第九章物质代谢的联系与调节
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第九章物质代谢的联系与调节内容提要物质代谢是生命的本质特征,是生命活动的物质基础。
体内各种物质代谢是相互联系、相互制约的。
体内物质代谢的特点:①整体性;②在精细调节下进行;③各组织器官物质代谢各具特色;④具有共同的代谢池;⑤ATP是共同能量形式;⑥NADPH是代谢所需的还原当量。
各代谢途径之间可通过共同枢纽性中间产物互相联系和转变。
糖、脂肪、蛋白质等营养素在供应能量上可互相代替,互相制约,但不能完全互相转变,因为有些代谢反应是不可逆的。
各组织、器官有独特的代谢方式。
肝是物质代谢的中心。
从肠道吸收进入人体的营养素,几乎都是经肝的处理和中转;各器官所需的营养素大多也通过肝的加工或转变,有的代谢终产物还需通过肝解毒和排出。
代谢调节可分为三级水平:一是细胞水平调节,主要通过改变关键酶的活性来实现。
酶活性调节有两种方式:酶的变构调节和酶蛋白的化学修饰调节。
变构调节系变构剂与酶的调节亚基结合引起酶分子构象改变,导致其催化活性改变,不涉及共价键与组成的变化。
而酶的化学修饰调节是酶催化的化学反应,涉及酶蛋白的化学结构共价键与组成的变化;有磷酸化、甲基化、乙酰化等方式,以磷酸化为主;化学修饰调节具有放大效应;以调节代谢强度为主。
变构调节与化学修饰调节两者相辅相成,均为快调节。
二是激素水平调节,通过激素与靶细胞受体特异结合,将激素信号转化为细胞内一系列化学反应,最终表现出激素的生物学效应。
根据受体在细胞内的部位不同,激素可分为膜受体激素(蛋白质、肽类及儿茶酚胺类激素),通过与膜受体结合可将信号跨膜传递入细胞内,胞内受体激素(类固醇激素、甲状腺素),可通过细胞膜进入细胞内与胞内受体(大多在核内)结合,形成二聚体,作为转录因子与DNA上特定核苷酸序列即激素反应元件(HRE)结合,以调控该元件所辖特定基因的表达。
三是神经系统可通过内分泌腺间接调节代谢,也可直接对组织、器官直接施加影响,进行整体调节,从而使机体代谢处于相对稳定状态。
(9)第九章物质代谢的联系与调节【测试题】一、名词解释1.关键酶2.变构调节3.酶的化学修饰调节4.诱导剂5.阻遏剂6.细胞水平调节7.激素水平调节8.激素受体9.整体水平调节10.应激二、填空题:11.代谢调节的三级水平调节为、、。
12.酶的调节包括和。
13.酶的结构调节有和两种方式。
14.酶的化学修饰常见的方式有与、与, 等。
15.在酶的化学修饰调节中,修饰酶的() 与()两种形式的转变是通过() 的作用来实现的。
16.酶量的调节通过改变酶的() 与() ,从而调节代谢的速度和强度。
17.按激素受体在细胞的部位不同,可将激素分为() 和()两大类。
18.应激时糖、脂、蛋白质代谢的特点是() 增强,受到抑制。
三、选择题A 型题(1936)19.变构效应剂与酶结合的部位是A.活性中心的结合基团B.活性中心催化基团C.酶的-SH 基团D.酶的调节部位E.酶的任何部位20.下列哪一代谢途径不在胞浆中进行A.糖酵解B.磷酸戊糖途径C.糖原合成与分解D.脂肪酸β-氧化E.脂肪酸合成21.长期饥饿时,大脑的能源主要是A.葡萄糖B.糖原C.甘油D.酮体E.氨基酸22.最常见的化学修饰方式是A.聚合与解聚B.酶蛋白的合成与降解C.磷酸化与去磷酸化D.乙酰化与去乙酰化E.甲基化与去甲基化23.机体饥饿时,肝内哪条代谢途径加强A.糖酵解途径B.磷酸戊糖途径C.糖原合成D.糖异生E.脂肪合成24.作用于细胞膜受体的激素是A.肾上腺素B.类固醇激素C.前列腺素D.甲状腺素E.125OH2D325.作用于细胞内受体的激素是A.肾上腺素B.类固醇激素C.生长因子D.蛋白类激素E.肽类激素26.有关酶的化学修饰,错误的是A.一般都存在有活性(高活性)和无活性(低活性)两种形式B.有活性和无活性两种形式在酶作用下可以互相转变C.化学修饰的方式主要是磷酸化和去磷酸化D.一般不需要消耗能量E.催化化学修饰的酶受激素调节27.下列哪条途径是在胞液中进行的A.丙酮酸羧化B.三羧酸循环C.氧化磷酸化D.脂肪酸β-氧化E.脂肪酸合成28.糖异生、酮体生成及尿素合成都可发生于A.心B.肾C.脑D.肝E.肌肉29.存在于细胞膜上的酶是A.氧化磷酸化酶系B.羟化酶系C.过氧化氢酶系D.腺苷酸环化酶E.核酸合成酶系30.下列关于关键酶的概念,错误的是A.关键酶常位于代谢途径的起始反应B.关键酶在整个代谢途径中活性最高故对整个代谢途径的速度及强度起决定作用C.关键酶常催化不可逆反应D.受激素调节酶常是关键酶E.某一代谢物参与几条代谢途径,在分叉点的第一个反应常由关键酶催化31.关于糖、脂类和蛋白质三大代谢之间关系的叙述,正确的是A.糖、脂肪与蛋白质都是供能物质,通常单纯以脂肪为主要供能物质也是无害的B.三羧酸循环是糖、脂肪和蛋白质的三者互变的枢纽,偏食哪种物质都可以C.当糖供不足时,体内主要动员蛋白质供能D.糖可以转变成脂肪,但有些不饱和脂肪酸无法合成E.蛋白质可在体内完全转变成糖和脂肪32.情绪激动时,机体会出现A.血糖升高B.血糖降低C.脂肪动员减少D.血中FFA 减少E.蛋白质分解减少33.饥饿时,机体的代谢变化错误的是A.糖异生增加B.脂肪动员加强C.酮体生成增加D.胰岛素分泌增加E.胰高血糖素分泌增加34.有关变构调节,错误的是A.变构酶常由两个或两个以上的亚基组成B.变构剂常是小分子代谢物C.变构剂通常与变构酶活性中心以外的某一特定部位结合D.代谢途径的终产物通常是催化该途径起始反应的酶的变构抑制剂E.变构调节具有放大作用35.有关酶含量的调节,错误的是A.酶含量的调节属细胞水平调节B.底物常可诱导酶的合成C.产物常抑制酶的合成D.酶含量调节属于快速调节E.激素或药物也可诱导某些酶的合成36.应激状态下血中物质改变哪项是错误的A.葡萄糖增加B.游离脂肪酸增加C.氨基酸增加D.酮体增加E.尿素减少B 型题(3740)A.酶的别构调节B.酶的化学修饰C.酶含量的调节D.通过细胞膜受体E.通过细胞质受体37.酶的磷酸化与去磷酸化作用属于38.体内ATP 增加时,ATP 对磷酸果糖激酶的抑制作用属于39.类固醇激素在体内起作用时40.肾上腺素作用于肝细胞调节血糖代谢是(4144)A.肝糖原B.乳酸C.脂肪酸D.甘油E.氨基酸41.空腹时,血糖来自42.饥饿2-3 天,血糖主要来自43.长期饥饿时,肌肉的主要能源物质44.随着饥饿的进程用作糖异生原料增加的是X 型题45.饥饿时,体内可能发生的代谢变化为A.糖异生加强B.血酮体升高C.脂肪动员加强D.血中游离脂肪酸升高E.组织对葡萄糖的利用加强46.变构调节的特点包括A.变构酶多存在调节亚基和催化亚基B.变构剂使酶蛋白构象改变,从而改变酶的活性C.变构剂与酶分子的特定部位结合D.变构调节都产生正效应,即增加酶的活性E.变构酶大多是代谢调节的关键酶47.通过膜受体作用的激素有A.胰岛素B.肾上腺素C.生长激素D.甲状腺素E.类固醇激素48.酶的化学修饰的特点包括A.需要酶催化B.使酶蛋白发生共价键的改变C.使酶的活性发生改变D.有放大效应E.最常见的方式是磷酸化与去磷酸化49.应激可引起的代谢变化A.血糖升高B.脂肪动员加强C.蛋白质分解加强D.酮体生成增加E.糖原合成增加50.诱导酶合成增加的因素为A.酶的底物B.酶的产物C.激素D.药物E.毒物四、问答题:51.简述物质代谢的特点?52.试述丙氨酸转变为脂肪的主要途径?53.此较别构调节与酶的化学修饰的特点?54.举例说明反馈抑制及其意义?【参考答案】一、名词解释1.关键酶是指在代谢途径中催化单向反应的酶,通常催化的反应速度最慢,故它的活性决定整个代谢途径的方向和速度,也称限速酶或调节酶。
物质代谢的联系与调节第一节物质代谢的特点(一)整体性体内各种物质包括糖、脂、蛋白质、水、无机盐、维生素等的代谢不是彼此孤立各自为政,而是同时进行的,而且彼此互相联系,或相互转变,或相互依存,构成统一的整体。
(二)代谢调节机体存在精细的调节机制,不断调节各种物质代谢的强度、方向和速度以适应内外环境的变化。
代谢调节普遍存在于生物界,是生物的重要特征。
(三)各组织、器官物质代谢各具特色由于各组织、器官的结构不同,所含有酶系的种类和含量各不相同,因而代谢途径及功能各异,各具特色。
例如肝在糖、脂、蛋白质代谢上具有特殊重要的作用,是人体物质代谢的枢纽。
(四)各种代谢物均具有各自共同的代谢池无论是体外摄人的营养物或体内各组织细胞的代谢物,只要是同一化学结构的物质在进行中间代谢时,不分彼此,参加到共同的代谢池中参与代谢。
(五)ATP是机体能量利用的共同形式糖、脂及蛋白质在体内分解氧化释出的能量,均储存在ATP的高能磷酸键中。
(六)NADPH是合成代谢所需的还原当量参与还原合成代谢的还原酶则多以NADPH为辅酶,提供还原当量。
如糖经戊糖磷酸途径生成的NADPH既可为乙酰辅酶A合成脂酸,又可为乙酰辅酶A 合成固醇提供还原当量。
第二节物质代谢的相互联系一、在能量代谢上的相互联系乙酰辅酶A是三大营养物共同的中间代谢物,三羧酸循环是糖、脂、蛋白质最后分解的共同代谢途径,释出的能量均以ATP形式储存。
从能量供应的角度看,这三大营养素可以互相代替,并互相制约。
二、糖、脂和蛋白质代谢之间的联系体内糖、脂、蛋白质和核酸等的代谢不是彼此独立,而是相互关联。
它们通过共同的中间代谢物,即两种代谢途径汇合时的中间产物,三羧酸循环和生物氧化等联成整体。
(一)糖代谢与脂代谢的相互联系当摄人的糖量超过体内能量消耗时,除合成少量糖原储存在肝及肌肉外,生成的柠檬酸及ATP可变构激活乙酰辅酶A竣化酶,使由糖代谢源源而来的大量乙酰辅酶A得以羧化成丙二酰辅酶A,进而合成脂酸及脂肪在脂肪组织中储存,即糖可以转变为脂肪。
第九章物质代谢的联系与调节一、单项选择题:1、下列那个不是物质代谢的特点?A、体内各物质代谢可以孤立进行B、物质代谢普遍受到调节C、肝脏是人体物质代谢的枢纽D、各种代谢物均具有各自共同的代谢池E、ATP是机体能量利用的共同形式2、体内合成代谢所需的还原当量是A、NADHB、NADPHC、FADH2D、FMNH2E、H23、正常情况下以葡萄糖作为唯一能源的器官是A、肝脏B、肾脏C、脑组织D、皮肤E、心脏4、下列有关物质代谢的叙述错误的是A、三大营养物质是指糖、脂及蛋白质B、糖、脂及蛋白质均可以供能C、乙酰CoA是三大营养物共同的中间代谢物D、TAC是三大营养物分解的共同代谢途径E、正常情况下三大营养物质供能的比例一样多5、有关物质代谢之间的相互联系错误的是A、糖可以转变为脂肪B、脂肪绝大部分在体内转变为糖C、糖、脂肪不可以代替食物中的蛋白质D、蛋白质可转变为脂肪E、蛋白质可以转变为核酸6、下列那个不是肝脏特有的酶A、葡萄糖果激酶B、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶C、甘油激酶D、HMGCoA合成酶E、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶7、下列那个不是肝脏主要的代谢产物A、葡萄糖B、VLDLC、LDLD、酮体E、HDL8、红细胞主要代谢产物是A、乳酸B、CO2C、葡萄糖D、酮体E、H209、心脏主要代谢途径是:A、糖酵解B、糖有氧氧化C、糖异生D、酮体生成E、脂解作用10、有关细胞水平代谢调节的叙述,正确的是A、是高等生物体内代谢调节的重要方式B、主要通过细胞内代谢产物结构的变化对酶进行调节C、主要对酶活性进行调节而不能调节酶的含量D、对酶的调节主要通过迟缓调节进行E、主要通过细胞内代谢物浓度的变化对酶进行调节11、下列既在胞液又在线粒体进行的反应是A、糖酵解B、胆固醇合成C、尿素合成D、糖原合成E、氧化磷酸化12、下列不能作为变构效应剂的物质是A、代谢底物B、代谢终产物C、小分子化合物D、长链脂酰CoAE、酶13、有关酶促化学修饰的叙述错误的是A、属于快速调节的一种形式B、其常见的修饰方式是磷酸化与脱磷酸化C、酶被磷酸化修饰的位点是Ser、Thr和TyrD、有放大效应E、酶被修饰后即从无活性变为有活性14、有关泛素的叙述,错误的是A、由76个氨基酸组成B、分子量8、5kDC、参与蛋白质的降解作用D、可直接催化蛋白质水解E、与待降解的蛋白质结合后可被蛋白酶体降解15、机体短期饥饿时,体内物质代谢会发生如下变化,除外A、肝糖原减少B、胰岛素分泌减少C、胰高血糖素分泌增加D、肌肉蛋白质分解减少E、脂肪动员加强二、多项选择题(X型题,有二个以上正确答案)1、氨基酸在体内可转变为A、糖B、脂肪C、嘌呤嘧啶D、血红素2、糖酵解的变构激活剂有:A、AMPB、ADPC、FDPD、ATP3、变构调节的生理意义有A、通过反馈抑制使代谢物的生成不致过多B、使能量得以有效利用,不致浪费C、使不同代谢途径相互协调D、有放大效应4、机体短期饥饿时,体内物质代谢的变化有A、肌肉释出大量丙氨酸进入血循环B、酮体生成增多C、脂酸和酮体成为脑组织的重要燃料D、组织对葡萄糖的利用降低5、机体长期饥饿时,体内物质代谢的变化有A、脑组织利用酮体的量超过葡萄糖B、肌肉蛋白质分解减少C、肾糖异生作用明显增加D、负氮平衡比短期饥饿有所改善三、填空题1、调节酶或关键酶所催化的反应具有三个特点,它们是①、②和③。
名词解释Glossary第一章蛋白质的结构与功能Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Proteinpeptide bond(肽键):a covalent bond linking the α- amino group of one amino acid and theα-carboxyl group of another in a protein molecule.peptide(肽):a molecule containing two or more amino acids linked by peptide bond. primary structure of protein(蛋白质的一级结构):the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.secondary structure of protein(蛋白质的二级结构):the spatial arrangement of local portions of a polypeptide chain.tertiary structure of protein(蛋白质的三级结构):the spatial arrangement of all the atoms of a protein or a subunit.quaternary structure of protein(蛋白质的四级结构):the spatial arrangement of a protein that consists of more than one folded polypeptide chain or subunit.subunit(亚基):an individual polypeptide chain that associates with one or more separate chains to form a complete protein.motif(模序):a substructure formed with two or more secondary-structure peptide segments that are drawn close to each other.domain(结构域):a region within a protein, particularly within a large polypeptide, that functions in a semi-independent manner.positive cooperativity(正协同效应):an effect that the binding of one ligand to a protein facilitates the subsequent ligand binding.allosteric effect(变构效应):an effect that a small molecule, called an effector, noncovalently binds to a protein and alters its activity.isoelectric point(pI)of protein (蛋白质的等电点):the pH at which a protein has an equal number of positive and negative charges and hence bears no net charge. denaturation of protein(蛋白质变性): the disruption of the natively folded structure of a protein caused by exposure to heat, radiation, or chemicals, or change in pH, that leads to an alteration of chemical, physical and biological properties of the第二章核酸的结构与功能Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Aciddenaturation of DNA(DNA的变性):the disruption of the native conformation of DNA by separation of the DNA double helix into its two component strands, due to heat, chemicals, or change in pH, etc.hyperchromic effect(增色效应):the increase in ultraviolet absorbance of a DNA while the DNA is denatured.melting temperature(Tm, 融解温度):the temperature corresponding to half the maximal increase in ultraviolet absorbance of a thermally denatured DNA.annealing(退火):the process of returning a thermally denatured DNA to its original native structure when it is cooled gradually.第三章酶Chapter 3 Enzymessimple enzyme(单纯酶):an enzyme that consists of only polypeptide chain(s). conjugated enzyme(结合酶):an enzyme with its polypeptide portion(apoenzyme) linked to one or more substance other than amino acids, such as metals or small organic molecules.holoenzyme(全酶):a complete enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme portion plus the cofactor component.essential group(必需基团): a chemical group on the side chain of amino acid residue of an enzyme that is closely related to the activity of the enzyme.active center / active site(活性中心):the region of an enzyme molecule that contains the substrate binding site and the catalytic site for converting the substrate(s) into product(s).activation energy(活化能):the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction.absolute specificity(绝对特异性):the extreme selectivity of an enzyme that allows it to catalyze only the reaction with a single substrate in the case of a monomolecular reaction, or the reaction with a single pair of substrates in the case of a bimolecularrelative specificity(相对特异性):the relative selectivity of an enzyme that allows it to catalyze the reaction with one type of reactants or one type of chemical bond. stereospecificity(立体异构特异性):the selectivity of an enzyme for a particular stereoisomer.zymogen(酶原):the inactive precursor of an enzyme.zymogen activation(酶原激活):the process in which a zymogen is converted to an active enzyme by limited proteolysis and subsequently the active center of the enzyme is formed or exposed.isoenzyme(同工酶):multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ from one another in one or more of the properties, such as structural, physical, chemical and even immunological properties.第四章糖代谢Chapter 4 Carbohydrate Metabolismglycolysis(糖酵解): the anaerobic degradation of carbohydrate whereby a molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of lactic acid.substrate-level phosphorylation(底物水平磷酸化):the synthesis of ATP from ADP by the phosphorylation of ADP coupled with exergonic breakdown of a high-energy organic substrate molecules.Pastuer effect(巴斯德效应):the phenomenon that the glycolytic pathway is inhibited under aerobic conditions.glycogen(糖原): a highly branched polymer of glucose residues primarily in 1,4 linkage but with 1,6 linkage at branchpoints.gluconeogenesis(糖异生): the synthesis of glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate molecules, i.e., lactic acid, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, etc.第五章脂类代谢Chapter 5 Lipid Metabolismessential fatty acids(必需脂肪酸): the fatty acids, including linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, which can not be synthesized in the mammalian body and must be obtained from diet.mobilization of fat(脂肪动员): a process of lipolysis in which the fat stored in adipose tissues is converted to free fatty acids and glycerol, which are consequently released into blood so that they can be used in other tissues.β-oxidation of fatty acid(脂肪酸的β-氧化): a process in which a fatty acid is degraded through a sequential removal of two-carbon fragments from the carboxyl end and therefore acetyl CoA is formed as the bond between the α- and β-carbon atoms is broken.ketone bodies(酮体): a group of molecules, i.e., acetone, acetoacetate, and β–hydroxybutyrate, that are synthesized in the liver from acetyl CoA.第六章生物氧化Chapter 6 Biological Oxidationrespiratory chain (呼吸链)/ electron transfer chain(电子传递链): a series of electron carriers responsible for the transport of reducing equivalent from metabolite to molecular oxygen, with the net results of capturing energy for use in ATP synthesis, and of the reduction of oxygen to water.P/O ratio(P/O比值): the number of molecules of Pi consumed in ATP formation for each oxygen atom reduced to H2O.oxidative phosphorylation(氧化磷酸化): the process in which the phosphorylation of ADP to yield ATP is coupled to the electron transport through respiratory chain. uncoupler(解偶联剂): a molecule, such as dinitrophenol, that uncouples ATP synthesis from electron transport.第七章氨基酸代谢Chapter 7 Amino Acid Metabolismessential amino acids(必需氨基酸): the amino acids,including valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan methionine and lysine, that cannot be synthesized by animal body and must therefore be supplied by diet. transdeamination(联合脱氨基作用): the coupled action of an aminotransferase and a glutamate dehydrogenase involved in deamination of the majority of amino acids. transamination(转氨基作用): a reaction catalyzed by an aminotransferase, in which an amino group is transferred from an amino acid to a keto acid.ketogenic amino acids(生酮氨基酸): the amino acids that can be converted to ketone bodies, i.e., leucine and lysine.glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids(生糖兼生酮氨基酸): the amino acids, i.e., isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine and tryptophan, that can be converted to either ketone bodies or carbohydrates.one carbon units(一碳单位)/ one carbon groups(一碳基团): organic groups, including methyl(—CH3), methylene(—CH2—), methenyl(—CH=), formyl(—CHO) and formimino(—CH=NH) groups, each containing only one carbon atom generated through catabolisms of some amino acids.第八章核苷酸代谢Chapter 8 Nucleotide Metabolismthe de novo pathway of nucleotide synthesis(核苷酸的从头合成途径): a pathway through which nucleotides are synthesized by using simple molecules, such as ribose 5-phosphate, amino acids, one carbon units and carbon dioxide.the salvage pathway of nucleotide synthesis(核苷酸的补救合成途径): a pathway through which nucleotides are synthesized by using the existing nitrogenous bases or nucleosides.第九章物质代谢的联系与调节Chapter 9 Integration and Regulation of Metabolismkey enzyme(关键酶)/ pacemaker enzyme(限速酶)/ regulatory enzyme(调节酶):an enzyme that sets the rate for the entire biochemical pathway, usually catalyzes the slowest and irreversible step, and can be regulated by a number of metabolites and effectors in addition to its substrates.allosteric regulation(变构调节): a regulatory mechanism through which a specific low-molecular-weight molecule, called an effector or a modulator, noncovalently binds to a regulatory site outside the active center of a regulatory enzyme and alters the conformation and activity of the enzyme.chemical modification(化学修饰调节): a regulatory mechanism through which enzyme activities are regulated by means of reversible interconversion between the active and inactive forms of the enzyme resulted from enzyme-catalyzed covalent modificationto a specific amino acid residue.第十章 DNA的生物合成(复制)Chapter 10 Biosynthesis of DNA (Replication)replication(复制):a process in which an exact copy of parental DNA is synthesized by using each polynucleotide strand of the parental DNA as templates. semiconservative replication(半保留复制): duplication of DNA after which the daughter duplex carries one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.DNA polymerase(DNA聚合酶):any of various enzymes, with the full name of DNA dependent DNA polymerase, that catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of DNA using an existing strand of DNA as a template.point mutation(点突变):a mutation that causes the replacement of a single base pair with another, including nonsense mutation, missense mutation and silent mutation. frameshift mutation(框移突变):a mutation of insertion or deletion of a genetic material that leads to a shift in the translation of the reading frame, resulting in a completely different translation.reverse transcriptase(逆转录酶):any of various enzymes, with the full name of RNA dependent DNA polymerase, that catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of DNA using an existing strand of RNA as a template.telomeres(端粒): structures that occur at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that prevent the unraveling of DNA.第十一章 RNA的生物合成(转录)Chapter 11 Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription)RNA polymerase(RNA聚合酶):any of various enzymes, with the full name of DNA dependent RNA polymerase, that catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of RNA using an existing strand of DNA as a template.promoter(启动子): a DNA sequence immediately before a gene that is recognized by RNA polymerase and signals the start point of transcription.intron(内含子): a noncoding intervening sequence in a split or interrupted gene that is missing in the final RNA product.exon(外显子): the region in a split or interrupted gene that codes for RNA which endup in the final product (e.g., mRNA).ribozyme(核酶):ribonucleic acid with catalytic ability whose substrate is ribonucleic acid.第十二章蛋白质的生物合成(翻译)Chapter 12 Biosynthesis of Proteins (Translation)reading frame(阅读框): a group of three nonoverlapping nucleotides that is read asa codon during protein synthesis. The reading frame begins with the initiator codonAUG.molecular chaperon (分子伴侣):a sort of intracellular conservative protein, which can recognize the unnatural conformation of peptide and assist in the accurate folding of domains or the whole protein.signal peptide(信号肽): a sequence of amino acid residues located at the N-terminal portion of a nascent secretory protein, which marks the protein for translocation across the rough endoplasmic reticulum.第十三章细胞信息转导Chapter 13 Cell Signalingprimary messenger(第一信使): an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from the signaling cell and can regulate the physiological activity of the target cell.secondary messenger(第二信使): a small intracellular molecule, such as Ca2+,cAMP, cGMP, diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), ceramide, or arachidonic acid (AA), etc., that is formed at the inner surface of the plasma membrane in response to a primary messenger.receptor (受体): a molecular structure on the surface or interior of the target cell that specifically binds signaling molecule and initiates a response in the cell. ligand(配体): a biologically active molecule that can bind to its specific receptor.G protein (G蛋白)/ guanylate binding proteins (鸟苷酸结合蛋白):a trimeric guanylatebinding protein in the cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane that acts as a switch to turn activities on and off by interconversion between its monomeric GTPase andtrimeric GDP binding form.hormone response element (激素反应元件,HRE):a specific DNA sequence that binds hormone-receptor complex; The binding of a hormone-receptor complex either enhances or diminishes the transcription of a specific gene.第十四章血液的生物化学Chapter 14 Biochemical Aspects of Bloodnon-protein nitrogen(非蛋白氮):nitrogen contained in urea, creatine, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, and ammonia.acute phase protein(急性时相蛋白质):a protein whose plasma concentration can be altered when acute inflammation or a certain type of tissue damage occurs.2,3-bisphosphoglyerate shunt(2,3-二磷酸甘油支路):the pathway in erythrocyte glycolysis in which glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate(1,3-BPG) is isomerized to 2,3-bisphosphoglyerate(2,3-BPG) and the latter is consequently hydrolyzed to form 3-phosphoglycerate. The importance of 2,3-BPG in the erythrocyte lies in its ability to alter the extent to which hemoglobin binds with oxygen.第十五章肝的生物化学Chapter 15 Biochemical Aspects of the Liverbiotransformation(生物转化): a series of enzyme-catalyzed processes through which non-nutritional molecules, which are usually hydrophobic, are converted into more soluble metabolites.jaundice(黄疸): a clinical manifestation of hepatic disease, featuring yellow discolration of the plasma, skin, and mucous membranes, caused by bilirubin accumulation and staining.。
第九章 物质代谢的联系与调节名词解释物质代谢(metabolism)限速酶(1imitingvelocityenzymes)变构酶(Allostericenzyme)与变构调节(Allostericregulation)酶的化学修饰(chemicalmodifacation)泛素(Ubiquitin反馈控制(feedback)蛋白激酶(ProteinKinase)酶的诱导剂(enzymeinducer)变构调节(Allostericregulation)调节酶(regulatoryenzyme)问答题1. 简述丙酮酸在代谢中的作用。
2. 试述乙酰CoA在代谢中的作用。
3. 脂肪能否进行糖异生?4. 简述甘氨酸的生化作用。
5. 列出至少8种维生素的辅酶形式及其参与的生化代谢。
6. 简述酶的化学修饰的特点。
7 简述人体在长期饥饿状态下,物质代谢有何变化。
8. 体内脂肪酸可否转变为葡萄糖?为什么?9. 糖、脂、蛋白质在机体内是否可以相互转变?简要说明其转变的途径或不能转变的原因。
10. 为何称三羧酸循环是物质代谢的中枢,有何生理意义?11. 讨论下列物质能否相互转变?简述其理由。
12. 试述体内草酰乙酸在物质代谢中有什么作用?13. 试述丙酮酸在体内物质代谢中的重要作用。
14. 三大营养物质,即糖、脂肪和蛋白质在机体内可以相互转变吗?简述其理由。
15. 为什么减肥的人也要限制糖类的摄入量?试从营养物质代谢的角度加以解释。
16. 请列举5种肝脏特有的代谢途径(在正常情况下,其他组织器官很难或很少进行的代谢过程),并分别说明其主要生理意义。
17. 比较脑、肝、骨骼肌在糖、脂代谢和能量代谢上的主要特点。
18. 短期饥饿时,机体如何进行三级水平调节的?19. 试述人体在短期饥饿和长期饥饿情况下,糖、脂、蛋白质代谢有何特点?20. 试比较酶的变构调节和化学修饰调节的不同。
参考答案:名词解释物质代谢(metabolism)[答案]机体在生命活动过程中不断摄人O2及营养物质,在细胞内进行中间代谢,同时不断排出CO2及代谢废物,这种机体和环境之间不断进行的物质交换即物质代谢,包括分解、合成和能量代谢。