人民调解司法确认制度的外文翻译

健全人民调解协议司法确认制度作者：李青青来源：《青年与社会》2014年第31期【摘要】司法确认制度在世界上其他国家和地区都有先例，比如美国的ADR制度、德国的诉前调解、以及我国台湾地区的乡镇市调解，都对司法确认有相关规定。

但是我国运用在人民调解制度上是有创新意义的。

【关键词】司法确认；人民调解协议基于司法确认制度在人民调解与司法程序衔接有不足之处，我们可以借鉴世界上现有的成果。

美国、德国等西方国家有其社会发展特征，与我国国情稍有区别，它们在司法确认制度领域的特征不做解释。

我们主要研究与我国人民调解相类似的台湾地区的乡镇市调解。

在台湾地区，位于基层乡镇市公所一般都建立了调解组织，其中调解人员一律由社会人士担任，乡、镇、市长及民意代表均不得兼任调解委员会委员，防止流入行政调解模式，究其性质可界定为政府主导的民间性调解，将民间调解与司法行政适当对接起来，有效实现案件的分流并降低诉讼量。

根据我国台湾地区《乡镇市调解条例》规定台湾的调解委员会主持当事人达成调解书后，应在3日内报当地乡、镇或市公所，由公所对调解协议先进行审核，再由公所在7 日内决定是否将通过审核的协议移交有管辖权的法院审查。

经过法院对送请的非诉调解协议审核之后，若没有发现其违反现行法律，对该调解协议予以核定，则其具有与法院生效民事裁判相同的效力，当事人不得就同一事实再行告诉或提起自诉。

如若经审核发现非诉调解协议存在违反事由、损害公序良俗等因素，则法院不予确认，利害关系人可通过诉讼渠道解决纠纷。

与我国司法确认制度不同的是，我国是由调解协议的双方当事人共同去法院申请启动司法确认程序，而台湾的乡镇市调解下达成的调解协议的审查无须当事人申请，由乡镇市直接送法院审核，若裁定有效后则直接具强制效力。

另，台湾地区对于确认后的调解协议若发现有违法因素，当事人可以向法院提起宣告无效或撤销之诉等相关事后救济的措施规定较为详细和完整。

纵观我国目前调解协议司法确认程序则缺少相应的当事人事后救济程序的规定，台湾地区的做法的实践操作是值得我们学习和参考的。

ADR制度在中国的发展作者：王文静（招远市人民检察院）宋伟（招远市人民检察院）于吉玉（招远市人民检察院）Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR)概念起源于美国,最初是指20 世纪逐步发展起来的各种诉讼外纠纷解决方式。

简而言之ADR是指世界各国普遍存在着的,民事诉讼制度外的非诉讼纠纷解决程序或机制的总称.在诉讼爆炸的年代，ADR制度的出现不但缓解了司法压力，而且其非诉讼解决纠纷的程序简单、形式灵活、成本低廉，在最大程度上尊重了双方当事人的意愿，促使当事人通过沟通、妥协、协商等方式解决纠纷、化解分歧,最终促成纠纷的合意解决，促进了人际和谐、社会和谐。

由于世界各个国家的具体国情颇有不同,建立ADR制度的原由亦有很大差异，但在诉讼爆炸的国家，建立现代ADR 往往着眼于缓解司法和社会压力。

与诉讼不同, 当事人参与ADR程序的高度自主性，民事纠纷的当事人可以选择ADR解决争端,也可以不去选择ADR,可以选择自己中意的具体ADR方式或者由双方协商能够为当事人自愿接受的方式进行，因此ADR带来了民主化的气氛。

同时ADR程序具有灵活性和低廉的运行成本，他强调争议解决方式的非对抗性，程序的非公开性，以最少的对抗彰显人际和平，以非公开性的磋商、协调达到切实维护当事人合法权益之目的。

ADR程序非对抗性，有利于促成和解，无论是对于市场经济秩序的合理有序发展，还是对于家庭、邻里以及各种错综复杂的人际关系，社会关系安定和谐的维系，以及促进社会文明道德程度的提高，都具有诉讼所不及的特殊意义。

它可以最大限度的节约社会和当事人的纠纷解决成本，提高司法效益：基于ADR 处理纠纷的范围大，扩大了法律利用的范围，结果是法院可以借此筛选出相对重要的案件进行审理，从而使有效的司法资源得到更有效的、合理的使用。

ADR的发展增加了当事人自治的可能性和机会，有助于形成和维系共同体规范和共同的道德体系。

所以说无论从目前我国诉讼爆炸的国情看，还是基于ADR制度自身的优越性来说，ADR制度的建立和完善更符合我国国情，国人的道德评判心里和东方文化传统。

司法确认制度困龙山女神一、司法确认制度的含义司法确认制度是指对于涉及到的民事权利义务的纠纷，经行政机关、人民调解组织、商事调解组织、行业调解组织或者其他具有调解职能的组织调解达成的具有民事合同性质的协议，经调解组织和调解员签字盖章后，或双方当事人签署协议之后，如果双方认为有必要，共同到人民法院申请确认其法律效力的制度。

二、司法确认制度相关的法律法规及司法解释按照颁布的时间先后顺序，分别是：1.《最高人民法院关于人民法院民事调解工作若干问题的规定》；2.《最高人民法院关于建立健全诉讼与非诉讼相衔接的矛盾纠纷解决机制的若干意见》；3.《中华人民共和国人民调解法》；4.《最高人民法院关于人民调解协议司法确认程序的若干规定》；5.《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》。

三、司法确认程序（一）管辖当事人申请确认调解协议的，由主持调解的人民调解委员会所在地基层人民法院或者它派出的法庭管辖。

人民法院在立案前委派人民调解委员会调解并达成调解协议，当事人申请司法确认的，由委派的人民法院管辖。

双流镇的人民调解委员会主持的调解，由双流人民法庭管辖（二）程序的启动1.前提——行政机关、人民调解组织、商事调解组织、行业调解组织或者其他具有调解职能的组织对民事纠纷调解后达成的具有给付内容的协议。

2.启动——当事人申请。

当事人应当向人民法院提交司法确认申请书、调解协议和身份证明、资格证明，以及与调解协议相关的财产权利证明等证明材料，并提供双方当事人的送达地址、电话号码等联系方式。

特别注意：不得委托代理人。

3.申请的时间由双方当事人依照人民调解法等法律，自调解协议生效之日起三十日内，共同向调解组织所在地基层人民法院提出。

4.立案条件必须是双方当事人共同向法院提出申请。

（三）不予受理的情形1.不属于人民法院受理民事案件的范围或者不属于接受申请的人民法院管辖的；2.确认身份关系的；3.确认收养关系的；4.确认婚姻关系的。

（四）人民法院不予确认调解协议效力的情形1.违反法律、行政法规强制性规定的；2.侵害国家利益、社会公共利益的；3.侵害案外人合法权益的；4.损害社会公序良俗的；5.内容不明确，无法确认的；6.调解组织、调解员强迫调解或者有其他严重违反职业道德准则的行为的；7.其他不能进行司法确认的情形。

调解协议的司法确认论调解协议的司法确认摘要: 调解是解决社会矛盾的重要方式之一，尤其是当前我国处于改革发展的关键时期，各种利益冲突日益明显，社会矛盾也不断增多，更需要充分运用调解方式来化解社会矛盾，因此强化非诉调解对于社会主义和谐社会的构建具有重大和深远意义。

调解协议司法确认程序是完善多元纠纷解决机制的重要内容，也是人民法院参与社会管理创新、贴进社会大众的又一司法能动之举。

本文对调解协议的司法确认问题进行了初步讨论。

关键字调解调解协议社会司法确认调解是指双方或多方当事人就争议的实体权利、义务，在人民法院院、人民调解委员会及有关组织主持下，自愿进行协商，通过教育疏导，促成各方达成协议、解决纠纷的办法。

在中国，调解的种类很多。

因调解的主体不同，调解有人民调解、法院调解、行政调解、仲裁调解以及律师调解等。

人民调解是人民调解委员会主持进行的调解；法院调解是人民法院主持下进行的调解；行政调解是基层人民政府或者国家行政机关主持下进行的调解；仲裁调解是在仲裁机构主持下进行的调解。

在这几种调解中，法院调解属于诉内调解，其他都属于诉外调解。

调解协议的司法确认，主要是指由人民调解委员会、行政机关等非诉调解组织，包括人民法院设立的非诉调解中心，对当事人之间的矛盾纠纷调解达成协议后，在当事人的申请下，人民法院对协议进行审查，对其合法性进行确认后，出具相应的法律确认文书，从而赋予当事人一种强制执行的效力的制度。

最高人民法院发布的《关于建立健全诉讼与非诉讼相衔接的矛盾纠纷解决机制的若干意见》中明确规定，司法确认是指“经行政机关、人民调解组织、商事调解组织、行业调解组织或者其他具有调解职能的组织调解达成的具有民事合同性质的协议，经调解组织和调解员签字盖章后，当事人可以申请有管辖权的人民法院确认其效力”。

一、民间调解自西周奴隶社会至今已有几千年的文明史人民调解制度渊源于中华民族的文化传统。

中华民族的祖先，把原始氏族首领解决内部纷争的调解与合解方式带进了文明时代，在西周奴隶时代开始建制。

我国人民调解协议的司法确认制度研究随着我国人民调解制度的不断完善和发展，司法确认已成为人民调解制度的一项重要制度安排，其意义在于通过司法的介入，加强人民调解协议的法律效力和实施力，保障当事人的合法权益，促进社会和谐稳定。

本文将从我国人民调解协议司法确认的法律规定、实践运作、问题与建议等方面进行探讨。

《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第三百零一条规定：“当事人经过调解达成和解协议的，自和解协议签订之日起十日内，可以向人民法院申请确认。

人民法院应当依法确认。

”该条规定带有强制性，即当事人请求确认人民调解协议时，人民法院应予确认，具有法律效力。

同时，我国相关法律规定，人民调解协议的内容应当符合法律、法规和公序良俗，否则不予确认。

1.申请确认的主体我国人民调解协议司法确认的申请主体一般来说是当事人，包括调解协议达成的各方当事人以及调解员。

例如，在争议解决过程中，当事人双方达成调解协议，经过协商决定提请人民法院司法确认。

同时，在调解过程中，当事人可以与调解员签署协议，也可以由调解员代为签署。

2.确认的法律效果司法确认对于人民调解协议具有一定的法律效力，它能够使人民调解协议产生司法效力，即使协议中的约定与法律不符，司法确认也能够让其具有执行力。

同时，司法确认也可以起到保护当事人合法权益的作用，从而提高人民调解的可信度和可行性。

3.司法确认的程序当事人达成调解协议后，经过双方签字确认之后，可以向人民法院提出司法确认申请。

当事人需要提供相关材料，如调解协议、调解记录、证人证言等。

（2）审查材料当人民法院接受调解协议司法确认申请后，应当对申请材料进行审查，确认协议是否合法有效、是否符合法律法规和公序良俗。

（3）公告告知当人民法院发现调解协议存在赞成一方过多或者不公平的情况时，应当向当事人发出公告，告知当事人可以在规定的期限内提出异议，否则将视为同意。

（4）审查异议当事人对确认申请的内容有异议时，应当在公告告知期限内向人民法院提出书面异议，并附上相关材料。

人民调解协议司法确认的比较研究作者：李国臣来源：《法制与社会》2012年第24期摘要依照法律及司法解释的规定，人民调解协议不具有强制执行力。

一方不履行时，另一方必得以诉讼方式始可解决，这些都影响了人民调解制度功能的发挥。

而在《中华人民共和国人民调解法》通过后，则可通过司法确认程序予以解决。

本文用比较分析法，对人民调解协议司法确认进行研究，以便更好地认识这项制度。

关键词调解协议司法确认制度作者简介：李国臣，浙江省临安市人民法院。

中国社会经济的在迅速发展的同时，矛盾纠纷也在迅猛增长，然而社会应对机制的滞后及矛盾解决体制的不健全使许多纠纷不能得到及时有效的化解，导致法院受理案件量大幅增加，疲于应对。

在这方面，一些地方的法院充分利用社会力量和群众智慧，进行了有益探索，上海法院“委托调解”制度的构建和司法实践就较为成功，“2007年，上海全市法院委托调解案件50479件，占全市基层法院民事一审案件的25%，调解成功38783件，成功率为76%。

”（1）“委托调解大致有三种模式：（1）‘法院附设人民调解模式’，由法院聘请退休法官等进行调解；（2）委托有群众工作经验的组织进行调解，如工会、妇联、人民调解委员会等；（3）委托有专业经验的机构进行调解，如委托交警部门调解交通肇事引起的纠纷。

”（2）司法实践中，法院委托人民调解委员会调解最为常见。

“2008年，我国人民调解组织共有人民调解员487万多人，截至2008年五年来共调解各类纠纷2400多万件，调解成功率达94%以上。

”（3）人民调解委员会雄厚的调解资源、社会矛盾纠纷的强大调处能力，然而，人民调解委员会调处纠纷也有权威性不足、人民调解协议的执行力不强等弱点，为解决人民调解协议执行力不足的问题，2011年1月1日起施行的《人民调解法》及随后出台的《最高人民法院关于人民调解协议司法确认程序的若干规定》（以下简称《确定程序的若干规定》），对当事人申请申请确认调解协议作了详细、具体的规定，使调解协议的司法确认工作进入了可操作层面。

法律英语常用词汇大全一、律师部分案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师councel pro hac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）裁决书award（用于仲裁）裁决书verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena答辩状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer非合伙律师associate lawyer非诉讼业务non-litigation practice高级合伙人senior partner高级律师senior lawyer各类协议和合同agreements and contracts公安局Public Security Bureau公司上市company listing公诉案件public-prosecuting case公证书notarial certificate国办律师事务所state-run law office国际贸易international trade国际诉讼international litigation国内诉讼domestic litigation合伙律师partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人（仲裁）claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation自诉案件private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件case案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case案值total value involved in the case败诉方losing party办案人员personnel handling a case保全措施申请书application for protective measures报案report a case (to security authorities)被告defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人victim’s agent ad litem被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖jurisdiction by accord辩护defense辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer辩护人defender辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段stage of court debate驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation不公开审理trial in camera不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉nol pros不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖jurisdiction by order裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)传唤summon; call传闻证据hearsay答辩answer; reply答辩陈述书statement of defence答辩状answer; reply大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate第三人third party调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结freeze督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决judgement inter parties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance罚款impose a fine法定证据statutory legal evidence法定证据制度system of legal evidence法官judges法警bailiff; court police法律文书legal instruments/papers法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal consulting法庭辩论court debate法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action复查reexamination; recheck复验reinspect高级法官senior judge高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People’s Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理trial in public公开审判制度open trial system公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件public-prosecuting case公诉词statement of public prosecution公证机关public notary office共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basic People’s Court羁押期限term in custody级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels监视居住living at home under surveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings拘传summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所detention house举报information/report of an offence举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision军事法院military procuratorate开庭审理open a court session开庭通知notice of court session勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on; attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场reform-through-labor farm劳教所reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence 累积证据cumulative evidence立案报告place a case on file立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing立案侦查report of placing a case on file利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication律师事务所law office; law firm律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty民事案件civil case民事审判庭civil tribunal民事诉讼civil action民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭detached tribunal派出所police station判决judgement; determination判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure普通管辖general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉filing of a lawsuit起诉sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People’s Procuratorate取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决default judgement人民调解委员会People’s Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings申请人applicant; petitioner申请书petition; application for arbitration申请执行人execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant’s affidavit of authenticity申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审判长presiding judge审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session审判管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision审判委员会judicial committee审判员judge审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定legally effective judgement/order胜诉方winning party省市自治区检察院higher People’s Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death实（质）体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence视听证据audio-visual evidence收容所collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官chief justice首席检察官chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim’s immediate family受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case受送达人the addressee书记员court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达service of process送达传票service of summons/subpoena送达诉状service of bill of complaint搜查search诉sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution铁路法院railway court铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉wanted for arrest投案appearance退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation委托辩护entrusted defense未成年人法庭juvenile court无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause无罪判决acquittal, finding of “not guilty ”物证material evidence先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention刑事强制拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭criminal tribunal刑事诉讼criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件administrative case行政审判庭administrative tribunal行政诉讼administrative proceedings行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect言词证据verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding一审trial of first instance一审案件case of trial of first instance应诉通知书notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of “guilty”予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of file review (by lawyers)再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议creditors’meeting侦查阶段investigation stage侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据evidence证据保全preserve evidence证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit支付令payment order/warrant知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuance of execution执行终结conclusion of execution指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People’s Court中途退庭retreat during court session without permission仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator助理审判员assistant judge专门法院special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility自首confession to justice自诉案件private-prosecuting case自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院the Supreme People’s Procuratorate最后裁决书final award三、民事法律法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system英吉利法English law衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为act不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award 实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage。

075当代思潮论人民调解协议的司法确认程序在法院案多人少的巨大压力下，诉前调解在纠纷化解中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

尤其是随着2020年8月1日《最高人民法院关于建设一站式多元解纷机制、一站式诉讼服务中心的意见》的发布实施，各地法院诉调对接平台逐步建立。

对经人民调解委员会调解作成的调解协议，当事人可以选择亲自到法院办理司法确认，也可以通过线上的方式申请司法确认。

我国司法确认制度的有关立法2004年《最高人民法院民事调解工作若干问题的规定》第一次明确了对调解协议进行司法确认的程序。

2009年9月，最高人民法院发布了《关于建立健全诉讼与非诉讼相衔接的矛盾纠纷解决机制的若干意见》，增加了对调解协议进行司法确认的程序规定，明确了司法确认制度的受案范围、管辖法院和受理审查程序、裁判文书及法律效力等内容。

2011年《人民调解法》把人民调解从“法规”转换成了“法律”，从立法上明确了人民调解的效力。

《人民调解法》虽然确认了调解协议的强制执行力，但仍存在着许多不足。

我国人民调解协议司法确认制度的现状线下司法确认《人民调解法》和《民事诉讼法》中的规定司法确认程序的提请主体、提请期限、管辖法院、法律实效基本一致，都规定经人民调解委员会调解达成的调解协议，双方当事人可在调解协议达成后三十日内向调解组织所在地人民法院申请司法确认。

从这简单的一句话中，我们便可以看出法律规定漏洞所在：（1）规定只有双方当事人同时申请司法确认时，人民法院才对调解协议予以审查，进而确认其效力。

但若一方当事人拒绝履行调解协议，那么必然他就会拒绝申请司法确认。

这种制度安排给了负担义务的一方当事人反悔的空间，而且不能给予调解协议充分的尊重，可能造成当事人将调解制度当儿戏的局面。

（2）调解协议形成超过30天，双方当事人便不可以再申请司法确认。

调解协议一经达成，应当履行义务的一方当事人有可能并不会马上履行协议，另一方当事人也可能由于各种原因来不及向人民法院申请司法确认。