Geoscope用户手册(最新)

创作时间：二零二一年六月三十日LocaSpace Viewer之南宫帮珍创作帮手手册目录1、产物概述32、产物优势33、功能介绍53.1 开始菜单栏 53.1.1 本地数据 53.1.2 影像处置 63.1.3 地形处置 93.1.4 飞行 113.1.5 在线舆图 123.1.5 选项设置183.2 把持菜单栏 193.2.1 舆图标绘 193.2.2 工具 243.2.3 侧栏253.3 分析菜单栏 263.3.1 分析 263.3.2 丈量 333.4 倾斜摄影 383.4.1 倾斜数据处置383.5 快捷键 39LocaSpace Viewer 帮手手册1、产物概述LocaSpace Viewer是一款专业的三维数字地球软件, 具备便捷的影像、高程、倾斜摄影数据阅读功能.通过使用LocaSpace Viewer, 用户能够快速地浏览、丈量、分析和标注三维地舆信息数据, 实现三维场景的飞行浏览和多视角浏览, 快捷的对地舆信息数据进行格式转换, 而且能够逼真的模拟雨、云、雪等天气的三维效果.2、产物优势（1）全方面的二三维地舆数据浏览LocaSpace Viewer能够方便地对二维、三维地舆数据（包括地形、影像、矢量数据）进行浏览.支持的数据格式包括：影像（*.tiff、*.img、*.lrp等格式）、地形（*.tiff、*.img、*.lrp等栅格数据格式）和矢量数据（*.shp、*.kml、*.tab等格式）.地形数据和影像数据可以支持到全国范围0.6米的分辨率量级.为了便于更快的浏览三维地形, 建议使用本软件把影像和地形数据格式转换为lrp, lrp格式具有更快的加载速度和压缩比.（2）快速的三维模型、场景浏览LocaSpace Viewer能够快速的浏览三维模型, 支持年夜批量数据的三维场景浏览, 包括自然地物及人工设施.速度快、场景精细, 是GIS的三维可视化功能的优秀体现.支持的三维模型数据格式包括*.3ds、*.obj、*.gcm等格式.通过采纳LOD机制, 三维模型的渲染效率极高, 可以支持无限制的模型数量.在ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3400显卡上渲染300万个面片的模型可以到达40帧/秒以上.（3）领先的倾斜摄影数据浏览LocaSpace Viewer通过把osgb分块文件建立索引生成一个lfp文件, 该lfp文件包括三维模型所在的经度、纬度、高度值, 更便于倾斜摄影三维模型在地球上进行定位.支持的倾斜摄影三维模型格式包括*.osgb, 首次浏览osgb格式的模型需要生成一个lfp图层文件.（4）灵活的飞行浏览模式LocaSpace Viewer具备现今三维GIS技术领先的飞行浏览技术, 支持三维场景的飞行浏览和多视角浏览.用户可以很方便地控制、修改浏览线路和飞行速度.（5）逼真的天气模拟LocaSpace Viewer可以逼真方便地模拟几种天气现象, 并能应用至各个场景中, 如真实三维场景中的雪、雨、云效果.（6）便捷的标注、丈量、分析LocaSpace Viewer可以方便地添加标注、绘制线面、距离丈量、高度丈量、三角丈量和面积丈量, 进行一系列分析如通视分析、可视域分析、雷达分析、填挖方分析、剖面分析和淹没演示分析等.LocaSpace Viewer把持简便, 极易上手, 是阅读、分析、理解地舆数据的绝佳辅佐.3、功能介绍3.1 开始菜单栏3.1.1 本地数据3.1.1.1 加载图层本软件可加载本舆图层数据, 浏览本地目录中的GIS数据.通过单击开始->加载图层, 即可弹出如图本地文件对话框,找到要加载图层数据的位置, 选取后点击翻开即可在右侧视窗中看到加载的图层.3.1.1.2 加载地形本软件可加载本地地形数据, 浏览本地目录中的地形数据.通过单击开始->加载图层, 即可弹出如图本地文件对话框,找到要加载地形数据的位置, 选取后点击翻开即可在右侧视窗中看到加载的地形.3.1.2 影像处置3.1.2.1 影像批处置本软件能够实现影像数据格式的批量转换.通过单击开始->影像批处置, 弹出如图对话框, 点击添加数据, 可以添加单个的影像数据.点击添加目录, 可以同时添加整个文件夹的多个影像数据.点击移除选中, 可以选择对话框中已添加的单个数据进行移除.点击移除全部, 可以选择对话框中已添加的所有数据进行同时移除.点击确定开始后, 能够看处处置进度.3.1.2.2 影像拼接本软件能够实现影像数据的拼接.通过单击开始->影像拼接, 弹出如图对话框,点击添加数据, 可以添加单个的影像数据.点击添加目录, 可以同时添加整个文件夹的多个影像数据.点击移除选中, 可以选择对话框中已添加的单个数据进行移除.点击移除全部, 可以选择对话框中已添加的所有数据进行同时移除.在输前途径可以设置影像拼接后文件的存储位置.启用无效值过滤, 可以设置特定的无效值进行过滤.3.1.3 地形处置3.1.3.1 地形批处置本软件能够实现地形数据格式的批量转换.通过单击开始->地形批处置, 弹出如图对话框, 点击添加数据, 可以添加单个的影像数据.点击添加目录, 可以同时添加整个文件夹的多个影像数据.点击移除选中, 可以选择对话框中已添加的单个数据进行移除.点击移除全部, 可以选择对话框中已添加的所有数据进行同时移除.点击确定开始后, 能够看处处置进度.3.1.3.2 地形拼接本软件能够实现地形数据的拼接.通过单击开始->地形拼接, 弹出如图对话框,点击添加数据, 可以添加单个的影像数据.点击添加目录, 可以同时添加整个文件夹的多个影像数据.点击移除选中, 可以选择对话框中已添加的单个数据进行移除.点击移除全部, 可以选择对话框中已添加的所有数据进行同时移除.在输前途径可以设置影像拼接后文件的存储位置.启用无效值过滤, 可以设置特定的无效值进行过滤.3.1.4 飞行3.1.4.1 飞到坐标点飞到坐标点：通过设置相应参数, 实现自动飞行至目标点.通过单击开始->飞到坐标点, 弹出如图对话框, 在对话框中分别输入目标点的经纬度和高度, 点击确定, 右侧视窗即能看到飞行效果, 自动定位至目标点.3.1.4.2 沿线飞行沿线飞行：通过关联某一条线, 在空中视角模拟飞机沿此条线的路径飞行.通过单击右侧视窗下方“选中对象”图标, 选择一条线,即飞行路径, 然后单击开始->沿线飞行, 即可在右侧视窗看到模拟的沿线飞行效果.3.1.4.3 飞行设置飞行设置：通过设置飞行时的各种参数, 实现分歧的飞行效果.通过单击开始->飞行设置, 弹出, 可设置飞行速度快速、中速、慢速或自界说.自界说参数如下图, 设置好后, 点击确定即可.3.1.5 在线舆图本软件能够加载百度舆图、天舆图、微软舆图的影像、舆图、标注数据至视窗中的三维地球上, 浏览、应用.3.1.5.1 百度舆图通过单击开始->百度舆图, 弹出, 根据需要选择加载舆图、影像或标注数据.效果如下,百度舆图百度影像百度标注3.1.5.2 天舆图通过单击开始->天舆图, 弹出, 根据需要选择加载舆图、影像或标注数据.效果如下,天舆图舆图天舆图影像天舆图标注3.1.5.3 微软舆图通过单击开始->微软舆图, 弹出, 根据需要选择加载舆图、影像或标注数据.效果如下,微软舆图微软影像微软标注3.1.5 选项设置本软件可以通过设置订制符合用户习惯的界面效果和把持方式.通过单击开始->选项设置, 弹出如下对话框,某项是否勾选, 决定了某项是否在视窗和把持中显示及应用.3.2 把持菜单栏3.2.1 舆图标绘添加地标：本软件可以自由的添加标注（地标）至分歧位置.通过单击把持->添加地标, 或采纳快捷方式, 点击右侧视窗下方的按钮, 均弹出如下对话框,可以设置标注的名字和内容, 通过点击分歧的选项卡能够分别设置标注的属性、空间坐标、风格（如字体、颜色等）以及定位参数.如图,3.2.1.2 添加模型添加模型：本软件能够实现在三维地球上任意位置添加三维模型.通过单击把持->添加模型, 或采纳快捷方式, 点击右侧视窗下方的按钮, 均弹出如下对话框,可以设置模型的名字和路径、角度等, 通过点击分歧的选项卡能够分别设置模型的路径、属性、空间信息（经纬度、位置等）以及风格（如透明度等）.3.2.1.3 绘制线绘制线：本软件能够实现在三维地球上任意位置绘制任意线.通过单击把持->绘制线, 或采纳快捷方式, 点击右侧视窗下方的按钮, 即可看到鼠标酿成笔的形状, 即可以进行绘制了.使用鼠标在舆图上连续点击, 绘制线到目标图层中.可以通过“选择对象”工具来修改线的节点, 改变线的形状.3.2.1.4 绘制面绘制面：本软件能够实现在三维地球上任意位置绘制任意面.通过单击把持->绘制面, 或采纳快捷方式, 点击右侧视窗下方的按钮, 即可看到鼠标酿成笔的形状, 即可以进行绘制了.使用鼠标在舆图上连续点击, 绘制面到目标图层中.可以通过“选择对象”工具来修改面的节点, 改变面的形状.3.2.2 工具3.2.2.1 高清出图高清出图：将以后舆图输出高分辨率的图片.通过单击把持->高清出图, 弹出如下对话框,设置输出图片的年夜小、和输前途径.3.2.2.2 舆图全屏舆图全屏：将右侧舆图视窗全屏显示, 按ESC键退出全屏.通过单击把持->舆图全屏来实现.3.2.2.3 地形夸张地形夸张：本软件能够实现通过设置参数来使地形起伏效果放年夜或缩小分歧的倍数.通过把持->地形夸张, 弹出如下对话框,若设置>1的拉伸倍数, 则会显示更夸张清楚的地形起伏效果；若设置0—1之间数值则会压缩地形起伏效果.地形拉伸倍数为3地形拉伸倍数为103.2.3 侧栏通过单击把持->侧栏, 能够控制左侧数据窗口的显示/隐藏.左侧数据窗口3.3 分析菜单栏3.3.1 分析3.3.1.1 通视分析通视分析：本软件能够分析三维地球上或建筑物概况任意两点是否可见.通过单击分析->通视分析, 在空中或者建筑物概况选择一点, 然后鼠标移动到另一个位置点击结束, 即可判断出两点间是否有障碍物, 是否可见.如图,3.3.1.2 可视域分析可视域分析：本软件能够分析空中上某一点为视角起点, 一定区域内可观测到的范围.通过单击分析->可视域分析, 在空中上点击一点作为空中监测点, 鼠标拖动画圆, 再次点击开始对空中进行可视分析, 分析结果中红色部份是不偏见区域, 绿色部份是可见区域.如图,3.3.1.3 雷达分析雷达分析：本软件能够分析空中上某一点为雷达观测起点, 一定区域内雷达可观测到的范围.通过单击分析->雷达分析, 在空中上点击一点作为地基雷达放置点, 鼠标拖动画圆, 再次点击开始对空中进行可视分析, 分析结果中红色部份是雷达的盲区, 绿色部份是可达空域.如图,3.3.1.4 填挖方分析填挖方分析：本软件能够分析空中上某一多边形范围内设置高程的填方量和挖方量.通过单击分析->填挖方分析, 即可在右侧视窗三维地球上绘制任意多边形作为填挖方范围, 左键双击结束绘制, 后弹出类似对话框,输入基准面高程值, 然后点击分析, 即可获得填方量和挖方量, 同时舆图上会显示出基准面所在的位置.3.3.1.5 淹没分析淹没模拟：本软件能够对三维地形上某一区域进行淹没模拟, 获得相关淹没面积、区域面积等数据.通过单击分析->淹没模拟, 在三维地形上绘制一个区域作为模拟分析范围, 双击完成选择, 如图,后弹出如下对话框,可以分别设置播放频率和每次升高数值, 以加快播放速度.点击淹没模拟按钮, 空中上水面即开始上升, 如图,播放结束时就可获得淹没该区域所需水面高度, 也可获得相关淹没面积、区域面积等数据.3.3.1.6 清除分析清除分析：把“通视分析”、“可视域分析”、“雷达分析”、“填挖方分析”、“淹没模拟”的结果从舆图上清除.通过单击分析->清除分析来实现.3.3.2 丈量3.3.2.1 距离丈量距离丈量：本软件可量算出两个或多个点之间的地表距离、空间距离和投影距离.通过单击分析->距离丈量, 点击下拉符号, 弹出, 根据需要选择即可开始丈量.以单击鼠标左键开始, 双击鼠标左键结束.（1）地表距离, 是指两个或多个点之间的平面距离(即贴地的距离).丈量结果如图,（2）空间距离, 是指两个或多个点之间的空间距离, 考虑x, y, z值.丈量结果如图,（3）投影距离, 是指空间两点之间投影到空中的距离, 即不考虑z值, 只考虑空间上两个点x、y值的距离.丈量结果如图, 3.3.2.2 高度丈量高度丈量：本软件能丈量以地表上的一点为起点至空中某点, 两点之间的垂直高度差.通过单击分析->高度丈量, 即可开始丈量.以单击鼠标左键开始, 再单击鼠标左键结束.丈量结果如图,3.3.2.3 三角丈量三角丈量：本软件可丈量地表两点间的斜距、水平距离、高度差.通过单击分析->三角丈量, 即可开始丈量.以单击鼠标左键开始, 再单击鼠标左键结束.丈量结果如图,3.3.2.4 面积丈量面积丈量：本软件可量算出三个或多个点之间的地概况积、空间面积和投影面积.通过单击分析->面积丈量, 点击下拉符号, 弹出, 根据需要选择即可开始丈量.以单击鼠标左键开始, 双击鼠标左键结束.（1）地概况积, 是指三个或多个点连接成的平面的面积(即贴地的面积).丈量结果如图,（2）空间面积, 指空间中任意一个平面的面积.丈量结果如图,（3）投影面积, 空间区域投影到空中的距离, 即不考虑z值,只考虑空间区域x、y值行成的面积.丈量结果如图,3.3.2.5 清除丈量清除丈量：把“距离丈量”、“高度丈量”、“三角丈量”、“面积丈量”的结果从舆图上清除.3.4 倾斜摄影3.4.1 倾斜数据处置3.4.1.1 翻开数据翻开数据：本软件能够翻开lfp格式的摄影丈量数据, lfp 格式是LocaSpace带有坐标的倾斜摄影三维模型索引文件.通过单击倾斜摄影->翻开数据, 找到文件本地寄存位置, 点击翻开, 从而实现.3.4.1.2 数据转换数据转换：本软件能够把osgb格式的摄影丈量数据转换成lfp格式数据文件, 使得场景浏览速度更快.通过单击倾斜摄影->数据转换, 弹出如下对话框,找到要转换的数据位置, 设置投影位置（场景中心点或自界说设置坐标）, 点击确定后即可实现.3.5 快捷键本软件右侧视窗下方有6个快捷键按钮, 分别具有分歧的把持功能.：浏览舆图.若仅想浏览舆图, 不做任何把持时, 点击此按钮.：选中对象.若想选择舆图视窗中某一把持对象时, 点击此按钮.：绘制线.若想在舆图上画线时, 点击此按钮.：绘制面.若想在舆图上画面时, 点击此按钮.：添加地标.若想在舆图上添加标注时, 点击此按钮.：添加模型.若想在舆图上添加模型时, 点击此按钮.4、鼠标把持说明4.1 左键平移：按住鼠标左键, 能拖动三维地球旋转, 实现舆图视角分歧方向的平移.调节可视范围：双击鼠标左键, 能够快速缩小可视范围, 一次性年夜幅度拉近与地表距离.4.2 右键旋转：按住鼠标右键, 向左拖动, 能实现三维地球自西向东旋转；向右拖动, 能实现三维地球自东向西旋转.拉平：按住鼠标右键, 向下拖动, 能实现三维地球自南向北拉平视角, 贴近空中；向上拖动, 能实现三维地球自北向南拉平视角, 贴近空中.选择功能：单击鼠标右键, 弹出如图对话框,根据需要选择所需功能.4.3 滚轮调节可视范围：向上滑动滚轮, 能够缩小可视范围, 拉近与地表距离；向下滑动滚轮, 能够放年夜可视范围, 拉高与地表距离.5、键盘把持说明←键：调节视角向左平移.→键：调节视角向右平移.↑键：调节视角向上/向前平移.↓键：调节视角向下/向后平移.Esc键：在舆图全屏时, 退出全屏.。

2 软件安装的准备2.1软件用途GeoScan是指定的雷达控制软件，并且是最好的雷达扫描后的结果处理与分析软件。

程序的特点：·雷达数据在文件中保存·可以打印雷达软件的分析结果·输出的文件可以在其他的处理软件中使用·可以对图层面板进行处理· 3D格式·应用调色板处理文件·处理文件及其他…2.2系统要求电脑----奔腾CPU-1000兆赫或者更好内存----最小256M，推荐2GB显卡----最小32M硬盘----至少2G的硬盘空间端口----以太网端口操作系统---- Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista。

2.3安装用在随同雷达的文件材料包裹中有一个GeoScan系统安装的软件。

程序安装命令：1.解压缩文件2.双击解压缩文件夹中的“Setup.exe”进行安装。

3.进入安装向导并点击“下一步”。

4.进入语言选择界面，将语言选择为中文。

5.阅读许可证协议,选择“同意”并且按“下一步”继续安装。

如果您拒绝此协议，安装将会终止。

6.选择软件安装的的文件夹，并按“下一步”继续。

默认的安装文件夹为“C:\Program Files\Logical Systems Ltd\GeoScan32\”。

并点击“下一步”。

7.确认安装。

点击“下一步”。

8.安装结束。

点击“关闭”退出。

3 GeoScan的简单介绍3.1.开始双击桌面上的图标“GeoScan32”（a），或从开始菜单运行程序。

（b）(a) (b)标题主菜单工具状态栏该程序的窗口改变部分取决于已经执行的运作模式。

一个没有打开的文件窗口包含以下内容：•标题 - 显示该程序的名称或文件名;•主菜单 - 可以访问每一个应用程序。

GeoScan32使用标准的Windows菜单栏。

通过菜单选择开关ON/OFF的切换，显示程序的使用状态。

直读光谱仪操作手册第一章光电光谱分析的基本原理一、光谱分析简介1、电磁辐射的基本特征光谱是按照波长（或波数、频率）顺序排列的电磁辐射。

天空的彩虹、自然界的极光等均是人们早期观察到的光谱，但它们仅是电磁辐射的很小的一部分可见光谱。

还有大量的不能被人们直接看到的和感觉到的光谱，如γ射线、x射线、紫外线、红外线、微波及无线电波等，这些也都是电磁辐射，它们只是频率或波长不同而已。

电磁辐射实际是一种以巨大速度通过空间而传播的能量（光量子流），具有波动性和微粒性。

就波动性而言，电磁辐射在空间的传播具有波的性质，如同声波、水波的传播一样，可以用速度、频率、波长和振幅这样一些参数来描述，并且传播时不用任何介质，且易于通过真空。

在真空中所有电磁辐射的速度相同，常用光速（c）来表示，c的数值为：2.99792*103米/秒。

在一定的介质中，它们之间的关系为δ＝V/C=1/λ式中：V-------频率，单位时间内的波数；λ…………波长，为沿波的传播方向、相邻两个波间相位相同的两点之间的距离；δ…………波数，单位长度内波长的个数。

C是光速。

就电磁辐射的微粒性来说，每个光量子均有其特征的能量ε，它们与波长或频率之间的关系可以用普朗克（Planck）公式表示：ε＝hv＝h（c/λ）波长是相邻间相位相同的两点之间的距离式中：h是普朗克常数，其值为6.626*10-34 焦耳/秒2、电磁波谱区域电磁辐射按波长顺序排列称磁波谱。

他们是物质内部运动的一种客观反映，也就是说任一波长的光量子的能量ε与物质的内能变化△E=E2-E1=ε＝hv＝h（c/λ）如果已知物质由一种状态，E2过渡到另一种状态E1时，其能量差为△E=E2-E1便可按照公式计算出相应的光量子的波长。

下表列出了各辐射区域、波长范围及相应的能及跃迁类型。

对于成分分析主要应用近紫外及可见光区。

表一电磁波谱区域注：1米＝103毫米＝106微米＝109纳米＝1012皮米3、光谱分析内容光谱分析是根据物质的特征光谱来研究化学组成、结构和存在状态的一类分析领域。

Instruction SheetADVANCED CT LASER COLLIMATOR for CASSEGRAIN TELESCOPESThank you for purchasing the state-of-the-art HOTECHAdvanced CT Laser Collimator instrument. This instrumentuses the most advanced laser optical technologies achievingexcellent collimation in a very short distance. Collimation is amethod to align your telescope’s optics. The laser collimatormakes the collimation process more efficient and it canincrease collimation accuracy with the guide of theinstrument. Your telescope is aligned at the factory, butharsh handling during shipping can sometimes misaligncollimation. Some telescopes are not well collimated whenshipped. Misaligned collimation can mean decrease ofoptical efficiency thus introduces poor image contrast,astigmatism, and blurry images. The following describeshow to collimate your Cassegrain style telescope with theaid of the Advanced CT Laser Collimator to optimize theoptical efficiency of your telescope.Please read the entire instruction sheet before using your Advanced CT Laser CollimatorBe aware of the following as you use your Laser Collimator:Only turn ON your laser(s) when you are going to use it. Turn ON your laser(s) with adult supervision for collimating the telescope purpose use only. Do not point the laser(s) directly or indirectly via reflected glass or mirror other than your telescope to anyone’s eye. We will demonstrate the laser collimation on a Schmidt Cassegrain Telescope which applies to collimating all Cassegrain style telescopes in the similar way. All lasers on the collimator are class II (<1mW). For additional information, please visit our website, , or write us at .Collimation Basics You Must Know Before You StartWhat to Adjust:The only user accessible alignment component on a Cassegrain Telescope (includes CT, SCT, RC, Maksutov.) is the secondary mirror alignment screws. Therefore, you only need to adjust the three alignment screws located at the front of the telescope behind the secondary mirror (see illustration below). The limited adjustment makes the collimation simple to adjust but difficult to achieve. For ease of manual adjustment, we recommend replacing the stock alignment screws to a larger thumb screws for easier access and finer feel adjustment.How the Collimator Works:The Advanced CT Laser Collimator samples your entire optical system (primary, secondary mirror, and the eyepiece axial position) with a simulated large aperture flat-wavefront light source generated by three parallel lasers positioned behind the target plate. The target plate provides a clear view of the optics’ alignment condition when the three lasers are reflected back on the target (FIG. 1). It is extremely critical that the lasers must point square (co-aligned) with your primary mirror for an accurate reading. It is just like looking at a distant star and centering the star in the eyepiece FOV during a star test, except the star is about 3 feet in front of your telescope.To ensure accurate aiming, you must use the crosshair laser emitting from the center of the collimator as a guide to the center point on your primary mirror (FIG. 2A), and the reflected crosshair from the telescopes primary mirror to the center point of the target (FIG. 2C). Please expect to spend most of the time on iterating the aiming adjustment. Be patient and consistent, the reward is beyond your imagination.How to Adjust Collimation on Your Scope:You can collimate your telescope at almost any position (e.g. telescope 20 deg. up) as long asboth the collimator and the telescope point square at each other. Once the lasers and yourtelescope are co-aligned, adjust the necessary secondary alignment screws gently to move thethree projecting laser dots to line up on the same track on the target plate.Process Flow Chart:1. Setup collimator distance2. Install reflector in eyepiece3. Aim collimator at telescope (FIG. 2A)4. Aim telescope at collimator (FIG. 2C)5. Adjust secondary to bring the three laser dots on the same trackPackage Content:1 x Premium Soft Carrying Case1 x Advanced CT Laser Collimator1 x SCA Reflector Mirror (1.25” or 2”)1 x 3V, CR123 Lithium Battery1 x Paper Ruler1 x External alignment Tab Strap(in bottom layer)3 x Alignment Tabs (in bottom layer)1 x Users Manual (in cover pocket)1.0. Setting Up the Laser Collimator on the Tripod1.1. Where to setup the telescope and the collimatorStation both the collimator and the telescope on a solid ground (no carpeted, wooden floor, or any other surface that will flex or vibrate). It is required to have both stationed on the same ground floor.1.2. Setup the collimator on the tripoda). Fasten the laser collimator on the recommended fine adjustment stage with the threadknob on the mount to the ¼-20 screw hole at bottom of the rail base.b). Further lock the thread knob with the fly wheel lock.c). Use the standard ¼-20 screw on your tripod to fasten the fine adjustment stage.2.0. Getting Familiar with Your Instrument2.1. Installing the batteryUnthread the battery compartment cap then insert the CR123 lithium battery with the positive side up(tip side up) then close the battery cap.2.2. Switching the laser to the proper modePosition the collimator on a tripod about 4 feet distance from a white wall with the target side facingthe wall. Rotate the rotary knob on the top right corner of the collimator to activate different lasermodes. You will see the projecting laser patterns on the wall activating at various positions.Mode 0: Unit off.Mode 1: Crosshair laser ON.Mode 2: Crosshair laser and three alignment lasers ON.Mode 3: Crosshair laser, three alignment lasers, and target backlight ON for night use.Other modes:DT: Three alignment lasers ON.BL: Backlight ON.1L: Crosshair laser and backlight ON.CL: Three alignment lasers and backlight ON.This is a logic switch. Other modes are for visual preferences that will not affect the collimation process. Please use the recommended mode in each procedure for best result.2.3. Gross pointing adjustmentSwitch the laser to Mode 2, lift the tripod and move the collimator with the tripod at variousdistances from the wall to see how the crosshair expands and reduces in size in reference todifferent distances.2.4. Fine adjustment stage adjustmentPlace the tripod with collimator back on the ground. Find and adjust the corresponding knob onthe stage in the following.Vertical Adjustment:- The large knob, on right, is for quick rough adjustment in the vertical direction. You can loosenthe large knob and level the laser first.- The forward small knob is for fine adjustment in the vertical (up/down) direction. You must lockthe large knob first in order to make the fine adjustment with the forward knob.Horizontal Adjustment:- The left side small knob is for fine adjustment in the horizontal (left/right) direction.3.0. Adapting the SCA Reflector Mirror:3.1. Adapting the SCA Reflector Mirror on your focuserIf the purpose of the night is visual observation, you may adapt the SCA Reflector with the diagonal,on the condition that it does not introduce optical aberrations (center of the field is not shifted if thediagonal rotates in the drawtube). However, if photography or CCD imaging is planned, it is best toadapt the SCA Reflector without the diagonal.For an installation video guide of the SCA mechanism, please review our YouTube videos at/hotechusa under Installing and Uninstalling HOTECH SCA Laser Collimator.4.0. Do You Need the External Alignment Tabs?- It is very critical to have the lasers co-aligned with your primary mirror optical axis for an accurate diagnosis of your telescope. To achieve this, you use the projecting crosshair on the collimator to center point your primary mirror byreferencing the 4 corners on the mirror to the crosshair lines. Then you use the reflected crosshair lines projected on the primary mirror to center point back to the target.- The crosshair lines from the collimator are precisely 90 degrees apart. You will have to find or create the 90 degrees markings on or close proximity to your primary mirror for collimator aiming reference.- It is ideal to edge-mark the 4 corners (90 degrees apart) on the primary mirror or the cell holder if it is accessible. For those scopes that do not have accessible open truss configuration, please refer to the following solutions.4.1. Visible components close to the primary cell – no Alignment Tabs neededMost Meade SCT telescopes have at least 4 visible mounting screws at the base of the telescope 90 degrees apart, protrude into the OTA. Identify the position of these 4 screws by looking from the front of your telescope. You will rely on these screwsas your collimator aiming guide. You will not need the external Alignment Tabs for your telescope if the mounting screws arevisible. Please proceed to step 5.0.4.2. No visible components close to the primary cell – require Alignment TabsIf there are no visible markings or objects in close proximity to the primary mirror that are 90 degreesapart, use the included Alignment Tabs as your alternative external aiming guide.4.3. Setting up the Alignment Tabs4.3.1. Measure and mark the 4-corner distance on your OTAa). Use the included paper strip ruler and wrap it onthe OTA closest to the primary mirror position.b). Mark the position where the paper strip interceptsto a full diameter wrap.c). Remove the paper strip. Line up the start of thestrip with the marked position and fold it twice tofind the ¼ length of your OTA diameter. d). Wrap the paper strip back on your OTA, and use amarker or pencil to mark three consecutivepositions 90 degrees apart on your OTA.ab c d 4.3.2. Installing the Alignment Tabsa). Wrap and tighten the black strap around the OTA next to the 3indexed markers on the OTA.b). Insert the base of three Alignment Tabs at the correspondingpre-marked position.c). Pre-adjust the Alignment Tabs to make it tangent to the OTA.A b c4.3.3. Lining up the Alignment Tabs normal to the OTAIt is important to keep the Alignment Tabs tangent to the OTA at eachmarked position for an accurate aiming reference. Use the crosshairlaser on the collimator to help you achieve this step.a). Position the laser collimator at about the same center height of yourtelescope. Switch to Mode 1 to activate the crosshair laser.b). Aim the crosshair directly at the visual back of your telescope toproject the crosshair on the 4-edge marks. Check the reflection ofthe crosshair laser on the target from the SCA reflector and adjustboth pointing of the collimator and the telescope to bring thereflected crosshair back to the center of the target on the collimator.c). Iterate the process until both the projecting crosshair on yourtelescope is on the 4-edge marks and the reflected crosshair is inthe center of the target.d). Adjust the Alignment Tabs to line up with the crosshair to the end ofthe Alignment Tab. This will ensure the tabs are pointingnormal/tangent to the OTA. You will rely on these tabs duringcollimation. Switch to Mode 0 to turn off the laser collimator.a &b b &c b & cd d5.0. Positioning the Laser Collimator at the Proper DistanceThe distance between the laser collimator and yourtelescope varies depending on the diameter and focaldistance of your telescope. In general, the longer thedistance away from your telescope, the higher accuracy youwill achieve. And in practice, any distance beyond the focaldistance will be sufficient for your calibration for both visualand practical adjustment purposes. In this procedure, wewill help you identify the best collimating distance for yourtelescope.5.1. Determine the distance between the laser collimator and your telescopea). Position the collimator in front of the scope to about equal length of the OTAwith the target display facing the telescope (photo above).b). Switch the collimator to Mode 1 (crosshair laser only).c). Roughly aim the crosshair toward the telescope.d). Experiment with the proper distance by slightly lifting the tripod, with thecollimator on it, and move the collimator slowly toward and away from thetelescope while keeping the reflected crosshair on the target plate. Don’t worryabout getting the crosshair perfectly concentric in the center of the target at thispoint. You will see how the crosshair contract and expands in size on the targetplate in relation to the distance adjustments.e). Move the collimator to where the crosshair converges to the smallest size. Thisis the back focal point of the primary mirror. Now begin to move the targettowards the telescope until the crosshair expands to the size of the first ring? onthe target.f). Firmly position the tripod at this distance. This will be your collimating distance.6.0. Achieving Co-Alignment on the Collimator and Your TelescopeThis is the critical stage where you must co-align the collimator and your telescope for an accurate reading of your optics alignment. DO NOT use the center of the secondary mirror assembly as your crosshair centering reference because the secondary mirror might not be center positioned on the corrector plate, and the telescope might not be pointing straight at the collimator at this point. You can use it as a quick gross adjustment, but not for final aiming adjustment.6.1.1. For telescopes using the internal screws as the aiming referencea). Check if the crosshair is visible on the internal screws.b). Aim the crosshair emitting from the collimator on your telescope’s 4-corner referencingedges (the internal screws). Us the fine adjustment stage to refine the collimator aiming.c). Go to step 6.2 (next page).6.1.2. For telescopes using the Alignment Tabs as the aiming referencea). Check if the crosshair is visible on the three tabs.b). Point the crosshair as close to the center of the primary mirror, and wave your hand behindthe Alignment Tabs to find the crosshair. If the crosshair is cropped beyond the tip of thestick, move your collimator further away from the telescope until you can see a portion of thecrosshair projecting on the tip of the Alignment Tabs.c). Us the fine adjustment knob to refine the collimator aiming to line up with the threeAlignment Tabs.6.2. Aim your telescope back to the collimatora). Use the telescope’s fine adjustment knob or the motor remote control to aim the reflectedcrosshair from your telescope back to the center of the target. You will need to line up thevertical and horizontal cropped crosshair lines with the cross line on the target plate. When itpoints square, the vertical and horizontal cropped crosshair lines will have symmetry length.6.3. Co-alignment confirmationIterate step 6.0 until both conditions are met. This means both telescope and the collimator are pointing square at each other like looking at a distant star. Lock your telescope and you are ready to diagnose your optics.7.0. How to Read the Diagnostic Result on the CollimatorWith proper aiming in step 6, the collimator can accurately reveal any errors in your optical system by reading the center deviation of the three returning laser dots on the target plate.7.1. Locate the three laser dotsa). Switch to Mode 2 or Mode 3 (three lasers and the crosshair, or Mode 3 with backlight).b). Verify if the crosshair is still center pointed on both the target plate and the Alignment Tabs or screw markers?.c). Locate the three laser dots on the target plate.d). If the three laser dots are visible on the target plate, go to step 8 to collimate your telescope.e). If the three laser dots are not visible or partially visible on the target plate, please continue to the following possiblescenarios.7.2. The SCA Reflector is not properly adapteda). The SCA Reflector represents the axial alignment of your drawtube (eyepiece holder). You must install it correctly (squarein your drawtube) in order to represent the axial position of your eyepiece or CCD camera position. This axial position of your drawtube is directly related to the alignment axis of your entire optical system (telescope). Please refer to step 3 for proper SCA Reflector installation guide.b). If you have verified the correct installation, and still exhibit the same condition, continue to the next step, otherwise go tostep 8.7.3. The SCA Reflector is not positioned at the focal planea). This can happen if you were initially using the diagonal for viewing, thus the focal plane is at the diagonal extensiondistance. After you remove the diagonal for collimation, without any focusing adjustment, it will move the three laser dots out of the target screen. If you do not use the diagonal, continue to the 7.4.b). Adjust the focus to bring at least two laser dots into the full view of the target plate. Adjust the focus in one direction first tosee if any of the laser dots are moving toward the center direction of the target. If the laser(s) is moving or expanding away from the center of the target, reverse the focusing direction to bring at least two laser dots into the full view of the target plate. Go to step 8 to collimate your telescope.7.4. Your telescope is grossly out of alignmentWhen your telescope is grossly out of alignment, the laser dots may be completely out of the target screen. You may start the collimation process to see if you can bring the three laser dots into the target screen. Proceed to step 8.0.8.0. Collimating Your TelescopeThe main objective in this step is to bring the three laser dots on the same track on the target. You will need to constantly check the crosshair laser (step 6) for both telescope and collimator aiming on each iterated adjustment. Here are few simple precautions you need to follow while adjusting the secondary mirror alignment screws located on the back of the secondary mirror assembly or front center of the telescope.a. Never touch the central screw which holds the secondary mirror.b. The three screws must be turned in moderation, no screw being over-tightened or totally unscrewed.c. When a screw is turned, the other two must be tightened. Never keep more than one screw loose.d. Each turn on the screws must be small. Reference the screw adjustment to the displacement of the three laser dots on the target plate to determine your adjustment level.8.1. Collimate your telescopea). Adjust the alignment screws to bring the three reflected laser dots on the same track on the target.b). If you cannot bring all three laser dots into the target view because the dots are too far apart, adjust the focus to merge thethree laser dots at approximate distance between track 4 & 5. c). Check for proper aiming of the collimator and the telescope in step 6.The telescope might shift in position if you put too much pressure during secondary mirror adjustment. You must doublecheck if you have nudged the telescope pointing out of the co-alignment.d). Iterate step 8.1 until both the three laser dots are on the same track on the target and the aiming of both the collimator andtelescope are still co-aligned.9.0. Verifying and Fine Tuning Your Collimation9.1. Star test to verify the adjustmenta). On your first observing session, star test the telescope to verify the adjustments.The Advanced CT Laser Collimator should bring excellent collimation to your telescope. Minor adjustment might berequired due to temperature variation during a long observing session.b). Use the intra-focal and extra-focal technique with a high magnification eyepiece on a magnitude 0 to 1 star to determinethe result. Fine tune the collimation if necessary. Please refer to the Star Collimation manual for detail. You are ready for observing after final touch up. 10.0. Possible Scenarios if the Laser Collimation Does Not Agree with Star Collimation10.1. Both the collimator and the telescope were not co-aligned during adjustmentIt is possible that during collimation (step 8), the co-alignment of the collimator and the telescope were slightly off causing an incorrect diagnosis. It is very critical to ensure both the collimator and the telescope are co-aligned to simulate the light path entering the telescope.Do not adjust the collimation screws. Go to step 6 to verify the co-alignment of the collimator and the telescope and check if three laser dots still fall on the same track. If both conditions are met, your optical system is in good condition meaning they’re all lined up well on the same optical axis. If not, continue to the next step.10.2. The mirror-flop on your primary mirror focusing mechanism is causing the miscollimationDue to machining tolerances on the primary mirror and improper greasing on the baffle, some telescopes exhibit more mirror-flop then others. A slight loose tolerance will cause major axial alignment deviation. The Advanced CT Laser Collimator is sensitive enough to pick up any deviation in step 6. Prior adjusting the secondary alignment screw, observe the shiftingposition of the three laser dots on the target by making two full turns clockwise on the focus knob, then reverse half turn. The shifting of the laser dots during the reverse turn tells how much mirror flop you have on your focusing mechanism.If the displacement is more than 2 tracks spacing distance, we recommend attaching a higher grade focuser on your visual back for focusing adjustment and leave the built-in focus mechanism untouched.10.3. The eyepiece drawtube or the visual back is not square to your primary mirrorWe recommend replacing a new higher grade eyepiece drawtube or a focuser that has tip/tilt adjustment to correct the axial error. E.g. MoonLite CS model, /cgi-bin/dman.cgi?page=productdetail&plugin=dstore.cgi&product=CS . We have found several older SCT scopes having poorly machined eyepiece/drawtube which is not square to the OTA. This may cause serious problem for imagers where the focal plane are also not parallel to the primary.。