2014-2015年上海卷英语第I卷（共103分Directions:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblanksto makethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblan kswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegiv enword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)MystayinNewYorkAftergraduationfromuniversity,Ihadbeenunabletosecure apermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYor k,(25)______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.(26)___ ___(earn)somemoneytopaythedailyexpenses,Istartedworkinalo calcaféasawaiter.Ibelievedthat(27)______Iwasofferedagood position,Iwouldresignatonce.Overtime,thehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmya lready(28)______(exhaust)shoulders.Ontheotherhand,mysearc hforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudied literatureatuniversity,Ifounditquitedifficulttosecureasui tablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadsaidthat(29)_____________ _____Iwantedtohaveabettercareeradvancement,Ihadtofindwork inthecity.Perhaps,(30)______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyroo tedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected.SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidno tlikeit.Apparently,Ihaddifficulty(31)______(adapt)myselft olifeinthecity,letalonefindingajobtomydelight.Afterninemo nthsoffrustration.Ieventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown .NotuntilIreturned(32)______Irealisethataquiettownlifewas thebestforme.(B)Thegiantvendingmachine（自动售货机）isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunou tofbasicsupplies.However,helpisnownearerathandintheformof thecountry'sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.Nowresidentsint heDerbyshirevillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclock afterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethi sweek.PeterFox,whois(33)______electricalengineer,spenttwoa ndahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine(34)______(equi p)withsecuritycamerasandalarms,andlookslikeaminishopwitha brickfront,agreyroofandadisplaywindow.Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention,(35)______issettobeins talledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonths,willmar kareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities.Hesaid:"IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn'tfindaman ufacturerwhocoulddeliverwhatIwanted,soIdiditby(36)______. Theresultiswhatamountstoahugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIth inkthetermautomaticshopisfar(37)______(appropriate)."Inrecentyears,thecommercialpressurefromsupermarketch ains(38)______(force)villageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose. In2010,itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed,(39)_ _____(urge)thelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostru gglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitystores.Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopenedupth eirownvolunteer-runshops,butMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwil lofferasolution(40)______thosevillageswithoutalocalshop. SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinth ebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmore thanyouneed.A.alertB.classifymitD.delicatelyE.gentleF.imposebelsH.moderationI.relieveJ.signalsK.simplyLet'ssayyou'vedecidedyouwanttoeatmorehealthfully.How ever,youdon'thavetimetocarefullyplanmenusformealsorreadfo od_41_atthesupermarket.Sinceyoureally_42_yourselftoahealt hierlifestyle,alittlehelpwouldcomeinhandy,wouldn'tit?This iswherea"choicearchitect"canhelp_43_someoftheburdenofdoin gitallyourself.Choicearchitectsarepeoplewhoorganizethecon textsinwhichcustomersmakedecisions.Forexample,thepersonwh odecidesthelayoutofyourlocalsupermarket-includingwhichshe lfthepeanutbuttergoeson,andhowtheorangesarepiledup—isach oicearchitect.Governmentsdon'thaveto_44_healthierlifestylesthrough lawsforexample,smokingbans.Rather,ifgivenanenvironmentcre atedbyachoicearchitect-onethatencouragesustochoosewhatisb est-wewilldotherightthings.Inotherwords,therewillbedesign sthatgentlypushcustomerstowardmakinghealthierchoices,with outremovingfreedomofchoice.Thisideacombinesfreedomtochoos ewith_45_hintsfromchoicearchitects,whoaimtohelppeoplelive longer,healthier,andhappierlives.TheBritishandSwedishgovernmentshaveintroducedaso-cal led"trafficlightsystem"to_46_foodsashealthyorunhealthy.Th ismeansthatcustomerscanseeataglancehowmuchfat,sugar,andsa lteachproductcontains_47_bylookingatthelightsonthepackage .Agreenlight_48_thattheamountsofthethreenutrientsarehealt hy;yellowindicatesthatthecustomershouldbe_49_;andredmeans thatthefoodishighinatleastoneofthethreenutrientsandshould beeatenin_50_.Thecustomerisgivenimportanthealthinformatio n,butisstillfreetodecidewhattochoose.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:Foreachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourw ordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordor phrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationist akenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsof theday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbooksw e'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple_51_. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe_52_do withit?Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,such aswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtod ealwithdifficult_53_situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,an dcolleagues.Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural_54_，ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticular simplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflife?It' snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhisla testbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsyc hologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally_55_issues.Dunbar_56_thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdeveloped bythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorgani zetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventoprom otetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesuper natural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.We don'tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantal k,arguesDunbar—_57_,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecifi callytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe_58_ofthehighe r primates（灵长类动物）likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingit ,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyfo rsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor_59 _fromoutsideit. Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefam ily,Dunbar_60_thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.G roupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreat erthe_61_itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,theg reaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto_6 2_thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingr oomingactivitiesalsohadtobe_63_tomaintainitseffectiveness .Clearly,amore_64_kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguage evolvedasakindof vocal（有声的）groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-l argergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindi vidualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one_65_contact. 51.A.claim B.description C.gossip nguage52.A.occasionally B.habitually C.independentlyD.originally53.A.social B.political C.historical D.cultural54.A.admirers B.masters ers D.wasters55.A.vitalB.sensitive C.ideal D.difficult56.A.confirms B.rejects C.outlines D.broadens57.A.forinstance B.inaddition C.onthecontraryD.asaresult58.A.motivationB.appearance C.emotion D.behaviour59.A.attackB.contact C.inspection D.assistance60.A.recalls B.denies C.concludes D.confesses61.A.prospectB.responsibility C.leadershipD.protection62.A.measure B.show C.maintain D.ease63.A.saved B.extended C.consumed D.gainedmon B.efficient C.scientific D.thoughtful65.A.indirect B.daily C.physical D.secretSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfol lowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofth emtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfits bestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejust read.(A).Mostpeopleagreethathonestyisagoodthing.ButdoesMotherNatureagree?Animalscan'ttalk,butcantheylieinotherways?C antheyliewiththeirbodiesandbehavior?A nimalexpertsmaynotcallitlying,butthey doagreethatmanyanimals,frombirdstochimpanzees,behavedishonestlytofoolotheranimals.Why?Dishonestyoftenhelpsthemsurvive.Manykindsofbirdsareverysuccessfulatfoolingotheranima ls.Forexample,abirdcalledtheploversometimespretendstobehu rtinordertoprotectitsyoung.Whena predator（猎食动物）getsclosetoitsnest,theploverleadsthepredatorawayfromthene st.How?Itpretendstohaveabrokenwing.Thepredatorfollowsthe" hurt"adult,leavingthebabybirdssafeinthenest.Anotherkindofbird,thescrubjay,buriesitsfoodsoitalway shassomethingtoeat.Scrubjaysarealsothieves.Theywatchwhere othersburytheirfoodandstealit.Butcleverscrubjaysseemtokno wwhenathiefiswatchingthem.Sotheygobacklater,unburythefood ,andburyitagainsomewhereelse.Birdscalledcuckooshavefoundawaytohavebabieswithoutdoingmuchwork.How?Theydon'tmakenests.Instead,theygetintootherbirds'nestssecretly.Thentheylaytheireggsandflyaway.When thebabybirdscomeout,theiradoptiveparentsfeedthem.Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky.Afterafight,the losingchimpwillgiveitshandtotheother.Whenthewinningchimpp utsoutitshand,too,thechimpsarefriendlyagain.Butananimalex pertoncesawalosingchimptakethewinner'shandandstartfightin gagain.Chimpsaresneakyinotherways,too.Whenchimpsfindfoodtha ttheylove,suchasbananas,itisnaturalforthemtocryout.Thenot herchimpscomerunning.Butsomecleverchimpslearntocryverysof tlywhentheyfindfood.Thatway,otherchimpsdon'thearthem,andt heydon'tneedtosharetheirfood.Aschildren,manyofuslearnthesaying"Youcan'tfoolMother Nature."Butmaybeyoucan'ttrusther,either.66.Aploverprotectsitsyoungfromapredatorby___________.A.gettingclosertoitsyoungB.drivingawaytheadultpredatorC.leavingitsyounginanothernestD.pretendingtobeinjured67.By"Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky"(paragraph5),t heauthormeans_______.A.chimpsarereadytoattackothersB.chimpsaresometimesdishonestC.chimpsarejealousofthewinnersD.chimpscanbeselfishtoo68.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Somechimpslowertheircry tokeepfoodawayfromothers.B.Thelosingchimpwonthefightbytakingthewinner'shand.C.Cuckoosfooltheiradoptiv eparentsbymakingnonests.D.Somecleverscrubjaysoftenstealtheirfoodback.69.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.Doanimalslie?B.DoesMotherNaturefoolanimals?C.Howdoanimalslearntolie?D.Howdoeshonestyhelpanimalssurvive?（B）Let'ssayyouwanttohitthegymmoreregularlythisyear.Howdoyoum akethathappen?Considerputtingthehabitlooptouse.Here'showitworks:Ahabitisa3-stepprocess.First,there'sacue,somethingthattel lsyourbraintooperateautomatically.Thenthere'saroutine.And finally,areward,whichhelpsyourbrainlearntodesirethebehavi or.It'swhatyoucanusetocreate-orbreak-habitsofyourown.Here'showtoapplyit:Chooseacue,likeleavingyourrunningshoesbythedoor,thenpick. areward-say,apieceofchocolatewhenyougethomefromthegym.Tha tway,thecueandtherewardbecomeinterconnected.Finally,wheny ouseetheshoes,yourbrainwillstartlongingforthereward,which willmakeiteasiertoworkoutdayafterday.Thebestpart?Inacoupl eofweeks,youwon'tneedthechocolateatall.Yourbrainwillcomet oseetheworkoutitselfasthereward.Whichisthewholepoint,righ t?70.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsintheboxwitha“?”inTHEHABI TLOOP?A.Pickanewcue.B.Formanewhabit.C.Chooseanewreward.D.Designanewresolution.71.AccordingtoTHEHABITLOOP,youcansticktoyourplanmosteffec tivelyby______.A.changingtheroutineB.tryingitforaweekC.adjustingyourgoalD.writingitdown72.What'sthepurposeofputtingthehabitlooptouse?A.Totestoutdifferentkindsofcues.B.Todosomethingasahabitevenwithoutrewards.C.ToworkoutthebestNewYear'sresolution.D.Tomotivateyourselfwithsatisfactoryrewards.73."ThisyearwhenIseethe HarryPotter poster,Iwillread30pagesofanEnglishnoveloranEnglishnewspaperinordertowatchTVforhalfanhour."Whatisthecueinthisresolution?A.The HarryPotter poster.B.Reading30pagesofanEnglishnovel.C.AnEnglishnewspaper.D.WatchingTVforhalfanhour.(C)Ifyoucouldbeanybodyintheworld,whowoulditbe?Yourneighbouro rasuperstar?Afewpeoplehaveexperiencedwhatitmightbeliketos tepintotheskinofanotherperson,thankstoanunusual virtualrea lity（虚拟现实）device.RikkeWahl,anactress,modelandartist,wasoneofthepart icipantsinabody swapping experimentattheBeAnotherlab,aproje ctdevelopedbyagroupofartistsbasedinBarcelona.Sheswappedwi thherpartner,anactor,usingamachinecalledTheMachinetoBeAno therandtemporarilybecameaman."AsIlookeddown,Isawmywholebo dyasaman,dressedinmypartner'spants,"shesaid."That'sthepic tureIrememberbest."Theset-upisrelativelysimple.Bothuserswearavirtualrea lityheadsetwithacameraonthetop.Thevideofromeachcameraisse nttotheotherperson,sowhatyouseeistheexactviewofyourpartne r.Ifshemovesherarm,youseeit.Ifyoumoveyourarm,sheseesit.Togetusedtoseeinganotherperson'sbodywithoutactuallyh avingcontrolofit,participantsstartbyraisingtheirarmsandle gsveryslowly,sothattheothercanfollowalong.Eventually,this kindofslow synchronised（同步的）movementbecomescomfortable,andparticipantsreallystarttofe elasthoughtheyarelivinginanotherperson'sbody. Usingsuchtechnologypromisestoalterpeople'sbehaviourafterw ards-potentiallyforthebetter.Studieshaveshownthatvirtualr ealitycanbeeffectiveinfightingracism-the bias（偏见）thathumanshaveagainstthosewhodon'tlookorsoundlikethem.Res earchersattheUniversityofBarcelonagavepeopleaquestionnair ecalledtheImplicitAssociationTest,whichmeasuresthestrengt hofpeople'sassociationsbetween,forinstance,blackpeopleand adjectivessuchasgood,bad,athleticorawkward.Thentheyaskedt hemtocontrolthebodyofadarkskinneddigitalcharacterusingvir tualrealityglasses,beforetakingthetestagain.Thistime,thep articipants'biasscoreswerelower.Theideaisthatonceyou've"p utyourselfinanother'sshoes"you'relesslikelytothinkillofth em,becauseyourbrainhasinternalisedthefeelingofbeingthatpe rson. ThecreatorsofTheMachinetoBeAnotherhopetoachieveasimilarre sult."Attheendofbodyswapping,peoplefeellikeholdingeachoth erintheirarms,"saysArthurPointeau,aprogrammerwiththeproje ct."It'sareallynicewaytohavethiskindofexperience.Iwouldre ally,reallyrecommendittoeveryone."74.Theword"swapping"(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto_____ ____.A.buildingB.exchangingC.controllingD.transplanting 75.WecaninferfromtheexperimentattheBeAnotherlabthat______ ______.A.ourfeelingsarerelatedtoourbodilyexperienceB.wecanlearntotakecontrolofotherpeople'sbodiesC.participantswilllivemorepassionatelyaftertheexperi mentD.TheMachinetoBeAnothercanhelppeoplechangetheirsexes76.IntheImplicitAssociationTest,beforetheparticipantsusedvirtualrealityglassestocontroladarkskinneddigitalchara cter,__________.A.theyfoughtstronglyagainstracismB.theyscoredloweronthetestforracismC.theychangedtheirbehaviourdramaticallyD.theyweremorebiasedagainstthoseunlikethem77.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_________.A.technologyhelpspeoplerealizetheirdreamsB.ourbiasescouldbeeliminatedthroughexperimentsC.virtualrealityhelpspromoteunderstandingamongpeopleD.ourpointsofviewaboutothersneedchangingconstantly SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestions orcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Moreandmorecorporationsaretakinganinterestincorporat esocialresponsibility(CSR).CSRismadeupofthreebroadlayers. paniesty picallyspendabout1%ofpre-taxprofitsonworthyprojects.Butma nyfeelthatsimplywritingchequestocharitiesisnolongerenough .Insomecompanies,shareholderswanttoknowthattheirmoneyisbe ingputtogooduse,andemployeeswanttobeactivelyinvolvedingoo dworks. Moneyaloneisnottheanswerwhencompaniescomeunderattackforth eirbehavior.HencethesecondlayerofCSR,whichisabranchofrisk management.Startinginthe1980s,withenvironmentaldisasterss uchastheexplosionatBhopalandtheExxonValdezoilspill,indust ryafterindustryhassufferedblowstoitsreputation.So,companiesoftenrespondedbytryingtomanagetherisks.Theyta lktonon-governmentalorganisations(NGOs)andtogovernments,c reate codesofconduct（行为准则)anddevotethemselvestomore transparency（透明）intheiroperations.Increasingly,too.they,alongwiththeircom petitors,setcommonrulestospreadrisks. Allthisislargelydefensive,buttherearealsoopportunitiesfor thosethatgetaheadofthegame.Theemphasisonopportunityisthet hirdlayerofCSR:theideathatitcanhelptocreatevalue.Ifapproa chedinastrategicway,CSRcouldbecomepartofacompany'scompeti tiveadvantage.Thatisjustthesortofthingchiefexecutivesliketohear.Theideaof"doingwellbydoinggood"hasbecomepopular. Nevertheless,thebusinessoftryingtobegoodisbringingdifficu ltquestionstoexecutives.CanyoumeasureCSRperformance?Shoul dyoubecooperatingwithNGOsandyou’reyourcompeti tors?Isther eanyreallycompetitiveadvantagetobehadfromagreenstrategy? Corporatesocialresponsibilityisnowseenasamainstream.Bigco mpanieswanttotelltheworldabouttheirgoodcitizenshipwiththe irdevotiontosocialresponsibilities.Donebadly,CSRisoftenju stwindow-dressingandcanbepositivelyharmful.Donewell,thoug h,itisnotsomeseparateactivitythatcompaniesdoontheside,aco rnerofcorporatelifereservedforvirtue（美德）：itisjust goodbusiness.(Note:Answerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsin NOMORETH ANTENWORDS)78.Both_________insomecompaniesfinditnolongerenoughtosimp lydonatemoneytocharities.79.Giveoneexampleofthedefensivemeasuresofriskmanagementac cordingtothepassage.80.Withtheemphasisonopportunity,thethirdlayerofCSRismeant to_________.81.Accordingtothepassage,"goodbusiness"(paragraph6)meanst hatcorporations________whilemakingprofits.第II卷（共47分）I.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usin gthewordsgiveninthebrackets.1.我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
