管理会计 课后答案Ch01 Solutions

管理会计课后习题答案第一章总论一、单项选择题1. B2. C3. D4.A二、多项选择题1. ABCD2. ABCD3. ABCD4. ABC5. ABCD三、判断题1.√2. √3.×4.√5.×6.√第二章成本性态与变动成本法一、单选题1. D2. C3. B4.A5.C6.D7.B8.D9.D 10. B二、多项选择题1. AB2. ACD3. AB4. AB5. ABC6. BCD7. ABD 8.ABCD 9.BC 10.CD三、判断题1.×2.×3.√4.×5.√6.√7.×8.√四、实践练习题实践练习1某企业生产一种机床，最近五年的产量和历史成本资料如下：要求: （1）采用高低点法进行成本性态分析；（2）采用回归直线法进行成本性态分析。

解：（1）采用高低点法进行成本性态分析:460=a+50b550=a+70b, 故b=(550-460)÷(70-50)=4.5; a=460-50×4.5=235则 Y=235+4.5X（2）采用回归直线法进行成本性态分析:b=（5×150925-300×2495）÷（5×18250-300×300）=4.9a=（2495-4.9×300）÷5=205（万元）则 Y=205+4.9X实践练习2已知：某企业本期有关成本资料如下：单位直接材料成本为10元，单位直接人工成本为5元，单位变动性制造费用为7元，固定性制造费用总额为4,000元，单位变动性销售管理费用为4元，固定性销售管理费用为1,000元。

期初存货量为零，本期产量为1,000件，销量为600件，单位售价为40元。

要求：分别按变动成本法和完全成本法的有关公式计算下列指标：（1）单位产品成本；（2）期间成本；（3）销货成本；（4）营业利润。

解：变动成本法：（1）单位产品成本=10+5+7=22元（2）期间费用=4000 +（4×600+1000）=7400元（3）销货成本=22×600=13200元（4）边际贡献=40×600-（22×600+4×600）=8400元营业利润==8400-（4000+1000）=3400元完全成本法：（1）单位产品成本=22+4000/1000=26元（2）期间费用=4×600+1000=3400元（3）销货成本=26×600=15600元（4）营业利润=（40×600-15600）- 3400=5000元实践练习3已知：某厂只生产一种产品，第一、二年的产量分别为30 000件和24 000件，销售量分别为20 000件和30 000件；存货计价采用先进先出法。

第一章课后习题一、思考题1.从管理会计定义的历史研究中你有哪些思考和想法？答：从管理会计定义的历史研究中我发现，管理会计的概念是随着历史的发展不断完善的，因为在历史进程中，人们会发现原有概念的不足，进而不断去修改完善，这才有了现在的管理会计。

这也启发了我们，要善于发现问题，去思考，解决问题。

2.经济理论对管理会计的产生和发展有哪些重要影响？你从中得到了什么启示？答：社会经济的发展和经济理论的丰富，使得管理会计的理论体系逐渐完善，内容更加丰富，逐步形成了预测、决策、预算、控制、考核、评价的管理会计体系。

由于市场竞争的日趋激烈，人们认识到对外部环境的准确决策就是不可能的，企业的计划必须以外部环境的变化为基础，更加留心市场变化的动态，更加密切关注竞争对手。

与此相适应，战略管理的理论有了长足的发展。

这启示了我们，要细心观察，因地制宜，适应变化莫测的外部环境，进行自身调整。

同时，实践出真知，只有经过了实践考验理论才是好理论。

3.科学管理理论对现代管理会计有哪些重要影响？这些影响在管理会计的不同发展阶段是如何表现的？答：现代管理科学为管理会计的形成奠定了一定的基础。

在以成本控制为基本特征的管理会计阶段，古典组织理论特别是科学管理理论的出现促使现代会计分化为财务会计和管理会计，现代会计的管理职能得以表现出来。

该阶段，管理会计以成本控制为基本特征，以提高企业的生产效率和工作效率为目的，其主要内容包括标准成本、预算控制、差异分析。

在以预测、决策为基本特征的管理会计阶段，以标准成本制度为主要内容的管理控制继续得到了强化并有了新的发展。

责任会计将行为科学的理论与管理控制的理论结合起来，不仅进一步加强了对企业经营的全面控制（不仅仅是成本控制），而且将责任者的责、权、利结合起来，考核、评价责任者的工作业绩，从而极大地激发了经营者的积极性和主动性。

社会经济的发展和经济理论的丰富，使得管理会计的理论体系逐渐完善。

4.什么是价值链分析？价值链分析的目的是什么？答：价值链分析是指将一个企业的经营活动分解为若干战略性相关的价值活动，每一种价值活动都会对企业的相对成本产生影响，进而成为企业采取差异化战略的基础。

第二章产品成本计算Exercises2–1（指教材上的第2章练习第1题，下同）1. Part #72A Part #172CSteel* $ 12.00 $ 18.00Setup cost** 6.00 6.00Total $ 18.00 $ 24.00*($1.00 ? 12; $1.00 ? 18)**($60,000/10,000)Steel cost is assigned by calculating a cost per ounce and then multiplying this by the ounces used by each part:Cost per ounce= $3,000,000/3,000,000 ounces= $1.00 per ounceSetup cost is assigned by calculating the cost per setup and then dividing this by the number of units in each batch (there are 20 setups per year):Cost per setup = $1,200,000/20= $60,0002. The cost of steel is assigned through the driver tracing using the number of ounces of steel, and the cost of the setups is assigned through driver tracing also using number of setups as the driver.3. The assumption underlying number of setups as the driver is that each part uses an equal amount of setup time. Since Part #72A uses double the setup time of Part #172C, it makes sense to assign setup costs based on setup time instead of number of setups. This illustrates the importance of identifying drivers that reflect the true underlying consumption pattern. Using setup hours [(40 ?10) + (20 ? 10)], we get the following rate per hour:Cost per setup hour = $1,200,000/600= $2,000 per hourThe cost per unit is obtained by dividing each part’s total setup costs by the number of units:Part #72A = ($2,000 ? 400)/100,000 = $8.00Part #172C = ($2,000 ? 200)/100,000 = $4.00Thus, Part #72A has its unit cost increased by $2.00, while Part #172C has its unit cost decreased by $2.00.problems2–51. Nursing hours required per year: 4 ? 24 hours ? 364 days* = 34,944*Note: 364 days = 7 days ? 52 weeksNumber of nurses = 34,944 hrs./2,000 hrs. per nurse = 17.472Annual nursing cost = (17 ? $45,000) + $22,500= $787,500Cost per patient day = $787,500/10,000 days= $78.75 per day (for either type of patient)2. Nursing hours act as the driver. If intensive care uses half of the hours and normal care the other half, then 50 percent of the cost is assigned to each patient category. Thus, the cost per patient day by patient category is as follows:Intensive care = $393,750*/2,000 days= $196.88 per dayNormal care = $393,750/8,000 days= $49.22 per day*$525,000/2 = $262,500The cost assignment reflects the actual usage of the nursing resource and, thus, should be more accurate. Patient days would be accurate only if intensive care patients used the same nursing hours per day as normal care patients.3. The salary of the nurse assigned only to intensive care is a directly traceable cost. To assign the other nursing costs, the hours of additional usage would need to be measured. Thus, both direct tracing and driver tracing would be used to assign nursing costs for this new setting.2–61. Bella Obra CompanyStatement of Cost of Services SoldFor the Year Ended June 30, 2006Direct materials:Beginning inventory $ 300,000Add: Purchases 600,000Materials available $ 900,000Less: Ending inventory 450,000*Direct materials used $ 450,000Direct labor 12,000,000Overhead 1,500,000Total service costs added $ 13,950,000Add: Beginning work in process 900,000Total production costs $ 14,850,000Less: Ending work in process 1,500,000Cost of services sold $ 13,350,000*Materials available less materials used2. The dominant cost is direct labor (presumably the salaries of the 100 professionals). Although labor is the major cost of providing many services, it is not always the case. For example, the dominant cost for some medical services may be overhead (e.g., CAT scans). In some services, the dominant cost may be materials (e.g., funeral services).3. Bella Obra CompanyIncome StatementFor the Year Ended June 30, 2006Sales $ 21,000,000Cost of services sold 13,350,000Gross margin $ 7,650,000Less operating expenses:Selling expenses $ 900,000Administrative expenses 750,000 1,650,000Income before income taxes $ 6,000,0004. Services have four attributes that are not possessed by tangible products: (1) intangibility, (2) perishability, (3) inseparability, and (4) heterogeneity. Intangibility means that the buyers of services cannot see, feel, hear, or taste a service before it is bought. Perishability means that services cannot be stored. This property affects the computation in Requirement 1. Inability to store services means that there will never be any finished goods inventories, thus making the cost of services produced equivalent to cost of services sold. Inseparability simply means that providers and buyers of services must be in direct contact for an exchange to take place. Heterogeneity refers to the greater chance for variation in the performance of services than in the production of tangible products.2–71. Direct materials:Magazine (5,000 ? $0.40) $ 2,000Brochure (10,000 ? $0.08) 800 $ 2,800Direct labor:Magazine [(5,000/20) ? $10] $ 2,500Brochure [(10,000/100) ? $10] 1,000 3,500Manufacturing overhead:Rent $ 1,400Depreciation [($40,000/20,000) ? 350*] 700Setups 600Insurance 140Power 350 3,190Cost of goods manufactured $ 9,490*Production is 20 units per printing hour for magazines and 100 units per printing hour for brochures, yielding monthly machine hours of 350 [(5,000/20) + (10,000/100)]. This is also monthly labor hours, as machine labor only operates the presses.2. Direct materials $ 2,800Direct labor 3,500Total prime costs $ 6,300Magazine:Direct materials $ 2,000Direct labor 2,500Total prime costs $ 4,500Brochure:Direct materials $ 800Direct labor 1,000Total prime costs $ 1,800Direct tracing was used to assign prime costs to the two products.3. Total monthly conversion cost:Direct labor $ 3,500Overhead 3,190Total $ 6,690Magazine:Direct labor $ 2,500Overhead:Power ($1 ? 250) $ 250Depreciation ($2 ? 250) 500Setups (2/3 ? $600) 400Rent and insurance ($4.40 ? 250 DLH)* 1,100 2,250Total $ 4,750Brochure:Direct labor $ 1,000Overhead:Power ($1 ? 100) $ 100Depreciation ($2 ? 100) 200Setups (1/3 ? $600) 200Rent and insurance ($4.40 ? 100 DLH)* 440 940Total $ 1,940*Rent and insurance cannot be traced to each product so the costs are assigned using direct labor hours: $1,540/350 DLH = $4.40 per direct labor hour. The other overhead costs are traced according to their usage. Depreciation and power are assigned by using machine hours (250 for magazines and 100 for brochures): $350/350 = $1.00 per machine hour for power and $40,000/20,000 = $2.00 per machine hour for depreciation. Setups are assigned according to the time required. Since magazines use twice as much time, they receive twice the cost: Letting X = the pro?portion of setup time used for brochures, 2X + X = 1 implies a cost assignment ratio of 2/3 for magazines and 1/3 for brochures.Exercises3–11. Resource Total Cost Unit CostPlastic1 $ 10,800 $0.027Direct labor andvariable overhead2 8,000 0.020Mold sets3 20,000 0.050Other facility costs4 10,000 0.025Total $ 48,800 $0.12210.90 ? $0.03 ? 400,000 = $10,800; $10,800/400,000 = $0.0272$0.02 ? 400,000 = $8,000; $8,000/400,000 = $0.023$5,000 ? 4 quarters = $20,000; $20,000/400,000 = $0.054$10,000; $10,000/400,000 = $0.0252. Plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are flexible resources; molds and other facility costs are committed resources. The cost of plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are strictly variable. The cost of the molds is fixed for the particular action figure being produced; it is a step cost for the production of action figures in general. Other facility costs are strictly fixed.3–3High (1,400, $7,950); Low (700, $5,150)V = ($7,950 – $5,150)/(1,400 – 700)= $2,800/700 = $4 per oil changeF = $5,150 – $4(700)= $5,150 – $2,800 = $2,350Cost = $2,350 + $4 (oil changes)Predicted cost for January = $2,350 + $4(1,000) = $6,350problems3–61. High (1,700, $21,000); Low (700, $15,000)V = (Y2 – Y1)/(X2 – X1)= ($21,000 – $15,000)/(1,700 – 700) = $6 per receiving orderF = Y2 – VX2= $21,000 – ($6)(1,700) = $10,800Y = $10,800 + $6X2. Output of spreadsheet regression routine with number of receiving orders as the independent variable:Constant 4512.98701298698Std. Err. of Y Est. 3456.24317476605R Squared 0.633710482694768No. of Observations 10Degrees of Freedom 8X Coefficient(s) 13.3766233766234Std. Err. of Coef. 3.59557461331427V = $13.38 per receiving order (rounded)F = $4,513 (rounded)Y = $4,513 + $13.38XR2 = 0.634, or 63.4%Receiving orders explain about 63.4 percent of the variability in receiving cost, providing evidence that Tracy’s choice o f a cost driver is reasonable. However, other drivers may need to be considered because 63.4 percent may not be strong enough to justify the use of only receiving orders.3. Regression with pounds of material as the independent variable:Constant 5632.28109733183Std. Err. of Y Est. 2390.10628259277R Squared 0.824833789433823No. of Observations 10Degrees of Freedom 8X Coefficient(s) 0.0449642991356633Std. Err. of Coef. 0.0073259640055344V = $0.045 per pound of material delivered (rounded)F = $5,632 (rounded)Y = $5,632 + $0.045XR2 = 0.825, or 82.5%Pounds of material delivered explains about 82.5 percent of the variability in receiving cost. This is a better result than that of the receiving orders and should convince Tracy to try multiple regression.4. Regression routine with pounds of material and number of receiving orders as the independent variables:Constant 752.104072925631Std. Err. of Y Est. 1350.46286973443R Squared 0.951068418023306No. of Observations 10Degrees of Freedom 7X Coefficient(s) 0.0333883151096915 7.14702865269395Std. Err. of Coef. 0.00495524841198368 1.68182916088492V1 = $0.033 per pound of material delivered (rounded)V2 = $7.147 per receiving order (rounded)F = $752 (rounded)Y = $752 + $0.033a + $7.147bR2 = 0.95, or 95%Multiple regression with both variables explains 95 percent of the variability in receiving cost. This is the best result.5–21. Job #57 Job #58 Job #59Balance, 7/1 $ 22,450 $ 0 $ 0Direct materials 12,900 9,900 35,350Direct labor 20,000 6,500 13,000Applied overhead:Power 750 600 3,600Material handling 1,500 300 6,000Purchasing 250 1,000 250Total cost $ 57,850 $ 18,300 $ 58,2002. Ending balance in Work in Process = Job #58 = $18,3003. Ending balance in Finished Goods = Job #59 = $58,2004. Cost of Goods Sold = Job #57 = $57,850problems5–31. Overhead rate = $180/$900 = 0.20 or 20% of direct labor dollars.(This rate was calculated using information from the Ladan job; however, the Myron and Coe jobs would give the same answer.)2. Ladan Myron Coe Walker WillisBeginning WIP $ 1,730 $1,180 $2,500 $ 0 $ 0Direct materials 400 150 260 800 760Direct labor 800 900 650 350 900Applied overhead 160 180 130 70 180Total $ 3,090 $2,410 $3,540 $ 1,220 $ 1,840Note: This is just one way of setting up the job-order cost sheets. You might prefer to keep the detail on the materials, labor, and overhead in beginning inventory costs.3. Since the Ladan and Myron jobs were completed, the others must still be in process. Therefore, the ending balance in Work in Process is the sum of the costs of the Coe, Walker, and Willis jobs.Coe $3,540Walker 1,220Willis 1,840Ending Work in Process $6,600Cost of Goods Sold = Ladan job + Myron job = $3,090 + $2,410 = $5,5004. Naman CompanyIncome StatementFor the Month Ended June 30, 20XXSales (1.5 ? $5,500) $8,250Cost of goods sold 5,500Gross margin $2,750Marketing and administrative expenses 1,200Operating income $1,5505–201. Overhead rate = $470,000/50,000 = $9.40 per MHr2. Department A: $250,000/40,000 = $6.25 per MHrDepartment B: $220,000/10,000 = $22.00 per MHr3. Job #73 Job #74Plantwide:70 ? $9.40 = $658 70 ? $9.40 = $658Departmental:20 ? $6.25 $ 125.00 50 ? $6.25 $ 312.5050 ? $22 1,100.00 20 ? $22 440.00$ 1,225.00 $ 752.50Department B appears to be more overhead intensive, so jobs spending more time in Department B ought to receive more overhead. Thus, departmental rates provide more accuracy.4. Plantwide rate: $250,000/40,000 = $6.25Department B: $62,500/10,000 = $6.25Job #73 Job #74Plantwide:70 ? $6.25 = $437.50 70 ? $6.25 = $437.50Departmental:20 ? $6.25 $ 125.00 50 ? $6.25 $ 312.5050 ? $6.25 312.50 20 ? $6.25 125.00$ 437.50 $ 437.50Assuming that machine hours is a good cost driver, the departmental rates reveal that overhead consumption is the same in each department. In this case, there is no need for departmental rates, and a plantwide rate is sufficient.5–41. Overhead rate = $470,000/50,000 = $9.40 per MHr2. Department A: $250,000/40,000 = $6.25 per MHrDepartment B: $220,000/10,000 = $22.00 per MHr3. Job #73 Job #74Plantwide:70 ? $9.40 = $658 70 ? $9.40 = $658Departmental:20 ? $6.25 $ 125.00 50 ? $6.25 $ 312.5050 ? $22 1,100.00 20 ? $22 440.00$ 1,225.00 $ 752.50Department B appears to be more overhead intensive, so jobs spending more time in Department B ought to receive more overhead. Thus, departmental rates provide more accuracy.4. Plantwide rate: $250,000/40,000 = $6.25Department B: $62,500/10,000 = $6.25Job #73 Job #74Plantwide:70 ? $6.25 = $437.50 70 ? $6.25 = $437.50Departmental:20 ? $6.25 $ 125.00 50 ? $6.25 $ 312.5050 ? $6.25 312.50 20 ? $6.25 125.00$ 437.50 $ 437.50Assuming that machine hours is a good cost driver, the departmental rates reveal that overhead consumption is the same in each department. In this case, there is no need for departmental rates, and a plantwide rate is sufficient.5–51. Last year’s unit-based overhead rate = $50,000/10,000 = $5This year’s unit-based overhead rate = $100,000/10,000 = $10Last Year This YearBike cost:2 ? $20 $ 40 $ 403 ? $12 36 36Overhead:5 ? $5 255 ? $10 50Total $101 $126Price last year = $101 ? 1.40 = $141.40/dayPrice this year = $126 ? 1.40 = $176.40/dayThis is a $35 increase over last year, nearly a 25 percent increase. No doubt the Carsons arenot pleased and would consider looking around for other recreational possibilities.2. Purchasing rate = $30,000/10,000 = $3 per purchase orderPower rate = $20,000/50,000 = $0.40 per kilowatt hourMaintenance rate = $6,000/600 = $10 per maintenance hourOther rate = $44,000/22,000 = $2 per DLHBike Rental Picnic CateringPurchasing$3 ? 7,000 $21,000$3 ? 3,000 $ 9,000Power$0.40 ? 5,000 2,000$0.40 ? 45,000 18,000Maintenance$10 ? 500 5,000$10 ? 100 1,000Other$2 ? 11,000 22,000 22,000Total overhead $50,000 $50,0003. This year’s bike rental overhead rate = $50,000/10,000 = $5Carson rental cost = (2 ? $20) + (3 ? $12) + (5 ? $5) = $101Price = 1.4 ? $101 = $141.40/day4. Catering rate = $50,000/11,000 = $4.55* per DLHCost of Estes job:Bike rental rate (2 ? $7.50) $15.00Bike conversion cost (2 ? $5.00) 10.00Catering materials 12.00Catering conversion (1 ? $4.55) 4.55Total cost $41.55*Rounded5. The use of ABC gives Mountain View Rentals a better idea of the types and costs of activities that are used in their business. Adding Level 4 bikes will increase the use of the most expensive activities, meaning that the rental rate will no longer be an average of $5 per rental day. Mountain View Rentals might need to set a Level 4 price based on the increased cost of both the bike and conversion cost.分步成本法6–11. Cutting Sewing PackagingDepartment Department DepartmentDirect materials $5,400 $ 900 $ 225Direct labor 150 1,800 900Applied overhead 750 3,600 900Transferred-in cost:From cutting 6,300From sewing 12,600Total manufacturing cost $6,300 $12,600 $14,6252. a. Work in Process—Sewing 6,300Work in Process—Cutting 6,300b. Work in Process—Packaging 12,600Work in Process—Sewing 12,600c. Finished Goods 14,625Work in Process—Packaging 14,625 3. Unit cost = $14,625/600 = $24.38* per pair6–21. Units transferred out: 27,000 + 33,000 – 16,200 = 43,8002. Units started and completed: 43,800 – 27,000 = 16,8003. Physical flow schedule:Units in beginning work in process 27,000Units started during the period 33,000Total units to account for 60,000Units started and completed 16,800Units completed from beginning work in process 27,000Units in ending work in process 16,200Total units accounted for 60,0004. Equivalent units of production:Materials ConversionUnits completed 43,800 43,800Add: Units in ending work in process:(16,200 ? 100%) 16,200(16,200 ? 25%) 4,050 Equivalent units of output 60,000 47,8506–31. Physical flow schedule:Units to account for:Units in beginning work in process 80,000Units started during the period 160,000Total units to account for 240,000Units accounted for:Units completed and transferred out:Started and completed 120,000From beginning work in process 80,000 200,000 Units in ending work in process 40,000Total units accounted for 240,0002. Units completed 200,000Add: Units in ending WIP ? Fraction complete(40,000 ? 20%) 8,000Equivalent units of output 208,0003. Unit cost = ($374,400 + $1,258,400)/208,000 = $7.854. Cost transferred out = 200,000 ? $7.85 = $1,570,000Cost of ending WIP = 8,000 ? $7.85 = $62,8005. Costs to account for:Beginning work in process $ 374,400Incurred during June 1,258,400Total costs to account for $ 1,632,800Costs accounted for:Goods transferred out $ 1,570,000Goods in ending work in process 62,800Total costs accounted for $ 1,632,8006–31、Units t0 account for:Units in beginning work in process(25% completed) 10000Units started during the period 70000 Total units to account for 80000 Units accounted forUnits completed and transferred outStarted and completed 50000From beginning work in process 10000 60000 Units in ending work in process(60% completed) 20000 Total units accounted for 80000 2、60000+20000×60%=72000（units）3、Unit cost for materials:（$/unit）Unit cost for convension:（$/unit）Total unit cost:5+1.13=6.13（$/unit）4、The cost of units of transferred out:60000×6.13=367800($)The cost of units of ending work in process:20000×5+20000×20%×1.13=113560($)作业成本法4–21. Predetermined rates:Drilling Department: Rate = $600,000/280,000 = $2.14* per MHrAssembly Department: Rate = $392,000/200,000= $1.96 per DLH*Rounded2. Applied overhead:Drilling Department: $2.14 ? 288,000 = $616,320Assembly Department: $1.96 ? 196,000 = $384,160Overhead variances:Drilling Assembly TotalActual overhead $602,000 $ 412,000 $ 1,014,000Applied overhead 616,320 384,160 1,000,480Overhead variance $ (14,320) over $ 27,840 under $ 13,5203. Unit overhead cost = [($2.14 ? 4,000) + ($1.96 ? 1,600)]/8,000= $11,696/8,000= $1.46**Rounded4–31. Yes. Since direct materials and direct labor are directly traceable to each product, their cost assignment should be accurate.2. Elegant: (1.75 ? $9,000)/3,000 = $5.25 per briefcaseFina: (1.75 ? $3,000)/3,000 = $1.75 per briefcaseNote: Overhead rate = $21,000/$12,000 = $1.75 per direct labor dollar (or 175 percent of direct labor cost).There are more machine and setup costs assigned to Elegant than Fina. This is clearly a distortion because the production of Fina is automated and uses the machine resources much more than the handcrafted Elegant. In fact, the consumption ratio for machining is 0.10 and 0.90 (using machine hours as the measure of usage). Thus, Fina uses nine times the machining resources as Elegant. Setup costs are similarly distorted. The products use an equal number of setups hours. Yet, if direct labor dollars are used, then the Elegant briefcase receives three times more machining costs than the Fina briefcase.3. Overhead rate = $21,000/5,000= $4.20 per MHrElegant: ($4.20 ? 500)/3,000 = $0.70 per briefcaseFina: ($4.20 ? 4,500)/3,000 = $6.30 per briefcaseThis cost assignment appears more reasonable given the relative demands each product places on machine resources. However, once a firm moves to a multiproduct setting, using only one activity driver to assign costs will likely produce product cost distortions. Products tend to make different demands on overhead activities, and this should be reflected in overhead cost assignments. Usually, this means the use of both unit- and nonunit-level activity drivers. In this example, there is a unit-level activity (machining) and a nonunit-level activity (setting up equipment). The consumption ratios for each (using machine hours and setup hours as the activity drivers) are as follows:Elegant FinaMachining 0.10 0.90 (500/5,000 and 4,500/5,000)Setups 0.50 0.50 (100/200 and 100/200)Setup costs are not assigned accurately. Two activity rates are needed—one based on machine hours and the other on setup hours:Machine rate: $18,000/5,000 = $3.60 per MHrSetup rate: $3,000/200 = $15 per setup hourCosts assigned to each product:Machining: Elegant Fina$3.60 ? 500 $ 1,800$3.60 ? 4,500 $ 16,200Setups:$15 ? 100 1,500 1,500Total $ 3,300 $ 17,700Units ÷3,000 ÷3,000Unit overhead cost $ 1.10 $ 5.904：Elegant Unit overhead cost：[9000+3000+18000*500/5000+3000/2]/3000=$5.1 Fina Unit overhead cost：[3000+3000+18000*4500/5000+3000/2]/3000=$7.94–51. Deluxe Percent Regular PercentPrice $900 100% $750 100%Cost 576 64 600 80Unit gross profit $324 36% $150 20%Total gross profit:($324 ? 100,000) $32,400,000($150 ? 800,000) $120,000,0002. Calculation of unit overhead costs:Deluxe gularUnit-level:Machining:$200 ? 100,000 $20,000,000$200 ? 300,000 $60,000,000Batch-level:Setups:$3,000 ? 300 900,000$3,000 ? 200 600,000Packing:$20 ? 100,000 2,000,000$20 ? 400,000 8,000,000Product-level:Engineering:$40 ? 50,000 2,000,000$40 ? 100,000 4,000,000Facility-level:Providing space:$1 ? 200,000 200,000$1 ? 800,000 800,000Total overhead $25,100,000 $73,400,000Units ÷100,000 ÷800,000Overhead per unit $251 $91.75Deluxe Percent Regular PercentPrice $900 100% $750.00 100%Cost 780* 87*** 574.50** 77***Unit gross profit $120 13%*** $175.50 23%***Total gross profit:($120 ? 100,000) $12,000,000($175.50 ? 800,000) $140,400,000*$529 + $251**$482.75 + $91.753. Using activity-based costing, a much different picture of the deluxe and regular products emerges. The regular model appears to be more profitable. Perhaps it should be emphasized.4–61. JIT Non-JITSalesa $12,500,000 $12,500,000Allocationb 750,000 750,000a$125 ? 100,000, where $125 = $100 + ($100 ? 0.25), and 100,000 is the average order size times the number of ordersb0.50 ? $1,500,0002. Activity rates:Ordering rate = $880,000/220 = $4,000 per sales orderSelling rate = $320,000/40 = $8,000 per sales callService rate = $300,000/150 = $2,000 per service callJIT Non-JITOrdering costs:$4,000 ? 200 $ 800,000$4,000 ? 20 $ 80,000Selling costs:$8,000 ? 20 160,000$8,000 ? 20 160,000Service costs:$2,000 ? 100 200,000$2,000 ? 50 100,000Total $1,160,000 $340,0 0For the non-JIT customers, the customer costs amount to $750,000/20 = $37,500 per order under the original allocation. Using activity assign?ments, this drops to $340,000/20 = $17,000 per order, a difference of $20,500 per order. For an order of 5,000 units, the order price can be decreased by $4.10 per unit without affecting customer profitability. Overall profitability will decrease, however, unless the price for orders is increased to JIT customers.3. It sounds like the JIT buyers are switching their inventory carrying costs to Emery without any significant benefit to Emery. Emery needs to increase prices to reflect the additional demands on customer-support activities. Furthermore, additional price increases may be needed to reflectthe increased number of setups, purchases, and so on, that are likely occurring inside the plant. Emery should also immediately initiate discussions with its JIT customers to begin negotiations for achieving some of the benefits that a JIT supplier should have, such as long-term contracts. The benefits of long-term contracting may offset most or all of the increased costs from the additional demands made on other activities.4–71. Supplier cost:First, calculate the activity rates for assigning costs to suppliers:Inspecting components: $240,000/2,000 = $120 per sampling hourReworking products: $760,500/1,500 = $507 per rework hourWarranty work: $4,800/8,000 = $600 per warranty hourNext, calculate the cost per component by supplier:Supplier cost:Vance FoyPurchase cost:$23.50 ? 400,000 $ 9,400,000$21.50 ? 1,600,000 $ 34,400,000Inspecting components:$120 ? 40 4,800$120 ? 1,960 235,200Reworking products:$507 ? 90 45,630$507 ? 1,410 714,870Warranty work:$600 ? 400 240,000$600 ? 7,600 4,560,000Total supplier cost $ 9,690,430 $ 39,910,070Units supplied ÷400,000 ÷1,600,000Unit cost $ 24.23* $ 24.94**RoundedThe difference is in favor of Vance; however, when the price concession is considered, the cost of Vance is $23.23, which is less than Foy’s component. Lumus should accept the contractual offer made by Vance.4–7 Concluded2. Warranty hours would act as the best driver of the three choices. Using this driver, the rate is $1,000,000/8,000 = $125 per warranty hour. The cost assigned to each component would be:Vance FoyLost sales:$125 ? 400 $ 50,000$125 ? 7,600 $ 950,000$ 50,000 $ 950,000Units supplied ÷400,000 ÷1,600,000Increase in unit cost $ 0.13* $ 0.59**Rounded$0.075 per unitCategory II: $45/1,000 = $0.045 per unitCategory III: $45/1,500 = $0.03 per unitCategory I, which has the smallest batches, is the most undercosted of the three categories. Furthermore, the unit ordering cost is quite high relative to Category I’s selling price (9 to 15 percent of the selling price). This suggests that something should be done to reduce the order-filling costs.3. With the pricing incentive feature, the average order size has been increased to 2,000 units for all three product families. The number of orders now processed can be calculated as follows:Orders = [(600 ? 50,000) + (1,000 ? 30,000) + (1,500 ? 20,000)]/2,000= 45,000Reduction in orders = 100,000 – 45,000 = 55,000Steps that can be reduced = 55,000/2,000 = 27 (rounding down to nearest whole number)There were initially 50 steps: 100,000/2,000Reduction in resource spending:Step-fixed costs: $50,000 ? 27 = $1,350,000Variable activity costs: $20 ? 55,000 = 1,100,000$2,450,000预算9-4Norton, Inc.Sales Budget For the Coming YearModel Units Price Total SalesLB-1 50,400 $29.00 $1,461,600LB-2 19,800 15.00 297,000WE-6 25,200 10.40 262,080 WE-7 17,820 10.00 178,200 WE-8 9,600 22.00 211,200 WE-9 4,000 26.00 104,000 Total $2,514,080二、1. Raylene’s Flowers and GiftsProduction Budget for Gift BasketsFor September, October, November, and DecemberSept. Oct. Nov. D ec.Sales 200 150 180 250Desired ending inventory 15 18 25 10Total needs 215 168 205 260Less: Beginning inventory 20 15 18 25 Units produced 195 153 187 2352. Raylene’s Flowers and GiftsDirect Materials Purchases BudgetFor September, October, and NovemberFruit: Sept. Oct. Nov.Production 195 153 187? Amount/basket (lbs.) ? 1 ? 1 ?1Needed for production 195 153 187Desired ending inventory 8 9 12Needed 203 162 200Less: Beginning inventory 10 8 9Purchases193 154 190Small gifts: Sept. Oct. Nov.Production 195 153 187 ? Amount/basket (items) ? 5 ? 5 ? 5Needed for production 975 765 935Desired ending inventory 383 468 588Needed 1,358 1,233 1,523Less: Beginning inventory 488 383 468Purchases 870 850 1,055Cellophane: Sept. Oct. Nov.Production 195 153 187。

《管理会计》课后习题参考答案目录第一章管理会计概述 (1)1.理解资产高安全度、资产高利润率、现金流充足、资产高增值率和把握新产业 (1)2.简述基于业务优化的高质高效的财务支持 (1)3.简述管理会计的内涵是如何逐渐扩大的 (2)4.简述科学管理理论与管理会计的关系 (2)5.简述组织行为学与管理会计的关系 (2)6.简述权变理论与管理会计的关系 (3)7.简述信息经济学与管理会计的关系 (3)8.简述代理人理论与管理会计的关系 (3)9.简述知识经济理论与管理会计的关系 (3)10.简述管理会计假设的内容及意义 (3)11.简述理解管理会计目标及其与企业目标的关系 (3)12.简述管理会计信息质量特征与财务会计质量特征的区别 (4)13.简述管理会计与财务会计、财务管理、审计和内部控制的产生及结合 (4)14.简述管理会计与财务会计的区别 (4)15.简述管理会计与财务会计的耦合逻辑 (4)第二章成本性态分析 (5)1.成本性态分析在管理会计中的地位 (5)2.混合成本的分解方法 (5)3.固定成本与变动成本的特征 (5)4.边际贡献率与变动成本率的关系 (5)第三章本量利分析 (6)1.试说明本量利分析的基本假设 (6)2.什么是本量利分析的基本表达式 (6)3.什么是保本点？影响保本点的因素有哪些？ (7)4.什么是保利点？影响保利点的因素有哪些？ (7)5.试说明一个经营多种产品的企业如何确定保本点 (7)6.什么是安全边际率、保本点作业率和经营杠杆率？ (7)7．怎样进行实现目标利润的敏感性分析？ (8)第四章变动成本法 (8)1.变动成本法与全部成本法的主要区别有哪几个方面？ (8)2.变动成本法与全部成本法期间损益发生差异有何规律？ (8)3.试评述变动成本法的优缺点 (9)4.“只要生产量大于销售量，当期全部成本法的利润必定大于变动成本法的利润”。

这一命题是否成立？为什么？ (9)第五章资金管理 (9)1.现金管理业务流程 (9)2.银行账户管理 (9)3.资金计划管理 (9)4.现金池分类与构成要素 (10)5.现金池功能定位与构建原则 (10)6.现金池运作流程 (10)7.资金集中管理模式 (10)8.银企直联系统总体运行流程 (10)9.银企直联系统主要功能 (11)第六章短期经营决策 (11)1.短期经营决策的特点有哪些？ (11)2.短期经营决策中的相关成本和无关成本分别有哪些？ (11)3.简述短期经营决策的主要方法及各自的优缺点 (11)4.简述在不同情况下半成品是否深加工的决策方法 (12)5.简述在完全竞争市场和非完全竞争市场条件下的定价方法？ (12)6.简述短期营运决策敏感性分析的方法及应用 (13)第七章长期投资决策 (13)1.什么是独立项目和互斥项目？ (13)2.什么是现金流量？投资项目的现金流量包括哪些内容？ (13)3.投资项目的现金流量如何计算？ (14)4.现金流量在估计中应注意哪些问题？（可删除） (14)5.投资决策评价的方法有哪些？各自的优缺点是什么？ (14)第八章全面预算管理 (16)1.什么是全面预算？你怎样认识它的重要性？ (16)2.全面预算有哪些预算构成？ (16)3.什么是弹性预算？与固定预算相比有何优越性？ (16)4.试分析比较零基预算与增减预算的主要区别？ (17)5.什么是滚动预算？有何特点？ (17)6.简述预算控制的方法 (17)7.简述预算调整的前提条件 (18)8.现金预算包括哪些项目？各项目之间存在怎样的勾稽关系？ (18)9.会计制度设计如何与预算管理衔接？ (18)10.财务会计控制如何与预算执行对接？ (18)练习题 (18)第九章作业成本管理 (22)1.简述作业成本法的特点 (22)2.如何评价作业的增值性？ (22)3.结合企业实际，谈读作业成车法的应用 (23)4.简述作业成本管理中降低成本的途径 (23)5.作业成本法在制造费用分配基础与分配路径上与传统成本法有何有同 (23)第十章目标成本管理 (23)1.简述目标成本法的特点 (23)2.如何应用价值工程技术进行产品设计 (23)3.结合企业实际，谈谈目标成本管理的应用 (24)4.简述目标成本法的实施原则 (25)5.简述确立目标成本的主要活动 (25)6.简述目标成本规划的五个步骤 (26)7.如何将顾客需求纳人目标成本管理? (26)8.简述价值链在目标成本管理中的贡献 (26)9.简述目标成本管理中的供应链管理 (27)10.简述目标成本管理的组织和团队 (27)11.简述目标成本管理的核心工具 (27)第十一章项目成本管理 (28)1.现代项目成本管理的发展 (28)2.项目生命周期成本管理的方法 (28)3.简述工作分解结构的作用 (28)4.以一场婚礼筹划为例，写出工作结构分解图 (28)5.简述项目资源计划的工具与方法 (29)6.简述项目成本估算的技术路线 (29)7.简述项目成本估算的方法 (29)8.简述项目成本估算和项目成本预算的区别与联系 (29)9.简述项目成本预算的调整内容有哪些 (29)10.简述项目成本控制的方法有哪些 (29)11.简述挣值法的三个基本值 (29)12.简述挣值法几个关键指标的内容与作用 (29)13.简述项目成本决算的意义和作用 (30)第十二章战略成本管理 (30)1.简述战略成本管理研究的定义和特征 (30)2.简述生命周期成本管理的内容 (30)3.简述战略成本定位分析方法 (31)4.简述企业一般竞争战略的内容 (31)5.简述战略成本动因分析的内容 (31)6简述供应链管理的主要内容、目的及基本原则 (31)7.简述供应链成本核算框架 (32)8.简述前瞻式成本管理及内容 (32)9.简述精益管理会计及其内容 (33)10.简述跨组织成本管理及其内容 (33)11.简述供应链成本管理的方法 (34)第十三章绩效管理 (34)1.简述战略绩效管理的特点与优势 (34)2.简述分权管理与责任会计 (34)3.简述责任中心的分类及其不同责任中心的绩效评价方法 (35)4.简述内部转移价格及其制定 (36)5.简述关键绩效指标法的含义及其基本流程 (36)6.简述经济增加值的价值管理体系 (36)7.简述平衡计分卡之“平衡” (37)8.简述平衡计分卡的实施程序 (37)9.简述平衡计分卡与企业战略 (38)第十四章管理会计报告 (38)1.简述会计报告体系的构成 (38)2.简述管理会计报告的主要特征 (39)3.简述按不同标志分类的管理会计报告体系 (39)4.简述管理会计报告流程 (39)5.简述基于报告对象的管理会计报告体系 (40)6.简述基于责任中心的管理会计报告体系 (40)7.基于价值链的管理会计报告体系 (41)第十五章管理会计信息化 (41)1.如何理解管理会计信息系统概念 (41)2.管理会计信息系统建设与应用原则、程序的内容 (41)3.如何理解管理会计信息系统架构 (42)4.成本管理信息化的内容包括哪些 (42)5.如何理解成本管理信息系统模式 (43)6.预算管理信息化的内容包括哪些 (44)7.如何理解预算管理信息系统 (44)8.如何理解绩效管理信息化过程 (45)9.如何理解绩效管理信息平台 (45)10.如何理解投资项目管理信息化 (45)11.如何理解投资项目管理信息化系统 (45)12.如何理解管理会计报告信息化 (46)13.如何理解ERP系统的管理会计 (46)第一章管理会计概述1.理解资产高安全度、资产高利润率、现金流充足、资产高增值率和把握新产业（1）资产高安全度是企业全面梳理资产管理流程，及时发现资产管理中的薄弱环节，切实采取有效措施加以改进，并关注资产减值迹象，合理确认资产减值损失，更好地避免下列风险：①存货积压或短缺，可能导致流动资金占用过量、存货价值贬损或生产中断；②固定资产更新改造不够、使用效能低下、维护不当、产能过剩，可能导致企业缺乏竞争力、资产价值贬损、安全事故频发或资源浪费；③无形资产缺乏核心技术、权属不清、技术落后、存在重大技术安全隐患，可能导致企业法律纠纷、缺乏可持续发展能力。

管理会计习题及答案第一章绪论 (2)第二章成本习性分析 (4)第三章变动成本法 (10)第四章盈亏平衡分析 (19)第五章预测分析 (28)第六章短期经营决策 (35)第七章存货管理 (43)第八章长期投资决策 (46)第九章全面预算 (52)第十章标准成本系统 (62)第十一章责任会计 (68)第十二章作业成本计算 (74)第十三章战略管理会计 (76)第一章绪论一.判断题1．管理会计使用的方式方法更为灵活多样。

(√ )2．管理会计从传统的、单一的会计系统中分离出来，成为与财务会计并列的独立领域，它与财务会计存在着显著区别，没有任何联系。

(× )3．管理会计与财务会计的服务对象不同，财务会计以同企业有经济利益关系的各种社会集团为服务对象，而管理会计则只为企业内部的经营管理服务。

( × )4．管理会计与财务会计是企业会计的两个重要领域，它们都必须遵循社会公认的会计原则。

(× ) 5．财务会计侧重于对企业的生产经营活动作历史性的描述，管理会计则不然，它必须面向未来，不仅要使用历史数据，还要以未来的尚未发生的事项作为处理对象。

(√ )6．管理会计与财务会计核算的原始资料完全不同。

( × )7.现代管理会计是一门新兴的学科，是本世纪50年代以来发展起来的以现代管理科学为基础的综合性交叉学科。

(√ )8.边际分析法可用来作为确定生产经营最优化目标的重要工具。

(√ )9.成本--效益分析法是企业用来进行短期经营决策分析评价的基本方法。

(√ )10.现代管理会计作为企业会计的一个重要领域，其基本职能仍然是反映和监督。

( × )11.现代管理会计解析过去，主要是对财务会计所提供的资料作进一步加工、改制和延伸，使之更好地适应筹划未来和控制现在的需要。

(√ )二.单项选择题1．现代管理会计是从( B )派生出来的一门独立的新学科。

A.管理科学B.财务会计学C.经济学D.统计学2.管理会计工作( C )。

第一章１．从管理会计定义的历史研究中你有哪些思考和想法？答：对管理会计的定义从狭义的管理会计阶段发展到广义的管理会计阶段，我们可以看出，这一过程是一个广泛引入和应用相邻学科的新的方法从而不断丰富学科本身内容的过程，是一个伴随着社会经济环境变化和经济管理理论等多学科理论的发展而发展的过程。

管理会计是适应企业管理发展的要求而产生和不断完善、发展的。

新的管理理论的产生及推广运用总是源于企业实践的需要，并随着实践的发展而发展。

相应地，管理会计的理论与技术方法也会随着管理理论的发展而发展，必然推动着管理会计定义不断丰富、清晰、完整，促进管理会计基本理论框架的建立与完善。

所以，从管理会计定义的历史研究来看，结合管理会计各个阶段的变化和发展，我们觉得可以更好地预测未来管理会计工作的变动趋势和管理会计以后研究的演变，除了了解过往、以史为鉴，更重要的是寻找管理会计发展的动因和规律，并能够把握未来的发展方向。

９．管理会计与财务会计的区别与联系说明了什么？答：讨论财务会计和管理会计的区别与联系，不仅是为了从理论上把握它们各自的特定内涵，更重要的是为了行之有效地开展会计工作，尤其是管理会计工作，充分发挥其职能作用。

在我国，管理会计工作尚处于起步阶段，企业没有专设的机构和人员负责此项工作，只能由财务会计人员兼做，这样势必妨碍管理会计工作的顺利开展。

随着改革的深入、社会主义市场经济体制的逐步确立和现代企业制度的建立，管理会计工作将日益显示其重要性和无可替代的作用，企业设立专门的管理会计机构，也将成为完全必要且非常可能的事情。

１０．管理会计与财务会计在管理中能否结合应用？请列举一些事例予以说明。

答：管理会计与财务会计在管理中可以结合应用。

例如，从会计职能角度看，财务会计与管理会计是互相渗透的。

所谓会计职能，即会计在经济管理中所具有的功能，是会计本质的外在表现形式。

财务会计的职能是核算与监督，而管理会计的职能是计划、控制、决策。

第一章一、D D C二、ABCDE ABC 三、××× 第二章一、A B D B二、ABE AC BD ACD 三、1、高低点法：（12000，750000） （2000，300000）b=(750000-300000)/(12000-2000)=45（元/件） a=750000-45×12000＝210000（元） y=210000＋45x 散步图法第一步，设立坐标图，横轴代表业务量，纵轴代表混合成本 第二步，标注题中的六个点第三步，目测画出六个成本点的变动趋势直线第四步，确定目测线与纵轴的交点即固定成本，然后在所画直线上任取业务量一点，查出对应的成本的值，可求出b2、固定成本 阶梯式混合成本 标准式混合成本 不同相关范围的变动成本 单位固定成本 变动成本3、)/(0625.91446160450小时元=--=ba=450－9.0625×46＝33.125（元） y=33.125+9.0625x当机器工作小时为35小时时，y=33.125+9.0625×35=350.3125（元） 4、（9.5,39.7） (5.0,21.7)小时万元/40.55.97.217.39=--=ba=39.7-4×9.5=1.7万元 y=1.7+4x 5、（1）高低点法：8.1106060150=--=b （元/件） a=150－1.8×60＝42（元） y=42+1.8x22235014500*101000*35039600*10)(--=--=∑∑∑∑∑x x n y x xy n b =2.044（元/件） 446.2810350044.21000=⨯-=-=∑∑nx b y a （元）Y=28.446+2.044x6、(1)高低点法：（400，1520） （280，1100）5.328040011001520=--=b （元/千机器小时）a=1520－3.5×400＝120（元） y=120+3.5x 回归直线法：n=6, ∑∑∑∑∑=====4161600)(,705000,2764600,8010,204022x x xy y x61.3416160070500068010204027646006≈⨯⨯⨯=－－b (元/千机器小时)6.1076204061.38010=⨯-=a (元)y=107.6+3.61x(2)当七月的业务量未420千机器小时时，y=120+3.5×420=1590（元）y=107.6+3.61×420＝1623.8（元） 7、60000+75000b=135000 b=1（元/件）60000+500000⨯1=110000 142500-11000=3250035.0500000750003250041250=--=b （元/件） a=41250-0.35⨯75000=15000（元） y=15000+0.35x当x=65000时，y=37750制造费用总额=60000+1 65000+37750=162750元第三章一、D D B C C D二、ABCE AB CDE ABC ACD BC三、1、（1）完全成本法下：第一年单位产品成本＝4＋24000/6000=8元/件第二年单位产品成本＝4＋24000/8000=7元/件第三年单位产品成本＝4＋24000/4000=10元/件变动成本法下每年单位产品成本为4元/件(2)完全成本法下：第一年期末存货成本为0元第二年期末存货成本＝2000×7＝14000元第三年期末存货成本为0元变动成本法下：第一年期末存货成本为0元第二年期末存货成本＝2000×4＝8000元第三年期末存货成本为0元（3）完全成本法下：第一年期初存货成本为0元第二年期初存货成本为0元第三年期初存货成本＝2000×7＝14000元变动成本法下：第一年期初存货成本为0元第二年期初存货成本为0元第三年期初存货成本＝2000×4＝8000元（4）完全成本法下：第一年税前利润＝6000×10－6000×8－6000＝6000元第二年税前利润＝6000×10－6000×7－6000＝12000元第三年税前利润＝6000×10－（2000×7＋4000×10）－6000＝0元变动成本法下：第一年税前利润＝6000×10－6000×4－24000－6000＝6000元第二年税前利润＝6000×10－6000×4－24000－6000＝6000元第三年税前利润＝6000×10－6000×4－24000－6000＝6000元（5）第一年税前利润差额＝6000－6000＝0元检验：第一年税前利润差额＝0－0＝0元第二年税前利润差额＝12000－6000＝6000元检验：第二年税前利润差额＝24000/8000×2000－0＝6000元第三年税前利润差额＝0－6000＝－6000元检验：第三年税前利润差额＝0－24000/8000×2000＝－6000元2、变动成本法下：第一年：贡献毛益＝20000×15-(20000×5+0)＝200000元税前利润＝200000－（180000＋25000）＝－5000元第二年：贡献毛益＝30000×15-(30000×5+0)＝300000元税前利润＝300000－（180000＋25000）＝95000元完全成本法下：第一年：毛利＝20000×15－[30000×（5＋180000/30000）-10000×（5＋180000/30000）]＝80000元税前利润＝80000－25000＝55000元第二年：毛利＝30000×15－[10000×11＋24000×（5＋180000/24000）－4000×（5＋180000/24000）]＝90000元税前利润＝90000－25000＝65000元第一年完全成本法的税前利润大于变动成本法税前利润60000元，因为用完全成本法计算发生的固定制造费用中有60000元，没有被本年销售成本吸收而随着期末存货结转到下一年，使本年销售成本减少60000元，税前利润增加60000元，采用变动成本法不存在固定制造费用结转的问题。

第一章课后习题思考题一、1.从管理会计定义的历史研究中你有哪些思考和想法答：从管理会计定义的历史研究中我发现，管理会计的概念是随着历史的发展不断完善的，因为在历史进程中，人们会发现原有概念的不足，进而不断去修改完善，这才有了现在的管理会计。

这也启发了我们，要善于发现问题，去思考，解决问题。

2.经济理论对管理会计的产生和发展有哪些重要影响你从中得到了什么启示答：社会经济的发展和经济理论的丰富，使得管理会计的理论体系逐渐完善，内容更加丰富，逐步形成了预测、决策、预算、控制、考核、评价的管理会计体系。

由于市场竞争的日趋激烈，人们认识到对外部环境的准确决策就是不可能的，企业的计划必须以外部环境的变化为基础，更加留心市场变化的动态，更加密切关注竞争对手。

与此相适应，战略管理的理论有了长足的发展。

这启示了我们，要细心观察，因地制宜，适应变化莫测的外部环境，进行自身调整。

同时，实践出真知，只有经过了实践考验理论才是好理论。

科学管理理论对现代管理会计有哪些重要影响这些影响在管理会计的不同发展阶段是如何表现的3.答：现代管理科学为管理会计的形成奠定了一定的基础。

论的出现促使现代在以成本控制为基本特征的管理会计阶段，古典组织理论特别是科学管理理会计分化为财务会计和管理会计，现代会计的管理职能得以表现出来。

该阶段，管理会计以成本控制为基本特征，以提高企业的生产效率和工作效率为目的，其主要内容包括标准成本、预算控制、差异分析。

在以预测、决策为基本特征的管理会计阶段，以标准成本制度为主要内容的管理控制继续得到了制的理论结合起来，不仅进一步加强了强化并有了新的发展。

责任会计将行为科学的理论与管理控，而且将责任者的责、权、利结合起来，考核、评价对企业经营的全面控制（不仅仅是成本控制）社会经济的发展和经济理论的丰富，责任者的工作业绩，从而极大地激发了经营者的积极性和主动性。

使得管理会计的理论体系逐渐完善。

什么是价值链分析价值链分析的目的是什么4.答：价值链分析是指将一个企业的经营活动分解为若干战略性相关的价值活动，每一种价值活动都会对企业的相对成本产生影响，进而成为企业采取差异化战略的基础。

第一章管理会计总论1.管理会计是如何产生的？随着社会生产力水平的提高和商品经济的迅速发展，传统的管理方式所无法克服的粗放经营、资源浪费严重、企业基层生产效率低下等弊端同大机器工业化生产的矛盾越来越尖锐。

于是，取代落后的“传统管理”的“科学管理”方式在19世纪末20世纪初应运而生。

在以美国的泰罗和法国的法约尔为代表人物的“古典管理理论”指导下，企业管理实践中先后应用了以定额为目的的时间与动作研究技术、差别工资制和以计划职能与执行职能相分离为主要特征的预算管理和差异分析，以及日常成本控制等一系列标准化、制度化的新技术方法。

这对片面的强调事后反映职能的传统会计提出了严峻挑战和造成了巨大的冲击。

这种情况下，企业会计必须突破单一的事后核算的格局，采取对经济过程实施事前规划和事中控制的技术方法，更好的促进经营目标的实现。

伴随着企业管理方式的变革，会计开始了由近代会计向现代会计转变的进程，原始的管理会计业初见端倪。

20世纪初，在美国企业会计实务中出现了以差异分析为主要内容的“标准成本计算制度”和“预算控制”，这标志着管理会计的雏形已经形成。

2.什么是管理会计？包括哪些内容？管理会计是指以现在和未来的资金运动为对象，以提高经济效益为目的，为企业内部管理者提供经营管理决策的科学依据为目标而进行的经济管理活动。

管理会计的基本内容包括以下几点：预测决策会计、规划控制会计和责任会计三者既相互独立，又相辅相成，共同构成管理会计的基本内容。

（1）预测决策会计是指管理会计系统中侧重于发挥预测经济前景和实施经营决策职能的最具有能动作用的系统。

他处于现代管理会计的核心地位，又是现代管理会计形成的关键标志之一。

预测决策会计主要包括经营预测、短期经营决策、长期投资决策。

（2）规划控制会计是指在决策目标和经营方针已经明确的前提下，为执行既定的决策方案而进行有关规划和控制，以确保预期奋斗目标顺利实现的管理会计系统。

规划控制会计主要包括全面预算和标准成本控制。