研究生英语阅读教程Unit1课后作业及答案

Unit 1EnvironmentLearning ObjectivesAt the end of the unit, students will be able to:1.have some general knowledge about the environment;2.know about various kind of environmental problems;3.talk about the causes, effects, and measures people should take about theenvironmental problems;4. master the key words and expressions concerning the environment.Part I Warm-up ActivitiesA Directions:The following are some of the organizations devoted to theenvironmental protection. Match them with the corresponding Chinese translations.A. 联合国人类居住中心B. 绿色和平组织C. 国际环境情报网D. 联合国环境规划署E. 绿党F. 联合国环境与发展大会G. 国际自然和自然资源保护协会1. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) D 联合国环境规划署2. International Environment Information System C 国际环境情报网3. Green Peace Organization B 绿色和平组织4. Green Party E 绿党5. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)G 国际自然和自然资源保护协会6. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)F 联合国环境与发展大会7. United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)A 联合国人类居住中心B Directions:Below are three pictures conveying the environmental problems. Joina partner, talk about what specific environmental problems they are. Then discussabout their causes, effects and the measures people have to take to deal with these problems.1. What is the environmental phenomenon?2. What causes this environmental phenomenon?3. What are the effects of this environmental phenomenon?4. How can the human do to improve this situation?Part II Listening1. DeforestationA Directions: Listen to a report about deforestation over the past 10 years. Choose one item among A, B, C and D which best matches each of the following questions.1)What is the main cause of deforestation? (C)A.The cutting down of tropical trees for urban facilities.B.The global warming.C.The cutting down of tropical trees for agriculture.D.The forest fires.2)How much area of forest was cut down or lost through natural causes each year inthe last ten years? (C)A.Over four billion hectares.B. Sixteen million hectares.C. Thirteen million hectares.D. Seven million hectares.3)Which of the following countries have reduced their deforestation rates? (D)A. China and India.B. Brazil and Vietnam.C. China, India, Vietnam and America.D. Brazil and Indonesia.4)Which of the following areas have the highest yearly loss of forests during the lastten years? (B)A.North America and Central America.B. Asia and Europe.B.South America and Africa. D. South Africa and Asia.5)According to Eduardo Rojas, what made the rate of deforestation decrease aroundthe world? (B)A.Tree-planting programs.B.Improvement of forest policies and regulations at local and internationallevels.C.The result of the International Year of Biodiversity.D.The forest protection by the native people.TapescriptThe United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says deforestation has decreased over the past ten years. But it still continues at a high rate in many countries. Deforestation is mainly caused by the cutting down of tropical forests to provide land for agriculture. The world's total forest area is just over four billion hectares. About thirteen million hectares of forest were cut down or lost through natural causes each year in the last ten years. This compares with about sixteen million hectares per year during the nineteen nineties.The FAO study covers two hundred thirty-three countries and areas. The study found that Brazil and Indonesia have reduced their deforestation rates. The two countries had the highest loss of forests in the nineteen nineties. In addition, the study noted tree-planting programs in countries such as China, India, Vietnam and the United States. These programs, along with natural expansion of forests in some areas, have added more than seven million hectares of new forests each year.South America and Africa had the highest yearly loss of forests during the last ten years. South America lost four million hectares. Africa lost almost three and a half million hectares. However, Asia gained more than two million hectares a year in the last decade. In North America and Central America, the forest area remained about the same. In Europe, it continued to expand, but at a slower rate than earlier. Eduardo Rojas is assistant director-general of F.A.O.’s Forestry Department. He said for the first time, the rate of deforestation has decreased around the world. This is the result of efforts taken at local and international levels. Mister Rojas said countries have improved their forest policies and legislation. They have also provided forests for use by local communities and native peoples and for the protection of biological diversity. He said this is a welcome message in two thousand ten – the International Year of Biodiversity.However, Mister Rojas said the rate of deforestation is still very high in many areas. He said countries must strengthen their efforts to better protect and manage their forests.2. Unknown Future Climate Change EffectsA Direction:In this section you will hear a report about the unknown long-termeffects of rising temperatures. Listen and check the words and phrases as you hear them.√long-term effects☐reproduce☐potential disadvantages and consequences√longer growing seasons☐ a number of policies and regulations√concentrates on the role of agriculture☐climate change effects on industry☐immigration☐the depth of the planet√temperature√insect populationsB Directions：In this section you will hear a report about the unknown long-termeffects of rising temperatures. Listen and answer the following questions.1) What are the BRICS countries?They are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa as well as the United States and Indonesia.2）What did the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates once say?I know that I don’t know.3) What did Nelson say that they need to do?He said they needed to do a much better job of collecting data4) Why do the changes on the surface of the planet seem beneficial at first glance?Farmers see longer growing seasons and wetter springs.5) What has recent research shown as the temperature increases get above 30 or 31 to 31 or 33?Recent research has shown substantial drop-off in yields .TapescriptScientists say many of the long-term effects of rising temperatures are still unknown. They're discussing the problem at the U.N. climate change conference in Durban, South Africa. Researchers say climate change is a complex mix of potential benefits and consequences, especially regarding food production.In early November, researchers from several countries met in Beijing. They represented the so-called BRICS countries –Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – as well as the United States and Indonesia. They discussed climate change and food security and agreed on a number of issues and recommendations to present to the Durban conference.One of those researchers –Gerald Nelson –said they came up with a work program for climate change treaty negotiators. It concentrates on the role of agriculture.Nelson is a senior fellow at IFPRI, the Washington-based International Food Policy Research Institute.The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates is quoted as saying, "I know that I don't know." Nelson said it's not that researchers don't know anything about climate change, it's just that they need to know a lot more."Our research results, our understanding of what's going on on the surface of the planet today, is really hindered by a lack of data. We just have very little information about the actual changes that are taking place on the planet. We are still groping, perhaps not in the complete dark, but with only very limited illumination, to understand those changes. And we need to do a much better job of collecting data about where things are changing and how they're changing," he said.At first glance, some of the changes being seen appear to be beneficial, at least for now."Take for example, in Iowa, farmers there are seeing longer growing seasons. They're planting earlier in the year. They're seeing wetter springs, with more summer precipitation happening. If you take a look at China, you see that Heilongjiang Province, which used to have essentially no rice production, now accounts for 15 percent of China's rice production. In the northern parts of Russia, you're finding grain growing that was not possible to grow there 20 or 30 years ago," he said.But what if global temperatures continue to rise? Would those apparent benefits continue? Maybe not."In the short run, they do seem to be positive," said Nelson, "That is, rice production further north because it's warmer potentially is a good thing for China. It's harder to sort out the climate signals as you get towards the middle of the planet. It's the northern extremes where you can see it earlier. But of course that's with the climate change we have so far."Nelson says predictions call for substantially greater temperature increases. He says there's been about a one degree Celsius rise over the past 100 years. But theforecast is for a two degree Celsius increase by 2050. Such an increase, he says, could have a dramatic effect on corn or maize.Nelson and others at the Beijing meeting came up with a list of 12 climate change priorities. One of them warns that a rise in temperature can also mean a rise in pests that attack crops."For insects, in particular, as the temperatures rise then they reproduce more rapidly. So, instead of having three cycles of a pest per season you might end up with four or five. And that means more damage to the plants as they grow," he said.And as temperatures rise, regions may lose killing frosts, which help limit insect populations. As for weeds, many are thriving in the richer CO2 or carbon dioxide environment.Then there are ruminants, animals that produce lots of methane gas while digesting their food. Nelson says methane is much more powerful than CO2. More nations are expected to raise livestock for food as their lifestyles improve.Other priority areas include soil ecosystems, irrigation, land use, biotechnology, food supply storage losses and training for researchers, farmers and others to better deal with climate change.3. Carbon FootprintsA Directions: You will hear a passage about how to reduce our “carbon footprints”.Listen and answer the following questions.1) What is the average carbon footprint per person in the United Kingdom eachyear?Ten thousand kilograms.2) What does domestic energy consumption include?It includes both our gas and electricity3）What does recycle mean?Recycle means reuse things instead of easting them by just throwing them away.B Directions:Listen to the passage again. Complete the summary.Jackie Dalton and his colleagues intends to find out about how they can help the environment by changing the way they shop, travel and 1) use energy in their daily lives.A “carbon footprint” is a technical term to 2) measure the degree of harm people cause to the environment. It is decided by how much “greenhouse gas emissions” we each produce. The average carbon footprint per person in the United Kingdom each year is 3) ten thousand kilograms. According to David Reay, the environment expert, we are seeing 4) rapid increases in greenhouse gas and will see rapid climate change and need more time to adapt and to get more time we need to reduce 5) the rate of emissions that we are producing. We can bring down our emissions by as much as 60% without 6) changing our lifestyle radically. For example, we can use the energysaving light-bulbs, use more 7) public transport and use trains. Furthermore, John Barrett from the Stockholm Environment Institute lists the 8) domestic energy consumption as the main thing in our daily life that harms the environment. TapescriptJackie: Do you throw your bottles in the bin, drive a big heavy car, or leave the lights switched on when you go out? I’m Jackie Dalton and, as part of National Science Week in Britain, we are going to find out about how we can help the environment by changing the way we shop, travel and use energy in our daily lives: how we can reduce our “carbon footprints”. A “carbon footprint”is a measure of how much harm we cause to the environment in our everyday lives.It depends on how much “greenhouse gas emissions”we each produce.Greenhouse gases are gasses which have a warming effect on the Earth’s surface, causing what we call the “greenhouse effect”and climate change –changes in the general weather conditions. The average carbon footprint per person in the United Kingdom each year is ten thousand kilograms! What can we do to reduce this? As we find out, we’ll also practise some helpful expressions we can use when talking about the environment. We’ve heard a few already. Just as a reminder, they were:Voice: greenhouse gas emissionsthe greenhouse effectclimate changeJackie: We’re about to hear from environment expert, David Reay. Why does he think we need to reduce our carbon footprints?David: At the moment we’re seeing rapid increases in greenhouse gas. So we’ll see very rapid climate change and we need more time to adapt and to get more time we need to reduce the rate of emissions that we’re producing. So, really,each of us can play a role in giving us a bit more time.Jackie: Well, he says greenhouse gas emissions have gone up which means the climate will change quickly. And we need more time to adapt. To change theway we behave. So what are the main things in our daily lives that areharming the environment? John Barrett from the Stockholm EnvironmentInstitute is about to list three. What are they?John: Domestic energy consumption – that includes both our gas and electricity. Our transport use - again, combining air travel and our car travel… car travel at the moment being by far the most significant, although air travel is increasing rapidly. And, also, our food consumption…the distance our food has to travel, techniques, methods required to provide us with our food.Jackie: Did you get the answer? The three things were domestic energy consumption, which means the energy we use at home when we do things like watch television. The second was transport. And thirdly, food. Here in the UK, we drink bottled water from Canada, eat apples flown in from New Zealand and beans from Kenya…when w e can get all of these things here anyway! What a waste of energy! But we can make a difference. Two questions now: by howmuch could each of us cut down our carbon footprints? And would we have to make a big change to the way we live our lives? Weekender © BBC Learning EnglishDavid: There’s a lot we can do, lots of these small things to bring down our emissions significantly, so 60% is the figure which is the possibility for most people, without changing their lifestyle radically, the small things - the energy saving light-bulbs, using more public transport, using trains. These things can really make a big difference.Jackie: The answers to the questions are David thinks we can cut down out emissions by as much as 60%. We can do this without radical changes to our lifestyle –we would only have to make small changes in the way we live. So how much effort are people making already to reduce their carbon footprints? Do many ‘recycle’ which means re-use things instead of wasting them by just throwing them away? Listen to these people telling us what they do to help the environment.Insert(‘What I do to help the environment.’)Jackie: Well, if you want to measure your own carbon footprints and find out how you can make a difference, you can always go to the links at the bottom of our webpage. Meanwhile, don’t forget to turn off your lights when you don’t need them on, recycle your bottles and next time you’re about to switch on the TV, ask yourself whether you wouldn’t just rather go for a walk instead!4. Hybrid CarsA Directions:You will hear a passage about an introduction to hybrid cars. Whilelistening for the first time, write down some key words in the notes column.B Directions:Listen to the passage again and decide whether the followingstatements are true or false.1) By hybrid cars, we mean the cars are mixes between cars which are powered by petrol and cars which are powered by electricity. ( T ) 2) You need to recharge a hybrid car every day by plugging it into an electrical outlet.( F ) 3) Hybrid cars typically emit half the polluting particles of a regular car.( T ) 4) Fuel economy is a term which means how much fuel you can save on one liter or gallon of petrol. ( F ) 5) Hybrid cars are cheaper compared with all-gas counterparts in terms of the cars themselves, repairing, etc. ( F ) TapescriptThe word hybrid means a mixture of two ‘species’. For example, it’s possible to breed a tiger and a lion, and the resulting offspring isn’t 100% tiger and isn’t 100% lion –it’s a hybrid, a mix between the two animals. When we talk about cars being hybrid, we mean they are mixes between cars which are powered by petrol and cars which are powered by electricity.Most vehicles are, technically, hybrids, as they have batteries which are responsible for starting the car and powering headlights and other accessories. Many bus systems use hybrid technology – they may be partly powered by petrol, and partly powered by overhead electrical lines. However, we tend to use the term hybrid today not to mean these types of vehicles, but rather a car which uses a battery (that is, electricity) t o keep the engine going so that it doesn’t need to use as much petrol as other cars.Many people think that you need to recharge a hybrid car every day by plugging it into an electrical outlet. This is not true –in fact the battery is automatically recharged when you use the car.It’s a bit complicated, but basically, the car takes the energy generated when you use the brakes and adds it to the battery. I will mention, however, that some car manufacturers are now adding this as an option – Owners of some models can plug in their car overnight and run on only electricity for short trips.So what are some arguments in favor of hybrids? Well, first of all, people today are interested in the environment, talk about the environment, are concerned about the environment, and want to view themselves as part of the solution, not part of the problem. Probably the most popular reason to buy hybrid cars is that it says something about your attitude towards environmental concerns. A driver of a hybrid car is advertising his or her concern for the environment and is signaling that he or she is doing their part to solve the problem of air pollution.Of course, hybrid cars do help reduce air pollution. Hybrid cars typically emit half the polluting particles of a regular car. Of course, we should note that electric cars, cars which run only on electricity, emit no polluting particles, and are thereforemuch more environmentally friendly than hybrids.Another reason might be overall cost. Hybrid cars have better fuel economy than regular petrol-powered cars. Fuel economy is a term which means, basically, how far you can go on one liter or gallon of petrol. If you can go farther with less petrol, you will save money in the long run. This is very important to some consumers due to rising petrol costs.Some governments subsidize this technology, that is, they support the development of the technology by giving consumers extra incentive to buy hybrid cars. For example, in some countries, you do not have to pay as much tax on the purchase of a hybrid car as you would have to on a regular car. This is generally called a tax break and is another reason why a cost-conscious consumer might buy a hybrid car.What are the downsides, then? Well, first of all, there is a general perception of hybrid cars as being less powerful than ordinary cars. It’s true that you will generally not get the same power out of a hybrid, so if you are one of those people who like driving fast, you may not enjoy driving a hybrid.The second thing most people bring up as a disadvantage is the price. Hybrids are pricey. In general, they are about 20 percent more expensive than their all-gas counterparts. There are signs that this will change in the future – that hybrids will become less expensive with time, but for t he moment, you’ll have to be prepared to pay more. In addition to this, getting your hybrid repaired, if it needs repairing, will be more of a hassle and more expensive as there are relatively few mechanics out there who can handle hybrid repairs. Replacement parts may not be as easy to obtain, further driving up the cost and time of repair.Part III WatchingDirection: The extract is taken from the documentary “Home”. Watch the video and answer the questions.1) Why is methane compared to a climatic time bomb?Because methane is a greenhouse gas 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.2)What will happen if the permafrost melts?If the permafrost melts, the methane underground will emit and the greenhouse effect will be out of control with consequences no one can predict.AudioscriptHere in Siberia and elsewhere across the globe, it is so cold that the ground is constantly frozen. It’s known as permafrost. Under its surface lies a climatic time bomb: methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.If the permafrost melts, the methane released would cause the greenhouse effect to race out of control, with consequences no one can predict. We would literally be inunknown territory. Humanity has no more than 10 years to reverse the trend and avoid crossing into this territory?Life on Earth as we have never known it. We have created phenomena we cannot control. Since our origins, water, air and forms of life are intimately linked. But recently, we have broken those links. Let’s face the facts. We must believe what we know. All that we have just seen is a reflection of human behavior. We have shaped the Earth in our image. We have very little time to change. How can this century carry the burden of nine billion human beings... if we refuse to be called to account for everything we alone have done?Part IV Oral PracticeRole Play: An interview on TVDirections: You are interviewing an official with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as a host (hostess) at a local TV station. You put forward several questions concerning the environmental protection and methods different nations adopt to protect the earth.Possible questions for the host (hostess)—What do you think are the biggest problems facing the environment?—Do you think that global warming is caused by humans or part of the natural cycle of the earth?—Have any countries implemented any initiatives or policies to protect the environment, such as recycling, litter laws, etc.? Have they made any effects? —What do you think is more responsible for pollution, individual people or the government?—What do you think about the potential of alternative energy sources or renewable energy such as solar power, wind power and wave power?—Do you think overpopulation is an important issue?—What do you think of environmental groups like Greenspace?—According to a report, China’s investment in renewable energy grew 18% in 2007 to $15.6 billion, accounting for 10% of the global investment in this area. What do you think of this?—What can every individual do to protect our environment?Enrichment Reading (略)。

研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第一章课后习题答案Lesson 1 Developing Your ReadingEfficiencyREADING SELECTIONAWorld English:A Blessing or a CurseI.READING COMPREHENSION1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.D7.C8.D9.C 10.CII.VOCABULARYA1.T h e r e h a s b e e n m u c h o p p o s i t i o n f r o m s o c i a l g r o u p s,f r o m t h e f a r m i ng c o m m u n i t y.A.s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d l y(直接地)B.n o t a b l y(显著地，尤其)C.v i r t u a l l y(事实上)D.e x c e p t i o n a l l y(例外地)正确答案：B译文:社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。

2. T h e v i e w i n B r i t a i n a n d o t h e r W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e sa s s o c i a t e s a g i n g w i t h d e c l i n e,d e p e n d e n c y,i s o l a t i o n, a n d o f t e n p o v e r t y.A.p r e d o m i n a n t(占支配地位的)B.c r e d u l o u s(轻信的)C.i n c l u s i v e(包含的)D.s u s t a i n a b l e(可持续的)正确答案：A译文:英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。

研究生英语一参考答案一、听力部分1. A) 根据对话内容，女士询问男士是否需要帮助，男士回答不需要，因为他已经熟悉这个地方了。

因此，正确答案是A。

2. B) 男士提到他正在寻找一家书店，女士告诉他书店在街对面。

正确答案是B。

3. C) 对话中女士提到她正在为即将到来的考试复习，因此正确答案是C。

4. D) 男士询问女士是否愿意和他一起去看电影，女士回答说如果时间允许的话她会去。

正确答案是D。

5. A) 女士询问男士是否已经完成了他的论文，男士回答说还没有，但很快就会完成。

正确答案是A。

6-10. 根据对话内容，可以分别得出以下答案：6. B)7. C)8. A)9. D) 10. B)二、阅读部分1. 根据文章第一段，作者提到了全球化对教育的影响，因此正确答案是A。

2. 文章第二段提到了不同国家教育体系的差异，正确答案是B。

3. 作者在第三段中讨论了教育的个性化需求，正确答案是C。

4. 第四段中提到了教育技术的发展，正确答案是D。

5. 文章最后一段强调了终身学习的重要性，正确答案是E。

三、完形填空1. 根据上下文，这里需要一个表示“尽管”的词，因此正确答案是Despite。

2. 这里需要一个表示“适应”的词，正确答案是Adapt。

3. 根据语境，这里需要一个表示“挑战”的词，正确答案是Challenges。

4. 这里需要一个表示“观点”的词，正确答案是Perspective。

5. 根据语境，这里需要一个表示“重要性”的词，正确答案是Importance。

6-20. 根据文章内容，可以分别得出以下答案：6. C)7. A)8. B)9. D) 10. E) 11. F) 12. G) 13. H) 14. I) 15. J) 16. K) 17. L) 18. M) 19. N) 20. O)四、翻译部分1. 原文：随着社会的发展，人们越来越重视环境保护。

翻译：With the development of society, people are paying more and more attention to environmental protection.2. 原文：教育不仅仅是学习知识，更重要的是培养个人的综合素质。

研究生英语阅读教程上册UNIT1-6课后答案及翻译刘朝武主编《21世纪研究生英语教材》阅读教程UNIT1-6课后答案及课文翻译（上册）UNIT ONEThe Belly BurdenAmanda Spake? Key to ExercisesI. Reading Comprehensioni 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. A ii (略)II Vocabulary and Structurei 1.Obesity 2.circulate 3.abdominal 4.break down5.mortality6.variable7.resistance8.modified9.critically 10. inert ii 1. internist 2.supplant. 3. willowy (twiggy) 4.slow down 5.set off 6. nonchalantly 7.accumulate 8. unravel 9.culprit10. affirm III Cloze1. D2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. C11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C IV Translation i1. 几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好―医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后的生理机能。

12. 与腹部脂肪是位于腰部无所事事的惰性软组织这一观念相反，腹部脂肪实际上是一些小的内分泌工厂，会制造一些把信息传送给许多器官的激素。

3. 医学解开代谢之谜是脂肪的难题尚需数十年。

医生们说，在此期间采取的主要行动是制止腰部变粗。

萨瓦德说：“我们每个人都需要放慢让自己体形变得更像苹果的过程。

Lesson 1II. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。

在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。

Lesson 1World English: A Blessing or a Curse (p7)1. There has been much opposition from social groups, B from the farmingcommunity.A. straightforwardly(直接地)B. notably（显著地，尤其）C. virtually（事实上）D. exceptionally（例外地）译文：社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。

2. The A view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominant（占支配地位的）B. credulous（轻信的）C. inclusive（包含的）D. sustainable（可持续的）译文：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。

3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most D of governments.A. tough（困难的）B. demanding（苛求的）C. diverse（不同的）D. benign（有利的；善良的）译文：但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。

4. The foreman read the C of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice（偏见）B. verification（政审）C. verdict（判断；裁决）D. punishment（惩罚）译文：陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。

研究生英语阅读教程Unit1课后作业及答案V ocabulary: Choice QuestionC 。

1The Car Connectivity Consortium was founded under U.S. law as a limited liability corporation. CA assetsB businessC responsibilityD investmentC ）2Suffering was easier to bear than the bitterness he felt corroding his spirit.CA inspiringB revealingC destroyingDreleasing2、Reading Comprehension: Choice QuestionB The "black swan" in Paragraph 4 means that the thing in question________.A is preciousBrarely happensCis only our dreamD catches our attention4）A By "the pattern seems clear" (Paragraph 1), the author implies that what happened at Deepwater Horizon________.A has its unique reasonsB is not an isolated eventC is avoidable if taken seriouslyD is unavoidable no matter what5）A By "it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly becomesalient" in Paragraph 9, the author means to stress that________.A there are also risks in fields other than the oil industryB there are more risks in the oil industry than we have knownC we no longer underestimate the risks in the oil industryD we should be careful not to underestimate the risks again in the future.A 6）The author describes in detail the greenhouse gas effect to________.A re mind people of the possible risks aheadB t ry to persuade the global warming skepticsC tell people to face reality and take initiativesD convince people of the reliability of his information3、V ocabulary: Choice Question7）D）Sales are reminiscent of the 2008 holiday season when merchandise was marked down 50% to 80%. Aback fromB different fromCbetter thanD similar to4、Reading Comprehension: Choice QuestionC The author specifically mentions Joe Barton's criticism of BP to emphasize that________.A public opinions matter in the case of the oil spillsB the oil industry should impose pressure on BPC BP has indeed made unforgivable wrong decisionsD the fight against the oil industry is inconsistent5、V ocabulary: Choice Question9）D ou agree to waive the claim, which speaks well for your friendly attitude and close cooperation.A startB continueC changeD quit6、Reading Comprehension: Choice Question10 B Things with the high stakes________.A should be left to the market aloneB can be better handled with government helpC can be better solved by the market than the governmentD may be made worse by government intervention11）D Michael Greenstone would summarize the role played by the 1990 law as________.A beneficialB unpredictableC negligibleD adverse12 D The author's purpose in writing the article is to________.A call on the public to condemn the oil industryB offer solutions to the problems in the oil industryC expose the deal between the industry and the governmentD analyze the reasons behind the oil disasters and issue warnings7、Cloze13）.（20分）There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.unexpected regardless of necessarily puzzle altersevere come up with shrink wisdom tendResearchers in California have found that birds around San Francisco Bay have slowly gotten bigger over the last 27 to 40 years. The finding is certainly interesting—because it counterssome conventional_ _ wisdom 1__on how animals respond to climate change.A well-known ecological rule, called Bergmann's Rule, states that animals__ tend 2__to be larger at higher latitudes. It is believed that this occurs because larger animals are better able to conserve body heat. Bergmann's Rule, then, would suggest that animals will__ shrink 3__in size as their native climates get warmer."We had the good fortune to find a(n)_ unexpected _4__result," Rae Goodman, the researcher at the SanFrancisco State who led the study explained, "but we were then left with the_ puzzle _5__of figuring out what was going on."They__6 come up with __several possibilities, all indicating that birds—and ultimately other animals—may respond to climate change in unexpected ways. One theory is that the larger body size was caused by fat stores which have increased in response to__ severe7__weather events. Another was that changes in plant ecology could have__ altered 8__the birds' diet, leading to increased body sizes.__ Regardless of 9__the specific mechanism, it is clear that climate change is causing significant shifts in traits—like body size—that don't usually exhibit much flexibility.Though the finding was unexpected, however, it was not _ necessarily _10__ all bad news. "It gave me a little more hope," Study Co-Author Gretchen LeBuhn explained, "that these birds are able to respond—hopefully in time—to changes in climate."8、V ocabulary: Choice Question14）B About 1% to 2% of the population are affected by temporary loss of smell: drugs, pollution and pregnancy can all distort the senses.A work withB interfere withC associate withD come with15 A Humans have trouble evaluating risks that are not salient.A noticeableB uniqueC acceptableD real9、V ocabulary: Blank Filling）Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.1. The Secretary of State for Environment has the power to_ cap _1__councils which plan to spend excessively.2. __2 In the wake of __two heart surgeries, Clinton, 65, has lost 25 pounds and appears fit.3. Ernest seems to have as many lives as the__ proverbial3__cat.4. Most of my worries__ stem from 4__wondering whether or not I'm pleasing the woman I'm with.5. At room temperature, the__ odds 5__of that happening are once in a billion years.6. It is very wet here, a big surprise_ given _6__the fact this isa polar desert.7. Celebrity sometimes makes people think they are fireproof: their fans love them__ come what may 7__.8. _ Far from _8__being relaxed, we both felt so uncomfortable that we hardly spoke.9. If anything, money spent on political donations and lobbying holds more__ sway 9__when it is unexamined.10. __ In retrospect 10__, I wished I had thought about alternative courses of action.10、Reading Comprehension: Choice Question17）C People's fear of planes after the 9/11 attacks________.A is understandableB drives them crazyC cannot be fully justifiedD proves to be well-grounded11、V ocabulary: Choice Question18）B His wife set about upbraiding him for neglecting the children.A encouragingB criticizingC understandingD hating19）A For the would-be online criminals, the likelihood of their getting caught and punished is vanishingly small, yet the profits are great.A extremelyB probablyC unfortunatelyD slightly20）C Do you look forward to old age, or do you dread frailty, loss of memory and dependence on others?A lonelinessB povertyC weaknessD illness12、Reading Comprehension: Choice Question21 D How might Robert Stavins comment on the BP executives and their mistakes?A Nobody in their right mind would make such mistakes.B They have everything in their power to avoid the mistakes.C These mistakes are actually beyond human control.D These mistakes, though serious, reflect common human weakness.13、V ocabulary: Choice Question22）D I greatly enjoy these meetings unless I have to make a speech, in which case I'm in a state of dreadful anxiety.A unexpectedB naturalC understandableD terrible。

Unit OneWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse (p7)1. There has been much opposition from social groups, B from the farmingcommunity.A. straightforwardly(直接地)B. notably（显著地，尤其）C. virtually（事实上）D. exceptionally（例外地）译文：社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。

2. The A view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominant（占支配地位的）B. credulous（轻信的）C. inclusive（包含的）D. sustainable（可持续的）译文：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。

3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most D of governments.A. tough（困难的）B. demanding（苛求的）C. diverse（不同的）D. benign（有利的；善良的）译文：但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。

4. The foreman read the C of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice（偏见）B. verification（政审）C. verdict（判断；裁决）D. punishment（惩罚）译文：陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。

BOOK 1 UNIT 1Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.Because of the sizable colonial trades with many overseas areas, the gold and silver coins of all the important commercialcountries of Europe and their dependencies in the Western Hemisphere were freely exchanged throughout the easternseaboard. More important than English coins, which could not be legally exported from Britain to the colonies, were the slivercoins of the Spanish mint. These were struck in Mexico City and Lima and introduced into the Spanish colonies. Spanishdollars were so common in the colonies that the coin was eventually adopted as the monetary unit of the United States.由于殖民地与许多海外地区的大量贸易，所有欧洲重要商业国以及它们在西半球领地的金银铸币在北美东海岸都可以自由交换。

由于法律不允许英国货币从英国流向殖民地，相比之下，西班牙的货币更加重要。

这些货币在墨西哥城及利马铸造，再进入西班牙殖民地。

西班牙币在殖民地被普遍使用，以至于这种硬币最后成为美国货币单位。

Although Massachusetts first attempted to mint coins of low bullion content as early as 1652, the colonies eventually turnedto paper to increase their meager and undependable money supply. The promissory notes of well-known individuals and bills ofexchange drawn on English merchants readily exchanged hands for several months. In addition, treasures of the variouscolonies began to issue promissory notes in advance of tax collection and issue written orders to town officers requiring thepayments of obligations from local stores, like other negotiable instruments, these pieces of paper were exchanged onendorsement as money.虽然早在1652 年马萨诸塞率先铸造低含金量的硬币，但殖民地最后转而印制纸币以补充短缺且不可靠的货币供给。

Unit OneYou Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mind—from pessimism to optimism—you can change your life 你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活Claipe Safran 卡勒普·撒弗兰[ 1 ] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。

[ 2] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, andis linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. "If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills."[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有 104 个研究项目，涉及大约 15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。