高考英语语法定语从句考点突破

高考英语语法定语从句考点突破

一、基本概念

1．定语从句：在一个主从复合句中修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。换句话说，定语从句就是用来作定语的句子。

2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。先行词前一般用the ，但在指“一个”概念时可用 a , an 。

3．关系代词 / 关系副词：连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词，根据其在从句中作用分为关系代词或关系副词。若先行词在从句中作主语、宾语和定语等，应用关系代词引导定语从句；若先行词在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语等，应用关系副词引导定语从句。

4．定语从句的位置：一般紧跟在先行词后面。但有时因句子结构的需要，定语从句和先行词被某些成分隔开。

5．引导定语从句的关系词分为二类：

关系代词：that, which ,who, whom ,whose , as

关系副词：when, where, why

二、基本用法

1．关系代词的基本用法（见下表）：

关系代词 从句中作用 例句

who 指人 作主语

宾语（可省略） 1．This is the girl who / that teaches us

English. ( who / that指人，修饰先行词the girl，在从句中作主语)

2．He is the boy whom / who / that I met

yesterday. ( whom / who / that 指人，修饰先行词the boy在从句中作宾语，whom

/ who / that 可省略。)

whom 指人 作宾语（可省略）

whose 指人、物 作定语 3．This is the girl whose father is an

engineer. （whose作定语，用来修饰人）

4．I live in a room whose windows face the

south. （whose作定语，用来修饰物，whose windows = the windows of which

或of which the windows）

which 指物 作主语

宾语（可省略） 6．This is the book which / that I lost

yesterday. (which/ that指物，作宾语，可

that 指人、物 作主语

宾语（可省略） 省略)

7．The clock is an instrument which / that

can tell time. （which / that 指物，作主语）

8．Do you know the woman that / who

lives next door? (that / who 指人，作主语)

as 指物 作主语、宾语

可修饰整个主句 9．This is the same pen as I bought

yesterday. (as指物，在从句中作宾语)

10．As we all know, Taiwan is part of

China. (as指代整个主句的内容)

2．使用关系代词时应注意的几个问题：

a. 在以下几种情况下只使用that不用which。

1.先行词是不定代词时，如: all, anything, everything, nothing, something, little, few, much。

1.I told him all (that) I know.

2.He gave her everything (that) he had.

2.先行词被all, every, any, the very, the only, the just等修饰时。

1.I have read all the books (that) you gave me.

2.You can take any book (that) you like.

3.先行词被序数词和形容词的最高级修饰时。

1. This is the best book (that) I have ever read.

2. The second place (that) I want to visit is Shanghai.

4.先行词既有人又有物时。

1.We talked about the persons and things (that) we remember in the school.

2.The people and the animals that were killed in the earthquake have all been found.

5.在Who, Which引起的疑问句中。

1. Who is the boy that helped you?

2. Which is the book (that) you bought yesterday?

6. 若有两个定语从句，一个用which引导，另一个须用that引导。

He bought a book which could give him knowledge and that could help to kill the time.

7. 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。

Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.

b.在以下几种情况下只使用which 不用that。

1. 引导非限制性定语从句时。

I have lost my pen, which I like very much. (which 作宾语，指代主句中的pen)

New concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to all of us.

(which作主语，指代整个主句)

2. 若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是which，另一个须用that。

The book (that) he bought yesterday was the one (which) he liked best.

3. 先行词在句中作介词宾语且介词前置时。

This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.

c.当先行词为指人的关系代词时,引导词只用who 不用that。

1. 先行词为all, anyone, one / ones, those, people 时，须用who。

1. Anyone who knows how to do it can do it now.

2. Those who want to see the film please put up your hands.

3. He, who does not reach the Great Wall, is not a true man.

2. 在非限制性定语从句中，须用who。

Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.

3. 在被分隔的定语从句中，须用who。

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

4. 在以there be开头的句子中，多用who。

There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.

5. 若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that studies very hard.

d. as和which的使用场合。

as which

引导的非限制性定语从句 可放在句首或句中 不能放在句首

修饰“积极的”方面 修饰“消极的”方面

在句中含义 意为“正如”、“就像” 无此意

常用的搭配 常和such，so，the same等连用 无此用法

“～ + be + 过去分词”结构 “be”可以省略 “be”不能省略

表示状态的动词 as is said above,

as already mentioned

above

as is often the case

as it is

as is known to all 无此用法

都能引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个句子的内容

如： As we all know, he studies very hard.

比较：He studies very hard, as / which we all know.

I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.

He was late, which made the teacher angry.

The bridge is really wonderful, as (is) shown in the picture.

The experiment is very important, as indeed it is.

e. the same…as …和the same… that…的不同。

This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.

这本书和我昨天借给你的相似。（相似物）

This is the same book that I lent you yesterday.

这正是我昨天借给你的那本书。（同一物）

【小试牛刀】

I．用关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose, as填空。

1. The earthquake ________shook the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history.

2. We don’t know the number of people __________lost their homes in the earthquake.

3. The house ___________they built in 1937 is still in very good condition.

4. The house __________is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake.

5. The boy ___________ father is a teacher is very clever.