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专题4 议论文型基础写作专题导读议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。
议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。
论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。
议论文的写作要注意以下几点：1．准确找出论点、论据及其之间的相互关系，即找出要点。
2．合理安排材料的顺序，即论点、论据和结论之间的表述方式。
专题四│专题导读3．注意文章的时态、语态等。
议论文常用一般现在时，但叙说过去的事实时，可用过去时态；预测将来时，要用将来时态；也经常使用被动语态；有时假设一种虚拟情况时，还需要用虚拟语气。
典例导练【2011·湖南卷改编】【写作内容】假设你参加所在年级的英文写作比赛，请按如下要求完成一篇短文：1．简要描述下图内容，并点明主题；2．联系实际，表达该图带给你的启示。
【写作要求】1．只能使用5个句子表达所有内容，开头已给出，但不计入总句数。
2．文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
【评分标准】句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。
One possible version：As can be seen from the picture，when drops of water accumulate，they can form the sea；trees added together can make the forest，and the human society is formed by every individual or family.The picture conveys an important message that human society is made up of every individual.It is our responsibility to make as much effort as possible to make our society a good place to live in.As a matter of fact，every individual has his uniqueness and every individual has something in common with others as well.Learning from each other，we can bring richness to our quality and we can live a harmonious life.That is what all the people expect，I am sure.新题预测(一)中国民工学校状况越来越受到人们的关注，假设你是李华，你和你的同学共同对你所在城市的民工学校进行了调查。
广东2022高考英语二轮专项复习阅读写作冲刺系列38阅读明白得AI think it was my mother who taught me the meaning of honesty. Not because she actually was honest, but because she lied all the time. She felt that the easiest way out of any given situation was generally the best way ou t. And, for her, that generally meant telling a “little white lie.” As a young child I thought it was kind of cool. And, naturally, when I would come to her with a concern or question wondering what I should do, she generally advised me to lie.“Mom, I told Theresa that I would go over to her house, but now I would rather go to Sue’s house to play.”“Tell Theresa you’re sick,” she would advise. And generally I did. But I didn’t seem blessed with her lack of conscience. On many painful occasions Theresa would find out that I really went to Sue’s house without her. These occasions taught me that it is more painful to be caught in a lie than it is to tell the truth in the first place. I wondered how it was possible that my mother had never learned that lesson.I started thinking of all the lies that I’d heard her tell. I remembered the time she told someone that her favorite restaurant had closed, because she didn’t want to see them there anymore. Or the time she told Dad that she loved the lawn-mower he gave her for her birthday. Or when she claimed that our phone lines had been down when she was trying to explain why she hadn’t been in touch with a friend of hers for weeks. And what bothered me even more were all the times she had involved me into her lies. Like the time she told my guidance counselor that I had to miss school for exploratory surgery, when she really needed me to babysit. And it even started to bother me when someone would call for her and she would ask me to tell them that she wasn’t there.So, I started my own personal fight against her dishonesty. When I answered the phone and it was someone my mother didn’t want to talk to, I said, “Louise, mom is here, but she doesn’t want to talk to you.” The first time I did it, she punished me, but I refused to apologize. Itold her that I had decided that it was wrong to lie. And the next time it happened I did the same thing. Finally, she approached me and said, “I agree that lying is not the best thing to do, but we need to find a way to be honest witho ut being rude.” She admitted that her methods weren’t right, and I admitted that mine were a bit too extreme.Over the past few years, the two of us have worked together to be honest—and yet kind. Honesty should mean more than not lying. It should mean speaking the truth in kindness. Though I started by trying to teach my mom the importance of honesty, I ended up gaining a deeper understanding of the meaning of the term.1. The author’s mother __________.A. thought white lies were not liesB. helped the author get out of trouble with white liesC. told the author to lie when in troubleD. taught the author the importance of being honest2. The author __________.A. was thankful to her mother’s adviceB. felt more awkward when being caught lyingC. found that telling the truth hurt more than telling a lieD. felt guilty when hurting people with her honesty3. It can be inferred that the author’s mother __________.A. met her friends in the same restaurant regularlyB. didn’t get along with the author’s te achersC. was not popular among her friendsD. wanted to have something else for her birthday4. Finally the author and her mother agreed that __________.A. kind-heartedness is more important than honestyB. appropriate methods are the key to telling a good lieC. honesty is defined as kindness as well as truthfulnessD. absolute honesty is basic to good interpersonal relationshipsBAir pollution is damaging 60% of Europe’s prime wildlife sites in meadows, forests and bushes, according to a new report.A team of EU scientists said nitrogen emissions(氮排放) from cars, factories and farming were threatening biodiversity. It’s the second report this week warning of the on-going risks and threats linked to nitrogen pollution.Nitrogen in the atmosphere is harmless in its inert(惰性的) state, but the report says reactive forms of nitrogen, largely produced by human activity, can be a menace to the natural world.Emissions mostly come from vehicle exhausts(排气), factories, artificial fertilizers(肥料) and animal waste from intensive farming. The reactive nitrogen they emit to the air disrupts the environment in two ways: It can make acidic soils too acidic to support their previous mix of species. But primarily, because nitrogen is a fertilizer, it favors wild plants that can maximize the use of nitrogen to help them grow.In effect, some of the nitrogen spread to fertilize crops is carried in the atmosphere to fertilize weeds, possibly a great distance from where the chemicals were first applied.The effects of fertilization and acidification favor common aggressive species like grasses, brambles and nettles. They harm more delicate species like mosses(苔藓), and insect-eating sundew plants.The report said 60% of wildlife sites were now receiving a critical load of reactive nitrogen. The report’s lead author, Dr Kevin Hicks from the University of York’s Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), told BBC News that England’s Peak District had a de finitely low range of species as a result of the reactive nitrogen that fell on the area.“Nitrogen creates a rather big problem that seems to me to have been given too little attention,” he said. “Governments are responsible for protecting areas like this, but they are clearly failing.”He said more research was needed to understand the knock-on effects for creatures from the changes in vegetation accidentally caused by emissions from cars, industry and farms.At the conference, the representative s agreed “The Edinburgh Declaration on Reactive Nitrogen”. The document highlights the im portance of reducing reactive nitrogen emissions to the environment, adding that the benefits of reducing nitrogen outweigh the costs of takingaction.5. The underlined word “menace” is used to express that the reactive nitrogen, largely producedby human activity can be ___________.A. frighteningB. threateningC. uniqueD. unusual6. We can infer from the passage that _________.A.it’s harmless to have reactive nitrogen existing in the atmosphereB.reactive nitrogen emissions help aggressive species less than cropsC.the harm to those delicate species has a negative impact on biodiversityD.reactive nitrogen can fertilize soils and keep their biodiversity7. The team of EU scientists released the second report of nitrogen emissions this week when__________.A.no action was taken to stop nitrogen emissionernments were willing to protect areas harmed by nitrogenC.“The Edinburgh Declaration on Reactive Nitrogen” was agreedD.nitrogen emissions were threatening wildlife sites’ biodiversity8. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Keeping Away From Nitrogen EmissionsB. Stopping Nitrogen EmissionsC. Air Pollution Damaging Europe’s WildlifeD. Saving Europe’s WildlifeC9. Whose entry will be accepted by The New Yorker?A.Richard, a post-graduate from Quebec, Canada, who sent his design on Dec.20.B.Amy, a 28-year-old Asian-American teacher, who sent her design on Jan. 20.C.Jessie, a 16-year-old student from New York, who sent her design on Dec. 29.D.John, a 68-year-old retired engineer from San Francisco, who sent his design on Jan. 10.10. Which of the following is NOT true about James Surowiecki?A.James Surowiecki is the author of The Financial Page column.B.James Surowiecki usually has discussions with people from different fields.C.James Surowiecki speaks with a chairman about issues of medicine this month.D.Visiting newyorker /go/vasella, you can watch the conversation of this monthbetween James and an economist.11. ___________ can be provided by The Big Apple Circus Care program for sick children.A. Excellent treatment and careB. Trained professional doctors and nursesC. Unique methods to relieve stressD. Special pediatric facilities12. Which of the following can be used by the Big Apple Circus Clown Care program to promoteitself?A. We help all children live happy lives.B. Our doctors jump through rings to cure the blues.C. Every life deserves world class care.D. Work together for a healthier world.DLots of people have hobbies. Some people collect old coins or foreign stamps; some do needlework; others spend most of their spare time on a particular sport.A lot of people enjoy reading. But reading tastes differ widely. Some people only read newspapers or comics, some like reading novels, while others prefer books on astronomy, wildlife, or technological discoveries.If I happen to be interested in horses or precious stones, I cannot expect everyone else to share my enthusiasm. If I watch all the sports programs on TV with great pleasure, I must put up with the fact that other people find sports boring.Is there nothing that interests us all? Is there nothing that concerns everyone—no matter who they are or where they live in the world? Yes, dear Sophie, there are questions that certainly should interest everyone. They are precisely the questions this course is about.What is the most important thing in life? If we ask someone living on the edge of starvation, the answer is food. If we ask someone dying of cold, the answer is warmth. If we put the same question to someone who feels lonely and isolated, the answer will probably be the company of other people.But when these basic needs have been satisfied—will there still be something that everybody needs? Philosophers think so. They believe that man cannot live by bread alone. Of course everyone needs food. And everyone needs love and care. But there is something else—apart from that—which everyone needs, and that is to figure out who we are and why we are here.Being interested in why we are here is not a “casual” interest like collecting stamps. People who ask such questions are taking part in a debate that has gone on as long as man has lived on this planet. How the universe, the earth, and life came into being is a bigger and more importantquestion than who won the most gold medals in the last Olympics.13. This text is most probably taken from __________.A. a research paperB. a course scheduleC. a personal letterD. a book review14. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?A. Philosophical questions are as interesting as collecting stamps.B. Thinking about philosophical questions is a serious interest.C. Figuring out who we are and why we are here is man’s basic needs.D. Philosophy has universal appeal and concerns everybody in nature.15. The author believes that __________.A. no existing subject can interest everyone in the worldB. different people may have different interests and concernsC. everyone has to figure out who we are and why we are hereD. people in modern society pay more attention to philosophical questionsCBDCB CDCDD CBCDC第一节基础写作上周四，你班在某一社区组织了主题为“大伙儿齐动手，共建文明城”的环保活动，分三组,每组十五人, 开展活动,活动内容如下：【写作内容】1. 活动的时刻、地点、主题、参与人员；2. 各组活动内容、具体做法；3. 居民看法。
IV. 写作 (共两节，满分40分)第一节基础写作 (共1小题，满分15分)假设你所在小区的物业管理中心就目前存在的问题张贴告示，如下所述：告示亲爱的业主：目前，小区饲养宠物的人越来越多，宠物粪便随处可见，且难以清除。
为防止含有有害细菌的粪便传播疾病，所以就此提醒宠物应受到严格限制，且宠物主须牢记：1、须到相关部门办理宠物饲养许可证；2、须在宠物年满四个月后的30天内为其接种疫苗，并在一年内再次接种疫苗。
物业管理中心2013年9月11日【写作内容】1、描述目前小区出现的问题；2、物业管理中心的提醒；3、宠物主须牢记的两点；4、张贴此告示的目的。
【写作要求】1、开头与结尾已给出；2、只能用5个句子表达全部内容。
【评分标准】句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章连贯。
提示词：vaccinate给…接种疫苗NoticeSept 11th, 2013 Dear residents,Hence, every pet owner should consciously take good care of your pet in a right way.Property Management Centre 【答案】One possible version:NoticeSept 11th, 2013 Dear residents,Since there are so many pets in our community,we can see pet waste everywhere,which is so hard to remove.For this matter,we require pets should be strictly restricted and that the following details also kept in heart.Firstly ,you should license your pet at the relative authority.Secondly,you have to have your pet vaccinated within 30 days after it reaches four months of age and revaccinated within one year.To prevent pet waste containing harmful bacteria from spreading diseases,we have sensible reasons to do so.Hence, every pet owner should consciously take good care of your pet in a right way.Property Management Centre 【解析】试题分析：写好提纲式作文的关键是认真审题和分析所给的提纲，因此考生首先要认真阅读前面的提示，认清写作要求和提纲之间的关系，要求考生根据所给的写作要求和提纲，确定文章的中心思想，然后紧紧围绕中心思想展开写作。
广东省2021届高三英语二轮专题精品卷：写作（2）III 写作(共两节，满分40分)第一节基础写作(共1小题；满分15分)你是英语俱乐部的成员，参加俱乐部组织的英语学习经验交流，介绍自己最喜欢的英语读物。
【写作内容】请你根据以下表格内容介绍《21世纪学生英文报》“高中版”。
【写作要求】1. 只能使用5个句子表达全部内容；2. 开头结尾已提供给你，不包括在5个句子内。
Dear Schoolmates,_______________________________________________________________________________ _I hope it will also be helpful to you. Thank you.【评分标准】句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章连贯。
第二节读写任务（共1小题，满分25分）阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
It is an in-depth relationship combining trust, support，communication，loyalty，understanding，sympathy and intimacy. These are certainly aspects of life that all of us desire．Being able to trust and relax with your friend is a big part offriendship．Remember when you were young you went with a friend to her grandma' s for the weekend．It was fun but when you got home，home was wonderful. Your feeling was" I am home．I can relax now．" That's what a friendship should be．You go out into the world and do your best．You have your ups and downs，your problems and triumphs，your fun and tribulations．You charm and perform. Then you come "home" to a friend．You can relax, put up your feet；you are relieved．If you still have to be charming and/or performing，it's not a relief．Friendship is a comfortable situation like home．You get home，kick off your shoes．Relax and sigh，"Ahh，home．" But no one can form a friendship until he/she realizes that the basis of being friends is meeting the needs of the other person．One must be a friend to have a friend．Never forget that friends relate．Relating is the basis of friendship．【写作内容】1) 以约30个词概括短文的要点；2) 然后以约120个就"Friendship"这个主题发表看法，并包括如下要点：a)根据你的亲身经历，你觉得朋友给你的生活带来了什么?b)你对友谊的理解是什么?c)你觉得如何才能建立起真正的友谊?【写作要求】你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
专题限时训练(三十)[应用文型基础写作](限时：每篇15分钟)A假设你是林华，广东省某中学高三学生，请你根据以下学生会倡议书的内容给某英文报社写一封信，叙述拟开展活动的内容并发表自己的看法。
[写作内容]倡议书为了更好地利用学习资料，我们建议高三年级同学在毕业之际捐出用过的书等，赠给低年级同学。
活动意义：增进友谊鼓励节约活动地点：校图书馆一楼活动时间：6月10日～20日学生会3月30日[写作要求]1. 只能使用5个句子表达全部内容；2. 信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总句数。
[评分标准]句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章连贯。
参考词汇：增进promote 鼓励节约encourage economyDear editor，I am a student of Senior Three in a middle school in Guangdong Province.______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________I hope that this kind of activity will continue in the future.Yours sincerely，Lin HuaB请根据以下内容为学校英语报写一篇报道。
最近，我国教育专家对我国中学生所喜爱的节日进行了一项调查，北京和广州的1000多名中学生接受了调查。
结果如下：[写作内容]1. 调查的时间、对象和调查内容；2. 调查的主要数据；3. 调查结果表明：80%的学生知道我国的春节等传统节日；年轻人也很重视外国节日。
