuss the following questions:What has Bill Porter been struggling for all his life? Do you think it is worth his efforts?How do you feel about Bill Porter? Why?What characteristics of journalistic writing do you find in this article?Some groups report to class.T explains in more detail the characteristics of journalistic writing (see Text Analysis).T guides Ss through some after-text exercises. (30 minutes) T checks on Ss’ home reading (Text B). (3 minutes)Ss do Part IV: Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks. (1 period)T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit: (2 minutes)do the pre-reading task;preview Text A.Ⅱ.Text AnalysisThis article first appeared in a newspaper; therefore it carries many characteristics of journalistic writing.First of all, a journalist tries to be objective in reporting. As a result, third-person narrative is usually preferred over first-person narrative. Moreover, the journalist would not make any comments to reveal his / her feelings, but simply give the facts.Secondly, an eye-catching beginning helps lure readers to linger more on the story out of an overwhelming number of stories offered by the day’s newspaper. For example, at the beginning of this story, we learn that it takes our physically deformed hero great efforts to get up so as to do something important, yet what is this something? We are kept in suspense until the fourth paragraph.Thirdly, the vocabulary is simple, the sentences and paragraphs short, sometimes elliptical (see after-text exercise on ellipsis). When needs (for emphasis, to list a series of rapidly conducted activities, etc.) arise, a paragraph is as short as one sentence.Lastly, conversations can be transcribed word for word if they illustrate the theme, like the one in the text between Bill Porter and his indecisive female customer.Ⅲ. Cultural Notes1. Salesmanship: Sales promotion is an element of the marketing process that can close the sale of goods or services to a potential customer by providing the incentive to make a positive purchasing decision. Sales promotion, advertising, and salesmanship are the major techniques used in merchandising products to the public. Salesmanship often takes the form of a face-to-face encounter between the buyer and seller; the presentation is set up to convince customers that the product on sale is essential to their satisfaction. The lack of personal feedback between buyer and seller is sometimes considered adrawback of the advertising approach. Selling by telephone, although it is significantly less effective than personal selling, is still considered an important method of merchandising. In the 1980s, a growing promotional technique involved in-home shopping programs using cable television channels. In recent years with the help of the Internet online shopping is becoming popular.The traveling salesman appeared late in the 19th century both in Europe and in the U.S. The early itinerant peddler carried his goods on his back or on his horse, working his way from a port city through the hinterlands. With the coming of the railroad and the assurance given to sellers by new credit-reporting systems, salesmen with their sample cases moved across the land. Persuasive skill was less important in those days of unsatisfied demand, and orders were readily forthcoming. By 1900, however, with the increasing supply of manufactured goods, buyers became more discriminating in their purchases. Greater attention was given to training the sales force and to providing buyer incentives. The growth of industrialization and urban living led to the development of merchandising as a major business endeavor. The use of sales promotion practices experienced steady growth in the 20th century.The techniques of sales promotion are used both to motivate salespersons to improve their performance and to induce consumers to purchase goods and services. Although sales promotion works most closely with advertising, it is also related to other elements of marketing: production services, packaging, price, and distribution. At the manufacturing and wholesale levels of distri-bution, the methods used to motivate personnel to meet specific goals usually fall into two categories —salesincentive prizes (such as merchandise, travel, or cash awards) and sales contests. Both are based upon the salesperson reaching an objective above the normal salesquota.Consumer promotions encompass a wide variety of techniques, including sampling of goods or services, store redeemable “money-off’ coupons to encourage the trial of products, special price-reduced packages, mail-in premium merchandise offers, cash or coupon refunds by mail, special product packaging, contests, and sweepstakes. During recessionary periods, when the demand for consumer expendable dollars becomes more competitive, there is greater participa-tion in refund, coupon, and premium offers. More than half the households in the U.S. take advantage of some sales promotion offers each year.Sales promotion, now fully recognized as a vital element in the marketing mix, has become a multibillion dollar industry. In recent years, sales promotion expenditures have exceeded monies spent on advertising and there are strong indications that this pattern of growth will continue to maintain its economic edge.Ⅳ. Language Study1. linger: 1) spend a long time doing sth.Examples: My daughter used to linger long over her meal.There will be no time to linger—the press conference will begin in a few minutes.2) stay for a long time, esp. because one does not want to leaveExamples: It is a dreary little town where few people would choose to linger.He was still lingering around the stadium long after the game was over.2. scar: a mark left on the skin by a wound, burn, etc. after it has healedExamples: It’s easy to recognize the little boy because he has a scar on his left arm.The witness told the police that the criminal had a scar on his forehead.vt. leave a scar onExamples: The burns were so severe that he will be scarred for life.Her face was scarred by smallpox.So, too, do the voices of those who...: The voices of those who ... also echo in his soul. dignity: the quality of being worthy of honor or respectExamples: A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical service with com-passion and respect for human dignity.Some think that cloned human beings will be deprived of freedom or dignity or personal identity. They hold on to the faith that the value of life depends on its dignity and not its success.5. cripple: 1) cause to become unable to move or walk properlyExamples: At the beginning of the year 2000 crippled children were on state lists to receive care.Peter’s father was crippled by a stroke.2) damage or harm (sb./sth.) seriouslyExamples: Shootings and robberies of tourists over the past several years had crippled the tourist industry in Miami. The terrorists’ attack has not crippled the US economy.6. betray: show a lack of loyalty to; give or show (sb. / sth.) to an enemyExamples: According to the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, greed made Judas betray Jesus to the chief priest for 30 pieces of silver.He was accused of betraying his country during the war.It turned out that he was an informer, and, betrayed the plan to the Germans.7. gain on: come closer to, esp. a rival or sth. pursuedExamples: Hurry up — they are gaining on us!She was gaining on her opponents throughout the race, but only overtook them at the very end.8. tremble: shake from cold, fear, weakness, etc.Examples: Her hands grew very cold and trembled so that she could hardly hold the flag. Madison was extremely pale and trembled excessively as he began his inaugural address.For much of the day the pavements tremble from the weight of passing traffic.9. kick up: (cause to) riseExamples: The horses kicked up a cloud of dust.The boys kicked up the leaves that lay thick upon the ground with the coming of autumn.10. tilt: (cause to) move into a sloping positionExamples: The pilot can tilt the helicopter forward, backward, or to either side.In the northern hemisphere, the sun climbs high in the sky and the days are long in summer, when the northern end of th e earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun.n.Examples: The Leaning Tower of Pisa is renowned for itsmarked tilt.The amount of daylight in a day varies throughout the year, based on the tilt of Earth’s axis.11. lean: (cause to) be in a sloping position; bendExamples: He leaned his bike against the wall.She leaned over the bridge to look at the boats passing beneath it.a. producing little of value; containing little or no fatExamples: The company has apparently recovered from several lean years.The recession and lean state budgets continued to trouble school officials.We like to eat very lean and tender meat.12. delivery: 1) the process of birthExamples: Women who do manual work have easy deliveries. In the end, it was an easy delivery:a fine baby boy.2) the delivering of letters, goods, etc.Examples: Federal Express Corporation provide rapid delivery of packages, letters, and other shipments within the United States and worldwide.Most newspapers offer home delivery.13. section: any of the parts into which sth. is dividedExamples: This article consists of ten major sections.Newspapers typically have sections for local news, sports, arts and entertainment, business, and classified advertising.14. disorder: disturbance of the normal working of the body or mind; lack of order Examples: Severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies can lead to mental disorders. Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese practice that treats disorders by insertingneedles under the skin.The school authorities took immediate action to stop campus violence and disorder.15. transfer: move from one place to another (usu. used in the pattern: transfer sth. / sb. (from...to)) Examples: Transferring Peter from Tokyo to the Boston office was a smart idea. Power was transferred from the President to the Vice President while the President received medical treatment.Commercial airports are designed to transfer passengers and freight to and from aircraft. Creditsearned at junior colleges could be transferred to another institution where students could complete their final years of college.He was transferred from Crystal Palace to Arsenal for ￡ 2.5 million.16. limitation: lack of abilityExamples: Electric cars could travel only a short distance before they needed recharging, due to the limitations of battery technology.Acupuncture is good for some medical conditions but it has its limitations.As a student he recognized his limitations, but did little to improve himself.17. apply for: make a formal request forExamples: I applied for five jobs before I was offered this one.According to the school regulations students will have to apply for permission to study abroad. 18. representative: a person who represents othersExamples: Egypt, Israel, and the representatives of the Palestinian people will participate in negotiations on theresolution of the Palestinian problem.Representatives from more than 170 nations converged on Paris for the Earth Summit.19. literature: 1) printed material used to advertise or promote a productExamples: My friend is sending me literature from two other companies that provide a similar service.There is quite a lot of literature available on the history of computers.2) writings that are valued as works of artExamples: Many readers consider the novel the most flexible type of literature.The graduate school offers master’s or doctoral degree programs for advanced study in such liberal arts and science fields as history, chemistry, physics, and literature.20. pledge: a solemn promiseExamples: They made a pledge to accomplish the task.The boy made a pledge to get straight A’s at the end of the semester.vt.Examples: Member nations of the UN pledge to settle their disputes peacefully and to refrain from using force.They have pledged not to dump hazardous wastes into the river.21. retail: the practice of selling goods in small quantities to the general publicExamples: Wal-Mart is a company that operates a variety of retail chain stores.Department stores refer to large retail stores selling many different kinds of merchandise arranged in separate departments.22. transit: passage through or across; a system of urban public transportationExamples: Our fleet made the transit through the Panama Canal without any difficulty.The president wants to improve the nation’s highways and mass transit systems.23. strain: injure (the body or the part of it) or make it weak by too much effortExamples: Swimming does not strain joints and connective tissue as much as many other forms of exercise.He strained his back when he removed the piano with his friends.n. a severe demand on mental or physical strength, resources, abilities, etc. (followed by on) Examples: Some young white collar workers are complaining about their job strain.She has been under terrible strain since her company was bankrupted.The vast expansion in college education is putting an enormous strain on the system.24. useless: not fulfilling the intended purposeExamples: Preventing the country from purchasing oil crippled its army and made its navy and air force completely useless.Overpopulation and overcropping are turning approximately 14 million acres a year of formerly fertile land into barren and economically useless wasteland.25. limb: a leg or an arm; a large branch of a treeExamples: The small size a nd weight of dogs’ feet and limbs require less energy to move.No attempt should be made to move broken limbs untilmedical help arrives.The flag was hanging from the limb of a big tree.26. off balance: in an unsteady position or about to fallExamples: The motorcycle knocked him off balance and he fell down on the ground.The sudden pull threw me off balance.27. territory: land a country controls or ownsExamples: The government denies that any of its territory is under rebel control.A country’s embass y in a foreign country is considered its own territory.28. on the phone: be talking to sb. using the phoneExamples: Please wait outside for a moment; the manager is on the phone.She is always on the phone, wanting to know what her husband has been up to.29. register: 1) be recognized or noted mentallyExamples: On occasions what I said didn’t register in my daughter’s brain.The professor’s name didn’t register with the students.2) record a name, an event, etc. for official purposesExamples: The new students were told that they must register with the University before they could claim their grants.The newly purchased apartment is registered in her name, not her husband’s.30. laundry: clothes or sheets, etc. that have been or need to be washedExamples: The new model washing machine offers numerous settings for washing different types and quantities of laundry.A good deal of laundry had accumulated during the past twoweeks, as our washing machine didn’t work.31. profitable: bringing profit or advantageExamples: The trading department of the investment bank buys and sells securities when prof-itable opportunities arise.Based in New York City, Random House owns many of the most prestigious and profitable book publishing companies in the United States.The trade of opium, a highly profitable product for British merchants and eventually an illegal import into China, led to the Opium Wars.I didn’t find the talk very profitable. On the contrary, I thought it was nonsense.32. off one’s feet: no longer s tandingExamples: After the operation the old man had to stay off his feet.The doctor checked his left foot carefully and said he would have to stay off his feet for about two weeks.33. commission: money paid to sb. for selling goods which increases with the quantity of goodssoldExamples: If a salesperson is paid on commission, the amount they receive depends on the amount they sell.Peter gets 10% commission on every photocopier he sells.34. surgery: treatment of injuries or diseases by cutting or removing parts of the body Examples: People have practiced surgery since ancient times, but it did not become a respected science the 19th cent the 19th century.Surgery is the fastest and most effective treatment for tumors that are detected early.35. be laid up (with): stay in bed, be unable to work, etc.Examples: Our math teacher has been laid up in bed with acute flu for a week.The football player was laid up with a twisted knee.36. signature: a person’s name written by herself or himselfExamples: In law, signatures are put at the end of a legal instrument to show that it is valid.A testator unable to write may make an X, and such a mark is considered a valid signature.37. in time: punctually, not too late; eventuallyExamples: The couple have just arrived in time for lunch.She set the alarm so she would wake up in time to go to school.38. go off: (of electric power, a light, etc.) stop functioning or operatingExamples: All the lights suddenly went off and the stadium was plunged into darkness.。