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学习资料主题语境(二）人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系阅读理解A（2020·全国Ⅲ·D）We are the products of evolution，and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago。
As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因)，they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.Peoplein Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.Cattle。
raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation （突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published in Cell,a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food，but to the ocean.A group ofseadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved in to better divers。
The Bajau，as these people are known，number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia,Malaysia and the Philippines。
They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times，they’ve also built houses on stilts （支柱） in coastal waters。
Module 3 The Violence of Nature (主题语境——人与自然之灾害防范：安全常识与自我保护) 1．drought n. 干旱 2.sandstorm n. 沙尘暴3．typhoon n. 台风 4.tsunami n. 海啸5．landslide n. 山体滑坡 6.mudslide n. 泥石流7．wildfire n. 野火 8.shortage n. 缺乏9．destroy vt. 摧毁，破坏 10.disappear vi. 消失11．threaten v. 威胁 12.predict vt. 预报，预言，预告13．frighten vt. 使惊恐 14.consequence n．结果，后果15．decline v. 减少，下降；衰退；谢绝16．decrease v. 减少，减小，降低17．harmony n. 和谐 18.uncertain adj. 不确定的19．natural adj. 自然的 20.nature n. 自然；性质；种类21．punish vt. 惩罚，处罚22．punishment n. 惩罚手段；处罚23．suffer vi. 受苦；遭受 24.proper adj. 适当的，合适的25．surrounding adj. 周围的 26.survival n. 幸存；存活27．survive v. 幸存 28.tolerate vt. 容许，允许；忍受29．unbearable adj. 难耐的，无法接受的30．unbelievable adj. 难以置信的1．donate...to... 向……捐赠……2．come to one's rescue 前来救某人3．be trapped in ruins 被困在废墟中4．rebuild one's home 重建某人的家园5．have much to do with 与……有很大的关系6．millions upon millions of 数百万7．be/become aware of/that 意识到8．from bad to worse 每况愈下9．to make matters worse 使事情更糟糕的是10．on account of 因为，由于11．be faced with 面临12．wipe out 彻底摧毁13．recover from 从……中恢复14．cut down 砍倒15．volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事16．bring...under control 对……加以控制17．in harmony with nature 与自然和谐相处18．take measures/steps to do sth. 采取措施做某事19．as a result 结果，因此20．do one's best 尽力1．A severe earthquake destroyed almost everything, leaving badly damaged buildings.一场剧烈的地震几乎毁了一切，留下了严重受损的建筑物。
主题群二环境保护主题语境(一) 自然环境、自然遗产保护阅读理解A(2020·浙江1月卷·B)Milwaukee , Wisconsin , is road testing a new way to keep winter roadsicefree—by spreading on them cheese brine , the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses , like mozzarella.Wisconsin , also called 〞America's Dairyland〞 , is famous for its cheese.The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year ! As a result , there was a lot of leftover cheese brine.Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive.So what should cheese makers do with the waste?Normally , towns use rock salt to deice streets.The salt lowers water's freezing point , causing ice to melt(融化)．But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money , while keeping roads safe.Cheese brine has salt in it , which , like the rock salt , helps lower water's freezing point.In addition to saving money , cheese brine could also be a more ecofriendly option.Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.Rock salt is made of sodium chloride , the same compound (化合物) in ordinary table salt.Sounds harmless , right ？But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food , road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U．S.roads every year!The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground.There it can pollute drinking water , harm plants , and eat away soil.By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt , Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.Cheese brine has a downside too—a smell similar to that of bad milk.〞I don't really mind it , 〞Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine.He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of usingcheese brine.〞Our roads smell like Wisconsin ! 〞 he said.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。
选择性必修第三册Unit 3 Environmental Protection主题语境：人与自然(保护环境)【话题词汇】1.ecology n. 生态2.noisy adj. 嘈杂的；喧闹的3.smelly adj. 有臭味的4.radiation n. 放射，放射物5.emission n. 排放6.rubbish n. 垃圾；废物7.litter n. 垃圾；废物8.forbid vt. 禁止9.ban vt. 禁止10.permit vt.&n. 许可，允许11.reduce v. 减少12.prevent v. 阻止，防止，预防13.advocate vt. 拥护，支持，提倡14.conservation n. 保存，保护，管理15.replace vt. 取代16.substitute v. 取代【话题短语】1.live in harmony with... 与……和谐相处2.raise the awareness of... 唤醒……的意识3.protect...from... 保护……不受……(危害)4.be covered with 被……覆盖5.be crowded with 挤满，拥塞6.turn off 关掉7.die out 灭亡；逐渐消失8.tear down 拆掉；拆毁9.save energy 节约能源10.get damaged 遭到破坏【话题佳句】1.It is necessary for us to protect our environment.对我们来说，保护环境是必要的。
2.Only in this way can we live in harmony with the animals.只有这样我们才能与动物和谐相处。
3.Water resources have bee so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink or to use.水资源已经被污染得如此严重，以至于一些水已经不适合饮用或使用。
Module 3 The Violence of Nature[主题词块背诵]1．rescue team 营救组2．hurricane n．飓风3．sandstorm n．沙尘暴4．typhoon n．台风5．volcano n．火山6．snowstorm n．暴风雪7．pull through 熬过8．earthquake victims 地震灾民9．landslide n．山体滑坡10．drought n．旱灾；干旱11．natural disasters 自然灾害12．the sufferings of the people in the disasterstricken area 灾区人民所受的苦难13．practice survival skills 练习求生技能14．escape from danger 逃离危险15．build a shelter 建造避难所16．wipe out the whole village 把整座村庄夷为平地17．in urgent need of 迫切需要18．return to normal 恢复正常19．find shelter from 避开……20．the extreme lack of water，food and electricity 极度缺水、食物和电[主题佳句背诵]1．So far，the earthquake has killed about 100 people and has left about 30 injured. 到目前为止，地震已造成大约100人遇难， 30人受伤。
2．Last week severe haze occurred in my hometown，making it too dark to see anything. 上周我的家乡出现严重雾霾，使得天暗得看不见任何东西。
3．The snowstorm destroyed power facilities and some houses，cutting off power supplies in many areas and making many people homeless.暴风雪破坏了电力设施和一些房屋，许多地方的电力供应被中断，许多人无家可归。
必修第二册Unit 2 Wildlife Protection 主题语境：人与自然(环境保护)【话题词汇】1.wildlife n. 野生动植物2.ecology n. 生态，生态学3.evolution n. 进化；演变4.survival n. 存活；幸存5.primitive adj. 原始的；远古的6.extinct adj. 灭绝的7.victim n. 牺牲品，受害者8.ecofriendly adj. 对生态环境友好的9.habitat n. 栖息地10.seaweed n. 海草11.dolphin n. 海豚12.koala n. 考拉13.coral n. 珊瑚14.whale n. 鲸鱼15.shark n. 鲨鱼【话题短语】1.spare no effort to do sth. 不遗余力做……2.endangered species 濒危物种3.ecological balance 生态平衡4.the survival of the fittest 适者生存5.rare animals 稀有动物6.take responsibility for 对……负责任7.adopt effective measures 采取有效措施8.go from bad to worse 每况愈下9.environmental protection 环境保护10.live in harmony with nature 与自然和谐相处【话题佳句】cking in human protection, the number of Yangtze finless porpoise is being smaller and smaller.由于缺乏人类保护，长江江豚的数量正变得越来越少。
2.Let's make joint efforts to create a green and harmonious environment.让我们共同努力，创造一个绿色和谐的环境。
一、用括号中单词的适当形式填空——词形转换1.It has been universally that it is the selfless devotion and sacrifice of doctors and nurses that ensures the success of the battle against the virus. Many moving reports have been written in of their contribution.(acknowledge)2.Seeing my anxious expression, my mother asked me what had caused my .(anxious)3.A large number of people have sent off for the job. Some of the may be disappointed because only one third for it have the chance to be employed. (apply)4.People should be of environmental issues, so we organized an activity last weekend to raise people’s of protecting the environment. (aware)5.Having cleaned the sports facilities, the went to the grassland to pick up the litter. After his thorough , we saw a community. (clean)6.The company into several departments. He will be sent to the sales after graduation. (divide)7.You are right. Regular exercise can keep you full of energy. Besides, enough sleep can make us and enable us to perform well in exams.(energy)8. , they did something illegal, but we couldn’t accuse them of guilt as we hadn’t found enough . (evident)9.Mary was too to tell her family about the scene because it almost her to death. She was shaking with at the thought of it. (frighten)10.Smoking does great harm to the smokers’ health.Besides,it is also (harm) to the people around.11.It is our duty to make our world a more (harmony) place to live in, so we should live in harmony with each other.12.I am the of the project but I can’t all the work on my own. So my assistant helps me with the everyday . (manage)13.Many vegetables because of the use of agricultural chemicals, while green food is free of .(pollute)14.The future of driverless cars is . Even the experts in this field cannot make an exact because they think that not all factors can . (predict)15.To escape the is one of the most obvious reasons why people lie. No one likes .(punish)16.(1)I have a lot to say in to this matter. (relate)(2)Tiredness is directly to a driver’s response time. (relate)17.I called to make a table for two for seven o’clock, only to be told that all the tables . (reserve)18.The girl was when she saw the snake.(scare)19.Over three hundred people to death last year;in other words, they died of . (starve)20. of food are almost exhausted in the town, but the food cannot more food to their customers. (supply)21.He the accident and became the only . His was really a wonder. (survive)22.(1)When a fire broke out, help was needed.(urge)(2)The most thing was to make sure everyone went out of the building. So the firefighters that people leave the building as soon as possible. (urge)二、用括号内单词的适当形式填空——常见搭配1.The local hospital was one of the first to apply (become) self-governing.2.Some experts advocate (improve) the way we use energy today.3.You should be happy with what you already have and not risk (lose) it by being greedy and trying to get more.4.This is the best way I could think of to stop the students (break) the rules.5.Susan is slow in doing anything, so it is necessary to urge her (complete) the work on time.三、在空白处填入1个适当的单词——固定搭配ually the discount in this shop only applies children under the age of ten every winter.2.Even though we may not be aware it, our actions can stand for our thoughts.3.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around it. Farther the distance, I could enjoy the view of snowy mountains.4. occurred to me that day that art and beauty are the common language of mankind.5.She got into panic when she thought sh e’d forgotten the tickets.st spring, I was fortunate to be chosen to participate the running of the club.7.I think the boy has the potential painting, but he needs training.8.100 years ago, a big fire broke out in the old building, leaving it ruins.9. first sight, there is nothing special about the watch, but in fact it is a mobilephone.四、写出画线部分在语境中的含义——熟词生义1.When I met him in the town, he looked straight at me but did not acknowledge me, which mademe annoyed.2.(1)Pressure applied to the wound will stop the bleeding.(2)New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.(3)Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the technique.(4)Apply the glue to both surfaces.3."You have a balance of nine hundred dollars," says the bank teller.4.He has been teaching for 30 years, and he still devotes himself to the cause of education.5.A man narrowly escaped death when a fire broke out in his home on Sunday morning.6.The research team are making their way to the west area with the purpose of finding where theriver rises.7.(1)He smoothed the way for us.(2)Sally managed to smooth over the bad feelings between them.(3)They are introducing new measures to ensure the smooth running of the business.8.They didn’t think much of it when they saw two cyclists repairing their bike on the si de ofthe road.A bit later,they spotted what they assumed was a dog running alongside a man on a bike.五、用括号中动词的适当形式填空——不规则变化1.His careless driving caused a terrible accident. Therefore, he (ban) from driving forthree years.2.He is often found (bury) in his work whenever I come here.3.A heavy frost made the weather cold. All the rivers and some fragile plantsto death. (freeze)4.Most of the old part of the city (destroy) by bombs during the war in 1937.5.A full moon (light) up the sky. I invited all my family to appreciate it together.6.Jack was working in the lab when the power cut (occur).7.The party’s share of the vote (rise) from 11 percent to 21 percent in last m onth’selection.8.A young boy climbed up the apple tree and (shake) the branches so that the apples fell.9.A good idea me while I was walking along the river. (strike)10.Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people(trap) in the high-rise building.六、用括号中的参考词汇表达句子——写作1.近年来,人类不负责任的活动和自然灾害给我们造成了极大的损害。
